PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The world is rapidly developing. Along with technology, structures both

vertical and horizontal, are being developed. The development of buildings does vary
depending on the place and the methods are transferring from one culture to another
(Martin Centre, 2002). In the ancient times, Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as
their cement but the gypsum mortar and lime were discovered by the Egyptians and
used it a binding agent in constructing for their well-known pyramids (Buckley, 2001).
Several structural failures were obtained with the development of Eddystone
Lighthouse. British Engineer John Smeaton conducted an experiment where he
developed the mixture of cement and clay that would harden under water where he
rebuilt the lighthouse where it stood for 126 years before the replacement was
necessary. A lot of improvements were developed until the 20th century. The strength
properties were improved compared to the older product formula that increase early
strength and lessen later age strength. In the 20th century, manufacturers have
developed a Portland cement mix that is called the blended cement which increases the
durability and the heat generation is reduced during the natural curing process.

The basic ingredient of concrete is cement. It then binds coarse and fine aggregates
when added water. Materials that are being commonly used in manufacturing cement
are shells, chalk or marl, and limestone or combined with iron ore, silica sand, blast
furnace slag, clay, shale, and slate. With these ingredients, once being heated with high
temperature forms a rock-like material that is being processed into the refined powder
that people commonly think of cement. Portland cement is made in the early 19th
century by the bricklayer Joseph Aspdin of Leeds, England by burning the powdered
limestone and clay in his stove. With this unpolished method, Aspin laid the

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

foundation that literally processes the mountains of limestones, cement rock, clay, and
the other materials. Turning it into powder that is fine for it to pass a sieve number 200.

Poultry businesses began as a backyard enterprise then transformed to a very large

industry of contract farming operations. It is the most progressive animal enterprise
now (Poultry Information Network (PIN), 2002). One of the fastest growing segments
of the agricultural sector is the poultry industry. The production of eggs and broilers
rise from 8 to 10% per annum. In India, the average consumption of eggs in the major
cities is 170 eggs while 40 eggs for the minor cities. The consumption of eggs in the
rural areas is said to be 20 eggs, for the undeveloped areas for only 5 eggs. (Indian
Mirror, 2001). Iowa was ranked as the top 1 in the state that has the largest number of
hens with more than 56,000 followed by Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and
Michigan. With the high number of hens, it can be concluded that these states also
have the highest number of eggs being produced.

Philippines is self-sufficient in poultry business which makes it a high-volume

producer of poultry products despite its rising population. In an average of 800 million
broilers are being produced yearly which makes it meet the consumers’ demands (Pe,
2014). Due to the high demand of chicken meat throughout the year, Philippine poultry
sector have grown 4.53% while the production of duck went up to 2.08% which is
favorable due to the weather conditions and enough water supply that increased the
duck inventory. Egg production was recorded in several areas during the first half of
2012. Total egg production was estimated to have 17.8% from the native chickens
while the remaining 82.2% were produced commercially by layer farms.
CALABARZON, ranking the most region to produce eggs, followed by Central Luzon,
Central Visayas and Northern Mindanao (The Poultry Site, 2013). Eggshells are wastes
from households and poultry which contains calcium, magnesium carbonate or lime
and protein (Babu, Ramprasanth, & Shanmugavadivu, 2017). Eggshells can be used as
fertilizers and even fed to animals after it has been dried (Yerramala, 2014). Adding

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

water and gypsum in the powder, it is then kneaded to a plaster-like surface with more
than 70% of eggs in it [ CITATION Tho05 \l 13321 ].

Eggshells’ major component of is calcium carbonate (CaCo3) that makes up to 93.70%

of the eggshell’s total composition. Eggshells were said to have a cellulosic structure
and amino acids that is anticipated to be a good bio-sorbent. Likewise, calcium
carbonate is the main raw material in the production of cement. It is why eggshell, and
cement was indicated to have the similar primary composition in the calcium mixtures.

In the Spanish colonial era, local churches in the Philippines uses egg whites to form
argamasa, a kind of mortar which is used for constructing churches which binds and
protects building materials. In the year 1877, Holy Rosary Parish Church was
constructed. Laborers have used the whites of eggs as an additive to the concrete.
Layers of lime, pulverized bricks, duck eggs and bamboo sap are the materials used in
Manila Cathedral in its dome in the year 1780. Eusebio (2019) of University of
Philippines Diliman stated that the eggs used were not limited to ducks, but other
poultry eggs were solicited in the community as the oral tradition tells. Eggs are then
combined with water, sand, lime and other materials that makes mortar. Throughout
Philippines, the priests pay the residents to work and provide materials outside the
planting and harvest times. It was described by Jose, Simbahan: Church Art in Colonial
Philippines’ author, was “women and children carries eggs and sand and send it to the
construction sites while the men pulled logs from the forest” [ CITATION Col19 \l 13321 ].

