Strength of Materials

Handout No.3
Deformation due to
Axial Load
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen
Technical College- Baghdad
Dies and Tools Eng. Dept.
E-mail:haniazizameen@yahoo.com
www.mediafire.com/haniazizameen
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

3-1 Introduction
In machine design and structure design , the strain is another
important factor which can be considered .
Strain is defined as the proportional changes in dimensions .
Hence,
deformation
Strain
original dimension

or

,
L
where
........... deformation
L .............. original length
............. strain

The kinds of strain are classified according to the types of stresses ; thus

1. Tensile Strain
If the original length of the bar is L and under effect of the force P ,
it extends a distance .
It is shown in Fig(3-1)

Thus
L

Fig(3-1)
2. Compressive Strain
If the original length of the bar is L and
under effect of the force P , it compresses a
distance .
It is shown in Fig(3-2)
Thus
L
Fig(3-2)
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

3. Shear Strain ( )
If the deformation in the direction of P is ,
as shown in Fig(3-3)

then Fig(3-3)
tan
L
for small it can be deduced that
L

3-2 Stress Strain Diagram

The stress strain diagram can be obtained from the tensile test , as
shown in Fig.(3-4)

Fig(3-4)
The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately
after unloading is termed as elastic range , and the rest of the curve which
represents the manner in which the solid undergoes plastic deformation is
termed as plastic range.
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

3-

the deformation is directly proportional to the load producing it , since

the stress is proportional to the load and the stain is proportional to the
deformation , it follows that the stress is proportional to the strain i.e. the
ratio stress / strain is a constant for any given material .
i.e.
or const. *
This constant is known as the Modul
and is denoted by E .
E
i.e. E
For shear this constant is known as the modulus of rigidity and is denoted
by G ,
G

e :-
1- The material must be homogenous in any cross sectianal area.
2- The force applied is axial.
3- The stress and strain remain within elastic limit.

3-4 Determination of Strain in Two Dimension

Consider the body subjected to the load as shown in Fig.(3-5)

Fig(3-5)
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

To simplify this case , let us discuss the body in two dimensions as

shown in Fig.(3-5b)

is deduced from tensile test and states that :

where

........ Possion' s ratio

........Lo ngitudinal strain
....... Lateral strain

Now from Fig(3-5b) , x x 1 4

x y
1 , 4

1
thus ; x x y

Similarly
y = 3 + 2

1
y y x

3-5 Factor of Safety

The stresses which are present in a component under normal working
conditions are called the working stresses w ( allowable stress a ) ,
the ratio of ultimate stress u [ or yield stress y ] , to the working
stress is the factor of safety , n ,

Hence ;

u y yield or ultimate stress

n
w w allowable stress

where :
1< n < 10
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

3-6 Determination of Bodies Deformation

3-6-1 Rod or Bar with Constant Cross-Sectional Area

When an axial load P is applied to a bar as shown in Fig(3-6) ,
E to it , we can find the deformation .

Fig(3-6)
where:
P
&
A L

(P/A) = E ( /L)

PL
or
AE

3-6-2 The Body with Variable Cross- Sectional Area

Case 1
If we have a body as in Fig.(3-7) ,

Fig(3-7)
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

then the total deformation of all parts is equal to algebraic summation of

individual i.e.

n
Pi L i P1L1 P2 L 2 P3L 3 P4 L 4
T
i 1 AiEi A1E1 A2E2 A3E 3 A4E 4

Case 2
We have a body as in Fig(3-8) ,

Fig(3-8)

law ,

Pdx
(dx ) ,
A(x)E
2
A(x) d1 2y
4

L Pdx L Pdx
T ........................... (3-1)
0 A (x) E 0 2
[d1 2 y] E
4

for similarity of triangles

y ( d 2 d1 ) / 2
..................... (3-2)
x L

from eq.(3-1) and eq(3-2) , get

4PL
T -3)
d1d 2 E
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

3-6-3 Deformation Due to the Weight of Bar

If we have a bar as shown in Fig(3-9 a ) . If we apply the equilibrium

condition on an element from a bar( Fig.(3-9 b))

