Joca 17 Online

jr ef r m Edk if iH a &S @ a e rs m ; a u m if pD
tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif
J o u r n a l o f
C ONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIR S
No. 17, December 2003 ISSN 1513-9182
tajccH Oya'a&;&m
♦ vl rsdK;pk jy\emES ifh tajccH Oya'a&;&mtajzrsm;
♦ Oya'ES ifh vl xkquf oG,fa&;
♦ tajccH Oya'a&;&m owif ;twd k txG mrsm;
trsd K;om;nD vmcH

♦ etztrsd K;om;nD vmcH tb,f yef ;wdk ifqDodk@enf ;
w&m;pD &if a&;

♦ qwf 'rf [lpdef w&m;pD &if a&;tcuf tcJ
awG @qHk ar;jref ;cef ;

♦ a':pef ;pef ;ES ifh awG @qHk ar;jref ;jcif ;
t rS wf p Of ( 1 7 ) = 2 0 0 3 ck ES pf / ' D Z if b m v
ydk if;jcm;pd yfjzm oHk ;oyf &m

♦ tumtuG ,f rJhaeonfh t=urf ;zuf cH jref rmtrsd K;orD ;rsm;
♦ ar (30) 'D yJ ,if ;vk yf}uH r_}uD ;. aemuf uG ,fjzpf &yf rsm;ES ifh w&m;r#wr_
trSwpf Of (17)/ 'DZifbmv/ 2003

jrefrmEdik if aH &Sa ersm;aumifpD
jref rmEd k ifiHa&S aersm;aumif pD
P.O. Box 29 Huamark Post Office, Bangkok 10243, Thailand
E-mail <blcsan@ksc.th.com>
tajccH Oya'a&;&mpmapmif / trS wfpOf(17) 2003 ck ESpf/ 'DZ ifbmv
rmwdum
tajccHOya'a&;&m
♦ vl rsdK;pk jy\emES ifh tajccH Oya'a&;&mtajzrsm; 1
♦ Oya'ES ifh vl xkquf oG,fa&; 17
♦ tajccH Oya'a&;&m owif ;twd k txG mrsm; 66
trsdK;om;nDvmcH
♦ etztrsd K;om;nD vmcH tb,f yef ;wdk ifqDodk@enf ; 34
w&m;pD&ifa&;
♦ qwf 'rf [lpdef w&m;pD &if a&;tcuf tcJ 41

awG @qHk ar;jref;cef;
♦ a':pef ;pef ;ES ifh awG @qHk ar;jref ;jcif ; 57
ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf& m
♦ tumtuG ,f rJhaeonfh t=urf ;zuf cH jref rmtrsd K;orD ;rsm; 45
♦ ar(30)'D yJ ,if ;vk yf}uH r_}uD ;. aemuf uG ,fjzpf &yf rsm;ES ifh w&m;r#wr_ 51

xkwfa0jzef @csd - jr efr mEdkif iHa&S aersm;aumifp D
rlydkif - jrefr mEdkifiH a&Saersm;aumifp DESifh pmrl&Sifrsm;
rsufESmzHk ;'D Zdkif; - barmifZif
uGefjyLwmpmpD - tJvfz&ufEdk;Edk
ynmay;a&;twGuf xyfq ifhul;,ljzef@csdr_rsm;udktm;ay;onf?

trSwpf Of (17)/ 'DZifbmv/ 2003
tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif
tajccHOya'a&;&m
vlrsk;d pkjy\emESithf ajccHOya'a&;&mtajzrsm;
tmvHef prpf
vlrsKd;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;
vuf&SdumvwGif tjyeftvSef&efvdkae=uaom odk@r[kwf oHo,0ifae=u

aom jrefrmhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. txifu& acgif;aqmifrsm;onf taES;ESifhtjrefqdk
ovdk tajccHOya'ykHpHopfw&yfukd a&;qGJ=uawmhrSmjzpfonf? tajccHOya'a&;qGJ
a&;vkyfief;onf vGwfvyfa&;&,lpOfu a&;qGJcJhaom (1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if;u
y,fzsufcJhonhf) 1947 tajccHOya'/ (OD;ae0if; OD;aqmifa&;qGJcJhonfh) wygwDpepf
atmufu 1974 tajccHOya'wkd@tay: csdefxdk;a&;qGJ=uygrnf? xdk@tjyif jynfy
a&muf twdu k t f cHrsm;ujyifqifxm;aom zuf'&,ftajccHOya'ESiehf tzppftpd;k &
u 1992 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om;nDvmcH (,cktcg &yfqdkif;aeonfh) ac:,lum csrSwf
xm;aom tajccHOya'qdkif&mrlrsm;tay:vnf; pOf;pm;=u&ayrnf? tajccHOya'
opfonf w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;okd@ul;ajymif;a&;ESifh jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;/
'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&jzpfay:a&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm; zGifhay;rSmjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;url xkx d ufyI dk / if;wd@k todtrSwðf yEdik o f nfh jrefrmEdik if o
H pf
wrsKd;ukd vdkvm;v#uf&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH.vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm; rwl
uGJjym;jcif;ESifh/ EdkifiHa&;tm%mA[kdjyKr_ordkif;a=umif;aemufcHt& uGJjym;jcif;wdk@
a=umifh tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif if;wdk@.ygwfoufqufqHr_ESifh pyfvsOf;I if;wdk@
qENudk us,fjyef@pGm ajymqdkae=uonf?
jrefrmwkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk vl@tokid ;f t0kid ;f twGi;f / Edik if aH &;tjrifrsm;pGmudk
vnf; awG@Eikd o f nf? vlrsK;d pktzG@J tokid ;f t0kid ;f rsm;twGi;f Yvnf; (vlrsK;d pkjzpfjcif;ESirhf
oufqikd b f )J Edik if aH &;tjrift& oabmwlncD surf sm;&So d vdk oabmrwlno D nfrsm;
trSwpf Of (17)/ 'DZifbmv/ 2003 1

vnf;&Sdonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; Armr[kwfaomvlrsKd;pkrsm; wpkcsif;onf xl;jcm;

onfh vlrsKd;pkvuQ%m&Sda=umif;ESifh xdkvlrsKd;pkrsm;xJrS wOD;OD;u if;wdk@vlrsKd;pkudk
xda&mufpGm udk,fpm;ðyEdkifa=umif; tjrifrsm;&Sdxm;=uonf? odk@aomf vlrsm;pkArm
rsm;url wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vkd vlrsKd;pkvuQ%mxkwfaz: jcif;r&Sdovkd/ EdkifiHa&;t&
udk,fpm;ðy&ef tm;xkwfjcif;vnf;r&Sd=uay? jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhzGJ@pnf;
xm;onfh vlrsK;d Edik if H(Nation-State) Edik if jH zpfonft h wGuf ArmvlrsK;d rsm;url Edik if H
a&;wGif vlrsKd ;jzpfjcif;ukd odyx f nfrh pOf;pm;ay? xk@d tjyif Armrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom
Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; obm0tm;jzifh trsm;tm;jzifh jrefrmwEdik if v H ;Hk
udk udk,fpm;ðy=uonf? Armrsm;onf ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDudk±_jrif&mwGif EdkifiHa&;onf
vl r sKd ; pk r J a &G ; cs,f y G J x uf a'otwd k i f ; twm/ wEd k i f i H v k H ; twd k i f ; twmjzif h
axmuf c H r _ & ,l & mwG i f Ek d i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;t=um; òyd i f q d k i f y G J [ k j rif = uonf ?
Armrsm;onf jrefrm trsKd;om;a&;0g'DqDodk@ OD;wnf=uonf?
vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f Edik if aH &;Ed;k ºuGr&_ adS omtpkrsm;tm; vlrsK;d pk
jy\emqdo k nf bmudq k v
kd okd vJ[k ar;jref;&mwGif jy\emok;H &yfukd xyfcgwvJvJ
&Sif;jy=uonf?
- vlrsK;d pka'o (jynfe,f)f rsm;vk,cl &H jcif; (od@k ) vpfvsL±_c&H jcif;
ArmvlrsKd;v$rf;rdk;onfh tpdk;&.rlrsm;ESifh vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk

xif[yfvsuf vlrsK;d pka'orsm;rSm zG@H òzd;wd;k wufrr_ &Sjd cif;ESihf aemufususeaf e&pfjcif;
od@k r[kwf acgi;f ykjH zwfcaH e&jcif;[laomcHpm;csuu f vlrsK;d pkrsm;wGi&f o
dS nfrmS oHo,
r&Sad y? if;wd@k .a'orsm;wGif tajccHtaqmufttkrH sm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;rsm;
uif;aeonf odk@r[kwf if;wkd@a'o. obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkom xkwfE_wf,l
oGm;=u+yD; tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnfhae&mrsm;wGif/ tusdK;tjrwfcHpm;&rnfhae&mrsm;
wGif a'ocHrsm;r&=u[k vlrsKd;pkrsm;u jrif=uonf? tqdkygtcsufrsm;u udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGihf od@k r[kwf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;awmif;qdrk u
_ t
kd m;ay;aom tcsurf sm;jzpf
onf?
- EdkifiHOD;aqmifr_tqifh (tpdk;&tqifh) wGif vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fpm;ðyrcH

&jcif;
H qifh (National level) wGif OD;aqmif&eftcGihf

ArmvlrsK;d rsm;taejzifh Edik if t
ta&;ESifh wm0ef&Sdonf[k Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lq=ua=umif;/ ArmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh
Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nDnw $ rf u
_ jdk yv#uf rnfr#tjyKoabmqufqH
apumrl if;wk@d tm; r,k=H unfonft h jrifrsm; vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;wGi&f =dS uonf?
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk Edik if t
H qifOh ;D aqmifa&;wGif wdu k if (eHygwpf OfypHk )H jzifo
h m
2 trSwpf Of (17)/ 'DZifbmv/ 2003

yg0if=u&a=umif; r=umc%awG@&onf?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;tcGifhta&;ESifh tqdkygtcGifhta&;udk b,fvlrsKd;tzGJ@tm; ay;tyfoifh

ovJ?
vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;uif;rJhr_ukd az:xkwfjyolrsm;. pOf;pm;csufrsm;onf

Armrsm;v$r;f rd;k xm;onft h pd;k & (tpd;k &ESihf ppfwyftygt0if tpd;k &.XmetoD;oD;)
onf vlrsK;d pkrsm;udk rr#wpGmqufqo H nfh taetxm;trsKd ;rsKd ;ukd ay:vGiaf ponf?
qdv
k &kd if;rSm ArmvlrsK;d r[kwo f nfh vlrsK;d pktokid ;f t0kid ;f rsm;onf rdrw
d @dk vrl sKd ;
ESihf tjcm;vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf;rsm;yl;aygi;f I ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf tjyeftvSeq f ufqrH _
rnfokd@wkd;wufaz:aqmifrnfqkdonfukd tm±Hkpkduf&ayrnf? TwGifvlrsdK;pkrsm;
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;. Edik if aH &;onf vlrsKd ;pkv@l tokid ;f t0kid ;f rsm;t=um; qufqH
a&;/ ArmESifh Armr[kwfoltokdif;t0kdif;rsm;t=um; nDr#r_&&Sda&;ESifh ppfrSefaom
uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfr&_ a&;ESihf todtrSwjf yKa&;wk@d tay:wGio f m w0Jvnfvnf jzpfae
onf? Armr[kwfaomvlrsdK;rsm;u vlrsdK;pktrsdK;om;a&;qDokd@ OD;wnf=uonf?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;.qENrsm;ESifh epfemcsufrsm;w&m;0ifjzpfa&;udpPESifh ygwfoufI
Armtxifu&EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;t=um; oabmuGJv$Jr_&Sdonf? Arm}uD;pkd;onfh
ppfwyfurl jrefrmjynfrS vlrsKd;pkcGJxGufa&;óud;yef;r_udk wdkufzsuf&eftvdk@iSm Arm
vlrsdK;tjzpfoGyfoGif;a&; (Burmanization) rSwqifh ArmtrsKd;om;a&;0g'D xl
axmifvdk=uonf? twdkuftcH Armacgif;aqmifrsm;url Armr[kwfolrsm;.epfem
csufudk todtrSwfðyvdk=uonf? Armr[kwfolrsm;. vdkvm;csufqENudk auseyf
apzdk@ enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazGoGm;&ef oabmxm;&Sdonf?
Tt&mtm;vk;H wd@k onfh tem*wfjrefrmjynftwGut f ajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;
tpDtpOfwGifajymqdk=u&rnfh cufcJvSaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf? 1995
ckEpS wf iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDrusra_ =umifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
u trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk oydwfarSmufcJh+yD;/ if;zmom tajccHOya'opfw&yfudk
a&;qGJ&ef &nf&G,fa=umif;qdkonf? ppftpdk;&u TonfudkwkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh
trsK;d om;nDvmcHua&;qGaJ om tajccHOya'rSwyg; tjcm;tajccHOya'wck a&;qGJ
jcif;udk wm;jrpfco hJ nf? tusK;d quftm;jzifh tem*wfjrefrmEdik if . H tajccHOya'ESihf
ygwfoufI jynfya&muf tiftm;pkrsm;u pwifv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=u+yD;
zuf'&,fa&;&mudpu P kd jynfya&mufvrl sK;d pkrsm;ESihf 'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u jiif;ckH
aqG ; aEG ; vsuf & S d = uonf ? vl r sKd ; pk v uf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f a &;tk y f p k r sm;jzif h
r[mrdwzf @JG xm;aom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) onf 1976 ckEpS w f iG f
wyfaygif;pkzGJ@+yD;rsm;r=umrDY zuf'&,fpepfudk vufcHvdkuf=uonf? 1988 ckESpf

ratmifjrifaom vlxt k ºHk uGr}_ uD;jzpfymG ;+yD;aemuf e,fpyfa'owGif vlrsK;d pkvufeuf

ukid t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf jynfya&muf'rD u kd a&pDaxmufco H rl sm;u 'Dru kd a&pDr[mrdwf
wyfaygi;f pk}uD; (DAB) udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h u+yD;aomtcg zuf'&,ftajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;
vkyif ef;pOfukd pwifco hJ nf? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd e0wujiif;qdck +hJ yD;onfh
aemufydkif; e,fpyfa'oodk@ xGufajy;vm=uaom v$wfawmftrwfrsm;jzifh e,fpyf
a'otwdu k t
f cH rsm;yg0ifonfh trsK;d om;aumifpD (NCUB) udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uonf?
wyfaygi;f pkopfonf 'DatbD. zuf'&,fy&k*d suf tpDtpOf ukd qufvufaqmif&u G f
v#uf&Sdonf?
jynfya&mufvrl sK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;onf DAB-NCUB zuf'&,ftajccH
Oya'a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfESifh tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pGmwdk@wGifyg0ifI avhvmr_
tawmftwefvkyfjzpfcJh=uonf? r=umao;rDu jynfe,ftajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;udk
vnf; wqifhwuf usKd;yrf;vkyfaqmifvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfya&mufvlrsKd;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynf tajccHOya'opfESifhygwfoufI if;wdk@ESifht"du
oufqdkifaomtjrifESifh oabmxm;toHrsm;udk wdk;jrifhaqmif&GufEdkifaom tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;&SdcJh=uonf? if;wdk@tm; auseyfEdkifaprnfh zuf'&,f tajccHOya'udk
rnfhodk@ykHpHaz:rnfqdkonfESifhywfoufIvnf; if;wdk@.tjrifrsm;udk az: jyavh&Sd=u
onf? wcgw&HwGif xkdtjrifudk jynfaxmifpkppfppf[laoma0g[m& jzifhaz: jy=u
onf? wcgw&HwGif (1947 ckESpfu zJG@pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@ twk
ta,mif jynfaxmifpkESifhuGJjym;onhf) wdwdususwifjycsufrsm;&Sdonf? Oyrm -
tm%mcGJa0a&; odk@r[kwf zuf'&,fygvDrefzGJ@pnf;r_?
tusK;d &v'ftm;jzifh vlrsK;d pkrsm;.vdt k yfcsuu
f &kd &Sad pEdik o
f nfh a&G;cs,pf &m
enf;vrf;rSm e,fusOf;pGmjzifh tajccHOya't& a&G;cs,fjcif;enf;vrf;r#omv#ifjzpf
a=umif; jynfya&muftkyfpkrsm;t=um; vufcHvmapcJhonf? tqdkyguJhokd@ usOf;pGm
a&G;cs,fr_rSm [efusykHr&? xkd@tjyif Tae&mwGif&nf&G,f&if;rSm zuf'&,ftajccH
Oya'a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfwGifaz: jy&rnfh vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
vl@tokid ;f t0kid ;f . us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@aqG;aEG;xm;aom if;wd@k .vkv d m;csuf rsm;ukd
tm±Hpk udk af &;tpm; avsmu f efaomtajz&a&;jzpfonf? TonfrmS b,fvt dk ajccH
Oya't&kd;cHukd a&;qGJrvJ qkdonfukdc%xm;I/ if;wkd@ESifhpyfqkdifaom jy\em&yf
rsm;wGuf wk@H jyef&efvt dk yfcsurf sm;ukd pOf;pm;ay;&ma&mufonfjzpfI twdu k t
f cHrsm;
twGuf vkyyf idk cf iG &hf adS prnfjzpfonf?
vlrsK;d pk/ a'oqdik &f mud,

k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;ESizhf uf'&,fpepf
vlrsK;d EG,pf t
k yk pf rk sm;ESihf rsK;d EG,t
f yk pf ck rJG sm;pGm&Sad omfjim;vnf; Ekid if aH &;t&
&cdkifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f/ u&if
jynfe,fEiS hf rGejf ynfe,fponfjzifh Armr[kwo f nfh vlrsK;d pk (7) pktwGuf todtrSwf

ðyr_ w&m;0ifa&;twGuf oabmwlnDr_&SdcJh=uonf? if;jynfe,frsm;onf awmif

wef;a'orsm;jzpf+yD; Armtrsm;pk&Sdonfh (+Adwdo#acwfu jynfra'o[kac:onfh)
ajrjyef@a'oudk 0dkif;&Hxm;onf? weoFm&Dwdkif;ESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGifuJhodk@
&efukefwGif vlrsKd;rsm;a&m¹yGef;ae=uaomfvnf; txufqkdcJhaom vlrsKd;pka'orsm;
wGifrl Armr[kwfaomvlrsKd;rsm; trsm;qkH;aexdkif=uonf?
zuf'&,ftajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;vkyif ef;pOfwiG f yg0ifaom vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmif
rsm;onf vlrsK;d pkjynfe,frsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom jynfph o Hk nfh jynfaxmifpjk zpfap&ef
jrefrmjynfac: vlrsKd;pkEdkifiHa&;ajrykHay:wGif Armjynfe,fwck&Sdoifha=umif; tod
trSwðf ya&;udk vdv k m;=uonf? 1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'udk (wcgw&H jynfaxmifpk
ruswus tajccHOya') [kn$ef;=uonf? xkdOya't& ,QifoD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;&SdcJh
aom &Sr;f ESihf u&ifejD ynfe,fw@dk onf jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0ifjynfe,frsm; jzpfvmv#uf
jrefrmjynfrtjyif/ ucsifjynfe,fukd zefwD;cJhonf?
u&ifjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;udk ¹cGif;csuftjzpf jyXmef;cJhonf? oabmwlnDcsuf
twdik ;f csi;f jynfukd csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tjzpf todtrSwðf ycJo h nf? jrefrmjynfr[kac:
aom useaf 'orsm;udk A[dt k pd;k &ESihf if;.Xmeqdik &f mrsm;u wdu k ±f u
kd tf yk cf sKyfonf?
(rGeEf iS hf &cdik jf ynfe,fawmif;qdrk u
_ kd 1960 ckEpS t
f xd todtrSwrf ðycJ)h ? 1974 ckEpS f
tajccHOya'onf wjynfaxmifpepfypHk jH zpfonf? if;tajccHOya't& tkycf sKyfa&;ZkH
14 ck xm;&Sdonf? xdk 14 ckteuf jynfe,f 7 ckukd vlrsKd;pkjynfe,f[kac:qdkonf?
vuf&pdS pftpd;k &onf jynfe,f 7 ckEiS hf wdik ;f 7 ck az: jrLvmudk jyefo;Hk &ef pOf;pm;xm;
a=umif; trsKd;om;nDvmcHY az:xkwfxm;onf?
trsKd;om;aumifpD. tajccHOya'rl=urf;onf vlrsKd;pkjynfe,frsm;ESifh
a&m¹yGef;aexdkifaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jynfe,frsm; (Muliti - ethnic states) rsm;[k
jyXmef;xm;onf? if;tajccHOya'u Armjynfe,ftygt0if jynfe,f 8 ckESifh
jynfe,fopfrsm;twGuf pOf;pm;xm;onf? (1947 ckESpfESifh 1974 ckESpf tajccH
Oya'rsm; jyXmef;csufrsm;udk xif[yfaz: jyvsuf) trsKd;om;aumifpDESifh trsKd;om;
nDvmcHw@kd u ygvrD ef.txufvw $ af wmfukd vlrsK;d pktrsK;d om;rsm;u ud, k pf m;ðy&ef
jyXmef;xm;onf? vlrsK;d pkrsm;v$r;f rd;k +yD;tm;aumif;onfh txufvw $ af wmfrw S qifh
Armtrsm;pkv$rf;rdk;onfh tpdk;&udk qef@usifrnfh r[mAsL[mudk jynfe,f 14 ck
az: jrL vmu OayuQmðyvkdufonfjzpfI jynfe,f 8 ckaz: jrLvmESifh jynfe,f 14
ckaz: jrL vmjy\emrSm tylwjyif; jy\emw&yfjzpfonf?
a'oqdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh zuf'&,fpepf
uk,
d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfciG q
hf okd nfrmS trsm;pkudk trsm;ESiq hf idk af om tusLd ;w&m;
v$r;f +cKHaprnft h m%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f xm;pOf vlrsKkd ;pkwikd ;f &if;om;rsm;ESit hf xl;oufqikd f
aomudp&P yfudk if;wk@d u, dk w f ikd f wdu
k ±f u
dk u
f sio
hf ;Hk Edik af &; awmif;qkad e=uaom vlrsKd ;pk

wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;cGijhf yK&ef zefw;D aomu&d,myifjzpfonf? uk, d yf idk t

f yk cf sKyfciG u
hf dk
uGJjym;jcm;em;aom w&m;0ifykHpHrsm;jzifh owfrSwfEdkifonf? (Yash Ghai 2000
pm-8)
a'oqdik &f mud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;qdo k nfrmS yx0De,fajrtvdu k f pkpnf;aexdik f
=uaom vlrsKd;tkyfpkwck odk@r[kwf wckxufydkaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;&Sd&ma'otwGuf
tm%mcsKyfuikd rf a_ v#mch say;aom pepfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif tqdyk gtyk pf rk sm;twGuf
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;e,fajrowfrw S af y;Edik o f nf? (e,fajrt& pkpnf;aexdik jf cif;xuf
jyef@usaJ exdik af om vlrsK;d pkrsm;. ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;awmif;qd=k uonfh om"ursm;&Sd
onf? Tae&mwGif xdkom"ursm;udk pOf;pm;rnfr[kwfyg?) a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wjynfaxmifpepftwGif;rSmvnf; usio hf ;Hk Edik o
f nf? trSet f m;jzifh
1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'udk a'oqdik &f m ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;jyXmef;csut f csK@d ygaom
wjynfaxmifpepf tajccHOya'jzpfonf[k pOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;Edkifonf? a'o
qdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwckvkH;twGif;u txl;a'owck
odk@r[kwf wckxufydkaoma'orsm;udk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m ay;tyfonfh
pepfwckjzpfonf? (wcgw&H tajccHOya'jzifhjyXmef; owfrSwfavh&Sdonf?)
jynfya&mufjrefrmtwdkuftcHrsm; tm±HktpdkufqkH;rSm zuf'&,fpepfyifjzpf
onf? zuf'&,fpepf[lonf tpdk;&tqifhqifhrsm;t=um;wGif tajccHOya't&
tm%mcsKyfuidk rf _ av#mch s cGaJ 0ay;onfh pepfjzpfonf? tqdyk gpepfwiG f tpd;k &tqifh
wckcsif;pDonf if;.pD&ifydkifcGifhe,fy,ftwGif;Y tjrifhqkH;jzpfonf? zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpktajccHOya'onf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;,lepfrsm; (states, provinces
ponfjzifh) owfrSwfay;onf? xkd@tjyif tajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm;aom
,lepfrsm;twGuf jynfaxmifpk. taqmufttkHtwGif;rS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm
%mudk jyXmef;ay;onf?
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfonf vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;aom jzpfpOfESpfckrS ay:
aygufvmEdkifonf? tpOftvmt& zuf'&,fpepf (Classic federal system)
onf jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygi;f jcif;jzpfpOf (federating process)rSay:ayguv f monf?
TjzpfpOft& wdkif;jynfrsm;pkaygif;&mwGif ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;&Sx d m;aom wdik ;f jynf
,lepfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf (zuf'&,f) tpkd;& ay:aygufvma&;ESifh/ pkaygif;vmaom
,lepfrsm;ESihf zuf'&,ftpd;k & tqift h =um; tm%mrsm;udk cGaJ 0a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;
+yD; tajccHOya'w&yfa&;qGJum yl;aygif;=ujcif;jzpfonf?
TykHpHzuf'&,fzGJ@pnf;r_wGif yg0if=uaomjynfe,f(,lepf)rsm;ukd tcsKyf
tjcmjynfe,frsm;[koabmxm;onf? ay:xGef;vmaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;onf
vnf; tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh zuf'&,fpepfwckwGifrl tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mukdcGJjcm; okd@r[kwf jzef@cGJxm;onf? jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;jcif;onf
vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;uvkdvm;aom ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&&Sda&;ykHpHyifjzpfonf?

tb,fa=umifq h adk omf tcsKyftjcmtm%mtwGuf if;wk@d .orkid ;f 0if awmif;qkcd suf

rsm;/ jynfaxmifpkwGifyg0ifjcif; odk@r[kwf ryg0ifbJaejcif; (jynfaxmifpkrScGJaumif;
cGJxGufjcif;) ponfh if;wkd@.tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd oabmayguf em;vnf[ef&Sdaom
a=umifjh zpfonf? ok@d aomf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;jcif;ykpH u H dk tcsKyftjcm jynf
axmifrsm;pkaygi;f jcif;jzifrh [kwb f J A[kcd sKyfuidk rf t_ m%mav#mch sjcif; (decentraliz-
ing) jzifvh nf;zG@J pnf;Ekid o
f nf? &S+d yD;jzpfaomEdik if wH ckudk uk,
d yf idk tf yk cf sKyfciG yhf pHk /H a'o
tuef@rsm; (jynfe,f,lepfrsm;) ykdif;jcm;onfhykHpHjzifh 'kwd,qifh tpkd;&ukdzGJ@um tm
%mrsm;cG J a 0ay;jcif ; jzif h v nf ; zuf ' &,f j ynf a xmif p k z G J @ Ed k i f o nf ? if ; uk d
zuf'&,fykHpHjyK ,ljcif; (Federalizing process) jzpfpOf[k ac:Edkifonf? (Smith
1997)
jynfaxmifrsm; pkaygif;jcif;jzifh zGJ@pnf;aomjzpfpOfwGif ,lepftzGJ@0ifrsm;u
zuf'&,ftpk;d & jzpfay:aponf? zuf'&,fypHk H jyK,ljcif;jzpfpOfwiG f Edik if aH wmftpk;d &u
jynfe,frsm;ukd az:aqmifonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHjynfaxmifpkzGJ@a&;ukd aqG;aEG;
&mwGif a&G;cs,fp&mtjzpf (cifarmif0if; 2001) u jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;jcif;
jzpfpOfESifh jynfaxmifpkykHpHjyK,ljcif; jzpfpOfrsm;ukd n$e;f qkx
d m;onf?
tcsdK;nDESifhtcsKd;nDr[kwfaompepfrsm; ( Symmetrical and Asymmetrical