Shell walls are plastered walls which paste is formulated with eggshell wastes and it
was created by Green Techno 21 in Japan. It was made to withstand the humidity due
to the eggshells’ porous structures. The plaster was hazard-free and fireproof given that
there is a present natural calcium carbonate in the eggshells.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Egg albumen or popularly known as egg whites is 58-60% of the total egg weight
which comprises 88% water and 12% dry matter. Egg albumen is a known as a strong
binding agent for food due to its high protein concentration. Since protein are slightly
elastic in nature, it has the tendency to be used as binder. The properties of cement may
be affected since the egg contains high protein made of amino acids. (Bing, 2010)

1.2 Problem Statement

Is the supply and raw materials used in the production of cement enough to
satisfy the needs of the developing countries? Along with the development of the
infrastructures, huge quantity of concrete is to be used. Concrete is a composite
material that is being used in the construction industry (Mohamed, Dinesh, & Milan,
2016). In producing concrete, huge amount of carbon dioxide is being produced. A
total of 7% carbon dioxide is being produced by producing concrete alone. This created
environmental problems and health concerns around the world. (Dhanalakshmi, et al.,
2015).

How can we reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses? Cement is the main component
of concrete. It is one of the three major contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions.
Cement production involves a large amount of raw materials, heat and
energy.Significant amount of waste and gaseous emissions. Fuel sources, pyro
processing, and a large amount of materials are involved in the complex manufacturing
process of cement production. Due to the large volume of CO 2 that is being emitted,
cement manufacturing industry are being examined. In fact, this industrial sector is said
to account 5-7% of all the total carbon dioxide emissions. In the recent years, the
concern about the impact of anthropogenic carbon emission on global climate has
increased due to the rising awareness about the global warming. Tons of waste product
cement kiln dust is being produce in the cement manufacturing process each year that
contributes to the health risk of individuals such as respiratory and pollution health
risk. The process of producing cement has done a significant progress in reducing the

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

emission of CO2 through the improvements in process and efficiency, but the
improvements of the carbon dioxide production is being limited because it is inherent
to the basic production of calcinated limestones (Stajanča&Eštoková, 2012).

Are there possible ways to utilize waste specifically eggshells? In 2011, five of the top
10 egg producing countries supplied the 55% of the world’s egg needs to a total of
about 64 million metric tons. United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) said that in the year 2015, 70.4 million metric tons of egg has been produced.
China has ranked as the highest in egg production of 24.8 billion kilograms of egg in
shell. According to FAO, China’s egg production, could grow for about 34.2 million
metric tons at a 2% compounded yearly growth to 34.2 million metric tons of eggs per
year by 2020. After China, USA ranked as second, India at the third, Japan at the
fourth and fifth is Mexico. (Wee, 2017).

In the year 2008, the value of the chicken production of the Philippines have climbed
to $2 billion and increased from the year 2007 in 5.76% (The Poultry Site, 2009). The
chicken egg production has reached the increase of 7.94% in the second quarter of
2018 compared to the same period in 2017. It has reached 131,100 metrictons. The
region with the highest production is CALABARZON with 38,370 metric tons. Next is
Central Luzon with the amount of 24,950 metric tons and the third is Northern
Mindanao gaining 13,080 metric tons. All the regions stated have gathered 58.28% of
the chicken egg production (Bautista, 2018).

Rappler (2017) stated that according to the reports of Metro Manila Development
Authority, three landfills of Manila is to be unusable in 20 years. Quezon City Sanitary
Landfill, Navotas Sanitary Landfill and Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill are said to
be unusable by the year 2021, 2026, 2037 respectively. Reusing of waste parts adds to
vitality investment funds in the bond generation, to the preservation of natural
resources and to the security of the Earth. Normally, people don’t observe segregation

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

and recycling. Kitchen wastes are being thrown along with non-biodegradable wastes
reason why the landfills are being filled easily.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this study were created in order to have a guide in performing
the study subdivided into general and specific objectives.

1.3.1 General Objectives

To test for the mechanical property or the compressive strength of concrete

with partial cement replacement of eggshell and water additive egg albumen.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To be able to assess whether the eggshell powder is suitable as a cement

replacement in order to reduce the production of cement.

 To be able to assess whether the egg albumen is effective additive when it

comes to concrete mixing.

 To reduce the usage and the production of cement in the construction industry.

 To come up with the right mixture of cement, egg albumen and eggshell powder

that would meet the standard strength for columns according to ACI.

1.4 Significance of the Study

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, the use of waste as a

partial cement replacement is to be conducted. In doing the research, the eggshell
waste, conserving natural lime and utilizing waste materials would be observed. (Babu,

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Ramprasanth, & Shanmugavadivu, 2017). Several group of people would also benefit
from the study:

 Structural Engineers would benefit from the study by using this study to get
more clients since the mixture is unique and the construction cost would be lower
and cheaper. The uniqueness of the mixture would attract clients that would like to
try the said mixture.
 Contractors can use the study in order to produce come up with their own
pulverized eggshell which they can sell so that structural engineers can use it in their
projects.
 For the clients, eggshells and egg white as a partial replacement to cement
would make the structure be cheaper than that of the usual cement concrete since the
amount of cement would be lessen. Therefore, clients could save more money.
 For the individuals, in using a partial replacement to cement, it would reduce
the emission of hazardous gases that can be inhaled by individuals resulting to the
health risk such as respiratory problems to reduce and preservation of natural
resources like shells and limestone would be observed.

