by Adam Neville
Creep of Concrete
and Behavior of
Structures—
Part I: Problems
I n a previous article titled,
“Concrete Technology and
Design—The Twin Supports of
Structures,” published in the April
2002 issue of Concrete International,
I expressed the view that “a good
knowledge of concrete technology
is just as important as a good
knowledge of structural analysis
and design.”1 My intention and
hope was to encourage more civil
engineers to concentrate on
This point of view article is pre-
sented for reader interest by the
editors. However, the opinions
expressed are not necessarily those of
the American Concrete Institute.
Reader comment is invited.
concrete and thus apply the
knowledge of concrete to construc-
tion. To give more credence to my
view, I would like to cite some
examples of design in which specific
values of some properties of
concrete—in particular, creep and
shrinkage—are essential. I will do so
in two parts. This part deals with
problems caused by creep; in the
second part, to be published in CI in
June 2002, I will consider how to deal
with creep in design and construction.
Why discuss creep?
My choice is the creep of concrete.
The reason for this choice is that,
some time ago, I undertook consider-
able research on creep and pub-
lished numerous papers. Some of
them dealt with laboratory tests and
measurements of creep of concrete
as a material, both under uniaxial
and triaxial compressive stress and
under tensile stress. Other papers
dealt with the effects of creep in
reinforced and prestressed concrete.
I also wrote, in 1970, what was
probably the first major book on all
aspects of creep titled, Creep of
Concrete: Plain, Reinforced, and
Prestressed, to which Walter Dilger
made a contribution.2 He and J. J.
Brooks were my coauthors of the
second book titled, Creep of Plain
Concrete international
and Structural Concrete,3 which was
published in 1983.
I am mentioning all of the previ-
ous not to boast (especially as, in
recent years, I have not studied the
topic of creep) but to justify my
choice of the topic of the present
article. I should explain that this is
not a scientific paper explaining and
discussing creep, but only an
attempt to persuade the readers of
CI of the importance of concrete
technology in design and possibly to
encourage designers to improve
their knowledge of the properties of
concrete. My contention is that a
number of designers rely on standard-
ized values of creep; they assume
those values in their analysis and
often cannot verify them in terms of
the actual properties of concrete in
the structure. If the discrepancy is
large, the structure may behave in a
way different from that assumed in
the design.
What is creep?
Creep is a nonelastic deforma-
tion of concrete under sustained
stress. It occurs in addition to
stress-induced elastic deformation
and also stress-independent strains
known as shrinkage and thermal
movement. Creep occurs under
both a compressive stress and a
/ MAY 2002 59
“It is not good enough for the designer to look up the value of the
creep coefficient in a design code or in a handbook...”
tensile stress. Upon removal of a
sustained stress, there occurs a
reverse strain known as creep
recovery; the two strains are not
equal and opposite, so that creep
is not a reversible phenomenon.
A further complication arises
from the fact that the magnitude
of creep is a function of the age
when the stress begins to act and
also of the age when it ceases to
do so. Although creep is propor-
tional to the applied stress, it is a
function of numerous variables,
which can be expressed in a
variety of ways. Different researchers
choose different groups of param-
eters, and different codes give
standard values of creep character-
istics in terms of different factors.
To give an example, creep may be
considered as a function of the
water-cement ratio or of the
strength of concrete at the time of
application of the sustained
stress. Other features of the
concrete mixture that influence
creep relate to the aggregate: its
type and density, its volume per
cubic meter of concrete, and its
modulus of elasticity.
The age of the concrete when the
sustained load is applied is also a
factor. It is worth remembering that
only sustained loads induce creep,
and such loads may begin and cease
to act at various ages. So overall,
the situation is complicated.
In addition to intrinsic factors in
the concrete itself, creep is affected
by extrinsic factors such as the
relative humidity of the ambient
medium and the temperature of the
concrete. Specifically, concrete
under steady hygrometric condi-
tions only undergoes what is known
as basic creep. When drying takes
60 MAY 2002 / Concrete international
place concurrently with sustained
loading, there occurs in addition
the so-called drying creep, and of
course shrinkage. The larger the
surface-volume ratio of a concrete
member, the greater the proportion
of concrete that undergoes drying;
and therefore, the larger the drying
creep and the shrinkage. It follows
that, other things being equal, a
smaller member with all its sur-
faces drying exhibits a larger creep
and a larger shrinkage.