-a- -b
Fig(3-9)
Thus,

A (x) Adx [ ( x) d ( x ) ]A 0

d x dx

d x dx C

(x ) x C .............. (3-4)

at x L (L) L C 0
C L , sub into eq.(3-4), yields

( x) x L
(x ) (L x)

x 1
x (L x )
E E
L L
1
x x .dx ( L x )dx
dx 0
E0

L2
2E
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

if A is constant , hence

1 AL L
, W AL , hence
2 EA

WL
2EA

3-6-4 Deformation due to Weight of Bar & the External Force

If the bar with its weight is as shown in Fig.(3-10) , then we can
prove that the total deformation will be

= (WL / 2AE) + (PL / AE) for constant cross section , and

= ( WL / 2AL) + (4 PL / d1d2E) for variable cross section

Fig(3-10)

3-7 Statically Indeterminate Problems

The statically determinate calculation of the forces and stresses in

members is possible considering only the static equation of equilibrium
system i.e.

Fx 0 , Fy 0 and M 0

From these equilibrium equations ,one can find three unknown forces
only .
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

But for statically indeterminate problems , the equations of statics are not
sufficient to solve the unknown . We need another relation from elastic
deformation to solve the problems and to solve similar problems :

1- Draw the free body diagram for the problems and apply the
equilibrium equations .
Fx 0 , Fy 0 and M 0

2- Find the geometric relation between bodies deformation

1 2 ( 3 , 4 ,........ etc)
3- Solve the resulting equations in points (1) & (2) to get the unknowns .

3-8 Examples
The following examples explains the different concepts of
deformation due to axial load .
Example (3-1)
Fig.(3-11) shows the member AC is supported by a round structural
steel tie rod BD and a pin at A , neglect the weight of member AC and
assume that the ultimate strength ( u ) of structural steel rod is 490 MPa
in tension and that the ultimate shear stress ( u ) of the pin is 315 MPa.
Using a factor of safety of 3.5 for both tension and shear, find the
minimum required diameters of tie rod & the pin .

Fig(3-11)
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution

From equilibrium condition

Rx 0
MA 0
S* 2 P * 3 0 S 120kN
80
MB 0 R A * 2 P *1 0 RA 40kN
2
hence, the allowable stress will be
u 490 490
w 140MPa
n n 3 .5
and
S
w
A

3
S 4S 4 * 120 * 10
w dr
* 140
d 2r w
4

dr 33mm

the working shear stress ( or allowable shear stress) will be

u 315
w 90MPa
n 3.5
w R A /(2 * ( / 4)d p 2 )

3
2R A 2 * 40 * 10
dp 17mm
w * 90
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(3-2)
The following observations were made during a tensile test on a mild
steel specimen 40 mm in diameter and 200 mm long . Elongation is with
40 kN load ( with in limit of proportionality )
0.0304mm , yield load = 161 kN , Maximum load = 242 kN
Length of specimen at fracture = 249mm
Find :
1)
2) Yield point stress
3) Ultimate stress
4) Percentage elongation
Solution
1) nd & , hence ,
P 40
3.18 * 104 kN / m 2
A (0.04) 2
4
0.0304
& 0.000152
L 200
then,
3.18 * 104
E E 2.09 * 108 kN / m 2
0.000152
yield point load
2) Yield point stress =
area
161
= 12.8 * 104 kN/m 2
* (0.04) 2
4
max imum load 242
3) Ultimate stress = 19.2 * 104 kN / m 2
area
* (0.04) 2
4
4) Percentage elongation =
lenght of specimen at fracture original length 249 200
0.245 24.5%
original length 200

Example (3-3)
A square steel rod 20mm x 20 mm in section is to carry an axial load
( compressive) of 100 kN . Find the shortening in a length of 50 mm,
E= 2.14*108 kN/m2

Solution
Area , A= 0.02 * 0.02 =0.0004 m2
Hence the shortening of the rod can be obtained :
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

P 100
250000 kN/m 2
A 0.0004

250000
, where
E 2.14 * 108 L
250000
thus ,
L 2.14 * 108
hence,
250000
* 0.05 0.0000584m
2.14 * 108