1.5 Research Framework

The inputs of this study are cement, aggregates, water, egg whites and
pulverized eggshells. The eggshells are to be processed by washing it with water then
placed in a clean container and after one week of air drying, the eggshells being placed
in a mixing grinder to be pulverized. After grinding, the eggshells are to be placed in a
sieve and gather the residue of the sieve number 200. When the amount of sieved
eggshell powder needed is gathered, the cement mixture is to be processed next. After
mixing the cement, aggregates, water, egg whites and the eggshell, the slump is to be
measure and once the test is done, the mixture is being poured in molds and let it dry for

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

twenty-four hours. After the demolding is done, place the specimens in the curing pond
for seven days and fourteen days then air dry.Testing for the compressive strength of
each specimen are to be measured using the compressive machine. The result for each
specimen is being recorded and the data needed are being gathered.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

PROCESS:
Washing, air drying, grinding
and sieving of eggshell

INPUT: CURING AND

Cement TESTING:
Aggregates The curing for 7 and 14
Water days is done next. Test
Eggshells for the compressive
strength of the
Egg whites
specimen.

Figure 1.5.1 Conceptual Framework

OUTPUT:
Eggshell and egg white mixed concrete with the same
strength as the conventional concrete according to ASTM.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The study’s purpose is to investigate the compatibility of eggshell as a partial

cement replacement in columns. The right mixture of cement, aggregates, egg whites
and eggshell powder is to be determined with the use of the cement factor of 9 bags.
Other cement factor is not within the scope of the study. Eggshells would be washed, air
dried, and pulverized by using the grinder. Manual sieving and sieve shaker are used to
get the fineness required to be as same as the cement’s fineness. The study would be
used for columns in the 2-storey houses. This study would only use a half bagger
concrete mixer as tool in mixing cement. Only the compressive of the concrete is to be
measured using the machine that is available in the Durastress Corporation. The
eggshells that would be used in this study would be coming from the vendors of cashew
tarts in Pulungbulo, Angeles City while the egg whites would be bought from Egg

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Master located in Magalang, Pampanga. The experimentation that will be conducted

would last for three months with all the results gathered and computed.

1.7 Hypotheses
In performing the study and the testing of the samples, the researchers have
expected the following to occur:

 Eggshells are suitable as a replacement to cement due to its calcium

characteristics.
 The egg white is an effective admixture for the concrete for it is a good binder.
 The cost of the pulverized eggshells would cheaper and eco-friendly than the
conventional cement.

1.8 Assumptions
In completing the study, the researchers have assumed the following:

 There is a high amount of eggshells waste from the sellers of cashew tarts and
bakeries in Pampanga.
 Pulverized eggshells can be cost efficient since it is a waste.

1.9 Definition of terms

 Anthropogenic – the word Anthropos from the Greek word means human being
or man. What caused or being influenced by humans is called anthropogenic. It is
often referring to the emissions produced by the human activities when discussing
climate change.
 Binding Agent –. It is a material used for making a slack mixture to
compressed. It is a substance that makes into a solid whole from a material, it is
means of furnishing the stability of a structure [ CITATION Des18 \l 1033 ].

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

 Blast furnace – It is a vertical shaft of furnace that creates liquid metals by the
effect of a movement of air initiated under pressure below the furnace with a
combination of metallic ore, coke and flux put into the top. Black furnaces are used
to create pig iron form iron ore for successive processing into steel [CITATION Enc \l
1033 ].
 Broilers – These are chickens that are nurtured for meat. These chickens are
usually white and are raised purposely for prime health and size to generate quality
merchandise for the purchaser.
 Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) – contains some reactive calcium oxide which is a
fine, powdery material, other characteristics were dependent to the location of the
dust collection system, the operation types, facility of dust collection, and the fuel
type being used. it may decrease in the workability, setting time, and the high alkali
content’s strength.
 Clay - it is an earthy substance that is artificial when moist but solid and firm
when fired, that is made mainly of fine elements of hydrous aluminum silicate and
other minerals, and that is used for brick [CITATION Mer \n \y \l 1033 ]. It is dense,
massive soil that is lax when wet and solid when dry or baked, used for producing
brick sand containers [CITATION Cam \y \l 1033 ].
 Gypsum Mortar – is a mixture of water, gypsum and often sand. Its plastic state
can be troweled and when the water it contains evaporates, it hardens. [ CITATION
def1 \l 13321 ]. Ancient Egyptians were the earliest known mortar user and it was
made from the calcium sulfate dihydrate or the mineral gypsum. A mixture of
plaster and sand was essential and was quite soft. [ CITATION def2 \l 13321 ]
 Limestone – are primarily composed of calcium carbonate which is a
sedimentary rock in the form of mineral calcite. Limestone are commonly forming
in a shallow, warm, clear marine waters. These limestones are usually forming in
the accumulation of shells, coral, algal and fecal debris which makes them organic
sedimentary rocks. [CITATION Kin \l 13321 ]