System)
tpOf t vm zuf ' &,f p epf (Federating Preocess) onf

tcsK;d nDpepf[k qdEk ikd o f nf? jynfe,f,el pftm;vk;H wd@k onf Oyrm jynfe,ftpd;k &ESihf
jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&t=um; nDwlnDr#tm%mcGJa0r_ &Sd&rnfjzpfonf (ykHpH u)?
a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf tcsKd;nDr[kwfaompepf[kqdkEdkifonf?
Oyrm - EdkifiH awmftcsKd@tpdwftydki;f rsm;om ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrt_ pDtrH&&So d nf?
odk@r[kwf rwlnD aoma'orsm;twGuf rwlnaD om ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrt
_ m%m&&Sd
jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf? (ykpH H c)
(ykHpH u) tcsdK;nDzuf'&,fpepf
A
B
E
D C

A / B/ C/ DESifh E wdk@onf jynfaxmifpkwGifyl;aygif;yg0if=uaom

jynf e ,f r sm; jzpf + yD ; zuf ' &,f t pk d ; & ( F )ud k zG J @ xm;=uonf ? zuf ' &,f
tajccHOya't& jynf e,frsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh qufqHa&;wGif
wef;wl&nfwltcGifh&Sd=uonf?
(ykpH H c) a'oqdik &f m ud,

k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
R
Q
wdik ;f jynf (S) onf xl;jcm;aom a'o (2) ckudk txl;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh

a'otjzpf todtrSwðf y+yD;/ if;wd@k . jynfe,fwiG ;f a&;&mudprP sm;twGuf ud, k yf ikd f
tpk;d &zG@J ciG hf cGiðhf yxm;onf?
trSeftm;jzifh zuf'&,fpepfwGif bma=umifhtcsKd;rnD rjzpfEdkifqdkonfukdrl
cdik v
f aHk om ta=umif;jycsurf &Sad y? (ykpH t H m;jzifh zuf'&,fpepftwGi;f rSmrwlnaD om
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtqifhrsm; &&Sdae=uonfh rwlnDaomjynfe,frsm; odk@r[kwf
jynfe,fwckcsi;f pD owfrw S x
f m;aom tm%mcGaJ 0&&Srd r_ sm;?) Ttcsuu f kd Alfred
Stepan u 2001 ck ZGev f wGif usi;f yaomjrefrmEdik if t
H oGi;f ul;ajymif;a&;pDrjH cif;
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wifjycJhonf? if;u jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaet& vdktyfr_ESifhydkudkufnD
aompepfrSm zuf'&,fzJG@pnf;jcif; (Symmetrical) xuf tm%mav#mhcszGJ@pnf;
onfh (Asymme-trical) pepfjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhonf? (Stepan 2002: Zaw
Oo 2002) u NCUB tajccHOya'=urf;wGif az: jyxm;aom (8) jynfe,f
(Sym-metrical) ykHpHESifhywfoufI ¹cGif;csufxm;um jrefrmhacgif;aqmifrsm;u
rGrf;rHxm; aom Asymmetrical ykHpH b,fv*sD,HESifh pydef jynfaxmifpkykHpHudk
ydkItºuGrf;w0if &Sda=umif; tðyoabm wifjyxm;onf?
(ykHpH i) tcsdK;tpm;rnD jynfaxmifpk (Asymmetrical Federation)

W
V
X
C
Z
Y

V/ W/ X/ YESihf Z
wdk@onf zuf'&,ftzGJ@0ifjynfe,f,lepfrsm;jzpf=u+yD;
(C) [laomjynfaxmifpktpdk;&&Sdonf? jynfe,fwckjcif;onf jynfaxmifpkESifh
qufqH&mwGif (tm%mcGJa0r_t&) rwlnD=uay?
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf vlrsKd;pkudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; pOf;pm;=u&efykH
jrefrmjynf.ordik ;f rSeu f kd wdwyd y ajymqd&k ef vG,u f v l oS nfr[kwyf g? Oyrm

vGwfvyfa&;óud;yef;r_umv.&v'fESifh tajccHOya'qdkif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
rnfuo hJ @kd jyefvnfwifjyrnfqo kd nfu h pd rP sKd ;? jrefrmjynfonf jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygi;f
jcif;jzpfpOf (Federating process) oD;oef@vnf;r[kwfovdk tm%mav#mhcsay;
jcif;oD;oef@ (Decentralization procees) rsK;d vnf;r[kwaf y?(ESprf sK;d pvk;H a&maESm
yg0ifaeonf?) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wu,fyif tpOftvmt& (Sym-
metrical) jzpfaom zuf'&,fpepfr[kwaf y? od@k aomf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; tokid ;f
t0kid ;f rsm;u if;wd@k xifxm;cJo h nfu/dk if;wd@k &&Sad e=u+yD[v k nf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwf
tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f vmvdrrhf nf[v k nf;aumif; ,k=H unfc[ hJ efwo l nf? +Adwo d #tpd;k &u
jrefrmjynfudk ajrjyef@a'o(jynfra'o) (Burma Proper) ESifh awmifwef;a'o
(Frontier Area) [lI uGjJ ym;aomykpH EH pS rf sK;d ESihf tkycf sKyfco hJ nf? xk@d tjyif (awmif
wef;a'orsm;. vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qkdr_ukd axmufcHjcif;xuf) xkdtkyfcsKyfa&; 2
rsdK;atmuf&Sd a'orsm;tm;aygif;pnf;ap&ef trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmifcJh
aom zqyvESihf oabmwlnrD &_ cJo h nf? +Adwo d # bmrm;[laom0daoovuQ%m
2 ckESifhywfoufI +Adwdo#wkd@.tjrifukd awmifwef;a'opkHprf;a&;aumfrwD
tpD&ifcHpm 1947 tydkif; 1 wGifawG@Edkifonf (u&ifeDonf ajrjyef@a'oESifha&m
awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhyg uif;vGwfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf; +Adwdo#wdk@.
=oZmcHjzpfI ArmhvGwfvyfa&;tpDtpOfwGif zdwfac:xm;onf?)
Armrsm;OD;aqmifonf[q k Ekd ikd af om zqyv trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_tzG@J u
txufuykHpH jynfaxmifpkrsdK;udkvdkvm;onf? odk@aomf awmifwef;a'ovlrsKd;pk
tcsK@d EiS hf (ajrjyef@a'ovlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmiftcsK@d ) wd@k u rvdv k m;ay? yifvn Hk vD mcHwiG f
aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;r_ESifh awmifwef;a'opkHprf;r_wdk@u cGJxGufcGifhawmif;qdkcsufESifh
oabmqENtav#muf tpOftvmt& jynfaxmifpzk @JG a&; tpDtpOf (Federating
process) ukd tzefwvJvJ n$e;f qkx d m;onf? wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmfwiG f tajccH
Oya'a&;qG=J uaomtcg a'oqdik &f mud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;ygaom tm%mav#mch sa&;
ykpH /H jynfaxmifpu k kd ykaH z:cJo
h nf? zuf'&,ftqifh tpd;k &opfay:ayguv f mjcif;r&Sad y?
xkrd #ru jynfrtpd;k &udk jynfaxmifp[ k ak c:aom tpd;k &.tcef; u¾tjzpf rSw, f l
=uonf? xdkjynfaxmifpkwGif {&d,m (tpdwftydkif;) wcsKd@udk ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&
aom jynfe,ftqifh cGifhðyay;xm;onf? tajccHOya'u tcsdeftwdkif;twmqGJI

cGx
J u G cf iG u
hf kd jyXmef;ay;cJo
h nf? TonfrmS vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;. wpkw H &m ar#mf
vifhcsufukd tajccHOya'rl=urf;wGif vrf;n$efxm;I vlrsdK;pkrsm;u tedrfhqkH;
pnf;urf;csurf sm;jzifh vufccH jhJ cif;ukd a&mifjyef[yfcyhJ &Hk onf? (1947 cktajccHOya'.
qef ; jym;csuf r sm;tusOf ; / *sKd ; Zuf a qvf ; Am;pwd e f ; 1999/ pm 12-13)/
zuf ' &,f j ynf a xmif p k x uf a'oqd k i f & mtk y f c sKyf a &;od k @ OD ; wnf c J h a om
wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf y%mr tpnf;ta0;ESifh wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftpnf;
ta0;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI aqG;aEG;csurf sm;twGuf (armifarmif- 1959 wGif =unfyh g)/
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tjrifESifh ywfoufI (vsHqmacgif ENSCC 2002 rsm;odk@
=unfhyg&ef)?
ppf r S e f a om zuf ' &,f t ajccH O ya'ay:xG e f ; jcif ; r&S d a o;onf h t wG u f
vlrsKd;pkjy\emudk pDppf&ef vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf ,QKtcsdeftxd tvm;
tvm&Sad eao;onf? jrefrmjynf tajccHOya'ay:ayguaf &; txrajrmufao;r_rmS
1947 ESpfu tajccHOya'vufcHcJhaomykHpHomru tao;pdwftcsufrsm;ESifh xdk
tcsed u f Edik if aH &;wGiyf g0ifw@kd tajccHOya'ESit hf nDaqmif&u G &f ef ysuu f u G f cJ=h ujcif;
wd@k tay: tjiif;yGm;Edik =f uonf? (Federating process) t& }uD;rm;aom tusK;d
aus;Zl;rSm tjyeftvSef av;pm;aom acgi;f aqmifrsm;t=um;aqG;aEG;a&;vkyif ef;pOf
twGuf oabmwlnrD w _ ckukd óudwif}uHqjcif;jzpfonf? oabmwlnrD &_ onftxd
aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efcHr_ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_&Sd=uv#if (TtajctaersKd;wGif
tao;pdwt f csurf sm;onf auseyfb, G &f mr&Sad o;v#iyf if jyefvnfInEd id_ ;f Ekid o f nf
[k rSw, f El ikd of nfth wGu)f tajccHOya' twnfðya&;enf;vrf;onf ta&;}uD;rnf
r[kwfyg?
vuf&SdwGif jrefrmjynfudk tpOftvmzuf'a&;&Sif;ykHpHrsKd; (jynfe,fwdkif;u
rdro d abmt& jynfaxmifprk mS yg0ifjcif;)ESihf udu k n
f aD tmif jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&efvrl sK;d pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;u qEN&Sdae=uykH&onf? xdkykHpHonf Symmetrical ykpH jH zpfonf?
Oyrm - zuf'a&;&Si;f xJwiG f Armjynfe,fwe,f&rdS nf? xdjk ynfe,fonf tjcm;jynf
e,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tqifw h rl nfjzpfonf? TonfrmS A[kd (zuf'&,f)
tpdk;&opfw&yf zefwD;vdkykH&onf? TykHpHonf trsKd;om;aumifpDu a&;qGJaom
tajccHOya'rl=urf;u vufco H nfyh pHk jH zpfonf? zuf'&,fpepfEiS yhf wfoufI jrefrm
ppfwyf. twdwrf S rSww f rf;rsm;t&qdv k #if tqdyk gypHk u
H kd oabmwl&efcufcaJ yrnf?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHY jynfaxmifpktpdk;&opfykHukdraz:bJ jynfe,f 7 ck ESifh wdkif; 7
ck (jynfra'o)jzifh tm%mcsKyfuikd rf a_ v#mch sa&; (Asymmetrically ykrH sK;d ) jyXmef;
csufrsm;ygaprnfhykHpHukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ az:aqmifaeykH&onf?
Tonfukd nEd id_ ;f rI&Edik af wmhaom oabmrwlnED ikd rf q _ oD @kd OD;wnfae+yD[k
±_jrif&ef rvdt k yfay? tajccHOya'qdik &f m taqmufttkq H okd nfrmS ndE i_d ;f r_jzpfpOfEiS hf
ykaH z:r_.tajccHrsm;rS &vmaom tajzyifjzpfonf? nEd id_ ;f r_vyk if ef;pOfonf vkyif ef;

pOfwiG yf g0ifaom yk*K~ v d rf sm;. qufqaH &;pGr;f &nfreS af y:wGif wpkw H &mtwkid ;f twm
txd a&mifjyef[yfayrnf? od@k aomf xdyk *k K~ v d rf sm;. aqG;aEG;r_prG ;f &nfEiS hf t,ltq
rsm;ay:wGiv f nf; a&mifjyef[yfayrnf? pGr;f &nfreS af =umifo h ufoufjzifh vlrsK;d pkacgi;f
aqmifrsm; qEN&adS eaom Symmetrical zuf'&,fypHk rH sKd ;trdt&qkwu f ikd Ef ikd Of ;D rnf
r[kwaf y? ok@d aomf vlrsK;d pkv@l todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;r&&SEd ikd af wmhay[lI
jzifh aumufcsufrqGJoifhay? trSeftm;jzifh vlrsKd;pkvl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf
tajccHOya'qdkif&m taqmufttkHykHpHu tjcm;ykHpHxuf ydkrdkaumif;aom tusKd;
&v'fukd rv$rJ a&Smifom ay;pGr;f Edik af omt&mjzpfonf[k ,k=H unf&ef ta=umif;r&Sd
ay? tusdK;&v'fonf qENESifh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGifom rlwnf
onf?
nEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;r_wiG yf g0ifaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u if;wk@d . vkv d m;r_/ OD;pm;ay;r_rsm;
ESiphf yfvsO;f I &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;&Sx d m;ygu if;wd@k .&nf&, G f csurf sm;ESihf uduk n f aD tmif
tjcm;ykpH rH sm;udv k nf; ðyjyifw;kd cs@J omG ;Edik o f nf? vlrsK;d pkv@l todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;udu k , kd yf ikd f
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tm%mcsKyfudkifr_rsm;avsmhcsay;&ef vkdtyfaomoabm wlnD
csu&f Edik vf #if vlrsK;d pktusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;&a&;ukd udk,fpm;ðywifjyawmif;qkdaeolrsm;
twGuf tcGit hf vrf;&&Sjd cif;yifjzpfonf? tm%mcGaJ 0r_EiS hf t&if;tjrpfrsm; ok;H pGcJ iG hf
u udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh. xda&mufr_udk qkH;jzwfrnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdkt&mrsm;
onf wjynfaxmifpepfwiG af omfvnf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwzf uf'&,fypHk pH epfwiG af omf
vnf;aumif; od@k r[kwf zuf'&,f ruswusypHk w H iG af omfvnf;aumif; tajccHOya'
ESit hf nD a'oqdik &f mud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfrr_ sm;rSwqifh &&SEd ikd of nf? ok@d aomf t"du
jy\em&yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f oabmwlncD su&f a&;/
&yfwnfcsuw f al &;wk@d rmS }uKd wifvt dk yfcsujf zpfonf? acgi;f aqmifrsm;taejzifh vlrsKd ;
pktokid ;f t0kid ;f rsm;.tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESiv hf vdk m;csufrsm;ukd rnfonfhudpPrsm;u xdcdkuf
apEdik o f nfqo dk nfudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;od&x dS m;&ayrnf? xkd@tjyif pkaygif;Iaomf
vnf;aumif;/ oD;jcm;aomfvnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;&ef tcsdefa&mufvmygu
xda&mufonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;csEdkif&ef tqifoifhjzpfae&rnfjzpfonf?
vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhjynfaxmifpktpkd;& (Ethnic leaders and national

government)
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmiftcsK@d onf ud,

k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG t
hf wGuyf rdk dk pdw0f ifpm;=uykH
aygufonf? if;wdk@.vlrsKd;tzGJ@tpnf;udk v$rf;rdk;cH&jcif;rS uif;a0;vdk=uonf?
tcsK@d u trsK;d om;a&;b0wGif if;wd@k .tcef;u¾udak z:aqmifv=kd uonf?xdo k @kd az:
aqmif&mwGif ppftm%m&Sirf sm;u [ef@wm;aeovdk tm%m&Siv f rl sm;pkw@kd uvnf;
[ef@wm;rnf[k,kH=unfae=uonf? vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;.tjrifrSm Armu

vlrsm;pkjzpfaeI vlrsK;d pkrsm;.qENEiS v hf vkd m;csurf sm;udk xdv k rl sm;pkEiS hf if;wd@k .acgi;f
aqmifrsm;u v$rf;rdk;oGm;rnfudk tpdk;&drfqkH;jzpfonf? tpdk;&udk Armvlrsm;pku
t+rJv$rf;rdk;xm;onf[k tjrif&Sd=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfu 1950 ckESpfrsm;u
vlxak &G;aumufwifajrmufco hJ nfh ygvrD mefukd Armvlrsm;pktm;xde;f csKyfciG ðhf ycJo h vdk
Armvlrsm;pkvr$ ;f rd;k a&;udk w&m;0ifjzpfaprnf[k jrif=uonf? DAB - NCUBzuf'
&,fjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;wGif yg0if=uaom vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;u
1947 ckEpS t f ajccHOya'/ 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'ESihf tjcm; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHrsm;rS avhvm&&Sdxm;aomA[kokwrsm;jzifh tajccHOya'ukda&;qGJ=u&mY
txufv$wfawmf (vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf)wGif Armr[kwfaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;uv$rf;rdk;
aprnfh tm;aumif;aom txufv$wfawmfjzpf&ef tqdkðy=uonf?
od@k aomfvnf; txufvw $ af wmfuwqifh vlrsK;d pktusK;d pDymG ; umuG,af &;
udk&Smonfh r[mAsK[monf tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k ajym&rSmjzpfonf? xdkAsK[mrSm
umvwdkwGif jynfe,f 8 ckESifh 14 ck az: jrLvmESifh umv&SnfwGif v$wfawmf 2&yf
t=um; vlrsK;d pktajcðy òyid q f ikd rf E_ iS hf tpd;k &&yfqikd ;f oGm;r_ tvm;tvmrsm;jzpfaprnfh
cg;oD;onfh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifa&;qDodk@ OD;wnfv#uf&Sdonf? txufv$wfawmfudk
vlrsKd;pkrsm;v$rf;rdk;a&;qdkonfrsdK;xuf Armv$rf;rdk;a&;udkrvkdvm;[lonfudk if;wdk@
tm; wdkuf±kdufajymvdkufv#if ykdItðyoabm raqmifaybl;vm;?
aemufcsO;f uyfenf;wckrmS vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm; Edik if aH wmftqift h zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS
z,fcsefxm;jcif;r&Sdap&ef trsKd;rsKd;aom a&G;aumufyGJpepfrsm;jzifh óud;pm;Ekdifonf?
rJqENe,fwe,f udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;pepfudkokH;v#if e,fajrudk tpGJðyaxmufcH
=urnfjzpfI vlrsK;d pkygwD od@k r[kwf uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; ud, k pf m;ðyEdik rf mS aocsmonf?
od@k aomf ud, k pf m;vS,&f &Srd _ avsmeh nf;aumif; avsmeh nf;aernf? tu,fI axmuf
cHrnfrh q J EN&iS rf sm;u ys@H E@HS wnf&adS ernfqv kd #if vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u
udk,fpm;ðyr_qkH;±_H;oGm;Ekdifonf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif tcsKd;usudk,fpm;ðyrJay;pepfudk
ok;H ygu if;wd@k uakd xmufcrH t _ & vlrsK;d pkygwrD sm;u ud, k pf m;ðyEdik o
f nf? a&G;aumufyJG
pepftrsK;d rsK;d ESiyhf wfoufI Reynolds ESihf Reilly (1997) pmtkyfwGif=unfhyg?
ydik ;f jcm;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif rwlnaD om a&G;aumufypJG epfrsm;ok;H jcif;.
tusK;d qufukd Reilly and Reynolds (1998) pmtkyw f iG af wG@Eikd o
f nf? tem*wf
wGif jrefrmjynfY rwlnaD om a&G;aumufypJG epfuo kd ;Hk jcif;. tusK;d qufEiS yhf wfouf
I Reynolds u 2001 ZlvdkifvwGif befaumufYusif;yaom "Managing
De-mocratic Transition in Burma" wGif wifjycJhonf? (aZmfOD; 2002) a&G;
aumufyGJtajcðy csOf;uyfr_aemufwckrSm vlrsKd;pkvl@tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;twGuf
udk,fpm;ðyr_ykHaz: jcif;udk tmrcHcsuf&Sd&eftvd@k imS tpktzG@yJ pHk H ud, k pf m;ðypepf od@k r
[kwf vlrsK;d pktxl;rJpm&if;rsm;ykpH jH zifh vlrsK;d pkrsm; ud, k pf m;ðyEdik &f ef txl;jyXmef;csuf
xm;&Sda&; jzpfonf? (Kymlicka 1995 tcef; 7)

vlrsdK;pkrsm; pkaygif;vkdufv#ifyif vlenf;pkjzpfaeao;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHYrljynf

axmifpt k qifw h iG f atmufvw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyrJG w S qifh jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &ESihf
atmuf v $ w f a wmf w G i f Armrsm;uv$ r f ; rk d ; vd r f h r nf [ k vl r sd K ;pk w d k i f ; &if ; om;
acgif;aqmif rsm;u,lqae=uonf?
acgif;aqmifr_tykdif;wGif tqufrjywf ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;. ta&;}uD;r_wkd;
wufjzpfxGef;aponfh zuf'&,fpepfvdk ydkI tajccHusaomtajzw&yfrSm vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; (community) tm;vkH;. qENyg0ifaompepf (consociationalism)
tjzpftodrsm;onfh ,lepftzG@J 0ifrsm;. ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG phf epfukd vufcjH cif;/tcsK;d cs
a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk vufcHjcif;/ udkwm cGJwrf;ESifh tusKd;wl ADwdktm%musifhokH;r_
udv k ufcjH cif;wd@k jzpfonf? TpepfwiG f t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vlO;D a&ay:wGif tajccHI
udw k m oabmwlncD sujf zifh vlrsK;d pktzJ@G tpnf;rsm;t=um; od@k r[kwf e,fajra'o
qdik &f mrsm;t=um; cGaJ 0=u&onf? qk;H jzwfcsucf srw S &f mwGif ygwt D m;vk;H . ud, k pf m;
vS,frsm;.oabmxm; odk@r[kwf TudpPwGif vlrsKd;pk tokdif;t0kdif;wkd@. oabm
xm;rsm;yg0if&ef vkdtyfonf? (Reilly and Reynald 1998 pm 196 Lijphart
1997) trsm;pk v$r;f rk;d onfph epf[, k ql jcif;/ tpd;k &ESihf atmufvw $ af wmf&dS trsm;pk
tm%m&Siu f kd tiftm;aumif;aom txuf v$waf wmfuwqifh wefjyef&efjyifqif
jcif;wk@d tpm; tpk;d & (tkycf sKyfa&; ok@d r[kwf uufbed uf) wGif vlrsK;d pku, kd pf m;vS,f
rsm;uku d ,dk pf m;jyKonfh tpd;k &rsK;d jzpfapa&;twGuf (Consociational approach)
csOf;uyf&efvkdtyfonf? Lijphart 1984 pm 23 wGif t}uHðyxm;onfrSm -
vl r sKd ; pk H v l @ tzJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f … ……trsm;pk t k y f c sKyf j cif ; onf

trsm;pktm%m&Sifukdjzpfap+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDxuf yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;r_ukd jzpfaponf?
tqdyk gv@l tzG@J tpnf;u vdv k m;onfrmS twdu k t
f cHðyjcif;xuf vlrsK;d toD;oD;wd@k .
oabmqENudk tav;xm;onfh/ ab;z,fxm;jcif;xuf yg0ifywfoufcGifhðyonfh/
trsm;pk&±Hkoufoufjzifh auseyfaejcif;xuf vlrsdK;trsm;pktkyfcsKyfonfh yrm%udk
trsm;qkH;jzpfatmif }udK;yef;onfh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsKd;jzpfonf? (Consensus
democracy) rsKd ;jzpfonf?
Lijphart u 'Dru
kd a&pD (51) Edik if u
H kd ppfwrf;aumufI trsm;pkvr$ ;f rk;d onfh
ykpH H (majoritarian model) ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfonfh vlrsKd;toD;oD;.qEN
yg0ifaom (Consensus model) 'Dru kd a&pDypHk u H kd taxmuftulðyaomvufawG@
vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;az: jy&ef }udK;yef;cJo
h nf? jrefrmjynfupd aP qG;
aEG;csufESifhywfoufI if;.ta&;}uD;qkH; jrifawG@csufrSm zuf'&,fpepfrsm;rSm
trsm;pkv$rf;rkd;a&;r#omjzpf+yD; wjynfaxmifpepfonf vltoD;oD;. wpdwfwo
abmwnf;jzpfr_ukdaqmifapEdkifonf[lI jzpfonf?

jrefrmvlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@rl zuf'&,fppfppfykHpHtay: tav;teuf

wdkufwGef;jcif;xuf EdkifiHawmftqifh (National level) wGif qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mY
vlrsK;d toD;oD;.oabmxm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfyh pHk rH sK;d vdt k yfonfudk tav;teuf
xm;&ef ydt k a&;}uD;onf? xd@k tjyif ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;. tajccHtppftrSerf sm;ESihf
vlenf;pktcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wdk@twGufvnf; tav;xm;&ef ta&;}uD;ay
onf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf?
vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;
vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;udp&P yfonf trSeyf if±w _ af xG;onf? ±_@a'git hf rsK;d rsK;d &So d nf?
vlrsK;d pkrsm;. epfemcsuo f nf jrefrmhwyfrawmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkoyl ek rf sm;wdu k yf jJG zpfaeonfh
a'orsm;wG i f vl r sKd ; pk t &yf o m;rsm;tay: r[k w f r w&m;ðyjcif ; rS o nf
rsufuef;rsKd;cspf tpdk;& ay:vpDrl0g'rsm;ESifh tðytrlrsm;rSwqifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;
(Oyrm bmom pum;ay:vpD/ tpkd;&0efxrf;vkyfief;wGif &mxl;wkd;ay;jcif;/
0efxrf;opfrsm;cef@tyf jcif;wdk@Y) cGJjcm;qufqHaeonftxd wef;pD+yD;&Sdaeonf?
vufeufuikd f yËdyuQjzpfaeaoma'orsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;tcGit hf a&; csKd ;
azgufcH&r_twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd cdkifcdkifvkHvkH pkaqmif;xm;&Sd=uonf?
xkt d axmuftxm;rsm;rSm ppfjzpfaeaoma'owGif ppfom;rsm;. aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;
ukd wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ESiw hf yfrLS ;u tjynfjynfqikd &f mOya'ESihf vlxt k m; y%mrcef@jyKrl
a=umif;xif[yfaprnfh pepfwus vkyaf qmifxm;aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfy&Hk
onf? tqk;H wGif oufqikd &f mtcGit hf a&;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f ppfumvESihf jynfwiG ;f
ppfjzpfonfhae&m&Sd t&yfom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh
+idr;f csr;f a&;&&Sad p&eftvk@d imS t&yfom;rsm;ukd av;pm;vmatmif ppfom;rsm;tm;
jyefvnfoifwef;ay;jcif;/ jynfwiG ;f vkòH cHa&;udpw P iG f ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;rsm;. wm0ef
&Srd u_ kd z,f&mS ;jcif;ESihf olyek x f &r_ta=umif;udk &Si;f jyapjcif;jzifh a&&Snw f iG f ukpm;cGihf
EdkifykH&Sdonf?
Tonfw@kd rmS wpkw H &mtm;jzifh tem*wftpd;k &opfrS wm0ef,v l yk af qmif
&rnf? od@k aomf tqdyk gupd &P yfrsm;udk vkyaf qmif&f eftwGuf tpd;k &tajymif;tvJjzpf
onftxd apmifq h ikd ;f ae&efrvdyk g? typftcwf&yfpaJ &; aqG;aEG;yGt J ygt0ifppftpk;d &
ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cGi}hf uKHonft h cgwikd ;f vlrsKd ;pkvufeufuidk t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;u tqkd
ygudpPukd wifjyaqG;aEG;oifhonf? &Gmrsm;xJrS ppfom;rsm;xGufcGmay;a&;ESifh/ vuf
eufuidk t f zG@J rsm;ESihf t&yfom;rsm;tjyeftvSe&f &dS rnfh usi0hf wfw@dk twGuo f abmwl
nDr_&atmif tjyif;txef aqmif&Gufjcif;onfvnf; ,ck&&Sd+yD;aomtqifhxuf
ykdrkdtjyKoabmaqmifaom typftcwf&yfpJa&; &&Sdaprnfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfay
onf? 'kuQonfrsm;jyefvnfykd@aqmifa&;ukdvnf; }udKwifvkdtyfcsufw&yftaeESifh

oabmxm;oifhonf?
odk@aomfvnf; trSefwu,fvlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;jy\em&yfrsm;onf vuf
eufuikd f yËdyuQrsm;udjk zpfymG ;apcJo h nf? vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;rsm;wGif vGwv f yfa&;&p
u trnfr#omtodtrSwjf y&cJ+h yD; aemufyikd ;f wGif vpfvsL±_jcif;cHc&hJ aom ud, k yf ikd f
jyXmef;cGifhESifh/ cGJjcm;r_udkumuG,fjcif;ESifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;tajctae/ bmoma&;t&
bmompum;uJjG ym;r_t& vlenf;pkrsm; tajctaeukd jriw hf ifjcif;wd@k &nf&, G o f nfh
ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&;jyXmef;csurf sm; yg0ifonf? vufeufuikd v f y_ &f mS ;aom tzG@J
acgif;aqmifrsm;url vlenf;pkrsm;. pmay/ bmompum;tokH;ðyr_ukd ESpf+rdK@jcif;r&Sd
ay? if;wd@k u xd@k xufyu kd s,jf yef@aom ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd awmif;qdak pvd=k uonf?
Ttcsufudkem;vnfaomfvnf; vlrsKd;pk/ vlenf;pkrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tjrifrwlnD
=ur_tay: ta=umif;rvSjzpfae=u&onf?
=opa=wvsypHk /H tar&duefypHk x H uf jrefrmEdik if v H kd (National minorities)
vdyk pHk rH sK;d &SEd ikd if wH iG f vlenf;pktcGit hf a&;udk (Oyrm - 1992 ckEpS f ukvor*~vel nf;pk
a=unmcsu)f vlenf;pkrsm;. rwlnaD om ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;ESihf bmoma&;
wk@d udk jzpfEikd o f r# xdr;f odr;f Edik &f ef aqmif&u G af y;&rnft h ajctaersm;[k t"dyg` ,zf iG hf
qdk=uonf? xdkodk@ xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef wpkHw&maom tajctaeatmufwGif udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;jyXmef;ay;jcif;jzifh xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfjzpfonf? vlenf;pktcGit hf a&; …
tjynfjynf qdik &f mqufqaH &;wGif xifxif&mS ;&Sm;jyefjzpfvmcJo h nf? (kymlicka
1995 p.5) vlenf;pkrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI jzpfxeG ;f vmaom tjynfjynfqikd &f mpHrsm;jzifh
todtrSwðf yEdik &f ef jynfy&Sd vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;u raqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;onf if;
wd@k .vlrsKd ;pktokid ;f t0kid ;f tm; tumtuG,af y;Edik rf nfh jyXmef;csuu f dk rnfo@dk aqmif
&Gu&f rnfqo dk nfEiS hf tu|r;f r0ifjzpfaeaponf? Ttcsuu f vnf; 0rf;enf;p&myif
jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TonfrSm vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'ESifh ywfoufI
if;wdk@vuf&Sd&aeaom tjynfjynfqdkif&mwdk;wufaxmufcH. vufawG@tusdK;
jzpfEdkifaom tvm;tvm &Sdaeaomaea=umifhjzpfonf?
ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi[ hf al om a0g[m&onf udv k ekd pD epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;umvwGif
udv k ekd eD ,fajrrsm;tm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;a&;[laom tcGit hf a&;ESihf a,bk,stm;jzifh
twlwlyifjzpfI xdka0g[m&onf vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf ydkrdkqGJaqmifr_&Sd
ayrnf? xdka0g[m&u oD;jcm;wnf&Sdr_tjzpf qufvuftodtrSwfðya&;twGuf
vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;. awmif;qdrk u _ kd w&m;0if jzpfap&eftvd@k imS vlrsK;d pke,fajr
rsm;wGif udv k ekd aD cwfu +Adwo d #w@kd oabmwlcahJ om ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfr/_ oD;jcm;jzpfr/_
xl;jcm;r_ ponfwdk@tay: xdkudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom a0g[m&tm; vlrsKd;pkrsm;u
tcGiahf umif;,l&efjzpfapcJo h nf? wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;pGmwd@k u tem*wfwiG f jrefrm
Edik if rH S oD;jcm;wnf&=dS uEdik rf nf[k pdwu f ;l ,Ofc=hJ uonf? ukvor*~tzG@J tpnf; pwif
pumvwGif udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum az:aqmifr_rSm (Oa&my)

Edik if rH sm;. udv k ekd t

D yk cf sKyfra_ tmuf&dS ud, k yf ikd tf pd;k &r&Sad om e,fajrrsm;twGuo f m
vGwv f yfa&;&cGi&hf o dS nf[al om usO;f ajrmif;onfh t"dyg` ,t f &om az:aqmif=ujcif;
jzpfonf? vGwv f yfaomEdik if rH sm;. e,fajrqdik &f mwef;wlwnf&rdS r_ sm;udk ukvor*~
wm0efcHcsufESifhtwl tqdkygEdkifiH&Sdvlrsm;. (udkvdkeDatmufrS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aom
Edik if rH sm;tygt0if) awmif;qdck surf sm;u ukvor*~.vkv d m;r_jyifyudak usmI f ud, k f
ydik jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd t"dyg` ,af umufq=kd uonf? tqdyk g awmif;qdck surf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI
tjynfjynfqikd &f mu vGwv f yfa&;qdo k nfxuf wdik ;f jynftwGi;f ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
uko d m trsm;qk;H axmufc=H uyk&H onf? qdAk , D uf,el , D EH iS hf ,l*qdk vmAfjynfaxmifpk
òyduJGr_jzpfcJhonfh c|if;csufrsm;&Sdaomfjim;vnf; if;wdk@u rl/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
vufudkifðy=uonf? vufawG@tm;jzifhrl udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtaejzifh jrefrmhvlrsKd;pk
acgi;f aqmif rsm; ar#mrf eS ;f Edik o f nfrmS ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfry_ pHk w
H ck jzpfonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkjynfe,frsm;twGuf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;t,ltqESifh
ywfoufI tcsuw f csux f yfrw H ifjyvdok nf? vlrsK;d pkjynfe,fwckonf tESpo f m&
tm;jzifh e,fajrqdik &f m ,lepfwckjzpfonf? od@k aomfjim;vnf; xdek ,fajrt0ef;t0kid ;f
twGif; vlrsKd;pkwcku trsm;pk jzpfrnf? od@k jzpfI xdv k rl sm;pku jynfe,f. tpd;k &
ae&mtrsm;&rnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf xdu k o hJ @kd aom rnfonfh jynfe,fYrqdk ,Qiu f
wnf;u tajccsaexdkifolrsm; odk@r[kwf r=umrDuajymif;a&G@vmolrsm;jzifh tjcm;
aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;vnf;&Sdrnfjzpfonf? jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf jynfe,f
twGi;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk tumtuG,af y;jcif;/ todtrSwðf y jcif;ESihf
ywfoufI wm0ef,rl u _ kd &Si;f vif;pGmjyo&ef vdak yonf? xdak cgi;f aqmifrsm;uxdo k @kd
wm0efr,lygu w,loef wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;om;a&; 0g'Dodk@a&S@±_oGm&ef tvm;
tvm&Sdonf[kvnf;aumif;vlrsKd;oef@pifa&;jzpfEdkifbG,f&Sdonf[kvnf;aumif;
Edik if w H um vl@tzG@J tpnf;taejzifh wk@H jyefEikd b f , G &f o
dS nf? Edik if w H umvl@tzG@J tpnf;
taejzifh pkd;&G@HoGm;bG,f&Sdonf? TonfrSm vlenf;pktcGifhta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;I
vuf&SdpHrsm;ESifh vufawG@taumiftxnfr_rsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
taotcsm tºuGrf;w0if&Sd&ef bmha=umifh vdktyfonf[laom aemufxyf
ta=umif;&if;jzpfonf?
(2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvxkwf Legal Issues Journal trSwf 15 wGif a'gufwm

tmvHprpf. Ethnic Problem and Constitutional Solutions aqmif;yg;udk
OD;0if;armifrS bmomjyefqdkaz: jyjcif;jzpfonf? Taqmif;yg;wGifwpkHw&m
trSm;t,Gif; yg&Sdygu bmomjyefqdkol. tm;enf;csufomjzpfonf?)

tajccHOya'a&;&m
Oya'ESivhf xl qk ufo,G af &;

Law & Mass Media
vSaX;
wd k i f ; jynf w ck u d k u d k , f p m;ðywJ h owif ; pmwapmif u d k o m zef w D ; cG i f h & ygap/

tJ'Dwdkif;jynf&JOya'udk rnfolyifðyðy u|Efkyfrr_@yg
aomrwf(pf)*sufzmqif
Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826)
&ef v d k w J h pwk x r ¾d K if o wif ; pmwapmif [ m vS H p G y f a ygif ; waxmif x uf

ydka=umufvefzdkaumif;w,f?
eydkvD,ef
Napoleon (1769 - 1821)
'Dae@vo l m;tm;vH;k [m vlom;tpd;k &eJ eHeufcif;owif;pm&JatmufrmS

&Sio
f efae&w,fvkd qd=k uygw,f? owif;pm/ a&'D,/kd ±kyjf rifo=H um; pwJh vlxq k uf
oG,af &;,E &W m;awG[m 'Dru kd &ufwpfvl tzGJ tpnf;wckrmS ygvrD ef/ tpd;k &/ w&m;
pD&ifa&; wdk vb kd J ta&;ygwthJ jyif vlom;awG&J ta&;udprP mS vnf; wae@wjcm;yd+k yD;
=oZmv$rf;rdk; vmygw,f? 'DvdkvlxkqufoG,fa&; ,E W,m;awG&J ta&;ygwJhtae
txm;eJ =oZm}uD;rm;&wJh ta=umif;&if;wckuawmh 'Dru kd &ufwpfvl tzGJ tpnf;
u todtrSwf ðyxm;wJph aH wGjzpfwhJ (Right, Liberty, Freedom)wdk eJ eD;eD;uyf
uyf qufpyfaevdkbJjzpfygw,f?
'Drdku&ufwpf vltzGJtpnf;wck[m EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; (Political
Right)eJ Edik if o H m;tcGit
hf a&; (Civil Right) udk tus,t f jyefq;kH taetxm;eJ
vuQHusifhoHk;&ygw,f? 'DtcGifhta&; (2) ckudk Oya'qdkif&mtcGifhta&; (Legal

Right) tjzpf todtrSwðf y+yD;/ zGJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;&ygw,f?
'Drdku&ufwpfvltzGJtpnf;u tedrfhqHk;taeeJ-
(1) rJay;ydik cf iG hf tcGit hf a&; (Right to Vote)
(2) vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG hf (Freedom of Speech)
(3) vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh (Freedom of Press)
(4) vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh (Freedom of Assembly)
(5) vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG hf (Freedom of Religion)
(6) vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh (Freedom of Movement)
(7) Edik if aH &;eJOya'pHepfw@kd &hJ w&m;rJðh yusijhf cif;rSuif;a0;cGihf (Freedom from
Arbitrary treatment by the Political and Legal system) wdk ukd
Oya'qdkif&m tcGif@ta&;tjzpf todtrSwfðyav@ &dSygw,f?
txufuwifjycJhwJh tcGifhta&;/ vGwfvyfr_wdkteuf/ rJay;ydkifcGifhtcGifh

ta&;[m tpdk;&tzGJ/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfwdkudk ajymif;vJ&mrSm t"duaomhcsufjzpfyg
w,f? 'Dvakd jymif;vJwahJ e&mrSm rJay;ydik cf iG u hf kd a0zefyikd ;f jcm;qifjcifOm%feJ usio hf ;kH
Edik rf oS mv#i/f vltzGJ tpnf;zGH òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd aqmifusO;f Edik yf gvrd rhf ,f? tod&&dS dS
qifjcifr&_ rdS ,fh rJay;Edik rf [ _ m qefusib f uf oabmxm;tjrifawG/ wOD;wa,muf
csi;f &J ud, k yf ikd t f ,ltqawGukd vuQ&H ,lEikd rf q _ w kd hJ owif;tcsut f vufrsm;&Edik cf iG hf
(Right to Information) tay:rSm tajccHaeygw,f? owif;tcsut f vufrsm;
&&Sad &;twGuf (Media) vdk ac:wJh vlxq k ufo, G af &; ,E , W m;awGu =um;cHaygi;f
ul; aqmif&Gufay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh txufrSmwifjycJhovdk (Media) &J tcef;
u¾[m 'Dru kd &ufwpfvl tzGJ tpnf;rSm ta&;ygwhJ taetxm;/ =oZm}uD;rm;wJh
taetxm;rSm &Sad ejcif;jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh (Media) [m ,E , W m;oufouftm;
jzifah wmh a0zefyikd ;f jcm; qifjcifrt _ ajccHwhJ rJay;ydik cf iG u hf kd aqmifusO;f ay;Edik rf mS r[kwf
ygb;l ? (Media) &J aemufu, G rf mS vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0
cG i f h w d k r&S d c J h & if rJ a y;yd k i f c G i f h q d k w m tES p f o m&uif ; rJ h w J h tcG i f h t a&;bJ
jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? qdk&&if vGwfvyfr_&SdwJh (Media) [m wdkif;jynf&Jtpdk;&/
tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfudk ajymif;vJ EdkifpGrf;&Sdvdk eydkvD,Hvdk tm%m&SifrsdK;awGu
owif;pmudk vSHpGyfxufa=umuf+yD; (Media) vGwfvyfr_udk uefowf=uovdk/
wzuf r S m vnf ; aomrwf ( pf ) *suf z mqif vd k 'D r d k u &uf a wG u wd k i f ; jynf
udk,fpm;ðywJh owif;pmwapmifudkom&ygap/ b,f olOya'ðyðy rr_ygqdk+yD;
vlxkqufoG,fa&;,E W,m;tay: vHk;0tajcðyvdkufwm [mvnf; pwkxr¾dKif
owif ; pmtjzpf u ae wck w nf ; aomr¾d K if v d k t,l t q wd r f ; apmif ; r_
jzpfoGm;apEdkifygw,f? zGHòzd;wdk;wufwJh 'Drdku&ufwpfvlabmifrSm (Media) [m
ta&;ygwJ h t aetxm;rS m &S d w mud k tjiif ; yG m ;zG , f r &d S y g? 'gayrJ h vl @ tzG J @

tpnf; zGòH zd;wnf+idr&f eftwGuf rÀdKif (4) ck [efcsun f nD &D zdS kd vdt
k yfwmrdk vlxk
qufo, G af &;,E &W m;udk tjcm;rÀdKifawGeJ [efcsun f aD tmif b,fvq kd ufpyfrvJ
qdkwJhtcg (Media) eJ@ Oya'xdyw f u
kd af wG@_yD; jy\emrsm; ay:aygufvmygw,f?
Oya' eJ vGwfvyfcGifh

Law & Freedom
vlawG&J tðytrlukd !$e=f um;jcif;/ wm0ef&adS pjcif;wdk eJ xde;f csKyfwo hJ bm0
&Sw
d OhJ ya'twGi;f rSm vGwv f yfrt _ awG;tac:udk yHak zmfvkd &ygrh vm;qdw k m pOf;pm;bdk
aumif;wJt h csub f jJ zpfygw,f? 'gayrJh vufawGb0rSmvGwv f yfrt _ cGit hf a&;awGukd
Oya'twGi;f rSmbJ taumiftxnfazmfae=uygw,f? 'Dvt kd aumiftxnfazmfvkd
&wJh tajccHta=umif;uawmh Oya'u vlwa,mufukd taESmiftzGJ rhJ Edik if aH wmfxJ
rSm wa,mufwnf;xD;xD;eJ yk*~vduaexdkifr_tjzpf r,lqbJ/ vludk olaexdkifwJh
vltzGJ tpnf;twGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ tjcm;olrsm;eJ tjyeftvSeq f ufq+H yD;aexdik w f hJ vlr_
jzpfwnfjcif; (social being) tjzpf &_jrifvdkjzpfygw,f? qdkcJhwJhOya'&Jhtjrift&
qd&k if vlwa,muftaeeJ tºuGi;f rJh vGwv f yfrq _ wkd m r&&dES ikd yf gb;l ? vl[m vltzGJ
tpnf;&J tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfom jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? 'ga=umifh vlwa,muf[m oltzGJ
0ifjzpfwhJ vlrt _ zGJ tpnf;ay:wnfr+DS yD; vGwv f yfru _ kd cHpm;&ovd/k tJ'v hD l tzGJ tpnf;
uwm0ef&adS pwJh vlra_ &;qdik &f m xde;f csKyfr_ (Social Restraint) twdik ;f twmrsm;
udkvnf; vdkufem&ygw,f?
tvGeaf &S;uswt hJ csed uf nDr#rt _ cGit hf a&;xuf rnDr#rt _ cGit hf a&;udk vl
tzGJ@tpnf;&JOya'tajccH (Fundamental Law) tjzpf todtrSwfðycJh=u
ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu vGwfvyfr_udk Oya'u taumiftxnfazmfray;Edkifygbl;?
bma=umifv h q J akd wmh/ vltzGJ tpnf;u vlom;csi;f nDr#r&_ jdS cif;udk todtrSwrf ðywJh
tcg/ Oyrm - ajru|efpHepf/ aus;u|efpHepfudk vltzGJtpnf;u todtrSwfðycJh&if
tkyfpdk;olawGu tcGifhxl;cHawGjzpfvmygw,f? Oya'awG/ "avhxHk;pHawGu olwdk&J
tcGifhta&;&apbdk zefwD; wnfaqmuf ay;cJh&ygw,f? wzufrSmvnf; vltzGJ
tpnf;u ajru|epf eH pf aus;u|epf eH pfawGukd todtrSwðf y vuQx H m;awmh ajru|ef
awG/ aus;u|eaf wGtaeeJ Oya't&/ "avhx;kH wrf;t&bmtumtuG,rf rS &ygb;l ?
'Dtajctaeay:uae aumufcsuf qGJ&&if/ vltzGJtpnf;uae nDr#r_tcGifhta&;
xuf rnDr#r_tcGifhta&;udk todtrSwfðyxm;wJhtcg/ Oya'udk tkyfcsKyfolu ol
oabmeJðycGi&hf wJt h cg Oya'a&m/ "avhx;kH wrf; (2) ckv;kH uygvw G v f yfrt _ cGithf a&;
udk ydwyf ifvu kd yf gw,f? qd&k &if (Freedom, Liberty, Equality, Law, Society)
qdkwmawG[m tjyeftvSefwqufwpyfwnf;wnf&Sdaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh vGwf
vyfru _ ckd sO;f uyfwt hJ cg oufqikd w f hJ vltzGJ tpnf;u nDr#rt _ ,ltq (Egalitar-
ianism)udk b,favmuftwdkif;twmtxd vuQHovJqdkwJhtcsuf[m ta&;
ygvm ygw,f? vltzGJ tpnf;u nDr#rt _ cGit hf a&;udu k s,jf yefpmG vuQ, H q l vmav/

us,fjyefwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGjzpfvmbdktwGuf vltzGJtpnf;&J a&mifjyef[yfr_eJ

Oya'u zefwD;ay;rSmbJjzpfygw,f?
Oya'eJvw
G vf yfru
_ kd csKyf+y;D ajym&&if vltzGJ tpnf;u vuQx H m;wJh nDr#r_
t,ltq (Egalitarianism) tay: tajccH+yD; Oya'&J vlra_ &;qdik &f m xde;f csKyfr_
[m vGwv f yfrt
_ ay:rSm oufa&mufaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh vltzGJ tpnf;[m ydrk ykd iG hf
vif; vGwfvyfvmav/ Oya'&J vlr_a&;qdkif&mxdef;csKyfr_ (Social Restraint)
avsmh enf;oGm;av jzpfygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh tºuGif;rJhvGwfvyfyGifhvif;r_qdkwm
rjzpfEdkifwJh twGuf b,favmufyJ yGiv hf if;wJv
h l tzGJ tpnf; (Open Society)
jzpfw,fqdkqdk/ Oya'uawmh vdktyfaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
Oya' eJ owif;vGwfvyfr_

Law & Freedom of Information
Oya'eJ vGwv f yfr=_ um;rSm b,fvq kd ufpyfra_ wG&w dS ,fqw kd mudt k xufrmS
wifjycJhygw,f? 'DwifjycJhtcsuftay: tajccH+yD;/ Oya'eJvlxkqufoG,fa&;udk
csOf;uyfwifjyoGm;vdkygw,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifhaumufcsufqGJ&&if owif;vGwfvyfcGifh[m 'Drdkua&pD&J
ta&;ygwt hJ ESpo f m&jzpfovd/k 'Dru kd &ufwpf vltzGJ tpnf;twGi;f rSmbJ &Sio f ef}uD;
xGm;Edik yf gw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS owif;vGwv f yfciG ehf J ygwof ufwhJ jyXmef;csuf
awGukd zGJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;=uwmudak wG@&ygw,f? 'Dvjkd yXmef;
wJth cgrmS oufqikd &f mvltzGJ tpnf;&Jh vuQrH p_ aH wG tay:rlwnf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H
jcif;wlayrJh jyXmef;csufrSm uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awG &Sdwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Oyrm -
tar &duefEikd if eH J tdE, dN Edik if w H kd &J zGJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESpcf u k kd ,SO=f unf&h if-
tar&duefEdkifiH&J zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' yxrjyifqifcsuf (10)ck
[The First Ten Amendments (The Bill of Right)] &J@ yxrOD;qH;k jyifqif
csufrSm owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudk jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DhjyXmef;csufrSm vGwfvyfpGm
ajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG yHEk ydS cf iG w hf kd uakd vsmeh nf;apwJh Oya'udk uGe*f &ufr rS jyXmef;&
vdk qdkxm;ygw,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhawGudk
tjynfht0ay;xm;wJh oabmjzpfygw,f?
tdE, dN Edik if &H J zGJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' tyd'k f (19) tyd'k cf JG (1-a)rSm Edik if o H m;
tm;vH;k [m vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG &hf &dS r,fvdk jyXmef;
xm;ygw,f? tdE, dN Oya'rSm (Freedom of Press) udk oD;oefjyXmef; rxm;ygb;l ?
'gayrJh tdE, dN w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfu tyd'k f (19) tyd'k cf JG (1-a)jzifh jyXmef;xm;wJh
vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfcGifh[m owif;pmrsm;&J tcGifhta&;twGufyg vHkavmuf
oufqikd w f ,fvkd (Express Newspaper)tr_ (Express newspaper (private)
Ltd v. Union of India, A.I.R.1958 S.C.578) rSm xkwaf zmfcyhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifrh kd
tdENd,zGJpnf;yHkOya'yk'fr 19 (1 - a)onf vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhudk tmrcH

xm;w,fvdk qdk&ygr,f? 'gayrJh 'DtmrcHcsuf[m tºuGifhrJhr[kwfygbl;? yk'fr 19

(2) rSm EdkifiHawmfuae Oya'jyXmef;+yD; yk'fr 19 (1-a) yg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk usKd ;
a=umif;qDav#mfwJhuef@owfcsuf (Reasonable restriction) vkyfEdkifwJhtcsuf
(8) csufudk jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? qdk&&if tdENd,EdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfcGifhwdk[m tueftowfrrhJ [kwyf gb;l ? zGJ pnf;yHOk ya' tyd'k f 19
(2) yg tcsuf (8) csuEf iS +hf idpeG ;f &if uefowfc&H ygvrd rhf ,f?
txufujyXmef;csuaf wGu=kd unf&h if/ 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS owif;vGwv f yf
cGiuhf kd todtrSwðf y taumiftxnfazmfayrJh oufqikd w f v hJ l tzGJ tpnf;u vuQH
xm;wJph aH wGtay:rlwnf+yD;/ Oya't& xde;f csKyfra_ wG vkyw f mvnf;&Sw d ,fv@kd qd&k
ygr,f? 'Dvkd xde;f csKyfra_ wGvyk w f thJ cgrmS owif;vGwv f yfre_ J Oya'wdk [m xdyw f u kd f
awGvmygw,f? xdyw f ukd af wGwhJ taetxm;udk avhvm=unf&h if yxrOD;pGmawG&
wmuawmh/ usifh0wfoduQmydkif;eJqdkifwJh tajctae (Moral Ground) eJ vlxk
twGif; at;csrf;wnf+idrfr_tajctae (Public Order) tydkif;rSmjzpfygw,f?
tdE, k ajccHOya' tyd'k f 19 (2) (IV) rSm vlxt
dN zGJ pnf;yHt k wGi;f at;csr;f wnf+idrf
a&;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufESifh tydk'f 19 (2) (V) rSm usifh0wfoduQmESifh oifhwifh
av#mufywfaom tðytrl (Decency) tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf Edik if aH wmfonf Oya'
jyXmef;I usdK;a=umif;qDav#mfaom uefowfr_ ðyvkyfEdkifonfvdk jyXmef;xm;yg
w,f?
'kw, d xdyw f ukd af wGwahJ e&muawmh Edik if aH wmf&hJ tkycf sLyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/
wdk@&Jh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_ tydkif;rSmjzpfygw,f?
wwd,taeeJuawmh tpdk;&uae owif;pmrsm;udk csKyfukdifóud;qGJEdkifbdk
twGuf Oya'/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; xkwfjcif; jzpfygw,f? 'DvdktajctaersdK;udk
tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wGrmS trsm;qH;k awG&ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS vnf; jzpfcbhJ ;l
wmawG &Sdygw,f?
txufu aqG;aEG;wifjycJhwJh tcsufrsm;udkcsKyf+yD; Oya'eJ@vlxkqufoG,f
a&;wdk xdyfwdkufawGEdkifwJh taetxm;awGudk qdk&&if-
(1) usifh0wfoduQmydkif;qdkif&m
(2) trsm;jynfolat;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;qdkif&m
(3) tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
(4) w&m;±Hk;rsm;qdkif&m
(5) tm%mydkifrsm;rS csKyfuikd óf ud;qGjJ cif;qdik &f mqd+k yD; awG&ygw,f?
(1) usifh0wfoduQmydkif;qdkif&m
oifhwifhav#mufywfwJhtðytrl (Decency) eJ usifh0wfoduQm (Moral-
ty) qdik &f m apmifx
h ed ;f r_qw
kd t
hJ csu[
f m pmtkyaf wG/ zvifawG/ owif;pmawG/ pwJh
vlxkqufoG,fa&;,E W,m;awGudk xdef;csKyfzdktwGuf taumif;qHk;ta=umif;jy

csujf zpfygw,f? bmjzpfvkd vnf;qdak wmh 'Dtcsuaf wGukd t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf &kd mrSm us,f
jyefwt hJ wGuyf jJ zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuef J ygwo f ufvkd jrefrmjynfrmS &Sw d jhJ yXmef;csux f u J
wifjyvdk &wJh jyXmef;csuu f awmh jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'yk'rf (292)npfnrf;wJph mtkyrf sm;
eJqikd w
f hJ jyXmef;csujf zpfygw,f? tvm;wljyXmef;csu[ f m tdE, dN rSmvnf; &Syd gw,f?
'Dyk'frt& ta&;,lcH&vdk jypfr_xif&Sm; pD&ifcH&&if/ (6) vtxd axmif'g%fjzpfap/
usyw f aomif;txd aiG'g%jf zpfap 'g%f (2) &yfpvH;k jzpfap usc&H Edik yf gw,f? 'DOya'
t& pD&ifq;kH jzwfwt hJ cgrmS pmtkyðf ypko&l J &nf&, G cf suu f kd xnfo h iG ;f rpOf;pm;ygb;l ?
b,fo&l J vufxrJ mS awGovJ/ tusiyhf suaf pjcif; &Srd &Sq d w kd hJ tcsurf sm;udo k mt"du
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu pmtkyfrSm tdrfaxmifðy+yD;olrsm;twGuf
omqdk+yD; vdifynmay;pmtkyf xkwfa0jzefcsD&mrSm t&G,fra&mufao;olu
0,f v d k &Ed k i f w J h t ajctae&S d + yD ; ol w d k @ &J h p d w f u d k azguf j yef a pEd k i f w ,f v d k @
w&m;±Hk;u,lq&if tjypf'g%f uscH&Edkifygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm wzufu=unf&h if t&G,rf a&mufao;ol tusiphf m&dwrW ysuaf p
bdk twGuf txufuqdck w hJ OhJ ya' &Sod ifw h ,fvkd ,lqEdik o f vd/k wzufrmS vnf;tJ'D
Oya'a=umifh t&G,fa&mufolrsm; vdifeJygwfoufwJhowif;&,lcGifh xdcdkufwmudk
vnf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zdk vdyk gw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmjynfrmS &Sad ewJOh ya'[m 'Dtajc
taeudk ajyvnfatmif zefwD;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdygbl;?
'kw, d tcsut f aeeJ yk'rf (292) rSm npfnrf;r_[m bmvJqw kd mudk &Si;f vif;
xm;jcif;r&Sdygbl;? w&m;&Hk;awGu t"dy`g,f zGifh&rSmjzpfygw,f? udk,f±Hkt0wfav#m
us+yD; uydku&dk+zpfaewJh vufwzufjywftcspfewforD;AD;eyf (venus) yef;yk&yk u f kd
tvSw&m; wcktjzpf ±_jrifo&l o Sd vdk rzG,rf &myefy&k yk t f jzpfowfrw S o f v l nf; &dyS g
vdrfhr,f? qdkvdkwmu npfnrf;r_qdkwJh t"dy`g,f[m rsm;pGmus,f0ef;oGm;atmif
vnf; zGiv hf @kd &wJth aetxm; w&m;±H;k rSm &daS eygw,f? 'Dvkd t"dyg` ,t f us,zf iG q hf Ekd ikd f
r_[m/ pme,fZif;orm;twGuf npfnrf;r_qdkwJh taetxm;ra&mufatmif rnf
onfh owif;udk rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxday;bdk Oya'ucGifhðyw,f/ cGifhrðybl;
qdw k mudk csed q f Edik pf rG ;f uif;oGm;apygw,f? 'Dnpfnrf;r_qw kd m bmvJqw kd thJ csuef J
ygwfoufvdk t*FvefEdkifiHu tr_wckudk wifjyvdkygw,f? tr_u (D. H.
Lawrences) &J (Lady Chatterleys Lover) 0xK xkwaf 0wJo h u l w kd &m;pGq J w kd hJ
tr_jzpfygw,f? tr_pq JG wkd mu (1960) ckEpS rf mS jzpfygw,f? tJ't D r_rmS xkwaf 0olu
(1959 ckESpf npfnrf;pmayrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;Oya' (Obscene Publication
Act of 1959) &J ckcrH q _ ikd &f m jyXmef;csuaf =umifh w&m;pGq J rkd u
_ ae w&m;aovGwf
tEdkif&cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya'rSm npfnrf;pmtkyf xkwfa0r_eJygwfoufvdk ckcHEdkifwJh
tcsuu f kd jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh npfnrf;pmtkyf xkwaf 0r_eJ w&m;pGq J ckd &H
ol[m ol&J vyk af qmifr[ _ m odyyH` nmqdik &f mwefb;kd / 'grrS [kwf pmayqdik &f mwefb;kd
&Sw
d ,fqw kd mudk u|r;f usio f &l J oufaocHcsuf (Expert Evidence) jzifh axmufcH
wifjy xkacsEdkifwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?