Example (3-4)
A hollow cast-iron cylinder 4m long , with 300mm outer diameter , and
thickness of metal 50 mm is subjected to a central load on the top when
standing straight . The stress produced is 75000 kN/m2
modulus for cast iron as 1.5*108 kN/m2 . Find
1- magnitude of the load ,
2- longitudinal strain produced , and
3- total decrease in length .
Solution
Inner diameter of the cylinder , d = D 2t
= 0.3 2 * 0.05 = 0.2 m
1) Magnitude of the load P :
P
using the relation ,
A
or P * A 75000 * ( D 2 d2 )
4
= 75000 * (0.32 0.2 2 ) 2945.2kN
4
2) Longitudinal strain produced ,
using the relation
= = 75000/(1.5* 108 )= 0.0005
E
3) Total decrease in length ( )
Change in length
Strain =
Original length L
0.0005= 0.002 m 2 mm
4
Hence decrease in length = 2 mm
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(3-5)
Fig.(3-12) shows a steel bar 900 mm long ; its two ends are 40 mm and
30 mm in diameter, the length of each rod is 200 mm . The middle
portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter and 500 mm long . If the bar is
subjected to an axial tensile load of 15 KN , find its total extension, take
E = 200 GPa

Fig(3-12)

Solution
Areas
A1= 402 =1256.6 mm2
4
A2= 152 =176.7 mm2
4
A3= 302 = 706.8 mm2
4
Length : L1=200 mm=0.2 m ; L2=500 mm=0.5 m & L3= 200 mm=0.2 m

Let 1, 2 and 3 be the extensions for the parts 1,2 and 3 of the steel bar
respectively .
PL1 PL 2 PL3
Then 1 , 2 , 3 where P = 15 kN
A1 E A 2E A 3E

Total extension of the Bar ,

1 2 3
PL1 PL 2 PL 3 P L1 L2 L3
A1 E A 2E A3E E A1 A2 A3
15 103 0.2 0.5 0.2
= 0.0002454 m
200 109 0.001256 0.0001767 0.0007068
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(3-6)
Fig(3-13a) shows a steel rod with variable cross-section subjected to a
central force . Find the total elongation of the rod if 207GPa and
the area of each cross section is as indicated on the Fig.

-a- -b
Fig(3-13)
The force acting on each portion of the rod is as indicated on the free
body diagrams of Fig(3-13 b)
Hence, the total deformation is

PL 1 P1L1 P2 L 2 P3L 3
AE E A1 A2 A3
1 88.6 * 103 * 2.13 35.6 * 103 * 1.52 8.9 * 103 * 0.61
207 * 109 806.5 * 10 6 322.6 * 10 6 161.3 * 10 6

2.1 mm
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (3-7)
Fig(3-14) shows the bar subjected to a tensile load of 50 kN find :
(i) the diameter of the middle portion if the stress is limited to 130MN/m2
(ii) the length of the middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is
0.15 mm , take E= 200 GN/m2 .

Fig(3-14)
Solution
i) The diameter of the middle portion , d :
P 50 * 1000
Now , stress in the middle portion , 130 * 106
A /4 d 2

1/ 2
50 * 1000
d 0.221 m
( / 4) * 130 * 106
ii) Length of the middle portion :
Let the length of the middle portion = x meter
0.25 x
Stress in the end portion *
E
also, elongation of the end portions + extension of the middle portion
= 0.15*10-3

39.79 *106 * 0.25 x 130 *106 * x 3

9 9
0.15 *10
200 *10 200 *10
39.79 *10 * 0.25 x 130 *106 x 200 *109 * 0.15 *10
6 3

Dividing both sides by 39.79* 106 , we get

0.25 - x 3.267x 0.754 x 0.222m
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (3-8)
Fig(3-15) shows a steel tie rod 50 mm in diameter and 2.5 m long
subjected to a pull of 100 kN to what length should the rod be bored
centrally so that the total extension will increase by percent under the
same pull . The bore is 25 mm in diameter. Take E= 200 GN/m2

Fig(3-15)
Solution
i)Length of the bore x :
P 100 *1000
Stress in the solid rod, 2
50.92 *106 N / m2
A ( / 4) * 0.05
L 50.92 * 106 * 2.5
Elongation of the solid rod, 0.000636 m
E 200 * 109
Elongation after the rod is bored =1.15*0.636 = 0.731 mm
Area at the reduced section = ( / 4) 0.052 0.0252 0.001472 m 2
100 * 1000
Stress in the reduced section, 67.93 * 106 N / m 2
0.001472
2.5 x x
Elongation of the rod 0.731* 10 3
E E
50.92 * 10 2.5 x 67.9 * 106 x
6