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

 Mortar – It is used to repair stones or bricks to each other when constructing

walls. It is a combination that is made up of water, sand and cement or lime
[CITATION Cam \y \l 1033 ]. It is used in coating or masonry and an artificial
construction material with a combination of cement, lime or gypsum plaster with
sand and water [CITATION Mer \y \l 1033 ].
 Portland Cement Mix – It is a common kind of dusty cementitious construction
material that is prepared for finely crushed alumina, iron oxide, magnesia, lime and
silica burnt together in a kiln. It goes into concrete when it is combined with sand
and water and it is sets like a stone after a sequence of complex internal reactions
[CITATION Placeholder1 \l 1033 ].
 Slag – is from a raw ore that are glass-like by-product left over after the desired
metal has been separated. It is usually a mixture of silicon dioxide and metal oxides
though slags can have elemental metals and metal sulfides.

1.10 Review of Related Literature

Yerramala (2014) revealed that the controlled specimen has lower compressive
strength than the concrete with 5% of eggshell powder at the seventh and twenty-eighth
day of curing. It has resulted to have a split tensile strength that is comparable to the
control concrete with 10% of eggshell powder replacement. Nonetheless, the concrete
with eggshell replacement of 15% had gained a lower split tensile strength than the
conventional concrete. The process of mixing the said mixture is by mixing the coarse
aggregate in the drum mixer followed by the water then cement and water was poured
gently in the mixer and lastly is the sand. The mixing lasted for about three to four
minutes then transferred into the molds. The specimens were then left for twenty-four
hours to gain set. Demolding it after then immersed in the curing pond.

Dhanalakshmi, Sowmya & Chandrashekar (2015) studied the use of a varying portion
of eggshell as cement replacement. Slumptest was conducted to measure the workability
of the specimen. Flexural, compressive and split tensile strength are to be tested in the

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

said research. Results gathered showed that the slump test tend to decrease as the
percent of eggshell increase. Compressive strength that was recorded was as same as the
controlled specimen at the 7th day and is greater than that of the controlled specimen in
28thday. The controlled specimen produced a lower split tensile and flexural strength
associated with the concrete containing eggshell powder. Combining the fly ash and
eggshell resulted to have a lower reduction strength compared to the concrete mix
passing 5% of replacing cement with fly ash to optimum content of eggshell. 5% of fly
ash replacement have gained an optimum flexural strength to optimum content of
concrete containing eggshell. The mixture of eggshell powder and fly ash concrete have
resulted to have a higher flexural strength with all the varying percent of fly ash and the
optimum content of eggshell powder.

A study conducted by Parkash (2017) investigated the behavior of concrete with

eggshell as partial cement replacement. The water cement ratio used by the researchers
is 0.4 with superplasticizer of 0.75% while the mixing proportions used is 1:1.72:2.83.
Researchers have used a varying percentage for the eggshell as partial cement
replacement ranging from 0% to 24%. The test for the compressive strength is then
tested after seven and twenty-eight days. The result showed that the highest strength
was recorded from that of the concrete cube with 12% eggshell powder followed by the
18%, 6%, 24% and the controlled specimen or the cube without any eggshell
replacement. The split tensile strength was conducted in cylindrical shaped specimens
with a machine that can apply 1000 kN of load. It then showed that the specimen with
6% of eggshell powder obtained higher tensile strength than that of the conventional
concrete.

According to Amu (2005), the triaxial shear strength containing 3% of lime and 4% of
eggshell powder collected better results. A study was conducted in Nigeria in the year
2001 and April 2002. The eggshells were gathered then dried before being processed to
grind. Laboratory strength test were comprising compaction test, California bearing
ratio, unconfined compression test and undrained triaxial test. 7% of lime have caused
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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

to have lower the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content than the use of
3% lime and 4% eggshell powder. California bearing ratio was increased from 4.8%
which is said to be poor rated subgrade. The addition of 7% have resulted to increase in
the value to 45.5%. The shear strength that is undrained was 59.64 kNm 2 and raised to
187.25 when added 7% of lime.

Holmes and Kassel revealed in their study from the year 2006 that eggshells can be
used as a liming source. The researchers have concluded that the effective calcium
carbonate equivalent did underestimated the ability of eggshell in liming. The effective
calcium carbonate equivalent should be 2 to 2.5 times the current method that is being
used today. The eggshell samples were collected and analyzed before prior the
analyzation of effective calcium carbonate equivalent.