'Dtydkif;eJpyfvsOf;vdk csKyf+yD;ajym&&if npfnrf;vdkypfy,f&r,fqdkwmudk

wzufrmS vuQ&H rSmjzpfovd/k npfnrf;w,fvkd a,bk,sajymEdik af yrJh wu,fvt kd yf
r,fh todynmrsm;jzpfxeG ;f bdk twGuf vdt k yfwo
hJ wif;tcsutf vufrsm; &,lciG u hf kd
vnf; wzufrmS xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifyh gw,f?txufrmS wifjyaqG;aEG;cJw h mawG[m
usi0hf wfoud mQ ydik ;f qdik &f m e,fy,frmS Oya'eJ owif;vGwv f yfrw
_ kd xdywf u
kd &f ifqikd f
awGae&wJhtajctaeudk tajz&SmEdkifbdktwGuf wpHkw&m twdkif;twmtxd
taxmuftuljzpfr,fvdk xifygw,f?
(2) trsm;jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnfjidrfa&;qdkif&m ( Public Order)

trsm;jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;qdkwJhtcsuf[mvnf; tvGef
us,jf yefygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsm;jynfol twGi;f at;csr;f wnf+ird b f kd qw
kd thJ csuu f kd
ta=umif;jy+yD;/ tkycf sKyfoal wGu owif;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd csKyfcs,uf efowfavh&w dS m
udk awG&ygw,f? wzufrmS vnf; trsm;jynfot l wGi;f at;csr;f wnf+idraf &;qdw k m
vltzGJ tpnf;twGuf trSew f u,f vdt k yfwt hJ csujf zpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh owif;
vGwfvyfcGifhudk pOf;pm;wJhtcgrSm wifjycJhwJh tajctae ESpf&yfvHk;tay:rSm tajcðy
pOf;pm;zdk@ vdkvmygw,f?
yxrtcsuftaeeJ trsm;jynfoltwGif; at;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;twGuf
owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudkuefowfzdk vdktyfr_&SdwJh taetxm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyvdk
ygw,f? 'Drdku&ufwpfvltzGJtpnf;wckrSm apmifhpnf;oD;cHr_ (Tolerance) qdw k hJ
tcsuf[m ta&;}uD;+yD; tajccHuswJh tcsufwckjzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm[m
EdkifiHom;awG=um;rSm bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmompum;/ tom;ta&mif pwJh
rwljcm;em;r_rsm;/ t,ltqt&/ tjrifoabmxm;t& rwlnrD r_ sm; &Sw d ,fqw kd m
udk todtrSwfðyygw,f? 'gxufydkta&;}uD;wJh tcsufuawmh 'Djcm;em;wJh/
rwlnDwJh tcsufawG usifhoHk;wmudk vuQHoabmwljcif;jzpfygw,f? 'DrwluGJjym;
jcm;em;r_ tm;vH k ; ud k tod t rS w f ð yjcif ; ES i f h vuQ H o abmwl j cif ; wd k ud k
umuG , f a y;Ed k i f b d k twG u f vl x k t wG i f ; apmif h p nf ; oD ; cH r _ [ m tif r wef r S
ta&;}uD;wJhtcsuf jzpfvmygw,f? apmifhpnf;oD;cHr_r&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pD[m
tvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhygbl;?
txufuwifjycJw h hJ apmifph nf;oD;cHrq_ w kd t hJ csuef J vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG /hf
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhwdk[m tajccHtm;jzifhudk
jy\em&Sdygw,f? apmifhpnf;oD;cHr_tcsufudk rsufuG,fðy+yD;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&;
,E , W m;udk vGwv f yfra_ y;vdu k &f if/ owif;rD',D mawG&J a0zefcsu/f t,ltqpwm
awGa=umifh rwlujJG ym;wJh tkypf ak wGtwGi;f rSm yÉdyuQawGjzpfvmEdik yf gw,f? vltzGJ
tpnf;&Jwnf+idrfr_udk ysufpD; xdcdkufEdkifygw,f? wzufrSmvnf; vltzGJtpnf;
twGif;rSm apmifhpnf;oD;cHr_jzpfxGef;bdktwGuf Oya'jyXmef;vdkufwmeJwòydif
wnf;rSmbJ owif;vGwfvyfcGifhrSm tueftowfawG jzpfvmygw,f? vltzGJ
tpnf;rSm apmifph nf;oD;cHrj_ zpfwnfbkd twGuf owif;vGwv f yfrt_ ay: xde;f csKyfr_

b,ftwdkif;twmtxdvdkvJqdkwJh tcsuf[m tjiif;yGm;zG,f tcsufjzpfygw,f?

'DtcsufeJygwfoufvdktjrifwckuawmh/ Oya'[m tjrifoabmxm;awG
xkwfazmfjcif;tay: uefowfcsufrvkyfoifhbl;qdkwJh tjrifjzpfygw,f? 'Dtjrif[m
pme,fZif;qdik &f musi0hf wftay: t"dutajcðyxm;wJh tjrifjzpfygvrd rhf ,f/qdv k wkd m
u pme,fZif;orm;taeeJ@ ol&@J usi0hf wf (ethic) udo k al pmifx h ed ;f +yD; trsm;jynfol
twGi;f at;csr;f wnf+idrrf u _ kd xdcu kd yf sujf ym;aprJh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;
oGm;r,fqw kd hJ oabmrsKd ;jzpfygw,f? pme,fZif;orm;awG taeeJ@ a,bl,stm;jzifh
olwdk@&J@usif@0wfudk apmifhxdef;aumif; apmifhxdef;ygvdr@fr,f? 'gayrJh trsm;jynfol
w&yfv;kH eJ@ qdik w f u hJ pd u
P kd vltpktzG@J wck&v hJ uftwGi;f 0uGut f yfxm;ovdjk zpfae+y;D
olw@kd &@J pOf;pm;csichf sed rf t _ ay: tm;ðy&rJh tajctaersKd ;[m jzpfoifjh zpfxu kd &f v hJ m;qdk
wm pOf;pm;bG,faumif;aeygw,f/
ordik ;f udjk yef=unf&h ifvnf; vlxt k wGi;f at;csr;f wnf+idrrf y_ sujf ym;+yD; 0±ke;f
oH;k um;jzpfwt hJ ajctae awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m owif;pm/ pme,fZif;awGe@J quf
EG,fygwfoufaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? qdk&&if 'Dtjrif[m owifvGwfvyfr_tay:
aZmif;ay;vGe;f+yD; Oya'&Jhtcef;u¾udk ypfy,fvGef;w,fvdk@ xifygw,f?
'kw, d tjrifuawmh a,sb, k stm;jzifh vlxq k ufo, G af &;udk vGwv f yfra_ y;
&r,f? tkypf w k cku tjcm;tkypf w k ckukd qefusi+f yD; apmifph nf;oD;cHra_ wGr&Sad wmhwhJ
tcgro S mv#if udpw P ckjcif;tvdu k f Oya'u xde;f csKyfra_ wGvyk o f ifw h ,fqw kd hJ tjrif
jzpfygw,f? 'Dtjrif[m Oya'&Jx h ed ;f csKyfre_ @J vxl q k ufo, G af &;vGwv f yfrj_ y\emrSm
=um;uswJhtjrifvdk@xif&ayrJh wcsdK@tkyfpkawGudk a0zefwmu uif;vGwfcGifhay;oifh
w,fqdkwJhtjrif aemufqufwJGtaeeJ@ygrvmygbl;? qdkvdkwmu 'Drdkua&pD&Jh
oabmu vlrsm;pku tkycf sKyfciG &hf ygw,f? 'DtcgrmS vlepJ u k kd tumtuG,af y;bdk
vdv k mygw,f? 'kw, d tjrift&qd&k if 'Dvel pJ kawG&J umuG,fcH&r_ uif;rJhoGm;Edkifyg
w,f?
'kw, d ydik ;f taeeJwifjyvdw k mu owif;vGwv f yfciG u hf t kd rsm;jynfot l wGi;f
wnf+idraf t;csr;f a&;ta=umif;jycsuef J ydwyf ifwu hJ pd jP zpfygw,f? 'Denf;[mtm%m
&SifawGtóuduf enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSmvnf; tpdk;&tcsdKu
toH;k cswmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? trsm;jynfot l wGi;f wnf+ird af t;csr;f a&;ta=umif;
jy+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfolawGu owif;vGwfvyfcGifhtay: zdESdyfwJhyHkpHudk (1950) ckESpf ta&;
ay:pDrrH t _ ufOya'u owif;vGwv f yfrt_ cGit hf a&;rsm;udk uefowfxm;wJh tcsuf
awGeJ ,SOfxdk;+yD; wifjyvdkygw,f?
(1950)ckEpS f ta&;ay:pDrrH t _ ufOaya'yk'rf 5 (C)rSm trsm;jynfow l kd tm;
(odk ) jynfow l pktm; txdww f vefjzpfap&ef}uH&, G I f wckcv k yk vf #if (odk ) ,if;odk
jzpfap&efta=umif;&Sdaom tr_udkðyv#if axmif'g%f (7) ESpftxd csEdkifw,fvdk
jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? 'DjyXmef;csuu f kd a,bk,stm;jzif=h unfv h #if trsm;jynfox l w d f
vefatmifvyk w f m[m jynfot l wGi;f at;csr;f wnf+ird rf u _ if;rJah tmifvyk w f mbJvkd

,lqEdkifygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (505) eJ ,SOfxdk;jyvdkygw,f?

jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'yk'rf 505 (c) rSm b,forl qdk azmfjycsu/f aumv[v/ owif;ay;
csuw f ckcu k kd xkwaf 0wm/ vufqifu h rf;wm[m jynfov l x l uk kd txdww f vefjzpf
apr,f? tJ'v hD kd txdww f vefjzpfapwJh tcsu[ f mvnf; Edik if aH wmfukd qefusi+f yD;/
'grSr[kwf &yf&Gmat;csrf;wnf+idrfr_udkqefusif+yD; jypfr_usL;vGefatmif wpkH
wa,mufukd aoG;aqmifjcif;jzpfapr,fq&kd if axmif'g%f (2) ESpt f xd csrw S ef ikd wf ,f
vdkqdkygw,f? wifjycJhwJhjyXmef;csuf (2) ck[m a,bk,stm;jzifh qifwloa,mif
a,mif jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'rSm xdwfvefatmif vkyf&if
jypf'g%fcsrSwfEdkifygw,f? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (505) rSmawmh xdwfvef±HkeJ rvHk
avmufygbl;? tJ'D xdwfvefr_a=umifh &yf&Gmat;csrf;wnf+idrfa&;udk xdcdkufatmif
wpHw k a,mufu vkyaf qmifvmatmif aoG;aqmifjcif;ygrS jypf'g%cf srw S ef ikd yf gw,f?
Oya' (2) ckv;kH [m &yf&mG wnf+idrrf u _ akd &S&+_ yD; jyXmef;xm;wmjzpfayrJ/h ta&;ay:pDrrH _
tufOya'yk'fr (5-C) [m owif;vGwfvyfr_udk ydk+yD; zdESdyfEdkifwJhtaetxm;rSm
&Syd gw,f? tckvnf; jrefrmjynf ppftpd;k &[m 'DOya'udk a&vJo;kH aewmudk awGEikd yf g
w,f? 'Dae&mrSm wckaxmufjyvdkwJhtcsufu ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'[m
ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm jyXmef;cJhwJh Oya'jzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?
txufrSmwifjycJhwJh aqG;aEG;csufawGudk jyefcsKyf=unfh&if/ &yf&Gmwnf+idrf
at;csr;f bdk twGuf owif;pmvGwv f yfciG u hf kd wpHw k &muefowfzkd vakd yrJ/h wzufrmS
vnf; tJ'u hD efowfcsuaf wGukd &yf&mG wnf+idrrf t _ usKd ;twGuq f +kd yD;/ tkycf sKyfoal wG
u olwkd vv kd m;wmawGjzpfzkd twGuf toH;k csomG ;Edik yf gw,f? tm%m&Sirf rS [kwyf g
bl;? 'Dru kd &ufwpftpd;k &uvnf; toH;k cswwfw,fqw kd mudk (1950) ta&;ay:pDrrH _
Oya'udk=unfh&if odomEdkifygw,f? qdk&&if trsm;jynfol wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;t
wGuf owif;vGwv f yfru _ kd xde;f csKyfjcif;rSm bufEpS b f uf&aSd eygw,f? 'DbufEpS b f uf
twGi;f rSm owif;vGwv f yfru _ v kd nf; rvdt k yfbJ rxdcu kd rf ad tmif/ trsm;jynfot l
wGif;wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_udkvnf; xdef;odrf;Edkifatmifqdk&if trsm;jynfolwnf+idrf
at;csr;f a&;twGuf xde;f csKyfjcif;qdw k m&J@t"dyg` ,u f kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;zGiq hf zkd @kd vdvk m
ygw,f? 'gro S mv#if tkycf sKyfoal wGu trsm;jynfot l usKd ;pD;yGg; qdw k phJ um;udk ckw;kH
vkyf toHrk ðyEdik af tmif wbufrmS umuG,Ef ikd rf mS jzpfovd/k wbufrmS vnf; trSef
wu,fvt kd yfwhJ tajctaersm;rSm trsm;jynfot l wGi;f wnf+idraf t;csr;f r_ rysuf
jym;atmifxdef;odrf;EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? tdEdN, w&m;vGwfawmfcsKyfuawmh trsm;
jynfoltwGif;wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;qdkwJh tcsufeJ@pyfvsOf;vdk@ o.k.Ghosh v.
E.X.Joseph, A.I.R. 1963 S.C. 812,814-15 tr_rSm trsm;jynfolwnf+idrf
at; csr;f a&;tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf xde;f csKyfr_ (Restriction) vkyw f ,fvkd ajymEdik b f kd
twGuq f &kd if/ tJ't D csed u f trsm;jynfow l nf+ird af t;csr;f a&;eJ xde;f csKyfjcif;=um;rSm
&SdwJh pyfqdkifaer_[m teD;uyfwnf&Sdjcif; (Proximate) jzpf&r,f? wdkuf&dkuf
(Direct) jzpf&r,f? oG,0f u kd +f yD;qufpyfjcif; 'grrS [kwf pdwu f ;l eJa,mf&rf;+yD; (Far-

Fetched) qufpyfjcif; 'grSr[kwf xdef;csKyfr_eJ trsm;jynfolwnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;

=um;rSm pdwful;eJqufpyfjcif;rsm;[m trsm;jynfoltusdK;pD;yGm;twGufqdkaom
azmfjycsuftwGif;rSm rusa&mufvdk azmfxkwfxm;ygw,f?
(3)tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;eJygwfoufwJhtydkif;rSm rD'D,mvGwfvyfr_udk tuef
towfvyk Ef ikd w f t
hJ csuf (2) ckukd wifjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'D (2) ckuawmh tpd;k & (Edik if H
awmf) udka0zefwJhudpPeJ/ EdkifiHawmfvSsKd0Sufcsufqdkif&mudpPjzpfygw,f?
'Drukd a&pD&J tajccHro l abmt& tpd;k &&Jvyk if ef;aqmif&u G rf a_ wGukd jynfol
u axmufjya0zefciG &hf ydS gw,f? jynfox l u J jynfojl zpfwphJ me,fZif;orm;awGtae
eJvnf; tpd&k &J@ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlra_ &;taqmufttHk wnfaqmufxm;yHkawG/ rl0g'
awGukd axmufjya0zefyikd cf iG &hf ydS gw,f? 'g[m pme,fZif;orm;taeeJ tcGix hf ;l &,l
wmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dae&mrSm ay:vmwJh jy\emu tpd&k tay:a0zefwm (attack)eJ@
tpdk&udkðzwfcszdk@ aoG;xdk;vH_aqmfwm (incite) udk b,fvkd ydik ;f jcm;rvJqw kd mbJ
jzpfygw,f? Oya'&Jh tvkyu f tJ't D aetxm;ESpcf u k kd ydik ;f jcm;uef@owfz@kd jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh 'Dvykd ikd ;f jcm;owfrw S zf @kd upd [ P m tpOft+rJ vG,u f al csmarG@aewmawmh r[kwf
ygb;l ? wcsKd @upd aP wG[m b,ftydik ;f tjcm;xJrmS tñuH;0ifaeovJqw kd m a00g;wm
awGvnf; &dyS gw,f? tJ'v D t kd aetxm;rsKd ;rSm tpd&k awGu olv&kd m bufuq kd , JG +l yD;
owif;orm;udk zdEySd yf gw,f? teD;uyfq;kH axmufjy&&if/jrefrmEdik if jH ypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'
yk'rf 124(u) tpd;k &udk t=unfnKd ysuaf pr_jzpfygw,f? jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'[mudv k ekd D
acwfup+yD; ,aetxd twnfjzpfqJOya' jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif jypfr_qdkif&mOya'
yk'fr (121) uae (124) txd[m 1950 ckESpfrSm udkvdkeDacwfu jyXmef;csufawG
udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D / topfjyefvnfjyXmef;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'jD yXmef;csu&f J y'k rf 124
(u) t& tpd;k &udk rke;f wD;atmif/ raxrJjh rifðyatmif/ Edik if aH &;ra=ueyfrj_ zpfatmif
a&;w,f/ ajymw,f/ odjrifEikd w f w hJ ifjyr_wckck (umwGe;f / jyZmwf -----ponfjzif)h
vkyfw,fqdk&if/ tpdk;&udk t=unfndKysufapr_eJ w&m;pGJqdkcH&Edkifygw,f? jypfr_
xif&Sm;&if wu|ef;ydk'g%f/ 'grSr[kwf (3) ESpftxd axmif'g%fuscH&Edkifygw,f?
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;[m
tJ'Dyk'freJtxdef;odrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? 'gu ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm jzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Siaf cwfrmS awmh tJ'gxufyq kd ;kd 0g;wJh Oya'rsm;udk usio hf ;kH cJyh gw,f? emrnf
ausmfOya'uawmh (1975) ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm;aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkolrsm;.
ab;tE W&,frS umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Oya' jzpfygw,f? tJ'DOya'&J yk'fr (7) rSm
Edik if o
H m;wOD;OD;onf Edik if aH wmf. tcsKyftcsmtm%mESiEhf ikd if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;udjk zpfap/
trsm;jynfol. at;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpfap xdyg;tE Wm&,fjzpfaprnfhðyvkyfr_
wckckudk ðyvkyfcJhonf/ ðyvkyfaeonf/ ðyvkyfawmhrnf[k ,kH=unfavmufaom
ta=umif;&Sdv#if 0ef}uD;tzGJonf ,if;yk*~dKvf. rlvtcGifhta&;w&yf&yfudk

vdktyfovdk uefowfrdef csrSwfEdkifonfvdk jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DOya'u

ðyvkyfcJhonf/ ðyvkyfaeonf/ ðyvkyfawmhrnfqdk+yD; umvoHk;yg;udk ðcHxm;wJhtjyif
w&m;±Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuft&r[kwfbJ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ rlvtcGifhta&;udk
±kyfodrf;rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;tzGJ@&J@ ,Hk=unfavmufaomta=umif;qdkwJh
pum;&yf[m bmtESpo f m&rS r&daS wmhyg/ wenf;ajym&&if txufu aq;GaEG;cJw h hJ
a0zefwmvm;/ aoGxdk;vH_aqmfwmvm;qdkwmudk ydkif;jcm;r,fhtaetxm;rsdK;
(1975) ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD; vdkolrsm;. ab;tE W&,frS
umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Oya'rSm vHk;0r&dSyg/
'kw, d tcsut f aeeJ wifjyvdw k muawmh Edik if aH wmfv#Kd 0u S cf suef J pyfvsO;f
wJh udpjP zpfygw,f? Edik if aH wmfv#Kd 0u S cf suef J ygwo f ufwOhJ ya'awG[m Edik if w H ikd ;f vdv k kd
rSm &Sd=uygw,f? vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&; tjynfht0&Sdw,fqdkwJh tar&duefEdkifiHrSm
awmif e,l;a,mufwdkif;(rf)owif;pmu yifw*Gefv#dK0Sufcsufrsm; tcef;quf
owif;aqmif;yg;udkxnfhwJhtcgrSm tar&duef w&m;±Hk;u wm;qD;rdef (Injunct-
ion) xkwf+yD; aqmif;yg;qufvufxnfhoGif;jcif;udk wm;jrpfcJhwm &Sdygw,f?
'DedkifiHawmfv#dK0SufcsufeJpyfvsOf;vdk &yfwnfwJh&_axmifhtay:rlwnf+yD;
tjrifawG uGjJ ym;jcm;em;=uygw,f? rD', D m bufuawmh tpd;k &&J rl0g'/ qH;k jzwfcsu/f
vkyif ef;pOftm;vH;k udk owif;pmu vGwv f wG v f yfvyf &cGi&hf w dS ,fvkd jrif=uygw,f?
tpd;k &bufuawmh ol@&ahJ qmif&u G cf suaf wGxu J owif;pmawGub kd modciG ahf y;r,f/
bmxkwfa0cGifhay;r,fqdkwmudk tpdk;&u vGwv f wG v f yfvyfa&G;cGihf &S&d r,fvkd qykd g
w,f? vltrsm;pkuawmh tpd;k &taeeJ tcsKd upd rP sm;udk v#Kd 0u S zf kd rvGrJ aoGvt kd yf
w,f/ 'gayrJh tjzpfEikd q f ;kH twdik ;f twmtxdawmh rv#Kd 0u S b f x J w k af zmfoifw h ,fvkd
,lq=uygw,f? aemufq;kH ,lqcsu[ f m =um;uswt hJ jrifjzpf+yD;/oifw h ifwh ,fvkd xif
&ayrJh v#dK0SufcsufudpPeJ pyfvsOf;vdk vlxkqufoG,fa&;eJtpdk;&=um;rSm rajz&Sif;
ay;Edik yf gb;l ? bma=umifv h q
J akd wmh v#Kd 0u S zf kd vd§k rvdk qdw k mudk b,fou l qH;k jzwf
rSmvJqw kd t hJ csurf mS jy\em&Sv d kd jzpfygw,f? udpw P ck[m v#d 0u S o f if§h roifq h w kd m
udk tpd;k &uqH;k jzwfrmS udk owif;orm;u r,k=H unfygb;l ? 'Dvb kd v J #Kd 0u
S o f if§h roifh
udk owif;orm;u qH;k jzwfr,f qd&k ifvJ v#d 0u S cf suq f wkd u hJ pd [P m tvdv k kd ysuyf s,f
oGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? 'Dv#dK0SufcsufeJpyfvsO;f vdk vlxq k ufo, G af &;eJ tpd;k &=um;rSm
ajyvnfEdkifwJhtajzwckudk &Smvdkr&ao;bJ tjiif;yGm;aeqJbJ jzpfygw,f?
(4) w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m
w&m;pD&if;a&;qdik &f mrSm owif;orm;rsm; trsm;qH;k jzpfwwfwmuawmh
w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_ (contempt of court) jzpfygw,f? w&m;±Hk;rsm;udk
raxrJjh rifðyvkywf ,fqw kd m w&m;r#wa&;aqmif&u G rf v
_ yk if ef;xdcu kd af tmif wckck
vkyfjcif;/ 'grSr[kwf vkyfaqmif&efysufuu G jf cif;vdk a,bk,stm;jzifh qdEk ikd yf gw,f?
w&m;rw&m;±Hk;&J'D*&D/ qHk;jzwfcsufpwJh w&m;±H;k &J trdef wckcu k kd wrif&nf&, G +f yD;