8 9
0.731* 10 3
200 * 10 200x10
50.92 *10 2.5 x 67.9 * 10 x 200 *109 * 0.731*10 3
6 9

2.5 x 1.33x 2.87

x = 1.12 m
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(3-9)
Fig(3-16) shows a brass bar having cross sectional area of 1000 mm2
subjected to axial force . Find the total elongation of the bar the

modulus of elasticity of brass = 100 GN/m2

Fig(3-16)

Solution
From equilibirum conditions

i) Total elongation of the bar :

Let 1 , 2 and 3 be the change in length LM ,MN and NP respectively
P1L1
Then 1 .......... ....increase
AE

P2 L 2
2 .......... ....decrease
AE

P3 L 3
3 .......... ....decrease
AE
Net change in length
1 2 3
P1L1 P2 L 2 P3L 3 1
P1L1 P2 L 2 P3L 3
AE AE AE AE
103 1
50 * 0.6 30 * 1 10 * 1.2 30 30 12
1000 * 10 6 * 100 * 109 105
0.00012 m
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (3-10)
Fig.( 3-17) shows a member LMNP is subjected to point load Find:
i) Force P necessary for equilibrium
ii) Total elongation of the bar
Take E = 210 GN/m2

Fig(3-17)

Solution

i) Force P necessary for equilibrium

Resolving the force on the rod along its axis, we get
50+500=P+200 P=350 KN

ii)Total elongation of the bar :

Let 1, 2 & 3 be the change in lengths LM,MN and NP respectively

P1L1 50 1000 1
then 1 6 9
3.97 10- 4 m ...... increase (+)
A1E 600 10 210 10
P2 L 2 300 1000 1
2 - 6 9
= 5.95 10-4 m ..... decrease (-)
A 2 E 2400 10 210 10
P3L 3 200 1000 0.6
3 - 6 9
4.76 10- 4 m........increase (+)
A 3 E 1200 10 210 10
-4
1 2 3 = 3.97*10 5.95*10-4 +4.76*10-4 = 2.78*10-4 m
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (3-11)
Fig(3-18 a) shows a steel plate 6.35mm thick and having the dimensions
shown in its Fig . Find the total elongation of the plate when subjected to
a central force of 40kN taking E as 207 GPa

Fig(3-18a)
Solution

Fig(3-18b)
From the free body diagram of Fig(3-18 b) , the elongation of the
uniform part of plate is
40 * 1000 * 0.914
1
10 3 * 101.6 * 6.35 * 10 3 * 207 * 109
1 0.27mm
The elongation of the tapered part of the plate is computed as discussed
before in article (3-6-2) . If one refers to the free body diagram of
Fig(3-18b) , the elongation is
1.22
Pdy
2
0
A (y) E
from Fig (3-18 b) A(y)= (0.0508+2x)*0.00635
from the similar triangles of Fig(3-18b)
25.4 * 10 3 x
x 0.208y
1.22 y
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

from above A(y) = (0.0508+2*(0.208y))*0.00635

1.22
40 * 1000
hence , 2 (0.0003225 0.00264y)dy
207 * 109 0
2 0.507mm
the total elongation of the plate = 1 2
= 0.27+ 0.507= 0.777
Example(3-12)
Fig.(3-19) shows a central force of 89 kN is applied to a steel bar at a
distance of 14 m from its free end . The total elongation due to the
central force and the weight of the bar itself was found as 1.6mm find the
total length of the bar and the elongation of the bar due to its own
weight. Also , find the max . normal stress caused by the central force
and the weight of the bar .Density of the material is 76000 N/m3 and the
area of the cross section of the bar is constant at 1290mm2 take E as
207GPa

Solution

1 = elongation of the bar due to its own weight

WL
1 = .......................... (i)
2AE
W = AL =1290*10 4*L*76000 = 9804L
The length L is assumed in meter , substituting into
eq .(i) for W

