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Analysis
discussed about the basics of electronics with the general ideas of current,
product of its current density and electric field, or simply, the potential
The concept of series and parallel circuits in analyzing circuits are only
combination circuit, one can simplify the given circuit such that it would
Analysis, Thevenin’s Law, and Norton’s Theorem which are used in order
to understand better how complex circuits work. The mesh current analysis
laws and the mesh current and nodal voltage analysis. And likewise, the
Anyhow, before we delve into the discussion of Kirchhoff’s Law and how
must first understand the theory and concepts behind such technique in
order to fully grasp its use in real life applications and circumstances.
To begin, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws allow us to solve complex circuit
problems by defining a set of basic network laws and theorems for the
combination of both, and that these circuits obey Ohm’s law. However,
simply use Ohm’s law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating
within the circuit. For these types of calculations, we need certain rules
which allow us to obtain the circuit equations and for this we can use
radiation in 1862, and at least two different sets of concepts are named
which deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical
circuits. These two rules are commonly known as: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws
with one of the laws dealing with the current flowing around a closed
circuit, Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL), while the other law deals with the
studying with Neumann who by the year 1845 had published his two
gave laws which reduce the calculation of the currents in each loop to the
solution of algebraic equations. Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws,
resistance less wire travels along the wire at the speed of light. The first law
states that the sum of currents into a given node equals the sum of currents
out of that node. The second law states that the sum of electromotive forces
Figure 2. Example of an
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the “total current or charge
entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node
as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the
node”.
In other
words, the algebraic sum of all the currents entering and leaving a node
2, the three currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3, are all positive in value
and the two currents leaving the node, I4 and I5, are negative in value.
Thus, based on KCL, the summation of all currents entering and leaving
in Equation 3. Recall that an open path is a set of node and elements passed
through if no node was encountered more than once while a closed path or
loop is a kind of path wherein the node where you started is also the node
where you will end. The direction of path could either be clockwise or
the path or loop entered or left. The direction used must be consistent
through all
for KVL.
circulating around a loop or mesh within any closed path of a circuit. While
Kirchhoff´s Laws give us the basic method for analyzing any complex
electrical circuit, there are different ways of improving upon this method
by using Mesh Current Analysis or Nodal Voltage Analysis that results in
a lessening of the math’s involved and when large networks are involved
the branch currents we need to label each “closed loop” with a circulating
direction with circulating currents as the aim is to cover all the elements of
the circuit at least once. Any required branch current may be found from
We now write Kirchhoff’s voltage law equation in the same way as before
to solve them, but the advantage of this method is that it ensures that the
information obtained from the circuit equations is the minimum required
to solve the circuit as the information is more general and can easily be put
into a matrix form. These equations can be solved quite quickly by using a
will be “positive” and is the total impedance of each mesh. Whereas, each
element OFF the principal diagonal will either be “zero” or “negative” and
analysis to calculate the voltages around the loops, again reducing the
Analysis uses the “Nodal” equations of Kirchhoff’s first law to find the
voltage potentials around the circuit. So, by adding together all these nodal
voltages the net result will be equal to zero. Then, if there are “n” nodes in
the circuit there will be “n-1” independent nodal equations and these alone
are enough to describe and hence solve the circuit. At each node point
write down Kirchhoff’s first law equation, that is: “the currents entering a
node are exactly equal in value to the currents leaving the node” then
express each current in terms of the voltage across the branch. For “n”
nodes, one node will be used as the reference node and all the other
the three ways of analyzing and solving complex circuits using KCL, KVL,
Mesh Analysis, and Nodal Analysis. There are many more theorems and
laws used in solving complex circuit, and now, we will be looking into a
single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load “.
consisting of one or more voltage or current source and resistors that are
Voltage Sources such as batteries etc., are very useful in circuit design.
current source. It states that “Any linear circuit containing several energy
current” is one which would flow if the two output terminals where
tasked to fulfill the given objectives: (1.) To determine the current flowing
(KCL) and compare the values obtained with the computed values, and (2.)
(KVL) and compare the values obtained with the computed values.
Resistor Box
Digital Multi-
meter
Ammeter
Battery
Connecting
Wires
The materials used for this experiment in order to satisfy the set-up
resistor box (3), voltmeter (1), ammeter (1), connecting wires (10), Volt-
Ohm (VOM) Meter/Digital Multimeter (2), and battery (4). Materials are
illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 7. Schematic Diagram for the Experiment
the schematic diagram shown in Figure 7 The values of the three resistors
the first step in setting-up, connect the three resistor boxes, refer to Figure
the voltage across power suppl V1 using the digital multimeter and
wire 1 and replaced it with the ammeter and recorded the current flowing
through it in the experimental column of Table 1. Also, we did the same for
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (or Junction Law) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (or
equations. Using the Junction Law, we were able to set-up one equation
and 6 described the voltage rise and drop on the loops 1 and 2,
Echelon Form (RREF) in order to obtain the computed values of I 1, I2, and
I3.
2.038V and power supply V2 = 1.148V. From the data, the experimental values
result shows that the theory presented in the experiment is true and
from Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage laws are true and applicable in real
life.
Conclusion
In real life, there are many resistor circuits that cannot be reduced to
can be used to solve each problem systematically and one such technique is
called Kirchhoff’s Laws, Current Law (KCL) and Voltage Law (KVL),
which states that the sum of all currents entering and leaving a node is
equal to zero; on the other hand, the Voltage Law states that the sum of all
experiment were all precise when compare to the computed values that
was obtained with the use of KCL and KVL. Furthermore, with the use of
Equation 4 derived using KCL, we were able to verify that the current
entering Node B, I1, is equal to the sum of the currents leaving Node B, I 2
and I3. Also, using the Equations 5 and 6 that were both derived using
KVL, we verified the theory of the loop law in which we yield the
methods in analyzing complex circuits are the use Kirchhoff’s laws. After
all, in real-life, all circuits are likely to be complex especially when it comes