Creep is a dimensionless quantity,
usually expressed in microstrain;
that is, 10–6. Some people write “inch
per inch” or “mm per mm,” but this is
superfluous and even unhelpful.
The magnitude of creep is small,
but certainly not negligible. Creep
is usually at least as large as the
elastic strain, and can be two or
three times larger. I should add that
reinforcing steel modifies the strain
actually developed.
I do not propose to discuss
further the phenomenon of creep,
but I shall give examples of several
types of structures and load situa-
tions in which the effects of creep
are significant. In addition to creep,
I shall refer also, in some cases, to
the effects of shrinkage. My treat-
ment will be descriptive and
qualitative. In the sequel to this
article, I shall comment on the
current development of creep
expressions and their relevance to
the needs of designers.
Creep in supports
of beams
Broadly speaking, we can
distinguish between supports of
beams and columns, although
there is no fundamental difference
between the behavior of the two
and between their consequences.
Supports of a turbo-alternator
The first structure I came across
was a very wide beam supporting a
very large turbo-alternator. The
beam rested on several supports,
unevenly spaced and of varying
height depending on the equip-
ment and arrangements under-
neath. The supports were made of
concrete, but they were not all of
the same size because of their
unequal spacing. They were also of
unequal height. Under the sus-
tained load of the turbo-alternator,
the supports underwent creep and,
consequently, they became shorter.
The amount of shortening was
variable depending on the charac-
teristics of the supports. The main
characteristics are height and
volume-to-surface ratio, which
controls the drying of the concrete
that influences its drying creep and
its shrinkage as well.
Now, the operation of the turbo-
alternator requires that the rotating
shaft remains perfectly straight and
level at all times, so that unequal
shortening of the supports cannot
be tolerated. When unequal shorten-
ing occurs, it is, of course, possible
periodically to stop the turbo-
alternator and to insert shims on
top of the supports in order to
restore it to a level position. But
such outage for a few hours inter-
rupts the electricity supply and
represents a loss of revenue.
The question to consider is: how
to equalize the creep deformation
and also the shrinkage of the
various supports? I shall come to
the answer after the next two
examples, which show that the
problems arising from creep are not
very rare and are not limited to
horizontal beams. The point that I
“...the resulting expansion and contraction of the panels could not be
accommodated because each panel was connected to the building
frame at four corners.”
want to make at this stage is that,
unless the designer is sufficiently
familiar with creep, he or she may
not even be aware of the seriousness
of the potential problem.
It is not good enough for the
designer to look up the value of the
creep coefficient in a design code
or in a handbook: it is necessary
also to have detailed information
about the concrete mixture and
the exposure conditions.
A bridge continuous over
several supports
This brings me to my second
example: a long bridge consisting of
continuous beams over a number of
supports. In some cases, the bridge
runs not only over a river but also
over low ground, which may be
permanently dry or may be subject
to periodic flooding. The aspect of
this situation that is of interest is
that some bridge piers were perma-
nently in water or in humid air;
other piers were in fairly dry air.
Now, as I already mentioned, creep
of concrete that is undergoing
drying is much larger than creep of
concrete at a steady humidity. In
addition to creep under a sustained
load, shrinkage takes place also
when the concrete is drying; there is
no shrinkage under wet conditions.
A further complication arose from
the fact that the piers were of
unequal height; and therefore, at a
given magnitude of creep and
shrinkage, the shortening over the
whole height was variable.
Now, if the creep of the different
piers varies in magnitude, the piers
will undergo different amounts of
shortening, even when all the piers
are of equal height. If that happens,
the supports undergo differential
settlement, and the continuous
beams resting over these supports
will suffer parasitic bending
moments and associated shearing
forces. The structural design must
provide for these induced stresses
in the beams. To do so requires a
calculation at the design stage of
the differential shortening of the
piers exposed to different condi-
tions. To estimate the magnitude of
that shortening, it is necessary to
be knowledgeable about creep.
A suspension bridge
A long-span suspension bridge
has high towers supporting the
cables from which the bridge deck
is suspended. There are various
ways of arranging the cables at the
top of the towers. What matters is
that if a tower shortens after the
initial installation of the cables,
this geometric change affects the
force in the cables. How significant
this change is depends on the
height of the towers and on the
length of the bridge span.