Fig(3-19)
2
9804 * L
1 .................................. (ii)
2 * 1290 * 10 6 * 207 * 109
The central force causes an elongation of 2 in the part (L 14) of the
bar . Hence
2 =P(L 14)/AE ........................... (iii)
The total elongation of the bar is the sum of eq . (ii) & (iii)
= 1 + 2 = 1.6*10 3
9804 * L2 89 *1000 * (L 14) 3
6 9 6 9
1.6 *10
2 *1290 *10 * 207 *10 1290 *10 * 207 * 10
L = 18.6 mm
Using eq.(ii) , the elongation of the bar under its own weight is :
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

9804 * (18.6) 2
2 6 7
0.0635*10 3 m
2 *1290 *10 * 207 *10
The max . normal stress occur at the fixed end of the bar
W P
A
9804 * 18.6 89 * 103
70.4MPa
1290 * 10 6
Example (3-13)
(A) If the strain in the y-direction due to the simultaneous action of
the uniform forces P x, P y, & P z acting on the steel block shown in
Fig(3-20) was found as 1.75 * 10 4 m/m , what was the magnitude of
the applied uniform force P z ? E= 207 GPa , = 0.25
(B) What single uniform force must be applied to the block in the Z-
direction only in order to produce the strain of 1.75*10 4 m/m the y-
direction ?

Solution
( yy x z)/ E
The stress acting on the block is

Fig(3-20)
3
Px 36.6 * 10
x 6
27.58MPa
A 25.4 * 50.8 * 10

213.5 * 103
y 6
55.16MPa
50.8 * 76.2 * 10

Pz Pz
z ( assumed as positive)
25.4 * 76.2 1935.5 * 10 6
Substituting the results in the expression for y gives
1.75 * 10 4 (55.16 * 106 (3 / 4) * 27.58 0.25 * ( Pz / 1935.5 * 10 6 )) /(207 * 109 )
Pz =200 kN (tensile)
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

z
We have axial strain in the direction of Pz is and the lateral strain in
E
z
the direction of y is y * axial strain , y
E
1 z 4
or y * 1.75 * 10
4 207 * 109
Pz
from which z 144.8MPa (comp.)
25.4 * 76.2

or Pz= 280 kN (comp)

Example (3-14)
Fig.(3-21) shows two parallel steel wires 6m long 10 mm diameter are
hung vertically 70 mm , apart and support a horizontal bar at their lower
ends. When a load of 9 kN is attached to one of the wires it is observed

Fig(3-21)
Solution
Let the inclination of the bar after the application of the load be
The extension in the length of steel wire ST will be
70 tan 70 * tan 2.4 70 * 0.0419 2.933 mm 0.00293m
0.00293
strain in the wire, 0.000488
L 6
and stress in the wire
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

P 9000
2
11.46 * 107 N/m 2
A 10
/4*
1000
11.46 * 107
235 * 109 N/m 2
0.000488

Example(3-15)
Fig.(3-22 a) shows a steel wire 1 mm diameter is stretched horizontally
between two fixed points apart. A vertical load applied at the mid span of
the wire causes a vertical displacement of 45 of the point of application
of the load applied. What will be the stress induced in the wire and load
applied? Neglect the weight of the wire. Take E for the wire material as
200 GN/m2 .

Fig(3-22)
Solution
i) Fig.(3-22 b) has been drawn by taking line AB (representing load P) of
any length and then from the points A and B, the lines AC and BC have
been drawn parallel to LN and MN to represent tension T produced in
each half portion of the wire now form ABC,
P P
P 2T sin , T [since is very small,
2sin 2 tan
sin tan ]
P
T 11.11 P
0.045
2*
1
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

11.11P
stress in wire 2
14.14 *106 P N/m2
/4 * 0.001
and change in length in each half portion of the wire
0.045 2 12 1 1.001 1 0.001m
0.001
and strain = 0.001
L 1
stress 9 14.14 * 106 * P
But : 200 * 10 P 14.14N
strain 0.001
Stress in the wire =14.14*106 *14.14=199.9 MN/m2

Example(3-16)
Fig(3-23) shows a 700 mm length of aluminum alloy bar is suspended
from the ceiling such away to provide a clearance of 0.3 mm between it
and a 250 mm length of steel bar as shown in figure. Aal = 1250 mm2
Eal = 70 GN/m2 ; As = 2500 mm2 , Es = 210 GN/m2 . Find the stress in the
aluminum and in the steel due to a 300 kN load applied 500 mm from the
ceiling.