An investigation was conducted by Doh and Chin which was about the potential filler of
eggshell powder in concrete. Researchers have shown the significance in the reduction
of water absorption and water penetration in the eggshell concrete. The slump test
conducted have resulted to gain the highest slump up to 75mm of the 15% of eggshell
powder while the lowest slump was recorded from the A1 or the sample with 0%
eggshell powder. It is therefore concluded by the researchers that the eggshell powder is
suitable as a filler for it does not absorb water excessively. The compressive test of the
eggshell concrete was investigated in the 3rd,7th, and 28thday of hardening and it was
detected that the concrete with 10% eggshell powder did obtained the highest

N
compressive strength of 42.82% . The study also discovered that as the eggshell
mm2
powder increased from 0 to 20%, the flexural strength also increases. The water
penetration of the eggshell concrete was also reducing while the eggshell powder
increases. It was stated by the researchers that eggshells are useful in reducing the water
penetration that can cause corrosion of steel in reinforced structures. The water
absorption was conducted at the 28thday of the concrete and it was examined that the

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

eggshell powder does fill up the gaps made by the voids which make the specimen to
reduce its water absorption.

As a conclusion, the methods for the eggshell processing are constant among the related
literatures stated above. The process of washing, air drying and sun drying for several
days, grinding and sieving with sieve number 200 are the main procedure of getting the
powdered eggshell. Yerramala (2010) has a result of 10% partial cement replacement
with eggshell to show the same strength as with the conventional concrete.
Dhanalakshmi, Sowmya & Chandrashekar (2015) used superplasticizer with 0.75% in
their study about the fly ash and eggshell study and the result showed that the flexural
strength increases as the percent of fly ash and optimum content of eggshell powder is
being used. While in the study of Parkash (2017) recorded the highest strength of the
concrete to be with 12% of eggshell replacement while for the split tensile strength can
only have 6% of eggshell powder since it obtained a higher tensile strength than the
conventional concrete.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Chapter Two

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The processing of eggshell based on the related literature is washing, sun

drying, and the process of mixing the cement, eggshell, aggregates and water. Some
researcher has used superplasticizer in their study like Dhanalakshmi, Sowmya &
Chandrashekar and Parkash while the remaining researchers did not use any
admixtures. The process of drying after the molding, the curing and tests were almost
same with all the researchers. Researchers commonly tested for the compressive,
flexural, and split tensile strength of the specimens with varying percent of eggshell
powder. The common percent that was obtained by the researchers was ranging
between 5-10% of partially replacing cement with powdered eggshells which does not
affect the strength specifically the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength.
While for the egg whites, these were placed in an airtight container after being beaten
until foamy. The materials used were lime putty, egg albumen, fine sand and water. It
was used as a plastering work. The study showed that the compressive and flexural
strength of the samples increases as the egg albumen with lime mortar increases until
6% of egg albumen.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Chapter Three

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials
 Cement – the main component of concrete which is a fine powder which is
being manufactured in a precise process which makes a binder when added with
water. Cement is a combination of chemicals such as calcium silicon, iron and
other ingredients. The chemical and physical characteristics of cement is
frequently being tested in cement plant laboratories in order to ensure that the
outcome will comply with all the industry specifications. [CITATION Cem \l
13321 ] Cement is an economical and high in quality which is widely used in
construction projects [CITATION Vic \l 13321 ]. A chemical reaction called
hydration, the paste which is made up of cement and aggregates hardens and
gains strength which forms a rock-like mass called concrete. the remarkable
traits of concrete which is its malleable and plastic when newly mixed and the
durability and is strong when hardened. lies within this process. The durability,
strength and the low cost makes the backbone of all the infrastructures. There
are several uses of cement: in creating cement mortar, cement concrete, building
thermal and fire proof structures, used as a grout material or the paste use to fill
the gaps of wall or floor tiles, in cement concrete roads, in manufacturing
precast members and in the construction of aesthetic concrete construction
[CITATION cem \l 13321 ].
 Coarse Aggregate – are mined from quarries or dredged from riverbeds reason
why the characteristics of coarse aggregate such as the size, shape, hardness,
texture and other properties varies depending on the location. Coarse aggregates
are being characterized either smooth, rounded, or angular [CITATION COARSE

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

\y \l 13321 ]. These are particles which are retained in the sieve number four or
in 4.75mm and that will be passing through the 3-inch screen. The mix would be
more economical when used coarser aggregates for the larger particles covers up
a larger surface area while the smaller pieces is equivalent to smaller volume. In
using the maximum allowable size of coarse aggregates, it results to the
reduction of cement and water requirements. Once the size beyond the
maximum allowable size is being used, weakening of that area would be
observed. The oversized aggregates can result to the interlocking and forming of
arches or the barriers within the concrete form [ CITATION Jam17 \l 13321 ].
 Fine Aggregate – The aggregates that passes through 9.5mm sieve, almost
passing through the sieve number four and retained in the sieve number 200 are
the fine aggregates. Sand is universally available natural fine aggregate.
 Water – the essential component in making concrete is water. The strength
during the curing process is also from the moisture that the water provides. One
of the most important ingredients of concrete of water but it can also be the most
destructive when used in an excessive amount [CITATION water \l 13321 ] . Water
and its quantity and quality plays a significant role in determining concrete
quality. The use of water is to develop the adhesive quality once the surface of
aggregates was wetted as the paste of cement quickly and satisfactorily binds.
Water is required to need produce the plastic mixture of the other ingredients to
provide workability of the concrete to make it easier to place in the desired
location. In the usual practice, the quality of water is being neglected highly
despite it playing an important role in the evaluating the durability of the output.
Any potable water is being accepted commonly to be used in the concrete
mixing. Furthermore, when grey water is the only available water, testing its
contents would be needed in order to take suitable steps so that the final concrete
would not contain adverse effects.[ CITATION 17Ma \l 13321 ]