I was involved in a case concern-
ing a very large bridge with towers
206 m (676 ft) high and a suspended
span of 1377 m (4197 ft). Four years
after the installation of the cables,
the towers had shortened an
additional 150 mm (6 in.). As this
was an important structure, the
designer was fully cognizant of the
phenomena involved. I am mention-
ing the relevant facts to illustrate
the importance of creep; shrinkage
of the massive concrete towers
(with only a very small proportion
of the cross section exposed to
drying) was negligible.
Concrete international
Creep in buildings
Like bridge piers, columns in
buildings are subject to shortening
by creep. In buildings of no more
than several stories, problems arise
rarely, except when there is an
incompatibility between the
deformation of load-bearing
concrete members and of cladding.
Problems with cladding
Strictly speaking, cladding
problems may occur even in low-
rise buildings, but they are more
common in higher buildings and
where the appearance of the
façade is of greater importance.
From what I have already said, it
is obvious that columns carrying
the dead load of the building will
shorten due to creep and possibly
also shrinkage. This in itself need
not create any problems. What
happens, however, when cladding is
attached to the columns or to load-
bearing walls? Cladding does not
carry a sustained load so that, even
if it consists of concrete panels,
creep does not enter the picture.
Moreover, cladding is often made of
a material that does not undergo
creep: tiles, stone, or bricks. If the
cladding is applied in such a way
that there are gaps provided to
accommodate the shortening of the
load-bearing vertical concrete to
which the cladding is attached, no
problems arise.
A competent contractor knows
that decorative precast concrete
panels should be suspended, and
not fixed rigidly at both the top
and the bottom. Moreover, the
contractor provides horizontal
gaps in the cladding that can
accommodate the shortening of
/ MAY 2002 61

Fig. 1: Effects of creep in concrete columns
the columns. It is up for discussion
whether the responsibility is solely
the contractor’s or whether the
designer should establish the
magnitude of the movement to be
accommodated and specify the
necessary provisions. To do so, the
designer must be well versed in
the relevant properties of the
materials used.
The fact is that I have seen on
numerous occasions ornamental
stone cladding or brickwork
applied without any provision for
accommodating the shortening of
the columns or the walls behind.
When this is done, something must
“give.” First, the cladding cracks,
and the tiles, stone slabs, or bricks,
or their parts, may drop onto the
ground below; this is clearly a
hazard for pedestrians.
Secondly, depending on the
details of fixing, the cladding may
bulge as shown in Fig. 1. This is a
potential hazard and is, of course,
unsightly. The remedy is expensive.
The situation should not have been
allowed to develop in the first place,
62 MAY 2002 / Concrete international
and could have been readily avoided
by a provision for the differential
movement between the cladding
and the load-bearing members.
A few years ago, I was involved
in a related problem with cladding
panels made of glass-reinforced
cement. The panels were very thin
and were of a fancy and complex
shape. They were exposed to large
temperature variations, but the
resulting expansion and
contraction of the panels could
not be accommodated because
each panel was connected to the
building frame at four corners. In
consequence, the highly
restrained thermal expansion and
contraction resulted in the tearing
of some of the panels.
The situation was particularly
acute because glass-reinforced
cement (which is an erroneous
British name) has a higher content of
hydrated cement paste than ordinary
concrete. Because the coefficient of
thermal expansion of hydrated
cement paste is about twice that of
typical concrete, the coefficient of
thermal expansion of the glass-
reinforced cement was higher, maybe
twice as high as in concrete. Thus, the
restrained thermal movement was
particularly high.
Should this have been foreseen
by the designer? In other words, was
the designer sufficiently knowledge-
able about the influence of the
cement content in the mixture upon
thermal movement? Also, should
someone—the designer or the
contractor—have paid attention to
the temperature, that is, the time of
the day when the panels were being
fixed? And, of course, should the
fixing have allowed for thermal
movement? I expect that some
readers of CI will immediately point
out that they are fully aware of the
factors involved and would have
avoided the problem. I am sure this
is so, but the fact is that there were
serious problems in the case in
which I was involved so that new
cladding had to be provided, and
this caused a disruption to the
operation of what was a prestigious
building commanding a high rent.
Problems with vertical
service attachments
The shortening of reinforced
concrete columns in a low-rise
building, provided it is the same in
all the columns, does not lead to
problems caused by creep. How-
ever, in a tall, or high-rise, building,
problems may arise both when
there is a uniform shortening of all
the columns and when there is
differential shortening.