remcH&if/ w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifvkyfw,fvkd q&kd ygr,f? tJ'h gukd w&m;r w&m;±H;k udk
raxrJjh rifvyk rf v _ kd ac:ygw,f? pme,fZif;orm;awGeJ odyrf ywfoufygb;l ? pme,f
Zif;orm;awG trsm;qHk;óuHawG&wmuawmh jypfr_qdkif&mw&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðy
vkyrf j_ zpfygw,f? ud, k u f ae jynfou l akd y;vdu k wf hJ owif;ay;csuw f ck[m'grrS [kwf
ud, k &hf J tðytrl wckc[ k m w&m;a&;tm%mydik w f a,mufa,muf&J vkyfief;eJywf
oufwJhtqifhtajcudk edrfhusoGm;ap&if 'grSr[kwfedrfhusoGm;apEdkif&if'grSr[kwf
tJ'Dtm%mydkifudk rcH&yfEdkifatmif oGm;ykwfavvGifhajymwJhoabma&muf &if
w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyr_eJ w&m;pGJqdkcH&Edkifygw,f? 'DvdkbJ aqmif&GufaeqJ
w&m;pD & if a &; vk y f i ef ; pOf r S m pG u f z uf & if / w&m;ol } uD ; / *sL&D v l } uD ; awG u d k
bufvdkufvmatmif qGJaqmif&if 'g[mvnf; w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_xJ
0ifoGm;ygw,f? aemuf+yD; w&m;±Hk;&J w&m;r_wr_twGuf pDrHaqmif&Gufr_udk
pGufzuf&if/ [efwm;&if/ [efwm;wJhoabm oufa&muf&ifvnf; w&m;±Hk;udk
raxrJhjrifðyvkyfw,fvdk w&m;±Hk;u ,lqygvdrfhr,f?
txufuwifjycJhwJh w&m;±Hk;udkraxrJhjrifðyvkyfr_jzpfEdkifwJhtcsufawGudk
=unf&h if/ owif;orm;awGeJ xw d w f ukd af wGbkd odyrf sm;aewJt
h ajctaeudk xifxif
&Sm;&Sm;bJ jrifEdkifygw,f? 'Dtajctae&J t&if;cHta=umif;uawmh r¾dKif (2) ck&J
,SOòf ydif &Sad er_a=umifv h kd bJ qd&k ygr,f? w&m;±H;k taeeJu w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wnfh
wnfhrwfrwf&Sdr_tay:rSm tm;ðyygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh w&m;r#wr_
&&Sdbdkqdkwm w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wnfhwnfhrwfrwf&SdrSom jzpfEdkifvdkjzpfygw,f?
w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif wdr;f apmif;bdk jzpfEikd w f t
hJ ajctaeawGukd w&m;Oya'rloabm
u vHk;0vufrcHygbl;? pme,fZif;bufuvnf; vlxk[m udk,fhzmomudk,f csifhcsdef
pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfEikd b f kd twGuf vdt k yfrnfo h wif;tcsut f vufrsm;udak y;bdk pme,f
Zif;orm;rSm wm0ef&w dS ,fvkd cH,yl gw,f? Oya'u w&m;r#wr_udk tm;ðyygw,f?
pme,fZif;u owif;ay;r_tay:rSm tm;ðyygw,f? wcgwav owif;ay;vdkaZm
rsm;oGm;wJhtcg/ pme,fZif;orm;eJ w&m;±Hk;wdk xdyfwdkufawGrdwwfygw,f?
w&m;±H;k u tr_ppfaq;aeqJumvrSm owif;pmu "jr*d% k ;f rd+yDq+kd yD; "gwyf ekH J wuG
azmfjy vdkufwmrsdK;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkazmfjyvdkufwm[m w&m;&Hk;upD&ifcsufrcsrDS
owif;pmu w&m;pD&ifvu kd jf cif; (Trail by Press) oabmjzpf+y;D w&m;±H;k &J@aqmif
&GufaeqJw&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;pOfudk pGufzufovdkjzpfoGm;ygw,f? ,ckaemufydkif;
owif;orm;awGtaeeJ tawGtóuHrsm;vmwJhtwGufa=umifhrdk 'Dtydkif;rSm
jy\emenf;vmygw,f? w&m;±Hk;rSm ppfaq;qJtr_eJygwfoufvdk w&m;pD&ifr_
jzpfpOfudkoma&;+yD; a0zefcsuf/ rSwfcsufray;&if jy\emr&Sdygbl;? a0zefcsuf/
rSwfcsufay;rd&if jy\em &SdvmEdkifygw,f? 'gawmifrS trsm;jynfoltusdK;twGuf
oabm±d;k eJ a0zef&if uif;vGwcf iG &hf Edik yf gw,f? 'Duif;vGwcf iG ehf J pyfvsO;f +yD;pdw0f ifpm;
bdk aumif;wJt h r_wckukd wifjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'guawmh w&m;±H;k a&SwiG f ppfaq;aeqJ

tr_r[kwfyJ/ w&m;pD&ifa&; pepfwckvHk;udk trsm;jynfoltusdK;twGuf a0zef&if/

w&m;±Hk;raxrJhjrif ðyvkyfr_jzpf§rjzpf jy\emjzpfygw,f? tr_uawmh tdENd,EdkifiH
u&vm (Karala) jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; (E.M.S.Namboodaripad) u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckrSm w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf[m aoG;pkwfolawG&J vufudkif
wkwfjzpfaew,f? qif;&Jom;awG&JtusdK;udk qefusifaew,fqdk+yD; w&m;pD&if
a&;pepfudk a0zefygw,f? tJ'Dha0zefcsufa=umifh w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifðyr_eJ ol
tay: jypf'g%fcscJhwJh atmuf±Hk;&JqHk;jzwfcsufudk w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu twnfðy
cJyh gw,f? atmuf±;kH qH;k jzwfcsurf mS ol&J ajymqdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f awG[m w&m;ol}uD;
eJ w&m;&H;k &J*% k of u d mQ udx k cd ukd +f y;D w&m;pD&ifa&;pHepfwckv;kH udk trsm;jynfot l jrif
rSm edruhf somG ;atmifvyk w f mjzpfw,fvkd axmufjyygw,f? 'DrmS ar;cGe;f ay:vmwm
u w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd trsm;jynfot l jrifrmS *k%o f u
d mQ &Sb d kd wckwnf;tay:rSm
bJrlwnf+yD; w&m;pD&ifa&;udka0zefr_awGuae uif;vGwfcGifhay;rvm;/ wenf;ajym
&&if w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf&J *k%o f u d mQ eJqikd &f if vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmf (a0zef) cGiu hf kd
usifhoHk;cGifhr&Sdawmhbl;vm;qdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? 'Dar;cGef;udk 1995-ckESpfrSm
tdEdN,EdkifiH w&m;vGwfawmfcsKyfu C.Ravichandra Iyer v. Justic A.M.
Bhattacharjee, (1995) 5 SCC457.462 tr_rmS ajzqd& k iS ;f vif;cJyh gw,f? tJ'pD &D if
xH;k rSm w&m;±H;k csKyfu zGJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'tyd'k f 19(1-a)eJ tmrcHxm;wJh vGwf
vyfpGm ajymqdkcGifheJ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfcGifh[m b,f'Drdkua&pDpepfrSmrqdk tifr
wefwefb;kd &Sw d hJ vGwv f yfrw _ ckjzpfw,f qdw k mrSeyf gw,f? 'gayrJh b0awG/ vGwv f yf
r_awG/ EdkifiHom;awG&J*k%foa&awGudk umuG,fapmifha&SmufaewJh vGwfvyfwJh
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd av;pm;umuG,f xde;f odr;f jcif;[mvnf; xyfwx l yfr# ta&;
}uD;ygw,f? 'gha=umifh EdkifiHawmftusdK;pD;yGm;vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf
udka0zefjcif;[m csifhcsifhcsdefcsdefjzpf&r,f/ wdwdusususdK;a=umif;nDnGwf&r,f/
tav;teufawG;awmwmjzpf&r,f? ygwDpdwf"gwfta&miftaoG;/ zdtm;ay;wJh
enf;AsL[m/ +cdr;f ajcmufwahJ jcmufveS f whJ usi}hf uHyakH wGrygbJ jrifjh rifrh m;rm; &nf&, G f
csuu f ae ydrk akd umif;rGew f hJ ðyjyifp&D ifwmjzpf&r,f? 'ga=umifrh kd w&m;&H;k [mvGwv f yf
pGma0zefr_wefbdk;/ a=umufvefjcif;uif;pGm jywfjywfom;om;aqmif&Gufr_eJ wnfh
rwfaom vkyfaqmifr_rSm [efcsufnD&r,fvdk qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f?
w&m;±H;k eJ owif;orm;=um;rSm aemufxyf&adS ewJh jy\emwckukd wifjy
vdkygw,f? tJ'guawmh owif;orm;wa,muftaeeJ tjcm;jynfolxuf tcGifh
ta&;&S§d r&Sb d kd qwkd hJ jy\emjzpfygw,f? t*FvefEikd if rH mS (Vassall case) vdkac:
wJh tr_jzpfwJhtcgrSm owif;orm;awG[m tjcm;EdkifiHom;awGxuf tcGifhxl;cHcGifh
&Sd§r&Sdqdkwmtay: tm±Hkpdkufr_jzpfvmygw,f? tr_u owif;orm;ESpfa,mufudk
olwdkxkwfjyefcJhwJh aumv[vowif;&J t&if;tjrpfudk zGifhajymbdk w&m;±Hk;u
trdefay;wmudk jiif;qefwJhtwGuf w&m;±Hk;udk raxrJhjrifvkyfr_eJ w&m;pGJygw,f?

tJ'v D kd w&m;pGw J m[m (Public Policy) udk w&m;±H;k u ausmv f eG w

f mjzpfw,fvkd
pme,fZif;orm;awGu apm'uwufvmygw,f? t*FvdyfOya'pepft& a&Sae
wrsKd ;wnf;om olukd oltr_onfu tr_eJ pyfvsO;f vdk ajymwJh pum;udk oufaocH
xGuq f zkd kd jiif;cGi&hf ydS gw,f? useo f al wG[m w&m;r#wr_ay:ayguaf &;twGuf vdt k yf
wJo h ufaocHcsuu f akd y;bdk wm0ef&ydS gw,f? txufuwifjycJw h t hJ r_rmS pme,fZif;
orm;[m olapmifx h ed ;f &r,fh usi0hf wfeJ w&m;Oya'=um;rSm nyfrad eygw,f? tJ'D
tr_rmS t*Fvyd w f &m;±H;k u trsm;jynfot l usKd ;pD;yGm;eJ owif;t&if;tjrpfukd xkwf
az:ajymjyjcif; qufpyfw,fqw kd m xif&mS ;r_r&Sb d ;l vdk o;kH oyf+yD;/ olwkd &J apm'uudk
yg,cf svu kd yf gw,f? 'gayrJh useaf ewJh jy\emuawmh pme,fZif;orm;[m owif;
&,lEdkifcGihf tcGifhta&; (Right to information) tydkif;rSm txl;tcGifhta&;
&S§d r&Sd qdw k mbJ jzpfygw,f? Edik if t H rsm;tjym;rSm vuQx H m;wmuawmh pme,fZif;
orm;rSm txl;tcGifhta&;r&Sdygbl;? wjcm;jynfolvdkbJ wm0ef&Sdygw,f? trsm;
jynfot l wGuf tusKd ;&Srd o hJ wif;&bdk q+kd yD; olrsm;tdrfudk azmufxGif;0ifa&muf&if
azmufxGif;r_eJ w&m;pGJqdkcH&rSmbJ jzpfygw,f?
(5) tm%mydkifrsm;rS csKyfudkifóud;qGJjcif;

owif;pm&,fvdkay:vmuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfolawG[m Oya'awGeJxdef;
csKyf+yD; owif;pmawG&J toHww d af tmif }uHpnfc=hJ uygw,f? vltzGJ tpnf;&J vGwf
vyfr_tawG;tac:awG jrifhrm;vmwmeJtr# vlxkqufoG,fa&;,E W,m;awG&J
vGwfvyfr_[mvnf; jrifhrm;vmygw,f? owif;vGwfvyfcGifheJywfoufvdk 'Drdk
ua&pDEikd if aH wGrmS us,u f s,jf yefjyefay;xm;ayrJv h nf; tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mydik af wG
u xdyfwdkufr[kwfbJ oG,f0dkufóud;udkifbdkóud;pm;wmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'ghtjyif
urBmay:rSm 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if tH jyif tm%m&SiEf ikd if H yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;awGvnf; &Sad o;wmrdk
owif;rD'D,m tay:rSm wdkuf±dkufcsKyfudkifwmawGvnf; usef&Sdygao;w,f? qdk&&if
tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wGrmS wdu k ±f u
kd cf sKyfuikd +f y;D / 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS oG,0f u
kd cf sKyfuikd w
f hJ
enf;vrf;udk oHk;wwf=uygw,f?
(u) vdkifpif ( Licence)

owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudk csKyfudkifwJhae&mrSm trsm;tm;jzifh qifqm
(Censorship) udkom owdðyrd=uygw,f? vdkifpifudk owdrxm;rd=uygbl;?
vdik pf ifeJ qifqm[m xyfwx l if&ayrJh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_&ydS gw,f? qifqm[m xkwf
vkyf+yD;wJh owif;rD'D,mtay:rSm jzwfawmufwm jzpfygw,f? vdkifpifuawmh
xkwfvkyfrJh/ xkwfa0rJht&mudk rxkwfvkyfrSDrSm óudwif+yD; cGifhðycsuf&,l&jcif; jzpfyg
w,f? qdk&&if vdkifpif[m qifqmxufydk+yD; owif;rD'D,mtay:rSm wif;=uyfcsKyf
udik w
f ,fvkd qd&k ygr,f? 'Dvikd pf ifpepfukd jrefrmEdik if H vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;eJqikd w
f OhJ ya'

tm;vHk;vdkvdkrSmawGEdkifygw,f? pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;eJywfouf&if pmaypDppfa&;udk

xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGEikd yf gw,f? 'g[m qifqmvkyw f mr[kwyf gb;l ? vdik pf ifvyk &f wm
yg? yd+k yD;xif&mS ;wJh vdik pf ifypkH uH kd AD'G ,
D /kd &kyjf rifo=H um;/ &ky&f iS w
f kd eJ qikd w
f hJ Oya'awGrmS
awGEdkifygw,f? (e0w) vufxufrSjyXmef;wJh ±kyf&SifOya' yk'fr (12)t& ±kyf&Sif
qifqmtzGJ ukd ±ky&f iS rf &du k rf DS ±dkuful;rnfhZmwfvrf; wifjy&ygw,f? &du k u
f ;l cGiu
hf kd
qifqmtzGJ u jiif;Edik yf gw,f? &du k u f ;l +yD;&if yk'rf (13)t& qifqmjyefwif&ygw,f?
'hgtjyif (e0w) Oya'awG[m owif;rD', D mawGukd csKyfuikd w f ahJ e&mrSm xkwv f yk o f l
tydik ;f wifr[kwyf gb;l ? oH;k pGo J ul ykd g vdik pf ifpepfeJ csKyfuikd xf m;ygw,f? (e0w) ±kyjf rif
oH=um;eJ ADG'D,dkOya' Oya'yk'fr 2 (i) rSm ±kyfjrifoH=um;zrf;puf/ ADG'D,dkzGifhpuf
vuf0,fxm;bdktwGuf vuf0,fxm;cGifhvdkifpif &Sd&ygw,f? yk'fr (8)t& ò*dvfwk
±k y f j rif o H = um;zrf ; puf vuf 0 ,f x m;&S d E d k i f b d k twG u f vd k i f p if v d k y gw,f ?
±kyfjrifoH=um;zrf;puf ADG'D,dkjypufwdk@udk vuf0,fxm;Edkifzdk@twGuf vdkifpif
vkyf&r,fqdkwJh Oya'[m urBmrSm jrefrmwEdkifiHbJ &dSygvdrfhr,f? wjcmEdkifiHawGrSm
tvm;wlOya'rsdkK;&dSw,fvdk@ r=um;rd rawG@rdyg? qdk&&if (e0w)[m vdkifpifpepfudk
tjrifhqHk;yHkpHeJ usifhoHk;aewmbJjzpfygw,f?
,ckaqG;aEG;cJw h hJ vdik pf ifpepfuawmh owif;vGwv f yfr&_ J t"du&efo}l uD;jzpf
ovd/k Oya'&J w&m;r#wr_paH wGeJ vnf; qefusiyf gw,f? 'Dvikd pf ifpepfukd axmufcH
xm;wJhOya'awGudkawmh zsufodrf;ypf±HkrSty tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;r&Sdygbl;?
(c) qifqm (Censorship)

qifqm&Jt"dy`g,fuawmh tpdk;&&J w&m;0iftwnfðyr_ryg&if tJ'DrD'D,m
xkwu f ek f (pmtky/f ±ky&f iS /f owif;pm ponf jzif)h udk ydwyf ifjcif;jzpfygw,f?qifqmudk
óudwifrSwf,lydwfyifjcif; (Pre-censorship) eJ qifqmqd+k yD; (2) rsKd ;cGJ Edik yf gw,f?
pre-censorshipudk Anglo-American Oya'pHepf (jrefrmEdik if /H tdE, Nd Edik if w H @kd
yg0if) rSmawG@&+yD; wm;qD;umuG,faom qifqm (preventive censorship)vd@k
vnf;ac:ygw,f? óudwifrw S ,f cl suef J ywd yf ifjcif;udk jrefrmEdik if H jypfrq _ ikd &f musix hf ;kH
Oya'yk'rf (144) rSm awGEikd yf gw,f? tJ'OD ya'yk'rf t& owif;pm/ pmapmif/ *sme,f
wckckonf òrd&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;udk ysufjym;bdk jzpfEdkifw,fvdk,lq&if/ tJ'D
vdkjzpfEdkifwJh a'oawGrSm tJ'Dowif;pm/ pmapmif/*sme,fudk wmqD;ydwfyifEdkifwJh
tm%mudk w&m;ol}uD;udk ay;tyfxmygw,f? óudwifrw S ,
f cl suef J yw d yf ifjcif;[m
vdkifpifeJ qifqm=um;rSm&Sd+yD;/owif;vGwfvyfcGifh&J tE Wm&,frsm;wJh &efoljzpfyg
w,f? 'DóudwifrSwf,ljcif;eJ ydwfyifwJh jzpf&yfawG[m/ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrSmvnf;
tkycf sKyfoal wGu olwkd rvdv k m;wJo h wif;pmawGukd csKyfuikd Ef ikd b f kd twGuf qifqm
vdbk J toH;k cswwfygw,f? 'Dóuw d ifrw S , f cl sut f & owif;pmudjk ynfe,fxw J ifoiG ;f
cGifh ydwfyifwJhudpPeJ pyfvsOf;+yD;/ tdENd, w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu Brij Bhushan v.

State of Delhi, A.I.R.1950 S.C.129 tr_rSm óudwifrSwf,ljcif;jzifh *sme,f

tay:rSm pnf;=uyfjcif;[m zGJpnf;yHktajccHOya'yk'fr 19 (1- a) eJ a=ujimxm;wJh
vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhwdk&J tESpfom&jzpfwJh owif;pm
vGwfvyfcGifhudk csKyfcs,f uefowfjcif;jzpfw,fqdkwm ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfp&m r&dS
oavmufjzpfaom tcsufjzpfw,fvdk xkwfazmfxm;ygw,f?
qifqmeJ ygwfouf+yD; qufvufwifjyaqG;aEG;vdkwmu qifqm&Sdbdk
vd§k rvdq k w
kd hJ tcsujf zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuef J ygwo f ufvkd qifqmqdw k mudk tkycf sKyf
olawGu owif;vGwv f yfciG t
hf ay:rSm csKyfuikd cf s,vf , S Ef ikd w
f hJ vufeufwck tjzpfyJ
jrif=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktcg taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm qifqmudk
tðyoabmtjrifbufuae csO;f uyfvmwmawG &Sv d mygw,f? qifqmudk owif;
vGwfvyfr_udkcsKyfudkifwJh enf;vrf;tjzpfbJ jrifae=uwJhtcg/ vlxkqufoG,fa&;
(Mass Meida)&J tajctaeudk rsuaf pho#r;f oGm;ygw,f? 'Daevx l q k ufo, G af &;
,E W,m;awG&J ydkifqdkifr_yHkpH/ twwfynmu|rf;usifr_awG[m qifqmtoHk;ðybdk
vd k t yf r vm;qd k wJ h t awG ; udk jzpfxGef;vmapygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdka wmh
vlxq k ufo, G af &;,E , W m;awG[m tkypf }k uD;vdu k jf zpfae+yD; vlwOD; 'grrS [kwf vl
tenf;i,f&J vufxrJ mS &Sad eygw,f? +y;D awmh pme,fZif;orm;awG[mvnf; olwkd &J
twwfynmydik ;f rSm wzufurf;cwfu|r;f usiv f mygw,f? qd&k &ifvx l q k ufo,G af &;
,E W,m;awGudk jynfolvlxk todynm/ qifjcifOm%fawGyGifhvef;vmzdktwGuf
t"du,E W,m;vdk taumif;jrifbufu pOf;pm;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh wzufujyef
=unf&h if rD', D m[m vufawGtajctaerSm vltenf;i,f&J vufwiG ;f a&mufaewJh
tjyif rD'D,mtwwfynmawGudkvnf; wzufurf;cwfwwfaeawmh vlxkudk
tJ'v hD tl enf;i,fu olwkd vv kd m;wmawG jzpfzkd twGuf aoG;aqmifomG ;Edik f w,fqkd
wJh tE W&,f[m wu,fhvufawGjzpfaewJhtE W&,fjzpfygw,f? 'DtE W&,fudk
umuG,fedifbdktwGuf qifqmudk vufeufwcktjzpf jyefoHk;oifh+yDvdk tcsdKu
,lqvm=uygw,f?
(*) owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudkóud;qGJjcif;
owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk óud;qGJw,fqdkwm owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk
ydwyf ifcsKyfuikd vf ukd w f mr[kwb f J owif;pmudk ud, k t hf vdv k ukd v f matmif oG,0f u kd f
+yD;zdEydS v
f ukd w
f mjzpfygw,f? owif;pmvGwv f yfciG uhf kd wdu
k ±f u kd rf [kwb f J tpd;k & awG
u enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek J &mS }uH+yD;/ óud;udik b
f kd óud;pm;=uygw,f?xkwaf 0wJph mapmifta&
twGuo f wfrw S w f m/ pmapmifpmrsuEf mS owfrw S w f m/ pmrsuEf mS eJ owif;pmwef
bd;k tcsK;d usowfrw S wf m/ tcsyyf xkd nf&h if cGiðhf ycsuf awmif;&wm/ owif;at*sipf D
rsm;udk vuf0g;}uDtyk f 0g;rsKd wm pwJh enf;vrf;aygi;f pHek J o, G 0f u kd cf sKyfuikd +f yD;/ tkycf sKyf
olawGu owif;pmawGudk óud;udkifbdk óud;pm;ygw,f? tdENd,rSmjzpfcJhwJhtr_wck

(Express newspaper (private) Ltd v. Union of India, A.I.R.1958 S.C.578)

rSm tpd;k &u olrvdv k m;wJo h wif;pmudk tvkyo f rm;rsm;oufomacsmifcsad &;Oya'
udt k oH;k ðy+yD; csKyfuikd Ef ikd af tmif óud;pm;ygw,f? qdv k w kd mu Oya'u jyXmef;xm;wJh
tvkyform;oufomacsmifcsda&;eJqdkifwJhtydkif;udk jynfhpHkatmif vkyfay;Edkifbdk
twGuf owif;pmrSm aiGa=u;t& tcuftcJ&Sdygw,f? tJ'gudk tpdk;&u Oya'udk
udik +f yD; oufomacsmifcsad &;udk twif;vkycf ikd ;f &mrS tr_jzpfjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dtr_rmS
tdE, dN w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfu tajccHvw G vf yfciG jhf zpfwhJ owif;pm vGwv f yfciG u hf kd
wduk ±f u kd x
f cd u kd w
f mr[kwaf yrJh aiGa=u;eJpyfvsO;f +yD; }uD;rm;wJph nf;=uyfrw _ if&w
dS meJ
qufE, G +f y;D owif;pmrsm; ydwv f u kd &f wJh tusKd ;qufuo hJ kd aom tajccH&yfwnfcsuf
tay:rSmrlwnfI tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfief;cGif oufomacsmifcsda&; Oya'udk
axmufcH twnfðyonf?vdk qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f?
txufrSm wifjyaqGaEGcJhwJh tcsufawGt& vlxkqufoG,fa&;eJ@ Oya'
xdyfwdkufawGEdkifwJhtaetxm;awGudk csKyf=unfh&if tm%mydkifawGu rw&m;wJh
Oya'awGjyXmef;+yD;zdEySd jf cif; 'grrS [kwf oG,0f u kd +f yD;csKyfuikd zf @kd óud;pm;jcif;pwJh tydik ;f udk
awG@&ovdk tjcm;wydik ;f taeeJ@vnf; vlxt k wGi;f at;csr;f wnf+idraf &;/ Edik if aH wmf
vHòk cHa&;pojzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf trSefvdktyfwJh tajctaersm;rSm tusdK;
pDymG ;0da&m"d jzpfwmudv k nf; awG@&ygw,f? 'DEpS yf ikd ;f udk aoaocsmcsm cGjJ cm;jrifEikd &f if/
'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m rwljcm;em;wJh tusKd ;pD;yGm;awGukd vufct H odtrSwðf y+yD; vl@tzG@J
tpnf;zGHòzd;wdk;wufzdk@tiftm;udk rwljcm;em;r_awGtwGif;ubJ az:xkwfwJh enf;
vrf;jzpfw,fqdkwmudk ,Hk=unfr,fqdk&if Oya'eJ@vlxkqufoG,fa&;wdk@ xdyfwdkuf
awG@wJhjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;oGm;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifygw,f?
pmudk;
(1) The Idea of Law
Dennis Lloyd (published by the penguin group)
(2) Constitutional Law of India
G.S.Pande (published by Allahabad Law Agency)
(3) Law for The Laymen
M.J.Antony (published by Hind Pocket Books (p) Ltd)

trsdK;om;nDvmcH
etztrsKd;om;nDvmcH tb,fyef;wdik qf oD @dk enf;
0if;armif
0ef}uD;csKyfopf Adv
k cf sKyfcifneG @f onf =o*kwv f 30 &ufae@wiG f vrf;jyajryk[ H k
ac:aom tcsuf (7) csufudk wdkif;jynfodk@ ausnmcJhonf? tcsuf (7) csufteuf
tcsuf (1) onf 1996 ckESpfu &yfem;xm;cJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jyefusif;
y&ef[lI jzpfonf?
trsK;d om;nDvmcHonf jrefrmjynforl sm;. tem*wfu=H urRmudk zefw;D oGm;
rnfh nDvmcHjzpfayonf? jynfolrsm;/ tem*wfuH=urRmudk zefwD;rnfh nDvmcHjzpf
onfhtwGuf nDvmcHudkrnfolrsm;u usif;yoifhonf/ nDvmcHwGif rnfolrsm;u
yg0ifoifhonf[laom tcsufrSm tav;xm;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;jzpfayonf?
xdk@tjyif 1996 ckESpfu &yfem;xm;cJh&aom nDvmcHudk jyefvnfusif;yrnf[k
qdkaoma=umifh xdkpOfunDvmcHudk tb,fa=umifh &yfem;xm;cJh&onfudkvnf;
tav;teuf pOf;pm;&efvkdtyfayonf?
trsKd;om;nDvmcHjzpfay:vmjcif;. aemufa=umif;udk jyefaumuf&ygrl/
1989 ckEpS f ZGevf (9) &ufae@ ppftpd;k &u usi;f yaom (43) }udraf jrmuf owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a&G;aumufyGJY tEdkif&aomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 1947 ckESpf tajccH
Oya'udak omfvnf;aumif;/ 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'ok;H I tpd;k &zG@J Eikd af =umif;/ e0w
tpd;k &taejzifh tm%mv$aJ y;&ef toif&h adS =umif;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;utajccHOya'
ESpfckpvkH;udk róudufygu tajccHOya'topfudk a&;qGJEdkifa=umif; e0w (etz)
acgi;f aqmifu uwday;cJah y;onf? xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &.ausnmcsut f rSwf 1§90
wGif tem*wf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if .
H tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;onf a&G;cs,w f ifajrm ufjcif;cH
xm;&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.wm0efjzpfa=umif; az: jyxm;onf? xdka=umifh
trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ycGi&hf o dS rl sm;rSm 1990 ckEpS w
f iG tf Edik &f xm;aom jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;uom OD;aqmifusif;y&ef wm0ef&Sda=umif; &Sif;aeayonf?

