PROBLEM 6.

142

Water vapor at 1000oF, 140 lbf/in.2 enters a turbine operating at steady state and expands to 2
lbf/in.2, 150oF. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
Determine the actual work and the maximum theoretical work that could be developed for a
turbine with the same inlet state and exit pressure, each in Btu per lb of water vapor flowing.

KNOWN: Water vapor expands adiabatically through a turbine operating at steady state.
Operating data are known.

FIND: Determine the maximum theoretical work, per unit mass of steam flowing, for a turbine 1040 K
with the same inlet state and exit pressure. 140 lbf/in.2
T (1)
.
1000oF
(1)
These states are
p1 = 140 lbf/in.2 inaccessible
T1 = 1000oF adiabatically
(2)
1 lbf/in.2
2
p2 = 1 lbf/in.
T2 = 150o
.(2) 150oF
f
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The control volume is at (2s)
.
state. (2) For the control volume, = 0 and kinetic and s
potential energy effects can be neglected. (3) For the maximum work, the expansion occurs
without internal irreversibilities.

ANALYSIS: The mass and energy rate balances reduce to give

= h1 –h2

From Table A-4E: h1 = 1531.0 Btu/lb and h2 = 1127.5 Btu/lb. Thus

= (1531.0 – 1127.5) = 403.5 Btu/lb

To determine the maximum theoretical work, we use the entropy balance, which reduces as
follows for the one-inlet, one-exit control volume at steady state: 0 = + (s1 – s2) +
Thus
(s2 – s1) = ≥ 0 and s2 ≥ s1

The states to the left of point 2s are therefore inaccessible adiabatically. For the maximum work;
= h1 –h2s, where h2s is the entropy for isentropic expansion to state 2s (constant
entropy). Using data from Table A-3e, with s2s = s1 = 1.8827 Btu/lb∙oR
PROBLEM 6.142 (CONTINUED)

x2s = (s2s – sf2)/(sg2 – sf2) = (1.8827 – 0.1327)/(1.9779 – 0.1327) = 0.9484

and
h2s = hf2 + x2s(hg2 – hf2) = (69.74 + (0.9484)(1105.8 – 69.74) = 1052.3 Btu/lb
Finally
= (1531.0 – 1052.3) = 478.7 Btu/lb.

Note: The isentropic efficiency is = 403.5/478.7 = 0.843 (84.3%)

 PROBLEM 6.145

Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine power plant operating at steady state at 290 K, 100
kPa and exits at 330 kPa. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects are
negligible. The isentropic compressor efficiency is 90.3%. Using the ideal gas model for air,
determine the work input, in kJ per kg of air flowing.

KNOWN: Air is compressed adiabatically. The state is known at the inlet and the exit pressure
is specified. The isentropic compressor efficiency is known.
T
(2) 330 kPa
FIND: Determine the work per unit mass of air flowing. (2s) . 420 K
407.4 K .
(1)
T1 = 290 K
p1 = 100 kPa 100 kPa
Air
ηc=90.3% (1)
. 290 K

(2)
p2 = 330 kPa s
ENGINEERING MODEL: (1) The control volume is at steady state. (2) and kinetic
and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The air is modeled as an ideal gas.

ANAYSIS: The mass and energy rate balances reduce to give = (h1 – h2). With the
isentropic compressor efficiency: ηc = (h1 – h2s)/(h1 – h2)

= (h1 – h2s)/ηc

To find h2s, use Eq. 6.41 and data from Table A-22: pr2 = pr1(p2/p1) = 1.2311 (330/100) = 4.0626
Interpolating in Table A-22; h2s ≈ 408.5 kJ/kg. Also, at 290 K, h1 = 290.16 kJ/kg. Thus

= (290.16 – 408.5)/(0.903) = 131.05 kJ/kg (in)

Note: As indicated on the T-s diagram…

T2s ≈ 407.4 K and h2 = 290.16 + 131.05 = 421.2 kJ/kg → T2 ≈ 420 K
PROBLEM 6.147