Dealing first with the overall
shortening, the columns will
contract due to creep and shrink-
age. In a tall building, this shorten-
ing can be about 100 or 150 mm
(4 or 6 in.). Fintel, Ghosh, and Iyengar
quote figures of 180 to 230 mm (5 to
7 in.) in an 80-story building.4 The
actual figure that matters is the
shortening after the installation of
the vertical attachments. Those of
interest are water and gas pipes, and
guide rails for elevators.
One example that I heard about
was a hotel in which the elevators
ran along rails that were fixed to the
lift shaft at quite a large spacing.
When the building was more than a
year old, some of the rails buckled.
The explanation was that the creep
of the concrete in the shaft walls
put the slender rails into compres-
sion and induced buckling. That
mishap occurred a number of years
ago, and I expect that designers are
now aware of the situation; perhaps
it is more important that those
installing the vertical attachments
are also aware.
Problems with vertical
architectural attachments
I observed an unusual problem
when I stayed in a hotel in Rio de
Janeiro. Figure 2 shows external
vertical slats running on the
outside of hotel balconies.5 To the
uninitiated, they look like columns,
but they are not load-bearing and
therefore not subject to creep.
They are merely decorative slender
elements connected horizontally
at intervals. The inset in Fig. 2
illustrates my point; the slats do
not transfer any load downwards.
Now, the columns behind the
balconies, which are cantilevers,
are clearly load-bearing, and as
such they undergo creep, which
causes their shortening. This
shortening is also induced in the
slats, so that they are put into
compression. This compression
can be so large that the slender
slats buckle and spall. Fig. 2: General view of façade. Insert: detail seen from the balcony5
A purely architectural feature,
the slats must have become popular Strictly speaking, the shortening relative humidity of the different
with architects because, in my later of the columns is caused by elastic columns and use appropriate
travels, I saw very similar damage in deformation, as well as by shrinkage values of creep.
Turkey, Colombia, and Australia. and creep but, for simplicity, I will The second cause of differential
The failures were not dramatic, but limit myself to creep. Also, each creep arises from the fact that, as
were aesthetically unacceptable. floor, when placed, is in a horizontal discussed earlier, drying creep is
My point is that they indicate the position so that it is only affected affected by the ratio of the volume
designer’s lack of appreciation of by the strains induced subsequent to of concrete to the drying surface;
the effects of creep. the time of placing. This is not as the larger this ratio, the less drying
complicated as it may seem but, for that takes place because water
Differential creep in the purpose of the present article, a from the interior of the column
tall buildings qualitative description suffices. cannot readily reach the surface
Let me now consider the differen- Causes of differential creep and evaporate. Consequently, the
tial effects of creep; that is, a situa- There are five possible causes of concrete in the interior of a large
tion where supports of beams or differential creep in columns in tall column undergoes very little
slabs that were originally level are buildings. First, as I have already drying creep. Establishing the
no longer at the same level. Figure 3 mentioned, the relative humidity volume-to-surface ratio, which is
shows a schematic arrangement of a of the ambient medium affects the same as the ratio of the cross-
tall building with columns spaced at creep. Thus, if a building has sectional area to the perimeter of
6 m on center, but with some columns exposed external columns, they the columns, requires some care
omitted where a large uninterrupted may be at a high relative humidity, because the surfaces that are
area is required, as, for example, in a while the adjacent columns in the relevant are those that are allowed
hotel ballroom or in a major audito- air-conditioned interior may be to dry. Column surfaces that are
rium. If the different columns exposed to quite dry air. In the covered by an impermeable mate-
undergo unequal shortening, any simplest terms, we can say that the rial are not considered in the
horizontal members spanning external columns undergo only volume-to-surface ratio. In practice,
continuously over the columns will basic creep, while the interior there may be differences between
be subject to parasitic stresses of the columns undergo both basic and columns of the same size depend-
type I mentioned previously in drying creep. More accurately, we ing on where they are located: for
connection with bridges. could establish the average example, whether they are exterior

Concrete international / MAY 2002 63


Fig. 3: Schematic plan of a tall building
or interior. The largest difference is
likely to be between the columns
and the shear walls (Fig. 3), which
have a much greater volume-
surface ratio.
The drying factors mentioned so
far apply as much to shrinkage as
to creep.