od@k aomf ppftpd;k &.Adv k cf sKyf}u;D rsm;onf if;wd@k ay;xm;aom uwdrsm;/ if;wd@k xw k f
jyefxm;aom Oya'trde@f rsm;udk if;wd@k u, kd w
f ikd f csK;d azmufum Adv
k cf sKyfrsm; tm%m
v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd rf nfh tajccHOya'jzpfa&;twGuf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd 1993 ckEpS w f iG f
pDpOfusif;ycJhonf? xdktrsKd;om; nDvmcHwGifyg0if=uaom udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;
(702) OD;wGif jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (99) OD;om yg0if+yD; Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
u udk,fpm;vS,f (38) OD;omyg0ifonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f (18)
&m cdik Ef e_ ;f r#om yg0ifciG &hf onf? Ttaetxm;ud=k unfyh g jynfov l x l v k vkd m;aom
tpdk;&w&yf/ jynfolvlxkvdkvm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif;pepfw&yf az:aqmifay;
rnfh trsKd;om;nDvmcH r[kwfa=umif;ay:vGifayonf?
jynfolrsm;vdkvm;aom trsKd;om;nDvmcH
jynfolrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif;pepf (good governance) w&yf/

'D r d k u a&pD t k y f c sKyf a &;pepf w &yf u d k vd k v m;v#uf & S d o nf ? tajctwif
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkaqG;aEG;/ awG;awm}uHqcGifh&Sdaom vGwfvyfonfh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;udk vdkvm;v#uf&Sdonf? vGwfvyfa&;&csdefrS vuf&Sdumv
tpd;k &tqufqufatmuf wGif jynfo@l b0vkòH cHr_ uif;rJrh u _ kd cHpm; awG@óuHc&hJ onf?
vuf&dS e0w (etz) ppf tpd;k &vufxufwiG f jynfow l @kd . touft;kd tdrv f òHk cHa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;vkHòcHa&;/ vlr_a&;vkHòcHa&; uif;rJhr_rsm; tqdk;&Gm;qkH;tajctaeodk@
a&muf v #uf & S d o nf ? xd k a =umif h jynf o l v l x k u b0vk H ò cH r _ / +id r f ; csrf ; r_ u d k
az:aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tpdk;&rsKd;udk vdkvm;v#uf&Sdayonf? xkdtpdk;&rsKd;onf
jynf o l v l x k u if ; wd k @ ud k , f w d k i f a&G ; cs,f r S & Ed k i f r nf ? xk d @ a=umif h tpd k ; &ud k
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&G;cs,fEdkifonfh jyXmef; csufrsm;yg0ifaom tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJjyXmef;rnfh trsKd;om;nDvmcHrsKd;udk jynfol rsm;u vdkvm;v#uf&Sdonf?
wzuf w G i f ppf t pd k ; &u ppf w yf v G r f ; rd k ; tk y f c sKyf a &;ud k w&m;0if j zpf a p&ef
jyXmef;csufrsm;yg0ifEdkif&ef trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk twif;t=uyf qGJ,lusif;y&ef
óud;yef;v#uf&Sdonf? q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ppfwyf.vGrf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif
jynf o l @ b0vk H ò cH r _ uif ; rJ h o G m ;cJ h & jcif ; / wd k i f ; jynf tqif ; &J q k H ; b0od k @
a&mufcJh&onfrsm;udk oifcef;pm,loifhaomfvnf;/ r,lbJqufvufI ppfwyf
v$r;f rd;k tkycf sKyfa&;udk ZGwq f ufvuf,al eygr/l qif;&JveG b f 0jzifh tiftm;}uD;Edik if . H
=oZmatmufodk@ tvdkvdka&mufoGm;Ekdifa=umif;/ owdcsyfoifhonf? jynfol&SdI
wdkif;jynf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? jynfolr&Sdygrl wdkif;jynf[lI r&SdEdkifyg? ppfwyfonf
jynfot l wGi;f rS ayguzf mG ;jcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyftwGi;f u jynfoal yguzf mG ;jcif;r[kw/f
odk@jzpfI jynfol@qEN/ jynfol@vdkvm;csufuom tc&musayonf? jynfol@qENudk
ypfy,fv#ifum; rnfonfhEkdifiHa&;rl0g'/ pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'r#atmif EkdifbG,fr&Sday?
1996 ckESpfwGif &yfpJcJh&aom trsKd;om;nDvmcH

e0w ppftpdk;&onf if;wdk@ay;cJhaomuwd/ if;wdk@jyXmef;cJhaom Oya'

trde@f rsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; csK;d azguu f m 1993 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd

usif;ycJhonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcH.OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfudk csrSwfcJh&m trSwf (4)
OD; wnfcsufjzpfaom w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ nDr#r_wnf;[laom avmuygv
w&m; xGe;f um;a&;OD;wnfcsuo f nf vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfv;Hk u jrwfE;kd vdv k m;aom
OD;wnfcsufjzpfonf? odk@aomf xdktcsufudkyif OD;wnfcsuftrSwf (6) u t[ef@
twm; ðyaejyefonf? ta=umif;rSm avmuygvw&m;xGef;um;zdk@qdkonfrSm
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yum v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh jynfolwdk@u a&G;aumuf
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tD&wfjynfolawGudk &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGmtkyfcsKyfjcif;/ vlawGtpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf
owfjzwfjcif; pwmawGudk usL;vGefcJhw,fvdk@ pGyfpGJvmcJhygw,f?
jynfya&muf tD&wfjynfolrsm;/ u'fpf vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifh
ta&;tzGJ@wdk@u vludktpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfr_
usL;vGefr_twGuf qwf'rf[lpdefukd w&m;pGJEdkifrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf 0rf;omaeykH&
onf?

rnfonfhw&m;&kH;rSmw&m;pD&ifrvJ
EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH; (International Criminal Court) rSm
w&m;pGJEdkifrvm;qdkonfudk pOf;pm;=uonf? EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH;udk 2002
ckEpS f {+yDv (11) &ufae@wiG f twnfðyzG@J pnf;cJo h nf? TEdik if w
H um &mZ0wfw&m;
&k;H u urBmjh ypfrt _ jzpf owfrw S o
f nfh vltpkvu kd tf òyHvu
kd o
f wfjzwfr/_ vlrsK;d oef@pif
onft h aejzifh usL;vGerf E_ iS hf vlom;rsK;d EG,t f ay:usL;vGerf p_ onfh tr_rsm;udk w&m;
pD&ifrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tw&m;&kH;u 2002 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (1) &ufae@
aemufydkif;rS usL;vGefr_rsm;udkom w&m;pD&if&rnfjzpfonf?
EdkifiHwumw&m;&kH; oabmwlnDcsufwGif tD&wfESifhtar&duefjynf
axmifpkEdkifiHwdk@onf oabmwl vufrSwfxkd;xm;jcif;r&Sdyg?
EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfw&m;&kH; (International Criminal Court) wGif
tr_ppfaq;Edik &f efrmS vnf; w&m;pGEJ ikd af vmufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;
vkt d yfO;D rnf[k vl@tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;aqmif&Gufol a&S@aersm;u qdkygonf? vGefcJh
aom (12) ESpfausmfu "gwkvufeufrsm;okH;I u'fpf aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd t&yfom;rsm;
tm; tpkvu kd t f òyHvukd af oap&ef trde@f ay;cJjh cif;tay: w&m;pGq J Ekd ikd af prnfh tajccH
rsm;&So d nf[v k nf; tqdyk g yk*K~ v d rf sm;uqdo k nf?
tar&dueftkyfcsKyfa&;. }uD;=uyfra_ tmufwGif&Sdaom tD&wftkyfcsKyfa&;
aumifpu D vnf; qwf'rf[pl ed Ef iS hf if;. tpd;k &tzG@J rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef ppf&mZ0wfc&Hk ;Hk
udk qwf'rf[lpdef rzrf;rD&ufydkif;tvdkurS zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf?
od@k aomf &k;H zGi&hf ef taqmuftOD;r&Sad o;jcif;/ aiGa=u;rvkaH vmufao;jcif;/
0efxrf;rsm;r&Sad o;jcif;/ w&m;ol}uD;ESihf vkòH cH a&;0efxrf;rsm;rcef@Eikd af o;jcif;a=umifh
qwf'rf[pl ed . f tr_ukd b,fawmh ppfaq;Edik rf nfukd rcef@reS ;f Edik af o;a=umif; tD&wf
tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;u qdkonf? tD&wfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;
tjym;url jynfwGif;Yom tr_udkppfaq;apvdk=uonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHjcm;om;tkyf
csKyfr_atmufu vGwf+yD;rSom tr_udkppfaq;oifha=umif; oabmxm;&Sd=uonf?
qwf'rf[lpdef.orD;rsm;jzpf=uaom &uf*wfqwf'rfESifh &mem qwf'rfwdk@url
if;wd@k .zciftr_ukd w&m;r#wpGmtjynf jynfqikd &f m&k;H wGif ppfoifo h nf[q k okd nf?
oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;
tar&dueforRw a*smh'AvsLbk&Sfurl qwf'rf[lpdeftm; ao'%ftjypf
ay;apvdkykHaygufonf? +Adwdo#taeESifhrl orRw bk&SfESifh uGJvJGaom oabmxm;&Sd
onf? +Adwo d #0ef}uD;csKyf wdek AD vJurl xlaxmifc+hJ yD;aom txl;w&m;&k;H rSm tD&wf
wdk@. vufxJwGifom&Sdoifha=umif;/ if;wdk@omv#if tqkH;tjzwfay;oifhonf[l
aom ta&;}uD;onfrh w l &yf xm;&So d ifah =umif; if;.oabmxm;udk wifjycJo h nf?
ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkzDtmeefu w&m;&kH;tm;vkH;

u|eaf wmfw@kd wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ [mawGrmS ao'%f rygb;l ? xdak =umifh ukvor*~

taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;taejzifh qwf'rf[lped f ao'%f csrw S jf cif;udk axmufcrH mS
r[kwfbl; [kajym=um;onf?
qwf'rf[pl ed . f orD;rsm;url jynfwiG ;f w&m;&k;H onf tar&duefvr$ ;f rd;k r_&dS
I xdk&kH;wGif ppfaq;ygu w&m;r#wr_r&SdEdkif[k ,lqonf?
a*smf ' ef E d k i f i H & S d a &S @ aersm;url qwf ' rf [ l p d e f b uf r S a &S @ aevd k u f & ef
toif;w&yfzGJ@pnf;xm;a=umif;/ xdktoif;wGif tcrJha&S@ae vdkufay;&ef pm&if;ay;
xm;ol a&S@ae (600) &Sdae+yDjzpfa=umif; a*smf'efwdkif;(rf;) owif;pmu qdkonf?
vuf&SdumvwGif quf'rfukd umuG,fay;rnfh a&S@ae wpfaxmifeD;yg;r# &Sdae+yD[k
vnf; qkd=uonf? xkdtxJwGif tar&duef a&S@aecsKyfa[mif; Ramsay Clark
vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
rnfonfh&mZ0wfr_jzifhw&m;pGJrvJ
rnfonfw h &m;&k;H wGijf zpfap qwf'rf[pl ed u f kd w&m;pGrJ nfqvkd #if yxrqk;H
if;usL;vGefcJhaom&mZ0wfr_rsm;. taxmuftxm;rsm; t&ifpkaqmif;&rnfjzpf
onf? jynfya&muf tD&wfvrl sK;d rsm;/ u'fpf tkypf Ek iS hf Edik if w H &mvl@tcGit hf a&;tzG@J w@kd
. pkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_ESifh tjcm;
&mZ0wfra_ wG usL;vGecf rhJ t _ ay: qwf'rf [lped w f iG f wm0ef&adS =umif;jzifh w&m;pGEJ ikd f
&ef qEN&Sd=uonf?
1991 ckEpS w f iG f ul0wd u f kd odr;f ydu
k rf /_ tD&wfjynfot l ay: usL;vGecf o
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&Gmrsm;udkzsufqD;r_/ 1988 ckESpfwGif [mvmyf*smudk tqdwfaiG@jzifh wdkufcdkufr_
twGuf w&m;&ifqdkif&Edkifa=umif; cef@rSef;ajymqdkae=uonf?
qwf'rf[lpdef. usL;vGefwJhjypfr_awGtwGuf ol. bmwfygwD tm%m&
vmwJhae@ 1968 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 17 &ufae@rSp+yD; 2003 ckESpf arv (1) &ufae@/
tar&dueforRw a*smh'AvsLbk&Sf. t"duwdkufyGJ ukefqkH;a=umif; a=ujimwJhae@
txd tusLH;0ifrnfjzpfa=umif; vuf&SdtD&wftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD OuUX Abdel-
Aziz Al-Hakim u 2003 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (14) &ufae@wiG f ajym=um;oGm;onf?
yxr yifv,fauG@ppfyGJt+yD; WMD udpPESifhywfoufI UN vufeuf
ppfaq;a&;aumifr&Sifu tD&wfudkppfaq;cJhaomfvnf; WMD ESifhywfoufI
rnfonfh ta=umif;wpkHw&mrS qkH;jzwfEdkifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhay?
qwf'rf[lpdefudk zrf;qD;rd+yD;aemuf y%mr ar;jref;ppfaq;r_vkyf&mwGif
tD&wfwiG f vltpkvu kd f tòyv H ukd af oapEdik af om vufeufr&Sad =umif;/ tar&duefu
tD&wfuw kd ukd cf siv
f @kd &r,f&mS jcif;omjzpfa=umif; xGuq f okd nf? ukvor*~ vufeuf
ppfaq;a&;tzG@J ukd bma=umifh tomw=unf vufeufppfaq;cGirhf ðyovJ[k ar;&m

qwf'rf[lpdefu orRwESifhqdkifaom t0ef;t0dkif;eJ@ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpP&yfudk

pGufzufvmwmrsKd;udk rvdkcsifI cGifhrðyjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap tm%m&Sifwa,muf[k emrnfqdk;eJ@emrnf}uD;cJhonfh
qwf'rf[lpdeftaejzifh r=umcif w&m;&ifqdkif& awmhrnfjzpfonf?
ok@d aomf yxrOD;pGm qwf'rf[pl ed u f dk w&m;pGq
J Edk ikd af prnfh Oya' rlpnf;rsO;f
rsm;r&Sv d #iu f m; tcs;D ES;D yif? tok;H ðyrnfh Oya'pHrsm;um; rnfonfrsm;enf;? qwf'rf
[lped f tjypf&adS =umif; txift&Sm; rjyoEdik rf jcif; oltjypfuif;pifonf[k ,lqrnf
avm? okd@r[kwf ol@rSmtjypf&Sdonf[k,lq+yD; tjypfr&Sda=umif; oufaojy&ef vkd
tyfrnfavm? b,fOya't& w&m;pGrJ nfenf;? tr_udk b,fvw dk nfaqmuf=urnf
enf;? ppfyt JG wGi;f u xdcu kd af oa=ucJ&h wJh t&yfom;rsm;twGu/f tysut f pD; tqk;H
t&_ H ; rsm;twG u f b,f v d k O ya'awG u d k o k H ; +yD ; b,f a vmuf w &m;r#wr_ & S d p G m
a&S@qufaqmif&Guf=urvJqdkonfudk apmifh=unfhavhvm=u&rSmjzpfygonf?

ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf&m
tumtuG,rf ahJ eonfth -urf;zufcH jrefrmhtrsdK;orD;rsm;

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trsKd;orD;t=urf;zufcH&r_rsm; xlajymaeaom usrwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;

trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufru _ muG,af &;ESihf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;tzG@J &Sad e+y[ D k
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xdktzGJ@tpnf;. trnfESifh wm0efrsm;um; =um;I/ em;axmifI aumif;yg
onf? ok@d aomf xkt d zG@J tpnf;. aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;ESihf ywfoufIrl rnfonfh owif;
pm/ rnfonfh *sme,f/ rnfonfh r*~Zif;/ rnfonfh tpD&ifcpH m ponfrsm;Y rawG@&yg?
xkdokd@rawG@&ovkd xif&Sm;onfh trsdK;orD;t=urf;zufcH&r_ (2) r_wGif trsKd;orD;
t=urf;zufcH&r_ umuG,fay;a&;tzGJ@u rnfodk@r# tultnDray;EdkifcJhonfum;
xif&mS ;ygonf/ od@k qv kd #if trSewf u,fbJ jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;xk ,H=k unftm;ud;k tm;
xm;Edik yf g.avm/ trsK;d orD;rsm;t=ur;fzufr_ jzpfvmygu/ jzpfymG ;cJyh gu/ xdt k zG@J u
rnfo@kd aomtultnDrsm;/ tumtuG,rf sm;ay;yg.avm/ pOf;pm;bG,&f mjzpfvm
ygonf?
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OD;pHeufausmrf mS zsmykòH rd@e,f a';'vlaus;&Gmtkypf &k yfuu G f at;csr;f om,m
a&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpD OuUX jzpf.? touf (15) yif rjynfw h wfao;aomrprf;prf;
at; ESifh rat;rdpH qkdaom rdef;cav; 2 OD;ukd rk'def;usifhcJhaomfvnf; OD;pHeufausmf
rSm ta&;,l cH&jcif;r&So d nfjh yif/ rde;f cav;i,fEpS Of ;D tm; jynfo@l 0efxrf;tm; aESmuf

,Suo f nfqu kd m (21§10§2003)ae@wiG f zsmyHòk r@d e,f w&m;±k;H u axmif'%fav;ESpf

uscHap&ef/ trdef@csrSwfcJhonf?
tr_rmS (25§11§2002) ae@n 8 em&Dcef@wiG f rprf;prf;at;ESihf rat;rdpw H @kd
tm; a&vkyif ef;&Sif OD;aomif;at;ESihf &yfuu G v f }l u;D OD;0if;jrifw h @kd u ±k;H wHqyd q
f ifph mESihf
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h nf? OD;pHeufausmu f rprf;prf;at;ESihf rat;rdpH
wd@k tm; tdrt f ay:xyfwiG f oef@&iS ;f a&;vkycf ikd ;f onf? tdy, f mcif;cdik ;f onf? tESyd cf ikd ;f
onf? xdak e@ n (12) em&Dcef@wiG f OD;pHeufausmu f rprf;prf;at;tm; t"rRðyusi+hf yD;
reuf (4) em&DavmufwGif rat;rdpHtm; t"rRðyusifh jyefygonf?
aemufw&uf (26§11§2002) ae@wGif rk'drf;usifhcH&aom rdef;cav;i,f
(2)OD;u zsmykòH rd@e,f usKu H 'Ge;f &Jpcef;wGif tr_ziG hf wdik =f um;cJo h nf? tr_ziG hf wdik =f um;cH
&olonf &,u OuUX jzpfaeI[kqu dk m wdik =f um;csuu f dk ,m,Dpm&Guaf y:wGio f m
a&;rSwx f m;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif &Jpcef;u OD;aomif;at;ESihf OD;0if;jrifw h @kd tm;ac:,lppfaq;
cJhonf? tr_udk Oya'ESifhtnD vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufjcif;rðycJhyg?
xdk@twGuf rprf;prf;at;ESifh rat;rdpHwdk@u r,u/ c,u tm%mydkifxHodk@ quf
vufwdkif=um;&m (12§12§2002) ae@&ufwGif ckHzGJ@ppfaq;cJhonf[k qdkonf? xdk@
aemuf/ (19§ 12§ 2002) ae@wGif usKHu'Gef;&Jpcef;rS jypfr_qdkif&mOya' yk'fr 376§
511 t& &Jpcef;tr_trSwf y§586 jzifh tr_vufczH iG ahf y;cJo h nf[q k o
kd nf? od@k aomf
w&m;cH OD;pHeufausmftm; zrf;qD;jcif;rðycJhyg?
qufvufI &Jpcef;rS tr_u±kd ;Hk wifppfaq;&rnft h pm; c±kid Of ya'&k;H od@k t}uH
ðycsufawmif;cHcJh/ rk'drf;r_udk (22§12§2002) ae@wGif c±kdifOya't&m&Sd OD;[H+idrf;.
n$e=f um;csut f & tr_yw d o f rd ;f &ef om;r,m;ðyusirhf _ ray:vGio f jzifh uav;rESpOf ;D
tm; Oya'w&yf&yfjzifh ta&;,l&ef pmtrSwf 14(i) (3) 1§152 jzifhf usKHu'Gef; &J
pcef;odk@ nGef=um;cJhojzifh &Jpcef;u tr_ydwfcJhonf? wzef &Jpcef;u w&m;±kH;okd@OD;
wdu k af v#mufxm;cJ&h m yk'rf (182)1 yk'rf (388)2 t& rprf;prf;at;ESihf rat;rdpw H @kd
tm; w&m;pGcJ o hJ nf? rde;f cav; (2) OD;u OD;[H+idr;f xHomG ;a&mufppHk rf;&m wdik ;f Oya'
wm0efc. H nGe=f um;csut f & aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpfa=umif; OD;[H+ird ;f uajymonf? ok@d jzpf
I tr_ydwfodrf;jcif;tm; rauseyfaoma=umifh jyefvnfzGifhay;&ef rprf;prf;at;ESifh
rat;rdpHwdk@u 2003 ckESpf rwfv (6) &ufae@wGif AkdvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
cifnGef@/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ a&S@aecsKyf/ wdkif;rSL;/ wdkif;Oya'wm0efcHESifh twGif;a&;rSL;
(jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD) wdk@xHodk@ wifjywdkif=um;pmrsm;
ay;yd@k co
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jcif;r&Sdyg?
20§ 10§ 2003 ae@wiG f zsmykòH rd@e,f w&m;±k;H rSòrd@e,fw&m;ol}uD;OD;jrifah qGu
rprf;prf;at;ESifh rat;rdpHwdk@tm; tvkyfESifh axmif'%f (4)ESpf csrSwftjypfay;cJh
onf? xdo k @kd oufqikd &f mtm%mydik rf sm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m trsK;d orD;a&;&m

aumfrwDw@kd rS pkpH rf;ppfaq;r_rðyonft

h ay: tm;ðyum xdo
k @kd aomtrde@f csrw
S v
f u
kd yf Hk
&onf?
xdktr_ESifhywfoufIokH;oyf&v#if
(1) w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf rk'drf;r_udk tcsdefrqdkif;

aqmif&GufEdkifrSom tr_rSefay:aprnf? rk'drf;r_jzpfonfh 26§11§2002
ae@ wGif&Jpcef;wGif wdkifcsufzGifhcJhonf? &Jpcef;rS w&m;Oya'vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;t& qufvufaqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdcJhyg? rk'drf;r_wGif pGyfpGJcH&ol
OD;pHeufausmfonf &,u OuUX jzpfaeI &Jpcef;rS ,m,Dpm&Gufjzifh
oma&;om;cJjh cif;u vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rrSeyf g? FIR (ac: )tr_ziG yhf pHk aH y:wGif
Oya' vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;t& a&;om;um wdik cf suu f kd &,l&rnf? oufaocH
Oya't& prf;prf;at;ESifh rat;rdpHwdk@. tcif;jzpfpOfu vkHcsnfudkodrf;
qnf;+yD; okw&f nfy;kd &Srd &Sd "gwak A'Xmeod@k ryd@k cjhJ cif;ponfw h @kd vnf; Oya'
vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;ESihf rnDyg?
(2) aq;&kHwGifaq;ppfcJhaomfvnf; q&m0efaq;pmtm; oufaocHwifjycGifh
r&cJhyg?
(3) tr_cif;jzpf (26§11§2002)ae@ wdkifwef;cJhaomfvnf; &Jpcef;rStr_udk
ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif;r&S/d c,uESihf r,u tm%mydik w f @kd xH wdik =f um;cJh
&m (12§12§2002) ae@wiG f ck±H ;Hk zG@J ppfcjhJ cif;rSmvnf;Oya'a=umif;ESirhf nDyg?
(4) (19§12§2002) ckEpS w f iG f ckt H zG@J u jypfrq
_ ikd &f mOya'yk'rf 376§511 t&
&Jpcef;wGiftr_zGifhapcJhonf? &Jpcef;u tr_zGifh ±kH;wif&efjzpfaomfvnf;
c±kdif Oya'±kH;odk@ ar;jref;t}uHawmif;cJhonf? c±kdifOya't&m&Sdu tr_udk
ydwf odrf;&ef n$ef=um;cJhonfrSm &Jpcef;a&m/ c±kdifOya't&m&Sdwdk@yg
Oya'udk rxDrJhjrifðy&ma&mufonf?
wzef&pJ cef;u jypfrq _ ikd &f mOya'yk'rf 182 ESihf yk'rf 388 t& xdrk ed ;f cav;
(2) OD;tm; zsmykòH r@d e,f w&m;±k;H od@k tr_pcJG yhJ gonf? òr@d e,fw&m;±k;H u xdt k r_
udk ppfaq;+yD; rdef;cav; (2) OD;tm; axmif'%f (4) ESpfpD csrSwfcJhonf?
(5) jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr 388 t& w&m;±kH;odk@ OD;wdkufav#muf&rnfholrSm
&Jpcef;rS w&m;vdktjzpf av#muf&rnfr[kwfay/ OD;wdkufav#mufr_rSm
&Jta&;,lydkifcGifhr&Sdaom tr_jzpfaoma=umifh OD;pHeufausmfudk,fwdkifu
w&m;vdkðy av#muf&rnfjzpfygonf?
(6) rdef;uav; (2) OD;tm; qifhpmESifhtwl OD;aomif;at;ESifh OD;0if;jrifhwdk@u
OD;pHeufausmftdrfodk@ ay;ydk@cJhjcif;jzpfI OD;pHeufausmftm; rdef;cav; (2)
OD;u +cdrf;ajcmufaiGnpf&ef }uHpnfcsuf&SdonfqdkonfrSm ,kwWdrwefyg?