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 Eggshell – calcium, magnesium carbonate or lime, and protein are the primary
component of eggshell [CITATION Gowsika \l 13321 ]. Cement and eggshell were
found to have the same chemical compositions [CITATION Mohamed16 \l 13321 ].
 Egg albumen –it is the water like composition of the egg. The albumen from
egg white can used as a binding agent.
 Concrete mixer– it is a machine that is used for mixing cement, aggregate and
water to form a concrete mixture.
 Cylinder molds–it is an apparatus that is used to determine the compressive
strength of the concrete sample.
 Weighing scale – used to measure weight or mass.

 Slump cone– it is a device that is used for determining the slump of a concrete.
 Base plate – it is the support of the slump cone to hold the concrete.
 Tamping rod – it used to compact the concrete mixture in the slump cone.
 Tape measure – used to measure the slump height.

Figure 3.1: Cement Figure 3.2: Coarse Aggregates

Figure 3.3: Fine Aggregates

Figure 3.4: Eggshells

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 Figure 3.5: Egg whites

PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Figure 3.6 Cylinder Mold

Figure 3.7 Slump test kit

3.3 Research Instruments

The study would be using a compressive machine as the research instrument.

Compressive strength test would be conducted. The compressive test machine would
show a load in kilonewton wherein the maximum load given to the cylindrical sample
was recorded by the researchers and a receipt was also gathered from the machine. The
results gathered were processed and computed by the quality control office of
Durastress Corporation and was approved by the Plant Manager.

3.4 Data Collection

The primary data that were gathered are through experimentations. A varying
percent of eggshell and egg whites would be used in each cylindrical sample. A total of
nine trial mixes were conducted in the research in order to present the different outcome
as the percentage vary. These samples are being cured for 7 and 14 days.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

The secondary data were collected from the related literatures, the internet and from the
researches relating to the concrete containing eggshell and egg whites found from both
local and international.

3.5 Methods for Data

The methods to be used in data collection would be in the form of tables, Excel
and graphs. While the tests for compressive strength is being conducted, tables would
be used in gathering and organizing the data. After all the necessary information are
gathered from the testing, the data are to be transferred in an excel file to compute for
the compressive strength using the formulas indicated in the research design. Graphs
will be created after in order to show the results, differences and to easily distinguish
which of each sample would gain the highest and the lowest results. The strength of the
conventional column would be computed and the comparison of the conventional
concrete and the eggshell and egg whites mixed concrete.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Chapter Four

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Average Compressive Strength of the Samples

The researchers have tested for the strength of their trial mixes with 7 and 14
days of curing. Nine trial mixes were done in the study in order to evaluate the effect of
eggshell and egg whites in concrete in a varying percent shown in the table 4.1.1. The
samples were tested in Durastress Corporation and the group have come up with the
following results.

Eggshells Egg whites

TM1 0% 0%
TM2 0% 3%
TM3 0% 6%
TM4 6% 0%
TM5 6% 3%
TM6 6% 6%
TM7 12.5% 0%
TM8 12.5% 3%
TM9 12.5% 6%

Table 4.1.1: Mix proportions

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

5000

Table 4.1.2 shows the

4000
summary of the trial
mix number 1, 2 and
3000 3. It is shown that the
strength of TM2 and
2000 TM3 at 14 days are
almost with the same
1000 average strength
which is obtained to
0
7 14 be 3522.7 psi and
3482.3 psi
TM 1 TM 2 TM 3

Graph 4.1.2: Average Compressive Strength of TM 1, 2 and 3.

respectively.

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
7 14

TM 1 TM 4 TM 5
Graph 4.1.3Average Compressive Strength of TM 1, 4 and 5.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

In table 4.1.3, the compressive strength of TM1 is being compared to TM4 and TM5.
An increase in the egg whites has resulted to an increase in the average strength of the
concrete obtaining 3405.02 psi and 3654.01 psi.

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
7 14

TM 1 TM 6 TM 7
Graph 4.1.4 Average Compressive Strength of TM 1, 6 and 7.

