Intelligence testing

Aachal P. Taywade
 Definition of intelligence
• Stern (1914): “Intelligence is the general
mental capacity of an individual to adjust his
thinking to new requirements. It is general
mental adaptability to new problems and
conditions of life.”
• Wechsler (1944): “Intelligence is the aggregate
or global capacity of an individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally & to deal
effectively with his environment.”

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 Assessment of intelligence & concept
of I.Q.
• Various tests to assess intelligence.
• Binet, Stern, Wechsler – pioneers in
intelligence testing.
• It flourished especially at the time of world
war.
• Binet _ mental age (M.A.).
• William Stern_ intelligence quotient(I.Q.).
• I.Q. = (M.A./C.A.)Χ 100.

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 Types of intelligence tests
1. Verbal-individual
2. Verbal-group
3. Performance-individual
4. Performance-group

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 Examples
• The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
• Malin’s intelligence scale
• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
• Raven’s progressive matrices
• Culture fair intelligence tests
• Seguin form board test
• Bhatia’s battery of intelligence
• Draw a man test
• Gessell's Drawing Test of Intelligence
• Porteus mazes.

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Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

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 Original – Binet- Simon Scale.
 This test by Lewis Terman (Stanford university)
 At present, in its 5th edition released in 2003.
 Timeline
• April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a
conference in Rome
• June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
• 1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
• 1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman
• 1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
• 1973: Third Edition by Merrill
• 1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
• 2003: Fifth Edition by Roid.
 Indian adaptation – Binet-Kamat tests.
 Age group : 2-23 yrs.
 Total time: 30 to 90 minutes.
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Four cognitive areas in SBS which together determine
the composite score and factor score, there are
total 15 tests.
i. Verbal reasoning : vocabulary, verbal relation,
comprehension, etc.
ii. Quantitative reasoning : number series, equation,
etc.
iii. Abstract reasoning: matrices, pattern analysis,
paper folding/ cutting.
iv. Short-term memory: memory for sentences,
digits, objects, etc.

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 Psychometric properties
• Raw scores  standard age scores (SAS).
• SAS for each test and each cognitive area.
• Composite performance on entire scale 
with the help of each test’s SAS & appropriate
norm tables.
• Reliability  by Kunder-Richardson method.
• Validity  construct validity.

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The wechsler’s scales

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• Original : David Wechsler (1939).
Three scales:
1. WAIS : adults .16-74yrs (1939)
2. WISC : children 7-16 yrs (1955)
3. WPPSI : preschool primary 4-6 ½ yrs
(1967).
Indian adaptation: Dr. Arthur Malin.

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Verbal scale Performance scale
Information Digit symbol
Comprehension Picture completion
Arithmatic Block design
Similarities Picture arrangement
Digit span Object assembly
Vocabulary Matrix reasoning
Word reasoning mazes

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 Psychometric properties
• Norms: full scale IQ, index scores, subtests
scaled scores.
• Reliability: split half reliability : .90 to .98.
• Validity: correlation with Stanford Binet- .80,
with RPM- .70

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 Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test
• Raymond B. Cattell created the CFIT to avoid
environmental and genetic factors. Cattell argued
that general intelligence (g) exists and that it
consists of fluid intelligence and crystallized
intelligence.
• Crystallized intelligence (gc) refers to that aspect
of cognition in which initial intelligent judgments
have become crystallized as habits. Fluid
intelligence (gf) is in several ways more
fundamental and shows in tests requiring
responses to entirely new situations.
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 …Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test
• Group as well as
individual.
• Time depends on scale.
• 3 scales.

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 Psychometric properties

• I.Q. & Percentile norms are given.

• Standardization varies according to age level.
• Reliabilities in .70’s. Validity correlations are in
the range of .56-.85.
• Normative data from western European
countries, in U.S. & Australia are comparable.

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Raven’s Progressive Matrices(RPM)

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 … RPM
• Developed by J. C. Raven in 1936.
• Was designed as a measure of Spearman’s ‘g’
factor of general intelligence.
• It’s a multiple choice intelligence test of
abstract reasoning.
• Subject has to identify missing pattern.

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 Versions of RPM
• Three versions:
Name of version Age group Total items Time required

Standard 12 yrs & above 60 items in 5 sets 60 min

progressive of 12
matrices
Colored Below 11 yrs. 36 items in 3 sets 15-30 min
progressive of 12
matrices
Advanced High intelligence 12 practice items 40-60 min
progressive 36 test items
matrices

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 Psychometric properties
• Test – retest reliability : .70-.90
• Internal consistency validity: .80-.90
• Autism spectrum disorder patients perform
higher as they are predisposed towards visual
reasoning.

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Draw – a – man test

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 … Draw – a – man test
• Goodenough - Harris Draw a person test
(DAP).
• Florence Goodenough developed in 1926,
later revised by Dr. Dale Harris.
• No time limit, hardly takes 15-20 min.
• Scoring according to the perfection, as per
given in manual.
• Scores- 1 to 51. mental age- 3 yr. 3 month to
15 yr. 9 month.
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 … Draw – a – man test
• Reliability validity coefficients are adequate.
• Not wise to use with children above 12 yrs of
age.
• Cultural background & SES highly influences
the performance.
• Asses cognitive developmental levels.
• Also used as a projective test of personality
which is not endorsed by first creator.
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 Bhatia battery of intelligence testing
• C. M. Bhatia Constructed this test for Indian
population in 1955.
• 5 subtests:
• Koh’s block design
• Alexander pass a long
• Pattern drawing test
• Immediate memory
• Picture construction

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 Subtests of Bhatia battery

Includes All NEW. Digit span Parts of

the 10 designs forward pictures
Each of 8 have to be
designs from cards has &
from original backward meaningful
a pattern. ly
original Alexander combined.
17 pass a Draw w/o
designs of long test lifting.
Koh’s test

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 .. Bhatia battery
• Total max. time 1 hr.
• Total max. score 95.
• Standardization of 5 subtests was done for over 4
yrs in villages & cities in places of cross cultural
settings.
• Split – half reliability : .55
• Validity: .77
• Correlation with other intelligence tests is
.67 - .82
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• These are just few examples.
• There are many other intelligence tests.
• Test should be chosen according to the
situation, client’s suitability n needs of the
client.

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 References
• Becker, K.A (2003). "History of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence
scales: Content and psychometrics.". Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scales, Fifth Edition Assessment Service Bulletin No. 1.
• Binet, Alfred; Simon, Th. (1916). The development of intelligence
in children: The Binet–Simon Scale. Publications of the Training
School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11.
E. S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 18
July 2010.
• Kaplan, R. M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). "Psychological testing:
Principles, applications, and issues" (7th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth.
• "Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised“Retrieved2009-03-
31.

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 References
• Cattell, R. B. La theorie de l'intelligence fluide et cristallisee sa
relation avec les tests "culture fair" et sa verification chez les
enfants de 9 a 12 ens. Reoue de Psychologie Appliquee, 1967,
17, 3, 135154
• Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & Court, J.H. (2003, updated 2004) Manual
for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. San
Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
• Anastasi, A. Urbina, S. (2004).Psychological Testing(7th Ed.).
India: Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., chapter two.

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