Now, the third cause of differ-
ential shortening of columns is
limited to creep. This cause is the
elastic strain due to the sustained
load on the concrete, excluding
other loads. Creep is proportional
to the applied stress, so that
columns carrying unequal
sustained loads will undergo
differential shortening. However,
from the design standpoint, the
total load, not the sustained load,
governs column size and spacing.
Transient loads such as wind or
earthquakes do not induce creep,
but are relevant to the choice of
column size. Corner columns are
particularly relevant because,
other things being equal, they
carry only one-half of the
sustained load of other external
columns; however, they may resist
64 MAY 2002 / Concrete international
significant wind and earthquake
loads, which are not sustained loads.
The fourth factor influencing the
shortening of a column is the
percentage of longitudinal reinforce-
ment in the column. This reinforce-
ment restrains the potential creep
of plain concrete. The percentage
of reinforcement may vary between
columns because it is governed by
the total design load and not only
by the sustained load, which
induces creep; this is similar to the
situation discussed in the
preceding paragraph.
The fifth and last important
factor is the age at which the
sustained load begins to act. Creep
is significantly larger in concrete
first loaded at an early age. The age
of concrete at which dead loads
begin to act varies from floor to
floor, and of course, the applica-
tion of loads is incremental. This
has to be taken into account by
proper procedures.
Effects of speed of construction
It follows from the influence of
age that the speed of construction
affects the magnitude of creep.
Ghali, Dilger, and Neville have
shown that a given load applied
gradually over one year would
result, in the long run, in one-half of
the creep that would be caused by
the same load applied all at once at
the age of 14 days.6
This begs the question of what
the designer should know about the
likely speed of construction.
Usually, the designer knows noth-
ing. It is arguable that, when the
system of design and construction
makes it possible for the designer to
be well informed, the process of
design may benefit from it. Specifi-
cally, I would suggest that, in the
case of important tall buildings, the
designer might—or even should—
lay down limits on construction
speed differentials.
In particular, the designer
should recognize that, whereas
columns are constructed floor-by-
floor, shearwalls are often con-
structed very rapidly using
slipforming. Consequently, when a
sustained load begins to act, the
concrete in the shear wall may be
much older than that in an adjacent
column. On the other hand, the
column may be more heavily
reinforced and, very likely, it will have
a much lower volume-surface ratio.
Structural consequences of
differential creep
First of all, I should give an
indication of the order of magnitude
of the differential shortening of
adjacent columns. According to
Fintel, Ghosh, and Iyengar,4 when all
the factors influencing creep act in
the same direction, the differential
strain can be 200 x 10–6. In a 50-story
building, this represents a difference
in level of nearly 40 mm (1-1/2 in.).
This differential shortening has the
same effect on horizontal
members—beams or slabs—that
are continuous over several spans as
the effect of differential settlement
of supports. Bending moments and
shearing forces are induced in the
horizontal member, and they
produce stresses in concrete and in
the steel that are additional to
those caused by design loads. The
moments and shearing forces are
greater the shorter the span is
between the adjacent columns.
The situation is actually more
complicated because there is a
redistribution of loads between
supports (from the more highly
loaded to the less-loaded sup-
port) that, in turn, creates a new,
modified level of stress that
induces creep. Thus, creep has
both harmful and beneficial
effects, and this is of fundamental
importance. It follows that what
might be thought of as “erring on
the safe side” and overestimating
creep is conservative at one stage
in the design but is not conserva-
tive at another stage. This is why
the designer must consider both
the upper and lower bounds of
creep. Iteration may be necessary,
as I mentioned in a previous
article.1 This approach is explic-
itly stated in the current British
design code BS 8110:Part 2:1985:
“It may be advisable at the design
stage to consider a range of
values to bracket the problem,
since an overestimate may be just
as bad as an underestimate.”
Problems with camber
of prestressed units
In some countries, prestressed
concrete floor slab units are often
used. They are usually made with a
camber so that, after the early loss
of prestress, they are level. There
have been cases of uneven deflec-
tion in service, and complaints have
been leveled at the manufacturers
about the uniformity of production.
In one case, this accusation was
unjustified, and the following
explanation was established.
The loss of prestress is a func-
tion of the sustained stress in
concrete at the level of the tendon.