Trial mix 6 have increased in the strength rapidly from 7 and 14 days of curing as the
percent of 6% eggshells and 6% egg whites is reached. As seen in the table 4.1.4, the
strength of TM1 and TM6 in 14 days curing is said to be 4399.8 psi and 4294.5 psi
respectively.
5000

4000

3000

2000

1000 24

0
7 14

TM 1 TM 8 TM 9
 PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

4000 TM9 obtaining the highest percent of

eggshells with 12.5% cement replacement
3500
and 6% of egg whites in the mixture have
3000 obtained the lowest strength compared to
TM8. The strength of TM9 at 14 days was
2500 2655.5 psi. Despite this low strength
2000
obtained, it still reached the desired strength
psi

for the 14th day which is 87% of 3000 psi

1500 equivalent to 2610 psi.
1000

500

0
TM1 TM2 TM7 TM4 TM5 TM8 TM6 TM9 TM3

Graph 4.1.6: Average Compressive Strength for 7 curing days from highest to lowest.

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 PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

5000
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4500
5000 4000
4500 3500
4000 3000
3500 2500
psi

3000
2000
2500
psi

1500
2000
1000
1500
500
1000
0
500 TM1 TM6 TM5 TM2 TM3 TM7 TM4 TM8 TM9
0
TM1 TM2 TM3 TM4 TM5 TM6 TM7 TM8 TM9

Graph 4.1.7: Average Compressive Strength for 14 curing days from highest to lowest.

For the table 4.1.6, trial mix 2 or the concrete with 0% eggshells and 3% egg whites
obtained the second highest strength next to the controlled concrete. while in table
4.1.7, trial mix 6 reached the second highest strength with a result of 4294.52 psi for its
14th day curing.

Graph 4.1.8: Summary of the Average Compressive Strength for 7 and 14 curing
days.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Chapter Five

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
The data collection from different related literatures shows the same method in obtaining
pulverized eggshells as a partial cement replacement. To prove that the strength obtained in the
study have obtained the strength needed for its curing day as per ASTM. Graph 4.1.2 shows that
a decrease in strength occurred as the percent of egg whites increases.

A decrease in strength was observed in graph 4.1.8 for trial mix 4, 5 and 6 in curing for 7 days
while for the 14th day, there is an increase in strength from the said mixes resulting to 3405 psi,
3654 psi and 4294.5 psi respectively.

While for the mixes that has a 12.5% of eggshells as partial cement replacement, the graph
shows that as the egg whites increases, the compressive strength of concrete decreases. It was
evident in the graph that the strength decreases even after the 14th curing day of the samples.

It can be concluded in the study that trial mix 6 or the concrete with 6% eggshells and 6% egg
whites in it have obtained a strength of 4294.5 psi which is close to the obtained strength of
controlled concrete which is 4399.8 psi. Therefore, the study proves that TM6 can be used in
concrete with a minor difference in strength.

5.2 Recommendation

The researchers emphasize the use of pulverized eggshells used for construction.
Researchers focused on the compressive strength of the concrete with pulverized eggshells and
egg whites on columns. The future researchers can extend this study by getting the behavior of
eggshells and egg whites on beams. The researchers recommend to also test the flexural strength
of the given concrete mix. Also, the next researchers are recommended to try different
percentages that are in between the given range that is present in this study.

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

LIST OF REFERENCES

(2002). Retrieved from Martin Centre:

https://www.martincentre.arct.cam.ac.uk/research/building-histories/history-and-
development-of-building-construction

(2002). Retrieved from Poultry Information Network (PIN):

(http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/poultry/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=76&Itemid=110)

(2002). Retrieved from Understanding Cement: https://www.understanding-

cement.com/history.html

(2008, August 29). Retrieved from New World Encyclopedia:

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mortar_(masonry)

(2009, April 02). Retrieved from The Poultry Site:

http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1364/philippines-poultry-and-products-chicken-
industry-update-2009/

(2013). Retrieved from Business Dictionary:

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Portland-cement.html

(2013). Retrieved from Vicat: https://www.vicat.com/Activities/Cement/What-is-cement

(2013). Retrieved from Polygon Group: https://www.polygongroup.com/en-US/blog/3-ways-

moisture-affects-concrete-strength/

(2013, April 10). Retrieved from The Poultry Site: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/reports/?

id=1886

(2015, May 19). Retrieved from Articles Extensions:

https://articles.extension.org/pages/72980/what-is-a-poultry-farm

(2017, March 31). Retrieved from https://www.concreteshowindia.com/blog/water-is-an-

important-ingredient-of-concrete/

(2017). Retrieved from Rappler: https://www.rappler.com/nation/173624-metro-landfills-full-20-

years-mmda-report

(2018, May 16). Retrieved from Designing Buildings Wiki:

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Binding_agent
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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Abbas, G. (2018, March 1). Retrieved from Slideshare:

https://www.slideshare.net/ghulamabbas132/introduction-to-poultry

Babu, A., Ramprasanth, A., & Shanmugavadivu, V. (2017). Experimental Investigation on

Partial Replacement of Eggshell Powder in Conventional Concrete. Tamilnadu, India.