(7) w&m;±kH;taejzifhvnf; Ttr_udpPESifhqufpyfaeaom rk'drf;r_wdkifcsufudk

Oya'a=umif;t& ppfaq;r_&§dS r&St d ay: pkpH rf;r_rðybJ/ ,QKpGx J m;aom yk'rf
182 ESihf 388 tm; &Jta&;,lyikd cf iG rhf &Sad om OD;wdu k af v#mufru _ ckd srw
S o
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jypf'%fonf av#mfuefoifhjrwfr_r&Sdonfh pD&ifcsuftrdef@jzpfonf?
tay:ompl ; pd k u f c g jypf ' %f c srS w f c J h j cif ; onf v nf ; wbuf o m;ud k
}uD;rm;aom epfemr_jzpfaponfjh yif w&m;±k;H . bufvu kd rf u _ kd ay:vGiaf p
onf?
(8) rprf;prf;at;ESifh rat;rdpHwdk@taejzifh trSefyif rk'drf;usifhjcif;rcH&ygrl
tr_ukd jyefvnfziG ahf y;&ef tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m trsK;d
orD;a&;&maumfrwDodk@ wdkif=um;ay;ydk@&ef pdwful;&J=urnfr[kwfyg?
tu,fI tr_udk Oya'a=umif;t& ppfaq;r_ðycJhv#if tr_rSefay:rnfpdk;I

tr_rSefray:aygufap&ef epfemolrsm;tm; axmifoGif;vdkufjcif;jzifh tr_rSefyaysmuf
atmif aqmif & G u f v d k u f j cif ; jzpf [ ef w l o nf ? xd k @ tjyif t rsKd ; orD ; rsm;tm;
tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh tm%mydkiftvdkusrsm;. t=urf;zufðyusifhcH&ygu qdyfqdyfae/
wdkif=um;&if t&Suf&,kHru udk,fygaxmifusoGm;Edkifa=umif; trsKd;orD;xkudk &Suf
a=umufoGm;ap&ef ykHpHay;vdkufonfh oabmrsKd;vnf;jzpf[efwlonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
&efuek òf rd@EiS ehf ;D uyfaom {&m0wDwikd ;f zsmykòH rd@e,ftwGi;f &Sd rde;f cav;rsm;tm;t=urf;
zuf rk'drf;ðyusifhr_udk jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfrwDodk@ wdkif=um;
today;cJhaomfvnf; xdkaumfrwDrS rnfodk@r# ta&;,l aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhv#if
&efuek òf rd@}uD;ESihf tvSr;f uGma0;aom jynfe,fa'orsm;ESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;Y jzpfymG ;
aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf t"rRðyusifhr_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD taeESifh vkH;0aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;&Sdrnf r[kwfa=umif;rSm
xif&Sm;onf? wyfrawmfom;rsm;. rk'drf;usifhr_cHcJh&aom &Srf;trsKd;orD; (600)
ausmf (Lisence to Rape tpD&ifcHpm) wdk@ESifhywfoufI udk,fhxdkufESifhudk,fuH
cH=uayawmh[k jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfrwDu ajymrnfavm?
(2) 'DyJ,if;t=urf;zufr_
2003 ckESpf arv (30) &ufae@u 'DyJ,if;teD;jzpfyGm;aom t=urf;zuf
owfjzwfr_}uD;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;vnf; t=urf;zufcH&onf? tcif;jzpf+yD; (6)
vausmf =umcJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; t=urf;zufrw _ iG f yg0ifusL;vGeo f rl sm;udk tm%mydik f
wd@k u ta&;r,l vpfvsL&_xm;onf? t=urf;zufc&H olrsm; tdrjf yefvmygu tzrf;cH
&=ua=umif;/ od@k jzpfI tdro
f @kd ,KQ wdik f rjyef&o J rl sm;&Sad ea=umif; a'ocHrsm;uqdo k nf?
'Dy, J if;t=urf;zufc&H r_wiG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0if (300) yg&+dS yD;/ trsK;d
orD; (34) OD;yg0ifonf? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if trsK;d orD;wOD;aoqk;H +y;D

xdtk zG@J rS (17) OD; aysmufq;Hk aea=umif; od&&dS onf? xdt k zG@J ryS ifa':atmifqef;pk=unf
tygt0if trsK;d orD; (16) OD; tzrf;cHchJ &onf? xdx k rJ t S rsK;d orD; (8) OD; jyefvw $ af y;cJh
onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vma&mufóudqdkolrsm;xJu trsKd;orD;rnfr#
t=urf;zufcH&onfudk rcef@rSef;Edkifyg? useftrsKd;orD;rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u
bma=umifzh rf;qD;&a=umif;/ trsK;d orD;a&;&maumfrwDu ar;jref;r_r&Syd g? aysmufq;Hk
oltrsKd;orD;rsm; aoonf&Sifonfudkvnf; pkHprf;r_rðycJhyg?
axmifESifhcsDaom t=urf;zuform;rsm;. t=urf;zufcH&olrsm;xJrS
'%f&mESifhvGwfajrmufvmol a':nGef@nGef@awG@óuH&aom jrifuGif;udk ajymjy&mwGif
'Dy,J if;t=urf;zufrr_ mS pepfwus óudwif}uHpnfxm;aom t=urf;zufowfjzwfr_
jzpfa=umif;/ olrtm;&ku d Ef u
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=uKwfaom pum;vk;H rsm;jzifh qJq}kd udr;f armif;a=umif;/trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
0if trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufolrsm;u yifeDawmfawmfóuduf=uwJh aumifr
awGqdk+yD; qJqdk±kdufESufa=umif; tusôqGJc|wf=ua=umif;/ qGJóud;ðzwfvka=umif;/
ydkufqHtdwfvk,ufa=umif;/ 25-50 ayavmufus,faom v,fuGif;rsm;xJwGif
vlawGwkH;vkH;yufvufvJae+yD; +iD;jiLwJhvlawG&Sdovdk toHrxGufEdkifawmhonfh
vlrsm;udkvnf;awG@&a=umif;/ um;rD;ESifhxdk;xm;+yD;rS vlawGudk&dkufESufjcif;jzpf
onfhtwGuf ±kdufuGif;/ ±dkufcsufrsm;udk aumif;pGmjrif&a=umif; a':nGef@nGef@u
'DyJ,if;tr_ pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@tm; ajymcJhonf?
'DyJ,if;t=urf;zufr_tay:okH;oyfcsuf
(1) óudwif}uH&G,fcsufjzifh usL;vGefaomjypfr_}uD;jzpfonf?

(2) jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;u 'Dy&J if;t=urf;zufru _ ókd udwifojd rifygvsuf wm;jrpf
&efwm0ef&Sdaomfvnf; xdkwm0efudkysufuGuf±kHru tm;ay;ulnDr_rsm;
vnf; ðyvkyfcJhonfjzpfI jypfr_qdkif&mOya' yk'fr 119 t& jypfr_ajrmufyg
onf?
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jcif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tjyif;txefemusiaf pr_ &mZ0wfruif;aom tEdik f
txufðyvkyfr_/ vufa&mufr_/ "g;jrr_udk usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf?
(4) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; qJq}kd udr;f armif;/ +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;/ tremy ajymqdrk u _ kd
usL;vGefonf?
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um;onf?
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tm; azsmufzsufr_/ rw&m;wm;qD;uef@uGufr_/ rw&m;csKyfaESmifxm;r_/

&mZ0wfruif;aom tEdkiftxufðyr_ponfwdk@ usL;vGefcJh=uonf?
'Dy,J if;t=urf;zufowfjzwfr}_ uD;jzpfymG ;+yD; (6) vausm=f umcJah omfvnf;

jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD taejzifh xdkt=urf;zufcH&r_wGif
yg0ifaom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI qdwf+idrfaecJhonf?
'Dy,
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jzpfaeonfhtwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm; t=urf;zufcH&r_ESifhywfouf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;
qdik &f mtrsK;d orD;a&;&maumfrwD. trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufrr_ S umuG,af &;
ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;tzGJ@rSvnf; udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&ef vuf&GH@aeykH&onf?
jrefrmEdik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f mtrsK;d orD;a&;&maumfrwDtaejzifh TuJo h @kd q;kd qd;k 0g;
0g;t=urf;zufowfjzwfr_tay: wpkHw&m pkHprf; az:xkwfjcif;/ jynfolwdk@tm;
today;jcif;/ trsKd;orD;xkbufrS tumtuG,fay;jcif;rsm; rðyvkyfEdkifcJhv#if
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwDtaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ if;.vuf
atmufcHtzGJ@jzpfaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_umuG,fa&;ESifh jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;tzG@J taejzifv h nf;aumif;/ if;wd@k .&yfwnfcsurf sm;/OD;wnfcsurf sm;ESihf
vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm t"dy`g,fuif;rJhIaeayawmhrnf? TtzGJ@onf wckwnf;aom
jrefrmEdik if wH iG ;f &Sd trsK;d orD;tzG@J }uD;jzpfI trsK;d orD;rsm; Tr#q;kd &Gm;pGm t=urf;zuf
r_cHae&jcif;udk tumtuG,fray;Edkifygu aqmif&Gufay;EdkifaomvGwfvyfonfh
trsK;d orD;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;cGiahf y;oifyh gonf? qDa'gpmcsKyftzG@J 0if trsK;d orD;tzG@J rsm;
uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vGwfvyfaom trsKd;orD;tzGJ@ zGJ@cGifh&a&;twGuf wdkuf
wGe;f oifyh gonf? xk@d tjyif vGwv f yfaomjrefrmtrsK;d orD;tzJ@G rsm;rzG@J Eikd /f ray:ayguf
vmEdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
(Monopoly) xm;r_tm; uef@uGufoifhyga=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf?
atmufajcrSwfpk
(1) jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' 182 t& rrSefruef owif;ay;+yD; jynfol@0efxrf;tm; Oya't&
tm%mudktokH;ðyoltm; axmif (6) v txdjzpfap/ '%faiG jzpfap/ ESpf&yfpvkH;jzpfap
csrSwfEdkifonf[k qdkxm;onf?
(2) jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr 388 t& ao'%f/ woufwu|ef;'%frSpI jypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;

cH x d k u f a om jypf r _ r sKd ; eS i f h p G y f p G J r nf [ k +cd r f ; ajcmuf I ajcmuf v S e f @ awmif ; ,l r _ u d k
usL;vGefv#ifxdkoltm; q,fESpfxd axmif'%f wrsKd;rsKd;csrSwf&rnfhjyif aiG'%fvnf;
csrSwfEdkifonf[kqdkxm;ygonf?

ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf&m
ar (30) 'Dy,J if;vky-f uHr}+ uD;.aemufu,G jf zpf&yfrsm;ESihf

w&m;r#wr+
rif;vGiOf ;D
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vkyf=uHr_}uD;onf jrefrmjynfw0Srf;&Sd wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; ppftkyfpktaejzifh
tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf bmrqdv k yk &f ef tqifoif&h adS =umif; twdtvif; az: jy
+crd ;f ajcmufvu kd jf cif;yifjzpfonf? ucsijf ynfe,fc&D;pOfwav#mufwiG f a':atmifqef;
pk=unfEiS hf trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udk axmufct H m;ay;cJo h nfo h rl sm;/
trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jyI zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f
cJah vonf? vlwa,muftm;w&m;±H;k .cGijhf yKcsurf &bJ (24) em&D xufyrkd I kd zrf;qD;
xm;jcif;rjyK&qdo k nfh jypfrq _ ikd &f musix hf ;kH Oya'onf wyfrawmfaxmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf
vHk;0roufqdkif xifovdkvkyfydkifcGifhukdvnf; if;wdk@u&&Sdxm;jyefonf?
ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOftwGif;jrpf=uD;em;+rdK@odk@a&muf&SdpOf a':atmifqef;pk
=unftm; {nfch }H uKd qdw k nf;cdck iG jhf yKcJo
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aqmif&Gufay;cJhonfhOD;r&efabmufvSwdk@tygt0if a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
axmufcHoltcsKd@onf 'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHr_}uD;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuff ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;.
pDpOfn$ef=um;r_a=umifhom zrf;qD;cH&jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOf
wav#mufqef@usiq f ENjyaESmif, h u S =f uonfh =uH@z@HG tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf =uH@z@HG rS ae@pm;crsm;
ay;I a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udk qef@usif
olrsm;/ qENjyaESmif, h uS o f rl sm;udrk l zrf;qD;jcif;/ tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif; wpHw k &mudrk #
,ae@wdkifrjyKvkyfcJhay?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; arv

(29) &ufae@nwGirf &kH mG +rdK@o@kd a&muf&cdS &hJ m rH&k mG +rdK@wiG f trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf±;kH
qdkif;bkwfwifyGJudkusif;ycJhonf? xdkodk@qdkif;bkwfwifonfudkta=umif;jyKI
rH&k mG +rdK@e,f tzG@J csKyf Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzG@J 0ifwOD;jzpfol OD;apmxGe;f tm; jypfr_
qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (505) (c) t& axmif'%f(2)ESpfuscHap&ef rHk&Gm+rdK@e,fw&m;±Hk;rS
jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhonf? 1
jypf r _ q d k i f & mOya'yk ' f r 505 rnf o l r qd k / az: jycsuf u d k j zpf a p/
aumvm[vud k jzpf a p/ owif ; ud k j zpf a pðy&mwG i f / od k @ wnf ; r[k w f
xkwfjyefausnm&mwGif/ odk@wnf; r[kwf jzef@csD&mwGif-
(c) Edik if aH wmftpd;k &udjk zpfap/ Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfa&;udjk zpfap/ xdcu
kd of nfjh ypfru
_ kd
wOD;wa,mufaomol usL;vGecf siv f matmiftrsm;jynfou l akd omfvnf;
if; trsm;jynfol.oD;jcm;vlpkudkaomfif; a=umufjcif;/ xdwfvef@jcif;
wckckjzpfap&eft=uH&Sdv#if (odk@wnf;r[kwf) xdkodk@jzpfapwef&monfh
ta=umif;&Sv d #if xdo k ul kd (2) ESpx f d axmif'%f wrsKd ;rsK;d jzpfap/aiG'%fjzpf
ap/ '%f(2)&yfpvHk;jzpfap csrSwf&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;onf?
,cktr_wGif OD;apmxGef;onf 29-5-2003 &ufae@wGif rHk&Gmòrd@ csrf;jrom

pnf&yfuu G /f ompnfvrf;&S/d trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf±;kH wGif qdik ;f bkww f if+yD;/
,if;ae@ nrSmyif if;wdk@±Hk;a&S@Y vrf;ydwfqdk@r_jzpfatmifvlrsm;pka0;I EdkifiHawmf
+idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk xdcu kd af ponfh jypfru _ kd jynforl sm; usL;vGecf siv f matmif aqmif
&Gucf o hJ nfqo kd nfh ta=umif;jycsurf sm;jzifh 'k&t J yk af Zmfrif;rS w&m;vdjk yKvkyI f rH&k mG
+rdK@/ trSwf (1) &Jpcef;.&Jta&;rydik rf t _ rSwpf Of 40§2003 t& wdik w f ef; w&m;pGq J kd
&mrS ay:aygufvmonfh tr_jzpfonf?
vdjk y (1) &Jtyk af Zmfrif;u wdik cf sut f m; oufaocH (u) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzGJ@csKyfrS w&m;r0ifwifcJhonfh qdkif;bkwftm; oufaocH (c) tjzpfwifoGif;I
wdkifcsufygtwdkif;xGufqdkcJhonf? c±dkifygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufa&;
aumfrwDOuUXjzpfol vdkjy (2) OD;csKdxGef;uvnf; cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHjcif;r&SdbJ
qdik ;f bkww f ifcahJ =umif;/ xdo k @kd qikd ;f bkwwf if+yD; trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J rS vlpv k al 0;
jzifah [majymjcif;/ vrf;ydwq f @kd jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf ahJ =umif;/ if;ae&mwGif &kw&f w k o f o J J
tkwaf tmfaomif;eif;ESihf qlyt l ºkH uaG eonft h aetxm;jzpfay:aea=umif;/ ,ckuo hJ @kd
ðyrlaqmif&u G cf suaf =umifh trsm;jynforl sm; xdwv f ef@jcif;/ a=umuf&@G jH cif;/ pd;k &drjf cif;
rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; Edik if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk xdcu kd af ponfjh ypfru _ kd usL;vGecf siv f m
atmif v_@H aqmfaqmif&u G af eonfjh yKrlcsurf sm;jzpfa=umif;/ rH&k mG +rd@e,ff aumfr&Six f H

cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cH+yD;/ cGifhjyKcsufESifhrS qdkif;bkwfwif&ef ac:,lawG@qHkolrsm;xJwGif

trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS ±H;k a&S@w&m;cH OD;apmxGe;f vnf;yg&adS =umif;jzifh xGuq f ckd hJ
onf?
if;.xGucf suu f kd OD;rif;vGif (vdjk y - 3) rH&k mG +rdK@e,f aumfr&SiOf uUXrSaxmuf
cHv#uf 21 - 5 - 2003/ 25 - 5 - 2003/ 29 - 5 - 2003 &ufpGJyg trsdK;om;'Drdk
ua&pDtzG@J rS wufa&muforl sm;. vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;onfh rSww f rf; rdwLW rsm;tm;
rl&if;ESifh wdkufqdkif+yD; pmoufaocH (*) (* - 1) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ oufaocH
(C) (C - 1) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ pmoufaocH (i) (i - 1) tjzpfvnf;aumif;
28 - 5 - 2003 &ufpGJyg tpnf;ta0; rSwfwrf;tm; pmoufaocH (p) (p - 1)/
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(4) 1990 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJudk yg,fzsufxm;w,f? ppftm%m¶Sifpepf
oufq;kd ¶Snb f @kd trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:+yD; tjrwfxw k w f ,fv@kd a0zef=u
w,f?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H trsK;d om;!$e@f aygi;ftpd;k &u 'Dy, J if;vky}f uo H wfjzwfr_
}uD;t+yD; etz u trsKd;om;nDvmcHta[mif;udk jyefvnfaq;okwf+yD; a=u
jimvdu k x f m;um temay:aq;odyv f ukd o f vdjk zpfw,f? 1990 ckEpS f a¶G;aumuf
yGt
J Edik &f 'Djynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,af wGryg0ifwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
eJ@ tjcm;vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fryg0ifwJh yÉdoaE<udk t,Hkt=unfr¶dSa=umif;
a=ujimvdkufygonf?
rGeftrsKd;om;aumifpDuvnf; etz vrf;!$efajryHkudk vufrcHEdkifa=umif; a¶G;
aumufy&JG v'fyg,zf sux f m;w,f? etzu trsK;d om;nDvmcHac:cGirhf ¶daS =umif;
ppftpdk;&oufqdk;¶Snfbdk@omjzpfa=umif; toD;oD; axmufjyxm;=uw,f?
¶Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUXESihf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;ðy aumf
rwD0if OD;cGefxGef;OD;uvnf; etz.vrf;!$efajryHkrSm tcsdefuef@owfcsuf
rygb;l ? vky&f if;udik &f if; vdt k yfovdk jznfhpGufðyjyif=u? tcsdefqGJ=utHk;rSm jzpf
a=umif; 'DrygbeJ @J rjzpfEikd af =umif; vGwv f yfpmG aqG;aEG;cGiEhf iS hf ,cifu csrw S +f yD;
om; rlawGukd ðyjyifEikd rf o S m ¶Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftaeeJ@ trsK;d
om;nDvmcHukd wufEikd rf mS jzpfw,f? 'grrS [kw&f if tcsed u f ek , f jkH zpfv@kd wufrmS
r[kwfbl;vdkajymvdkufw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 1995 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (22) &ufae@ owif;pm ¶Sif;
vif;yGJrSm ,ckusif;y&wJh trsKd; om;nDvmcHudk jynfolvlxku raxmufcH
bl;? jynfolw&yfvHk;u wcJeufrJay;cJhwJh 1990 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJrSm tEdkif&
xm;wJh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf[m jynfov l x
l u k kd xdcu kd t f E &W m,f¶aSd prJh
trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk usrwdk@taeeJ@rwufa&mufbdk@ wm0ef¶dSw,f? e0wu
nDvmcHukd wufa&mufb@kd cef@tyfw,fqw kd ,f? nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wG[m
oufqikd &f m vlxv k w l ef;pm;udk ud, k pf m;ðywmr[kwb f ;l e0w ppftm%m¶Sif
tkyfpdk;r_udk w&m;0ifatmifvkyfwm jzpfw,fvdk@ a0zefaxmufjyw,f?
'ga=umifh etzu ppftpdk;&=um=umtkyfpdk;Edkifatmif trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
toHk;csaejcif;omjzpfw,fqdkwm xif¶Sm;aew,f?

1993 ckEpS u f pwifcw hJ t

hJ rsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS oD;jcm;zdw=f um;jcif;cH&olawG[m
vJ rqvygwD acgi;f aqmifa[mif;awGjzpfwhJ OD;xGe;f &ifapm (¶Sr;f ) OD;'l;&,ftm
,m; wdk@yg0ifaew,f?
1993 ckESpfrS 1996 ckESpftxd rl=urf;tcsufaygif; (104) csufyg¶dSw,f? wyfr
awmfv$wfawmf (2) &yfvHk;rSm (25µ) tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhqifhwdkif;rSm (25µ)
yg0if&rnfjzpfonf? orRwtjzpf a¶G;cs,yf ikd cf iG ¶hf o Sd [ l m (10)ESpf tenf;qH;k
wyfrawmfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifbl;ol jzpf&rnf? wyfrawmft}uD;tuJu
a¶G;cs,f+yD; cef@tyfolawGomjzpf&rnfponfhjzifh tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHrSm
wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifr_tydkif;rSm ae&m,l+yD;jzpfaew,f?
jynfolvlxku a¶G;cs,fwJholawGudk jynfolvlxkur}udKuf&if jyefac: Edkif
w,f? ta¶G;rcH&bJ wyfrawmft}uD;tuJu cef@tyfolawGudk b,folu
jyefac: Edik o f vJ (2) rsK;d pvH;k jynfo@l v$wfawmfrSmyg&rSmvm;´ ar;p&mawG
trsm;}uD;yg? txl;ojzifh ppfwdkufwufrS EdkifiHawmforRwjzpf&rnf? ppfa&;
tjrif¶dS&rnfvdk@ rl owfrSwfcsufyg¶dSjcif;a=umifh usrwdk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm EdkifiH
awmforRw&mxl;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfrsm;&mxl;&bdk@ vHk;0vrf;rjrifyg? tpPa&; 0ef}uD;
csKyf rpP*dk'gar&m/ rm*&ufoufcsmwdk@[m ppfAdkvfawG r[kwfjim;aomfvnf;
tm&yf tpPa&;ppfyGJ/ azmufbvefu|ef;ppfyGJawGrSm OD;aqmifcJholawG jzpfcJhyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh etzeJ@vrf;jyajyyHk yxrtqifhudkawmif vufrcHEdkifawmhrS
awmh tjcm;tqifhawGvnf; a&mufoGm;rSmr[kwfygbl;?
a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@u awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu J b kd J wpdu
k rf wfrwf awmif;
qdck whJ myg? tcktcsed rf mS awmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J 'Dacgi;f aqmifawG vGwf
vyf+yD; ¶Hk;awGvnf;jyefzGifh trsKd;om;nDvmcHrpcifrSm a':pkeJ@ etz ESpfOD;ESpf
buf aqG;aEG;oifhw,f? vlrsKd;pkrsm;taeeJ@vnf; a':pkeJ@ etz aqG;aEG;ygtHk;?
nDvmcHudk wufa&mufEdkifwJh tcif;tusif;awG&+yD;&if vlrsKd;pkawGuvnf;
oH;k yGiqhf ikd af qG;aEG;bd@k 'Drukd a&pDenf;t& yifvpkH w
d "f mwfe@J ud, k pf m;vS,af wGukd
vufeufpeG @f aphpyfaqG;aEG;bd@k awGukd 'DtawmtwGi;f enf;vrf;¶Sm+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD
yxrqdkwJ@twdkif; usifhoHk;=urSmyg?

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kd ,fw&m;&ifqikd &f ?
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f ikd ;f udk aus;u|ejf yKuJo h @kd
tjyKcH&+yD;wnfaqmufay;cJh&aom jrefrmEdkifiHrS&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tay: ppftpdk;&u
usL;vGecf o hJ nfh vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk rsuuf , G jf yKcJh onf[al om pGcJ sujf zifh
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif w&m;rpGJcsufESpfckudk &ifqdkifae&ygonf?
tydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sdaomw&m;pD&ifa&;. yxrtqifhwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS &Gmol&Gm
om; 15 a,mufwdk@. a&S@aersm;u avmhtdef*svfvd w&m;ol}uD;tm; ydkufvdkif;wGif
&if;ESD;jryfESHaomvufatmufcHrsm;xuf ukr`%Dudkom av#mfa=u;ay;&eftwGuf
w&m;pGJqdkcGifhjyK&ef pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;&rnfjzpfonf?
tu,f I txuf w ef ; w&m;±H k ; w&m;ol } uD ; Apf w d k ; &D ; ,m; umae;
(Victoria Chaney) u vufatmufcHukr`%Drsm;u ,lEdku,f. ESpfudk,fhwpfpdwf
uJhodk@ ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;wGif aqmif&GufcJhonf[k pD&ifcsufcsygu
w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@u wnfaqmufa&;vkyfpOfapmifh=ucJhaom ppfom;rsm;rS if;wdk@
ud,
k wf ikd f od@k r[kwf if;wd@k .rdom;pktzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ±du k Ef uS /f rk'rd ;f usi/hf ni;f yrf;ESyd pf uf/
owfjzwfcJhaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. wGufqdkcsufrsm;udk =um;emppfaq;rnfjzpfonf?
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;bufrS udk,fpm;jyKaom tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyforsm;
tcGifhta&;rsm; &HykHaiGtzGJ@ 'g±dkufwm w,f&D aumfvif;pa0ghof (Terry Colling-
sworth) u jrefrmppftpdk;&&J@ vkyfenf;vkyf[efawG[m vltrsm;od+yD;om;jzpf+yD;/

,lEdku,fvnf; olwdk@.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf xdkuJhodk@aom vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;

azmufr_rsm;udk aoaocsmcsm usL;vGefrnfudkod+yD; xdkpDrHudef;udk yl;wGJvkyfaqmifcJh
onf[kqdkygonf?
,lEdku,fukr`%D. a&S@ae 'JefeD,Jvf yufx±dkqJvD (Daniel Petrocelli)
u 1994 ckESpf owif;pmawG@qHkar;jref;cef;wckwGif w&m;vdkwOD;u a&S@aemufrnD
ajymqdkcJhonfudk azmfxkwf+yD; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;onf vkyf}uHzefwD;xm;onfh pGyfpGJr_ouf
oufomjzpfa=umif;jyovdkufjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkum tr_. taxmuftxm;ckdifvHkr_
udk wdkufcdkufajymqdkcJhygonf?
w&m;vdka&S@ae 'ef pawmrm (Dam Stormer) u olonf OuUXa[mif;
*|ef trfrvD (John Imle) tygt0if ,lEdku,f OD;aqmift&m&Sdrsm;udk rsufjrif
ouf a otjzpf w if o G i f ; +yD ; yd k u f v d k i f ; pD r H u d e f ; wG i f if ; wd k @ ae&mwumxd e f ; csKyf
vkyfaqmifcJhonfh ±_axmifhudk xkwfazmfjyo&ef pDpOfxm;onf[kqdkygonf? ol.
ouf a otaxmuf t xm;rsm;ud k wif ; oG i f ; &ef wywf t csd e f , l r nf [ k v nf ;
pawmrmuqdkygonf?
w&m;ol}u;D umae;onf Zefe0g&v D v,favmufwiG f qH;k jzwfcsuaf y;rnf[k
ar#mfvifh&ygonf?
,l E d k u ,f o nf tar&d u ef j ynf u,f v D z d k ; eD ; ,m;jynf e ,f t ajcpd k u f
urBm@a&eHukr`%D}uD;jzpf+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiHrS (yDwDwD) pl;prf;&SmazGa&;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;/
jrefrmtpd;k &ydik f jrefrma&eHEiS hf obm0"gwaf iG@vyk if ef;ESihf jyifopfyikd f wdw k ,f ukr% ` w
D @kd EiS hf
tpktpyfvkyfum tar&duefa':vm 1 'or 2 oef; ukefusonfh 1998 ckESpfwGif
t+yD;owfcJhaom ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmufa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhygonf? tar&duefjynf
axmifpkrS 1997 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHw Gif&if;ESD;jryfr_udk wm;jrpfcJhaomfvnf;/
,lEdku,fukr`%Donf ESpfumvrsm;pGmapm+yD; if;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk pwifcJhojzifh
ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_rS uif;v$wfoGm;cJhygonf?
,lEu kd ,fonf wjcm;jynfaxmifpw k &m;±H;k ESpcf w k iG f vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_
twGuf tar&duefw&m;±Hk;rsm;wGif w&m;pGJqdk&ef cGifhjyKxm;onfh ESpfaygif; 200
oufwrf;&Sd (Alien Tort Claims Act ) ac: Oya't& xdk&Gmom;rsm;uyif
wifoGif;aom tr_udkvnf; &ifqdkifae&ygonf? (Reuters)
jrefrmtpd;k &u Edik if aH wmfyek u

f efrj_ zifh r*~Zif;t,f'w
D mtygt0if vl 9 OD;tm; ao'%fcsrw
S ?f
vGecf ahJ om Ed0k ifbmv 28 &uf/ aom=umae@wiG f tif;pdeaf xmifwiG ;f txl;

w&m;±Hk;u First Eleven tm;upm;r*~Zif;t,f'Dwm aZmfoufaxG; (37 ESpf)
ESifh wjcm; vl 8 a,mufwdk@tm; EdkifiHawmfopPmazmufr_jzifh ao'%fpD&ifcsufcsvdkuf
ygonf? if;wdk@tm; vGefcJhaomESpfu tm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. aqGrsdK;om;