This stress induces creep. If the
sustained stress begins to act at an
early age, the magnitude of creep
may be considerable; the resulting
loss of prestress will be signifi-
cant, and some camber will be
lost. This loss of camber will be
larger than when a similar load is
applied at an advanced age. In the
case in question, soon after
installation, some units were
subjected for several months to
“...in the case of important tall buildings, the
designer might—or even should—lay down
limits on construction speed differentials.”
temporary loads of stored materials;
the remainder of the floor was
unloaded. It is not surprising,
therefore, that, overall, the floor
was not level. The manufacturer
of the units was not at fault.
In another case, similar units
were stored under varying condi-
tions: some in the dry indoors,
others outdoors in a humid atmo-
sphere. When taken to be installed,
the units were chosen in a random
manner from the two stockpiles.
Moreover, the age of the various
units varied considerably, so that
they had undergone different
amounts of loss of camber. In this
case, it is arguable that the
manufacturer of the floor units
should have been aware of creep
effects in the units, and should have
delivered them in a systematic
manner. The moral of this story is
that, when a very level floor is
required, a careful control of
various procedures is necessary.
An increase in camber of 50% or
more in large prestressed concrete
bridge girders, while in storage for
two months, was reported by
Concrete international
Yazdani, Mtenga, and Richardson.7
Generally, with very large pre-
stressed concrete units such as
bridge beams, a high level of
awareness of the importance of
creep is essential and nearly
always exists. Nevertheless, special
circumstances may result in
potential problems.
This was the case in Italy, when an
industrial dispute stopped the
construction of a prestressed
concrete box girder bridge,
launched in segments, for nearly two
years. To allow for the differential in
creep between young and old
concretes when the construction
restarted, it was necessary to make
adjustments to the launching
bearings and to apply temporary
prestress.8 In the process of the
resumed construction, it was
confirmed that, after two years under
load, the ratio of creep to the elastic
strain (known as creep coefficient)
was twice as large as that after
6 months.8
In 1998, I described a balanced
cantilever box girder, with the
main span of 241 m (1264 ft), in
which a creep-induced sag of
about 1 m (3 ft) occurred at
midspan; the consequences of the
sag and of the remedial work were
extremely serious. 9
Dealing with problems
This article has described
several examples of problems
caused by creep of concrete,
which may affect the behavior of
structures. The second article, to
be published in the June 2002
issue of CI, will consider ways of
dealing with these problems in
design and construction.
/ MAY 2002 65
References
1. Neville, A. M., “Concrete Technology
and Design: Twin Supports of Structures,”
Concrete International, V. 24, No. 4, Apr. 2002,
pp. 52-58.
2. Neville, A. M. (with Chapters 17 to 20
written in collaboration with W. Dilger),
Creep of Concrete: Plain, Reinforced, and
Prestressed, North-Holland Publishing Co.,
Amsterdam, 1970, 622 pp.
3. Neville, A. M.; Dilger, W. H.; and
Brooks, J. J., Creep of Plain and Structural
Concrete, Longman, Harlow, 1983, 361 pp.
4. Fintel, M.; Ghosh, S. K.; and Iyengar, H.,
Column Shortening in Tall Structures—
Prediction and Compensation, Portland
Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., 1987, 34 pp.
66 MAY 2002 / Concrete international
5. Neville, A. M., “Concrete Technol-
ogy—An Essential Element of Structural
Design,” Concrete International, V. 20, No. 7,
July 1998, pp. 39-41.
6. Ghali, A.; Dilger, W.; and Neville, A. M.,
“Time-Dependent Forces Induced by
Settlement of Supports in Continuous
Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI JOURNAL,
Proceedings V. 66, No. 11, Nov. 1969,
pp. 907-915.
7. Yazdani, N.; Mtenga, P.; and
Richardson, N., “Camber Variation in
Precast Girders,” Concrete International,
V. 21, No. 6, June 1999, pp. 45-49.
8. Rosignoli, M., “Creep Effects During
Launch of the Serio River Bridge,” Concrete
International, V. 22, No. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 53-58.
9. Neville, A. M., “Letters to the Editor,”
Concrete International, V. 20, No. 9, Sept.
1998, p. 7.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI Honorary Member Adam Neville has
been contributing to CI articles on various
topics, all aimed at facilitating the use of
scientific knowledge to make better
concrete in practice. He is the recipient of
several awards from ACI and other
organizations, as well as Commander of
the Order of the British Empire awarded
by the Queen for his contribution to
science and technology.