Bautista, R. (2018, August 20). Retrieved from Philippine Statistics Authority:

https://psa.gov.ph/content/chicken-egg-situation-report-april-june-2018

Bhat, A. (2019). Retrieved from Question Pro: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/experimental-

research/

Blakstad, O. (2019, March 5). Retrieved from Explorable: https://explorable.com/experimental-

research

Buckley, J. (2001). Retrieved from Rumford: http://www.rumford.com/articlemortar.html

Collett, R. (2019, February 22). How Building Churches Out of Egg Whites Transformed
Filipino Desserts. Retrieved from Atlas Obscura: https://metaefficient.com/news/using-
eggshells-to-build-walls-in-japan.html?
fbclid=IwAR0HQeNkROtYHuuvNRPm30OMhI0xhvzdJnpVmweRIg7Pxj2kd9vuakSWz
FI

Dufalla, N. (n.d.). Retrieved from Study: https://study.com/academy/lesson/coarse-aggregate-

definition-density.html

Gowsika, D., Sarankokila, S., & Sargunan, K. (2014, August). TamilNadu, India.

Jamal, H. (2017, March 1). Retrieved from About Civil: https://www.aboutcivil.org/aggregates-

types-uses-definition.html

Jayasankar, R., Mahindran, N., & Ilangovan, R. (2010). Studies on Concrete using Fly Ash, Rice
Husk Ash and Egg Shell Powder. India.

Kaur, B., & Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing.

King, H. M. (2001). Retrieved from Geology: https://geology.com/rocks/iron-ore.shtml

Mann, M. E. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/greenhouse-gas

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. (2003). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of

Architecture and Construction. Retrieved from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture
and Construction: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/gypsum+mortar

Mohamed, A. M., Dinesh, K. M., & Milan, C. (2016, March). Trichy, India.

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Mohamed, A. M., Dinesh, K. M., & Milan, C. (2016, March). Replacement of Cement using
Eggshell Powder. Trichy, India.

Pe, R. (2014, February 28). Retrieved from Business Inquirer:

https://business.inquirer.net/165020/how-big-is-the-philippine-poultry-industry

Sekar, A., & Kandasamy, G. (2018, September 14). Optimization of Coconut Fiber in Coconut
Shell. India.

Stajanča , М., & Eštoková, A. (2012). Environmental Impacts of Cement Production.

Thomas, J. (2005, July 14). Using Eggshells To Build Walls In Japan. Retrieved from
https://metaefficient.com/news/using-eggshells-to-build-walls-in-japan.html?
fbclid=IwAR0HQeNkROtYHuuvNRPm30OMhI0xhvzdJnpVmweRIg7Pxj2kd9vuakSWz
FI

Wee, R. (2017, April 25). Retrieved from World Atlas: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-

egg-producing-countries-in-the-world.html

Young, G. (1998). Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/blast-furnace

APPENDICES
SUPPLEMENTARY DATAS, TABLES AND
SOCUMENTATIONS

A. Preparation of eggshells
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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

Figure 5.3 Sieving of Eggshells

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

B. Concrete Mixing

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

C. Curing of samples

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

D. Testing of Samples

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

E. Data and results obtained

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

F. Summary of Design Mix

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

A. FINE AGGREGATES Natural Rounded

A.1 Source   Porac, Pampanga  

A.2 Fineness Modulus   2.7  
A.3 Specific Gravity 2.549
A.4 Absorption   1.6  
A.5 Dry Unit weight (kg/cu. m.)
A.5.1 Loose   1490  
A.5.2 Rodded 1570
A.6 Moisture Content      

B. COARSE AGGREGATES Angular Rounded

B.1 Source   Pangasinan  

B.2 Maximum Size of Aggregates   3/4"  
B.3 Specific Gravity 2.82
B.4 Absorption   1  
B.5 Dry Unit weight (kg/cu. m.)
B.5.1 Loose   1590  
B.5.2 Rodded 1710
B.6 Abrasion      
B.7 Moisture Content      

DESIGN REQUIREMENT

A. Cement Factor   9  
B. Brand of Cement Republic
3000 psi @ 28
C. Specified Strength   days  
E. Slump   3" to 5"  
F. Specific Gravity of Cement   3.15  

DESIGN COMPUTATION
Water (net
1 mixing)

2 Cement =
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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

3/4 Coarse
3 Aggregates = 1710
Absolute Volume Basis (from table A1.6.3.3 of
4 ACI 211.1-23)
a. Volume
of Water = 210
b. Solid volume of
Cement = 360
c. Solid volume of
Concrete aggregates = 1026
d. Volume of Air = 0.02
(absolute value of all ingredients except sand)
e. Solid vol of F.A
reqd = 1
f. Weight of F.A
reqd = 0.26

SUMMARY: Design Batch Weight per cu.m. (SSD)

MATERIALS By Absolute Volume Basis
  Batch Weight
Gravel
Sand 697.643
Cement
Water
Air
 
TOTAL

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

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PULVERIZED EGGSHELL AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT

42