csif ; rsm;tm; w&m;pG J q d k a om yk ' f r 122§1 jzif h tjypf x if & S m ;a=umif ; jzif h
tjypf'%fcsrw S cf o hJ nf[o k &d ygonf? wjcm;ao'%fusc&H ol&pS Of ;D rSm a&S@aewOD;jzpfol
at;jrif h / aZmf a Zmf / ZmEd k i f x G e f ; / ae0if ; / a&$ r ef ; / oef ; xG e f ; / rsd K ;axG ; ES i f h
Edkifrif;=unfwdk@jzpfygonf? ZmEdkifxGef;onf 1989 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif
jrefrmava=umif;rS av,mOfwpifudk jyefay;qGJcJholwOD;. wlav;jzpfygonf? if;wkd@
9 a,muf o nf wjcm;Zl v d k i f v wG i f t zrf ; cH & aom vl a ygif ; 12 xJ r S jzpf + yD ;
usev f rl sm;.uH=urRmudrk l rod&&dS ao;acs? if;wd@k tm; jrefrmppftpd;k &udk AH;k azmufcjJG cif;/
vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;wdk@jzifh jzKwfcs&efvkyfaqmifr_pGJcsufrsm;jzifh 2003 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv
17 &ufae@ wGif jrefrm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;uzrf;qD;cJhygonf?
aZmfoufaxG;.ZeD;jzpfol rcdkifcsdKu atyDowif;Xmeudkajymjy&mwGif
olrtm; w&m;&Hk;odk@oGm;a&mufcGifhray;a=umif;/ olru t,lcH0ifrnfjzpfa=umif;
qdkygonf?
Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;a[mif ; wOD ; jzpf o l aZmf o uf a xG ; onf 1990
ckEpS rf sm;tapmydik ;f wGif vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufygwt D zG@J 0ifwOD;tjzpf v_y&f mS ;r_a=umifh
axmif'%f av;ESpu f sccH &hJ +y;D / if;tm;ppfaq;ar;jref;pOf ni;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;cHc&hJ onf[k
od&ygonf?
if;zrf;qD;cH&jcif;onf jrefrmabmvHk;tqifhtwef;udk jrifhwifay;&ef
tjynfjynfqikd &f mrS tvSLaiG tar&duefa':vm ESpo f ef;udk toH;k jyKjcif;ESihf ywfoufI
if ; . First Eleven r*~ Z if ; u Zl v d k i f v wG i f ar;cG e f ; xk w f w if j yjcif ; u
tpazmfay;onf[k ,lq&a=umif; e,fjcm;rJh owif;orm;tzGJ@ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfaomowif;at*sifpDwdk@uqdkygonf?
jref r mppf t pd k ; &u aZmf o uf a xG ; tm;zrf ; qD ; r_ o nf if ; .
pme,fZif;vkyif ef;ESif qufE, G rf r_ &Sad =umif;jzifh Zlvikd v
f 24 &ufae@wiG f xdt k zG@J EpS zf @JG .
pGyfpGJajymqdkcsufudk jiif;qdkcJhygonf? (AP December 3, 2003/RSF Asia 3,
December, 2003)
,leufpu
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hf zG@J w@kd u jrefrmEdik if rH S
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;tm; v$waf y;apvd?k
ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tzG@J (Unesco) u pufwifbm

v 23 &uf (t*F gae@) wGif Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;ESpOf ;D jzpfol vmtdt
k pd;k &0ef}uD;a[mif;
(Latsami Kaamphoui) ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS okawoeynm&Sif cifaZmf0if;udk
v$wfay;&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
oGm;bufqdkif&mq&m0efvnf;jzpf/ okawoeynm&Sifvnf;jzpfaom
cifaZmf0if; (touf 52 ESpf) onf 1994 ckESpfwiG f puFmylEdkifiHodk@ EkdifiHa&;ody`Hudkjyef

vnfoif,l&eftoGm; &efukefavqdyfwGiftzrf;cH&+yD; axmif'%f 15 ESpf csrSwf

cHcJh&ygonf? oltm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwnfaxmifcJhaom twdkuftcH trsdK;om;
'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfEiS yhf gwo
f ufonfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; if;ESit
hf wl ,laqmifco hJ nf[k
pGyfpGJcJhygonf?
*smreDEikd if H [ef;bm*sf (Hamburg) rS tjynfjynfqikd &f m v$w+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
tzGJ@uvnf; vGefcJhaomESpfu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyjcif;Y yg0ifcJhojzifh
tusOf;cscHae&aom Oya'ausmif;om; oufaemifpdk;ESifh cifarmif0if; wdk@udk,fpm;
if;wdk@tm;v$wfay;&ef pnf;±Hk;v_Haqmfr_ vkyfaqmifaeygonf? (The Nation 25/
9/03 26/11/03)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpu
k jrefrmEdik if rH S b%fEpS cf t
k m; ta&;,l?
jrefrmarzvm;0gb%fESifh tm&S"eb%fwdk@onf rl;,pfukeful;olrsm;ESifh

qufpyfae+yD; aiGav#mfzGwfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk t"duaqmif&Gufaeonf[k tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpk bÀma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu owfrSwfa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJh
onf? tar&duef b¾ma&;0ef}u;D *|epf Ed;k u tqdyk gy*k v ~ ud b%fEpS cf o
k nf tar&duef
. yk'rf (311) . (Patriot Act) t& cGirhf jyKaom aiGrnf;rS aiGjzLjzpfatmif aqmif&u G f
aejcif;rsm;&Sdaeojzifh ,if;b%frsm;. aiGvGJajymif;r_rsm;udk ydwfypf&rnfjzpfa=umif;
ajymqdkcJhonf?
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ta&;,lr_jyKvkyfcjHjcif;teufjrefrmjynfonf wwd,ajrmufjzpf+yD; if;t&u
,lu&defESifh ypdzdwfu|ef;EdkifiH Edkif&lwdk@jzpfonf? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk. yk*~vdu
ydkifb%fESpfcktm; aiGav#mfzGwfonfh vkyfief;twGif yg0ifaeonf[k ajymqdkr_onf
jrefrmjynftay: yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfjzpf+yD; atmufwdkbmvtwGif;u zGJ@pnf;cJhaom
yJ&pftajcpdu k f "b¾ma&;qdik &f m txl;wyfz@JG " jzifh yl;wGu J m ,if;w&m;r0ifvyk if ef;udk
wkdufzsufoGm;rnf[kqdkonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. jrefrmarzvm;0g;b%fESifh
tm&S " eb%f w d k @ tay: aiG r nf ; rsm;ud k aiG j zLvk y f a eonf h t"d u Xmersm;[k
owf r S w f c J h j cif ; tay: jref r mppf t m%myd k i f r sm;buf u csuf c sif ; rwH k j yef c J h a y?
(November 20, 2003/ Amyinthit, Vol 4, No. (7))
ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf awvmtm; rnfonfh edkuf*sD;&D;,m;vlrsdK;u tmrcHcsufray;
vdkufab;&D;,m;. jynfajy;acgif;aqmifa[mif; csm;(vf)(pf) awvm

(Charles Taylor) onf wae@wGif ppf&mZ0wfr_jzifh if;. ae&yf&if; EdkifiHwGif

w&m;pGJqdkjcif;udk &ifqdkif&Edkifonf[k olEdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifh&xm;onfh Edkuf*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiH

orw (Olusegun Obasanjo) u qdkygonf?
vdkufab;&D;,m;&Sd UN t&m&Sdrsm;u qdk;0g;aompdwfa0'emcHpm;ae&I
wjcm;olrsm;tay: t=urf;zufrj_ yKvkyjf cifol (psychopath) [k wHqyd u f yfjcif;cH&aom
awvmonf if;Edik if w H iG ;f 14ESp=f um t=urf;zufro _ o H &mESihf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if H qD&;D ,m;
vD,Gef;wGif vlwoef;. av;yHkwyHk owfjzwfcH&jcif;twGuf t}uD;tus,fjypfwifcHcJh
&ygonf?
Edkif*sD;&D;,m;onf awvmtm; vdkufab;&D;,m;wGif vlrsm;pGmtm;owf
jzwfrt _ qH;k owfap&ef enf;vrf;w&yftaejzifh Edik if aH &;cdv k c_H iG ahf y;cJah omfvnf; ol@tm;
w&m;pGJqdk&ef w&m;0iftrnfpm&if;wifoGif;&ef odk@r[kwf ukvor*~ausmaxmuf
aemufcjH yKonfh qD&, D mvD,eG ;f &Sd ppf&mZ0wfw&m;&H;k od@k vGaJ y;&efponfh zdtm;rsm;wd;k
IcHae&ygonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;u tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;0if oabmwl
nDcsurf sm;udk udt k oH;k jyKI tiftm;oH;k um oltm;w&m;cHvaJG jymif;ay;&ef +cdr;f ajcmuf
xm;cJhygonf?
(Olusegun Obasanjo) u olonf awvmudk w&m;pGJqdkrnfr[kwf
a=umif;/ qD&, D m;vD,eG ;f w&m;&H;k od@k vaJG jymif;ay;rnf[k t&dyt f ¹ru G af jym=um;cJyh gonf?
odk@aomf vdkufab;&D;,m;vlrsdK;rsm;u awvmtm; aemufwcsdefwGif w&m;pGJaumif;
pGJqdkvdrfhrnf[k qdkygonf?
awvmonf t&yfom;rsm;. ajc/ vufrsm;udk jzwfawmufypfjcif;jzifh emrnf
qd;k ESihf ausm=f um;onfh olyek rf sm;xde;f csKyf&ma'orsm;rS pderf sm;ud&k ,lum tjyeftvSef
taejzifh vufeufc, J rf;rsm;axmufyahH y;jcif;jzifh qD&, D mvD,eG ;f . &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf
onfh q,fpkESpf=um jynfwGif;ppfudk ydkrdk&Snf=umatmif/ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
pGyfpGJcHae&ygonf?
jynfyod@k =o*kwv f wGif if;xGuaf jy;oGm;jcif;u olyek rf sm; vdu k af b;&D;,m;+rKd @
awmf rGef&dkAD;,m; (Monrovia) . tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tiftm; 15000&Sdonfh tif
tm;awmifhwif;onfh ukvor*~ +idrf;csrf;a&;wyfrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;&efpDpOfxm;onfh
axmifcsDaom taemuftmz&durS +idrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;xH vGJajymif;ay;
ap&ef vrf;cif;ay;cJhygonf? (The Nation 30/11/03)
orwa[mif; awvm ppf&mZ0wfrp_ cJG suf
qD&,D mvD,eG ;f &Sd ppf&mZ0wfrt

_ xl;w&m;&H;k rS w&m;cHa&S@aersm;u olw@kd .
vdkufab;&D;,m;orwa[mif; csm;awvmtm; pGJcsufwifjcif;udk Oya'a=umif;jzifh
uef@uGufjcif;udk tqHk;owfvdkufygonf?

w&m;cHa&S@aejzpfol (Teerence Terry) u awvmtm; w&m;pGq J okd nfph m

xkwjf yefcsed w f iG f awvmonf orwjzpfaeojzifh w&m;&H;k taejzifh ol@tm; w&m;pD&if
ydkifcGifhvdktyfaea=umif; xdkjyif xdkw&m;&Hk;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;
tjzpf rowfrSwfxm;a=umif; tjiif;tcHkjyKcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ausmaxmufaemufcH w&m;±H;k wGif qD&;D ,mvD,eG ;f jyify&Srd nfo@l
udrk # pGcJ suw f ifyikd cf iG rhf &Sad =umif;/ awvmtm; zrf;qD;&ef0&rf;udk jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;&ef
awmif;qdka=umif;ESifh av#mufv$mtopfwpfckzGifh&ef twGuf olu jznfhpGufajym=um;
cJhonf?
w&m;vdak &S@ae c&pfpwdzk m pwpfum (Christopher Sticker) uxdt k csuf
rsm;ESiq hf ef@usi+f y;D w&m;±H;k onf csm;awvmtm; vlom;jzpfru _ kd qef@usiu f sL;vGeaf om
&mZ0wfr_ (crimes against humanity) jzifh ±H;k wifppfaq;ydik cf iG &hf o dS nfh tjynfjynf
qdkif&m w&m;&Hk;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf?
wu,fwrf;jyKvky&f rnft h csed x
f ufapmI jyKvkyo f nf[q l I kd pGcJ sut f m;y,f
zsuaf y;&ef t,lcrH mS rnfo@kd rnfy&kH o dS nfqo kd nfukd &Si;f jy+y;D pwpfum u tzG@J 0ifav;OD;
ygaom t,lcw H &m;ol}uD;tzG@J tm; awvmonf w&m;±H;k od@k wcgrS rvma&mufojzifh
owfrSwfxm;onfhtqifhtwef;rrSDa=umif;/ tu,fI oltaeESifh uef@uGufvdkygu
w&m;±Hk;awmfodk@ t&ifvma&muf&rnfjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf? vmrnfh&ufrsm;
twGif; w&m;±Hk;xlaxmifjcif;udk 0ef}uD;a[mif; [if*g aemfref (Hinga Norman)
ESifh ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifa[mif;ESpfOD;tygt0if wjcm;pGJcsufwifcH&onfholrsm; qef@
usifjcif;udk umuG,fajz&Sif;rnfh tr_ oHk;ckudk w&m;±Hk;u =um;emrnfjzpfonf?
qD&D,mvD,Gef;w&m;&Hk;onf vlaygif; 13 a,mufudk ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;jzifh
pGcJ suwf ifxm;cJ+h y;D / vl 9 a,mufukd avmavmq,f xdr;f odr;f xm;+y;D jzpfonf? w&m;±H;k
t&m&Sdrsm;u t"duvlxkw&m;pD&ifa&;udk vmrnfESpfwGifpwifEdkifrnf[k ar#mfvifh
a=umif; qdkygonf? (The Nation 2/11/03)
crmeDacgi;f a[mifa[mif;rsm; w&m;pD&ifa&;ydrk ekd ;D uyfvm?
ukvor*~ESifh uarBm'D;,m;tpdk;&wdk@u crmeDacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;tm;

w&m;pD&if&eftwGuf rl/ abmifrsm;csrw S +f yD;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ tapmqH;k aemifEpS f {+yDvwGif
pwifEdkifvdrfrnf[kqdkygonf?
ukor*~. crmeDc&kH ;kH xlaxmifa&;twGuf tultnDay;a&; ndE id_ ;f aqmif&u G f
a&;rSL; umpwef [m&Jvf (Karsten Herrel) u uarBm'D;,m;tpd;k &ESihf 0efxrf;rsm;
cef@tyfjcif;udpPrsm;/ tcsdefumvowfrSwfjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif+yD;+yD[kqdkygonf/
uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; tef AGif 0xem (Ang Von Watta-

na) u uarBm'D;,m;ESifh ukvor*~ tuJjzwftzGJ@rsm; Tta&;udpPESifhygwfoufI

us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ aqmif&GufcJh=uonf[kqdkygonf? odk@aomfvnf; wcsdK@ta&;}uD;
onfhudpP&yfrsm;csefvSyfcJh+yD;/ azaz:0g&DvwGif ukvor*~ taxGtaxGnDvmcHwGif
wifoiG ;f rnfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk t+yD;owf&ef qufvuf+yD; vufwv JG yk uf ikd o
f mG ;&ef
if;wdk@oabmwlnDcJh=uonf[k if;uqdkygonf?
0xemu nDvmcHutwnfjyK+yD;ygu ESpfvtwGif; cHk±Hk;udkpwifrnfjzpf+yD;
oufwrf;oHk;ESpfcef@txd=umrnf[kqdkygonf?
touf&Sifusef&pfaeao;onfh crmeDacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; if;wdk@. 1970
ckESpfrsm;twGif; owfjzwftkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif vlaygif; ESpfoef;cef@ aoqHk;cJh&jcif;
twGuf tjypf&adS =umif;jzifh w&m;pGq J &kd eftwGuf tjynfjynfqikd &f mcH±k ;kH wckxal xmif&ef
ukvor*~ESifh uarBm'D;,m;wdk@ ZgefvwGifoabmwlnDcJh=uygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;I Oya'jyKa&;onf uarBm'D,m;
ygvDrefutwnfjyK&efvdktyfaeao;ygonf?
touf&iS u f se&f pfaeao;onfh crmeDacgi;f aqmifrsm;pGmwd@k onf touf}uD;
&ifhvm+yD;/ tm;tifcsnfheJ@vmonfESifhtr# ukor*~uvnf; cHk±Hk;xlaxmifa&;twGuf
tcsed af wGuek vf eG af eonfukd odaeum vkyaf qmif&rnft h &mrsm;udk }udKwifjyifqifjcif;
jzifh vkyfief;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyfEdkif&ef ta&;}uD;onf[k [m&Jvf uqdkygonf? olu
azaz:0g&Dvtapmydkif;wGif tar&duefa':vm oef; 20 ESifh 55 oef;=um; (bwf
oef;800 ESifh 2 'or 2 oef;=um;) ukefusrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;onfh cHk±Hk;vnfywf&ef
twGuf ukvor*~u tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;udk yef=um;r_topfjyKvkyfrnf[kvnf;
qdkygonf?
ynm&Sifrsm;rS 1975 ckESpf {+yDv 17 &ufESifh 1979 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf
t=um; ydak ygh . armf0g'w D @kd tkycf sKyfr_ atmufwiG f usL;vGecf ahJ om vlrsKd ;jzKwfowfjzwfr_
(genocide) ESihf vlom;jzpfru _ kd qef@usiu f sL;vGeaf om&mZ0wfr_ (crimes against
humanity) jzif h pG y f p G J x m;aom tenf ; qH k ; touf & S i f u sef & pf v suf & S d o nf h
crmeDacgi;f aqmif 6 OD;udk w&m;pD&if&ef w&m;±H;k od@k vma&muf&ef trde@f xw k jf yefxm;+yD;
jzpfonf?
ydkaygh opPmcHESpfOD;jzpfaom ppfbufqdkif&mt}uD;tuJa[mif; wmarmh (Ta
Mok)ESifh 'ufcsf (Duch) [kvnf;ac:onfh cefct hJ ,D l (Kang Kek Ieu) wd@k onf
zEGrf;yiftcsKyfxJwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk &ifqdkif&ef apmifhqdkif;aeygonf?
zEGryf if+rdK@wiG f vGwv f yfpmG aexdik v f su&f adS om crmeDEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; tdef
p&D (Ieng Sary) ESihf ZeD; tdef oD&pfof (Ieng Thirith) tygt0if wjcm;vlrsm;vnf;
w&m;&ifqdkifEdkif&zG,f&Sdygonf? (The Nation 14/12/03) (AFP)

crmeDacgi;f aqmifa[mif;wOD; Oya'a&;&mtultnD&&ef}uKd ;yrf;?
touf&Sifusef&pfaeaom vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfcJhonfh crmeDtpdk;&acgif;

aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;taeESihf w&m;pD&ifc&H jcif;rwdik rf DS crmeDorwa[mif; c,l qefzef;
(Khieu Samphan) (72 ESpf) onf Oya'tultnDudk uarBm'D;,m;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;twGuf v_yf&Sm;oltkyfpkwckxHrS&,l&ef }udK;yrf;cJha=umif; xdktkyfpkrS
t&m&SdwOD;u rae@uajym=um;cJhygonf?
uarBm'D;,m;vlrsdK; umuG,folrsm; pDrHudef; (Cambodian Defenders
Project) . OD;aqmifn$ef=um;a&;rSL;jzpfol qkuf qef tGef; (Sok Sam Ouen) u
qefzef;onf vGecf ahJ om oH;k vcef@wek ;f u Oya'tultnDay;a&;tzG@J . zEGryf if±;kH cef;
odk@vma&mufcJhonf[kqdkygonf? qefzef;u if;tm; ol@wGif a&S@aewOD;&&Sd&ef tcGifh
ta&;&Srd &SEd iS hf xdt
k zG@J tpnf;u ol@tm; tultnDay; Edik f rEkid f odvakd =umif; ar;jref;cJh
onf[kqdkygonf?
qkuf qef tGef;u tb,fa=umifh qefzef;tultnDawmif;cH&onfudk
rajym=um;cJah omfvnf;/ xdak wmif;qdck suo f nf touft&G,&f vmonfh au'gwOD;u
r=umcifif;wdk@w&m;pD&ifjcif;cH&rnfudk odem;vnfvmyHk&onfh oauFwjzpfygonf?
xdkcrmeDtpdk;&vufwGif taz.toufqHk;±Hl;oGm;cJh&aom qkwf qef tGef;u cHk&Hk;rxl
axmif&ao;ojzifh vnf;aumif; ay:xGef;vmrnfh cHk&Hk;onfrnfokd@rnfyHk&Sdrnfudk
rod&ao;ojzifhvnf;aumif; tzGJ@tpnf;taeESifh qefzef;udk tultnDay;&ef
rqHk;jzwf&ao;a=umif;qdkygonf?
vGecf ahJ om 2002 ckEpS f 'Dzifbmv wGif c,l; qefzef;ESihf ElteG f cs, D m (Nuon
Chea) wd@k onf tu,fI if;wd@k ukd w&m;pGq J jkd cif;rS uif;v$wcf iG jhf yKygu trSew
f &m;ESihf
jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&;aumfr&SifxHwGif wGufqdkcsufay;rnf[kajymcJhygonf?
ol. &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tifwmAsL;wckwGif qefzef;u w&m;pD&ifppfaq;wJhtcg
vlawGem;vnf,=kH unfEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kwaf =umif;/ olw@kd taejzifh w&m;cHa&S@aewOD;udk
riSm;Edik o
f jzifh w&m;r#wonfh w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk if;wd@k &&Srd nfr[kwaf =umif; qdyk gonf?
(The Nation 19/12/03)
vlrsKd ;jzKwo
f wfjzwfrj_ zpfa=umif; crmeDacgi;f aqmifwOD; yxrOD;qH;k t}urd 0f efc?H
crmeDtpdk;&vufxuf EdkifiHt}uD;tuJa[mif; c,l qrfzef; (Khieu

Samphan) u 1970ckESpfrsm;Y if;wdk@.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr_

jzpfymG ;cJah =umif; rae@u0efcv H u

kd af omfvnf; xku d mvtwGi;f vlEpS o f ef;xd aoqH;k cJrh _
twGufudkrl ol@wm0efr[kwfa=umif; jiif;qdkcJhygonf?
xd0k efccH suo
f nf crmeDxyd wf ef;acgi;f aqmifwOD;. yxrOD;qH;k t}udraf jrmuf
0efcHjcif;jzpfonf? crmeDacgif;aqmifrsm;tb,fha=umifh vlxkudk TuJhokd@owfjzwf&
ovJqdkonf ol,ckxdwdkif pOf;pm;tajz&SmaeqJjzpfonf[kvJqdkygonf? odk@aomf
xdkaoG;xGufoH,dkr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;xJrSm olryg0ifa=umif; twif;t=uyf
qdkygonf? ol@taeESifh wjcm;xdyfydkif;crmeDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;wpfa,mufESifhr#
uarBm'D;,m;jynforl sm;udk owfjzwfI v#Kd 0Supf pD Ofrv _ ;kH 0rjyKcJah =umif;/ xdt
k pd;k &xJwiG f
olonf acgi;f aqmiftrnfcrH #omjzpfa=umif;ajym=um;cJyh gonf? (The Nation 31/
12/03)
zl*srD &kd t
D wGuf zrf;0&rf;topf
yD±;l w&m;ol}uD;wOD;u olonf orwa[mif; tJvb f mwdk zl*srD &kd u D kd zrf;qD;

&ef tjynfjynfqikd &f m 0&rf;topfwckukd Ak'[ < ;l ae@u xkwjf yefvu kd af =umif; ajym=um;cJh
ygonf? ,ck0&rf;onf zl*srD &kd . D tkycf sKyfa&;tqH;k owfapcJo h nfh tvGo J ;kH pm;jyKr_twGuf
oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sda=umif; tcdkiftrmxkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonfh pme,fZif;
orm;wOD;udk ni;f yrf;ESyd pf ufonfph cJG suEf iS jhf zpfonf? vGecf ahJ om rwfvwGif tjynfjynf
qdik &f murBm@yv k yd t
f zGu J 1991 ckEpS w f iG f vlaygi;f 15 OD;aoqH;k cJ&h r_twGuf vuf&*dS syef
Edik if w
H iG af exdik vf su&f adS om zl*srD &kd t
D m; zrf;0&rf;udk urBmod xkwjf yefcyhJ gonf? yD±;l Edik if H
u *syefEdkifiHodk@ zl*sDrdk&Dtm; vlowfr_/ jyefay;qGJr_ tygt0if&mZ0wfr_pGJcsufrsm;jzifh
&ifqdkif&ef w&m;cHvGJajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdk+yD;jzpfonf? (The Nation 12/12/
03)
tm%m&Siaf [mif;u ol@tm;awmif;yef&efq?kd
tar&dum;wGif xkwfv$ifh&efpDpOfxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;cef;wckwGif

csD v D E d k i f i H . &uf p uf = urf ; =uKwf a om tm%m&S i f a [mif ; / xd e f ; od r f ; &cuf + yD ;
Oya'pnf;rsO;f udk rvdu k ef maom =o*wfpwdk yDEakd cs;u tjypfro
hJ m;aumifjzpfc&hJ olrsm;
xH ol@tm;cGifhv$wfyg&ef ryef=um;yJ/ rnfonfhowfjzwfr_udkrS oltrdef@ay;cJhjcif;
r&Sda=umif; jiif;qdk+yD; oltm;awmif;yef&efomvdkvm;a=umif;ajym=um;xm;cJhygonf?
1973 ckESpfwGif aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh ppfwyfESifhtm%modrf;+yD; csDvDEdkifiHudk 1990
ckESpftxd wif;wif;=uyf=uyftkyfcsKyfcJhol yDEdkacs;onf rae@uusa&mufaom ol. 88
ESpaf jrmufarG;ae@wiG f cgwikd ;f vdyk if olvyk af qmifcahJ omt&mrsm;twGuf t&Surf &So d nfh
yHkpHjzifhqufvufawG@&a=umif; tJvf rmusL&D,dk (El Mercurio) owif;pmu

if;wdk@. tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif azmfjycJhygonf?
yDEakd cs;onf ol@tpd;k &vufxufwiG f }uD;rm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_
aygif; 200 ausmfjzifh &mZ0wfa=umif;t& w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf; csDvDw&m;±Hk;
rsm;u olonf OD;a%Smufxcd u kd rf o
_ @kd r[kwf a&m*ga=umifh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m yHrk eS rf &Sod nfh
a&m*gcpH m;ae&ojzifh w&m;pD&ifjcif;udk &ifqikd Ef ikd of nfph rG ;f &nfr&S[ d k &SmazGawG@&o dS jzifh
w&m;pD&ifr_cH&jcif;rS v$wfajrmufoGm;cJhonf? (The Nation 26/11/03)
uGe*f ykd gvrD efu tjynfjynfqikd &f m&mZ0wfw&m;±H;k

xlaxmifa&;oabmwlncD sufpmcsKyu f kd twnfjyK?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk; xlaxmifa&;oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf
(ICC Statute) udk twnfjyK&ef Oya'=urf;wckudk uGef*dkygvDrefu Edk0ifbmv 24
&ufae@u rJcI JG vufct H wnfjyKvdu k yf gonf? Ttcsuo f nf uGe*f Ekd ikd if rH S tjynfjynf
qdkif&m&mZ0wfw &m;&Hk; udk vuf cH vd k uf onf h vk yf aqmif r_ j zpf ygonf ? ,ck tcg
tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;. jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;
pmyd'k rf sm; if;wd@k . Oya'jyKa&;wGif aygi;f pyfxnfo
h iG ;f &ef rJay;vufcv H rd rhf nfjzpfof nf?
(Panafrican News Agency (PANA) 26/10/2003)
tar&duef w&m;±H;k csyk u

f tifwmeufrS vdipf w
d v f aH_ qmfonfn
h pfnnf;yHrk sm;tay:
pD&ifcsucf s&ef&?dS
tar&duef w&m;±Hk;csKyfu t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;tm; tifwmeuf

vdifpdwfvH_aqmfonfhnpfnnf;yHkrsm; umuG,f&ef&nf&G,fonfh Oya'wpf&yfonf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifhudk csdK;azmufjcif;[kwf
r[kwf atmufwb kd mv 15 &uf (t*F gae@)wGif qH;k jzwfcsuv f rd rhf nf[q k ykd gonf? uGeu
f
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npfnnf;yHkrsm;rS uif;a0;ap&ef tifwmeufuGef,uftm;xdef;csKyf&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif
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October 15, 2003)
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jzpfonf? (The Nation 4/11/03) (AFP)

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