Solution
On application of load of 300 kN at Q,
the portion LQ will move forward and come
in contact with N so that QM and NP will
both be under compression. LQ will elongate
while QM and NP will contract and the net
elongation will be equal to gap of 0.3 mm
between M and N.
Let 1 tensile stress in LQ
2 compressive stress in QM
3 compressiv e stress in NP
* 0.2
Elongation OF QM = 2 m Fig (3-23)
70 * 109
* 0.5
LQ = 1 m
70 * 109
* 0.25
NP = 3 m
210 * 109
But force in QM =force in NP
6 6 2
2 * 1250 * 10 3 * 2500 * 10 3
2
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2 * 0.25
Contractio n of NP
2 * 210 * 109
1 * 0.5 2 * 0.2 2* 0.25
Net slongation 9
70 * 10 70 * 109 2 * 210 * 109
This must be equal to 0.0003 m
1 * 0.5 2 * 0.2 2 * 0.25
0.0003
70 * 109 70 * 109 2 * 210 * 109
3 1 1.2 2 0.25 2 2 * 210 * 109 * 0.0003
Tensile force in LQ + Compressive force in QM =300000
1250 * 10 6 * 1 1250 * 10 6 * 2 300000 1 2 2.4 * 108 N/m 2

solving (i) and (ii) we get

1 1.065 * 108 N/m 2 : 2 1.335 * 108 N/m 2 : 3

2
0.667 * 108 N/m 2
2

Example (3-17)
Fig.(3-24) shows a steel bar of cross sectional area 250 mm2 held firmly
by the end supports and loaded by an axial force of 25 kN.
Find :
i) reactions at L and M
ii) extension of the left portion, E= 200 GN/m2

Fig(3-24)
Solution
i) reaction at L and M , from Equilibrium condition ;
RL +RM =25 kN .......... ( i )
Also, since total length of the bar remains unchanged
extension in LN = contraction in MN
R L * 0.25 R M * 0.6 RM * 0.6
R L * 0.25 RM * 0.6 R L 2.4 R M
A*E A*E 0.25
Substituting the value of RL in (i) we get
2.4 RM + RM= 25
From which RM =7.353 kN
R L 25 7.353 17.647 kN
 Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

ii) Elongation of left portion.

R L * 0.25 17.647 *103 * 0.25
= 0.0000882 m
A*E 250 *106 * 200 *109
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (3-18)
Fig.(3-25) shows a bar . Find the reaction produced by the lower
support on the bar. Take E = 200GN/m2 . Find also the stresses in the
bars.

Fig(3-25)
Solution
Let R1 = reaction at the upper support
R2 = reaction at the lower support when the bar touches it.
If the bar MN finally rests on the lower support , we have
R1+R2=55000 N
For bar LM, the total force R1 = 55000 R2 (tensile)
For bar MN , the total force = R2 ( compression)
55000 R 2 * 1.2
1 = extension of LM = m
110 * 10 6 * 200 * 109
R 2 * 2.4
2 =Contraction of MN =
220 * 10 6 * 200 * 109
In order that N rests on the lower support, we have from compatibility
equation 1 2 1.2 /1000 0.0012m
55000 R 2 *1.2 R 2 * 2.4
0.0012
110 *10 6 * 200 *109 220 *10 6 * 200 *109
or 2*(55000 R2)*1.2 2.4 R2=52800
R 2 16500 N
R1 = 55 16.5=38.5 N

R1 38.5
Stress in LM = 6
0.35 * 106 kN/m 2
A1 110 * 10
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

R2 16.5
Stress in MN = 6
0.075 * 106 kN / m 2
A2 220 * 10

Example (3-19)
Fig.(3-26) shows a flat steel plate of trapezoidal form of uniform
thickness of 20mm tapers uniformly from a width 100mm to 200mm in
a length of 800mm. If an axial tensile force of 100 kN is applied at each
end, find the elongation of the plate. Take E = 205 GN/m2

Fig(3-26)
Solution

Consider a small section of length x at a distance x from the width b1

b 2 b1
the width at the section, b x b1 x b1 kx
L
Where

b2 b1
k
L
Area = ( b1 + kx ) t
P x
Now extension of a short length x
b1 kx Et
L P x P 1 L
Total extension of the bar is given by . ln b1 kx 0
0 b1 kx Et tE k
P b kL P b
ln 1 ln 2
ktE b1 k t E b1
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

b2 b1 PL b
Putting k , we get ln 2
L b2 b1 E t b1
Substituting the numerical values we get
100 * 103 * 800 * 10 3 200
ln 0.0001352m
200 100 20 9 100
* 3 * 205 * 10
103 10

Example (3-20)
Fig.(3-27) shows a bar LMNP fixed at L and P is subjected to axial
force. Find the force in each portion of the bar and the displacement of
points M and N. Take E = 200 GN/m2 .

Fig(3-27)
Solution

P2 = 50 R1
similarly
P2 = R2 100
Or
R1+R2=100+50=150 kN ..............(i)
(the above equation can also be obtained by considering the static
equilibrium of the bar)
Now, extension of LM = compression of MN and NP
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

1 2 3
P1L1 P2 L 2 P3 L 3
A1E A 2 E A 3 E
Substituting the value, we get simple stresses and strains
R1 *103 * 0.5 50 R1 *103 * 0.75 R 2 *103 *1
6
1000 * 10 * 200 *106 1500 *10 6 * 200 *109 2000 *10 6
* 200 *109
50 R 1 * 0.75 R 2
or R1*0.5=
1.5 2
or 1.5R1= 75 1.5R1 + 1.5R2
or 3R1 1.5R2 = 75
or R1 0.5R2 = 25 kN ............ (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get
125
R2 83.33 kN and R 1 66.67 kN
1.5
Hence P1 = R1 =66.67 kN (tensile)
P2 =50 R1 =50 66.67 = 16.67 kN =16.67 kN (tensile)
Displacement of point M , 1 :
P1L1 66.67 * 103 * 0.5
1 6 9
0.1666 * 10 3 m
A1E 1000 * 10 * 200 * 10
Displacement of point , N :
Displacement of point N= 1 2
where :-
P2 L 2 16.67 * 103 * 0.75
2 6 9
4.17 * 10 5 m
A 2 E 1000 * 10 * 200 * 10

Displacement of point N=0.1666+0.0417=0.2083mm

also,
P3 L3 83.33 * 103 * 1
3 6 9
2.083 * 10 3 m
A 3 E 2000 * 10 * 200 * 10

Example (3-21)
Fig(3-28) shows three bars made of copper , zinc and aluminum and of
equal length rigidly connected at their ends, they have cross-sectional
areas of 250 mm2 , 375 mm2 and 500 mm2 respectively. If the compound
member is subjected to a longitudinal pull of 125 kN , find the
proportion of load carried by each rod and the induced stresses.
Take. E cn = 130 GN/m2 : Ezn= 100 GN/m2 : Eal= 80 GN/m2
Strength of Materials- Handout No.3- Deformation due to Axial Load- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(3-28)
Solution

Loads carried by each bar, Pcu, Pzn, Pal :

Considering equilibrium of the bar, we have
Pcu + Pzn + Pal = P = 125 kN ...............(i)
Since all the bars are rigidly connected at their ends , their deformation
will be equal
Pcu L Pzn L Pal L
A cu Ecu A zn E zn A al E al
A E 375 *10 6 100 15
Pzn = Pcu * zn * zn *
6 130
* Pcu Pcu
A cu E zn 250 * 10 13
A al E al 500 * 10 6 80 16
Pal = Pcu * * 6
* Pcu Pcu
A cu E cu 250 * 10 130 13
Substituting the value of Pzn and Pal in eq. (i) we get
15 16
Pcu + Pcu Pcu 125 Pcu 36.93 kN
13 13
Pzn =42.61 kN
Pal = 45.45 kN
Stress induced in the bar cu , zn , al
Pcu 36.93 * 103
cu 6
147.72 MPa
A cu 250 * 10

Pzn 42.61* 103

zn 6
113.63 MPa
A zn 375 * 10

Pal 45.45 * 103

al 6
90.9 MPa
A al 500 * 10