Scoruri standard

Curba normală (Gauss)

M. Popa
 Scoruri standard
• cunoaştere → evaluare, măsurare
– evaluare → comparare (Gh. Zapan)
– comparare → raportare la un sistem de referinţă
• Povestea Scufiţei Roşii...
– 70 de puncte la un test de limba engleză....
• Certitudinea bunicii
– doar bucuria fetiţei...
• Nedumeririle bunicii
• ce înseamnă scorul 70?
• este mai bun sau mai slab decât ceilalţi colegi?
• dacă da, cât de bun sau cât de slab?
• Întrebările bunicii
– care este scorul mediu la examen?
– care este abaterea standard a scorurilor?

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 2

 Scorul standard z
(scor normat z, notă standard z)
xm
- distanţa dintre o anumită valoare şi media distribuţiei din z
care face parte, măsurată în abateri standard s
Distribuţia I Distribuţia II

s=5 s=20

m=60 70 45 m=60 70

z
70  60
 2 70  60
5
z  0.5
20

45  60
z  0.75
20
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 3
Transformarea z a unei distribuţii

X Z
x  m 14  12.8
14 +0.50 z 
s 2.38
11 -0.75
10 -1.17
16 +1.34
13 +0.08
N=5 N=5
ΣX=64 Σz=0
m=12.8 m=0
s=2.38 s=1

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 4

 Calcularea valorii (x)
din parametrii scorului z
xm
z x=z*s+m
s
X z
x=+0.50*2.38+12.8=14 14 +0.50
x=-0,75*2.38+12.8=11 11 -0.75
10 -1.17
16 +1.34
13 +0.08
N=5 N=5
ΣX=64 Σz=0
m=12.8 m=0
s=2.38 s=1

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 5

 Proprietăţile scorurilor z
• Media unei distribuţii z este întotdeauna
egală cu 0
– rezultă din proprietăţile mediei
• Abaterea standard a unei distribuţii z este
întotdeauna 1
– rezultă din proprietăţile abaterii standard
• Ca urmare:
– transformarea în z înseamnă transformarea
într-o distribuţie cu m=0 şi s=1

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 6

 “Interpretarea” scorurilor z

x z
14 +0.50 14 este la o jumătate de abatere standard peste medie
11 -0.75 11 este la 0.75 abateri standard sub medie
10 -1.17 10 este la 1.17 abateri standard sub medie
16 +1.34 16 este la 1.34 abateri standard peste medie
13 +0.08 13 este la 0.08 abateri standard peste medie
N=5 N=5
ΣX=64 Σz=0
m=12. m=0
8 s=1
s=2.38

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 7

 Alte tipuri de scoruri standardizate
X m
z z mz=0; sz=1
s

X m
T (Thurstone) T=50+10*z T  50  10 * mT=50; sT=10
s

X m
H (Hull) H=50+14*z H  50  14 * mH=50; sH=14
s

X m mQI=100; sQI=16
QI (Binet) QI  100  16 *
QI=100+16*z s

QI (Wechsler) X m mQI=100; sQI=15

QI=100+15*z QI  100  15 *
s

X m mSAT=500; sSAT=100
SAT SAT  500  100 *
SAT=500+100*z s
8
 Observaţii
• Toate variantele sunt obţinute prin
transformarea operată pe distribuţia de note z
• La nici una dintre variante nu mai avem valori
negative (cu condiţia ca distribuţia să nu aibă o
variabilitatea aberantă).
• Zecimalele nu mai sunt semnificative (ele rezultă
din calcule, dar pot fi ignorate)
• Distribuţiile variantelor oscilează în jurul unei
valori medii specifice, sub care se află 50% din
valori şi peste care se află restul de 50% dintre
valori.

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 9

 Inversarea scorului standard
• scor mare = valoare mare
• Uneori, un scor mare are o semnificaţie
inversă
– timpul de reacţie
– număr de erori
• Într-un astfel de caz se calculează un scor
standard “invers” (cu “minus” în formulă)

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 10

 Inversarea scorului standard
• Exemplu: un test de timp de reacţie
• x=0.15
• m=0.11 sec
• s=0.05
• T(direct)=50+10*(0,15-0,11)/0,05=58
• T(invers)=50-10*(0,15-0,11)/0,05=42
• atât 58 cât şi 42 exprimă acelaşi lucru
• 8 unităţi standard faţă de medie (+ respectiv -)
• Scoruri T → MMPI

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 11

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 12
 Distribuţia normală
(Gauss)
• distribuţie teoretică,
caracteristică
populaţiilor mari Karl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855

• formă de „clopot”
media
• perfect simetrică modul
• linia curbei se apropie mediana
la infinit de axa X, fără
a o atinge vreodată
• de fiecare parte a
mediei se află exact
jumătate dintre valorile
distribuţiei
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 13
 Distribuţia normală=familie de distribuţii

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 14

 Curba normală standardizată
(curba normală z)

• valorile sunt exprimate în scoruri z

• utilă pentru a descrie orice distribuţie
normală, indiferent de expresia valorilor
– o singură tabelă a distribuţiei normale

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 15

 Z Aria - frc(1)

- ∞ .000

-3.00 .001
-2.33 .01
-2.00 .02

-1.65 .05
-1.28 .10
-1.00 .16
-.84 .20
-.52 .30
-.25 .40

.00 0.50
.25 .60
.52 .70
.84 .80
1.00 .84
1.28 .90

1.65 .95
2.00 .98
2.33 .99
3.00 .999

+ ∞Scoruri standard.
1.00
Curba normală. 16
 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
Tabelul 0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
distribuţiei z 0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0 z
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 17

 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
pentru z=1.65 0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 18

 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
pentru z=1.96 0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 19

 Proprietăţile distribuţiei normale
permit aflarea răspunsului la unele
întrebări practice...

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 20

 Procentul oamenilor al căror scor
QI este între 100 şi 110?

x  m 110  100
z   0.63
s 16

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

0 ? 21
 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 22

 Procentul oamenilor al căror scor
QI este între 100 şi 110?

x  m 110  100
z   0.63
s 16
23.57%

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

0 0.63 23
 Procentul oamenilor al căror scor
QI este mai mare de 125?
x  m 125  100
z   1.56
s 16

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

0 ? 24
 Procentul oamenilor al căror scor
QI este mai mare de 125?
x  m 125  100
z   1.56
s 16

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

0 1.56 25
 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 26

Procentul oamenilor al căror scor
QI este mai mare de 125?

50–44.06=5.94%

44.06%

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

0 1.56 27
Care este scorul minim pe care trebuie să-l obţină o
persoană pentru a fi între primii 5% din populaţie?

45%
5%

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

100 ? 28
 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 29

 Convertim scorul z=1.64 în valoare brută
X=m+z*s=100+ (+1.64)*16=126.24

Pentru a fi în primii 5%
QI=126.24

45%
5%

100 126.24

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 30

 Care este scorul care indică cei
mai slabi 33%?

33%

17%

Scoruri standard. Curba normală.

? 100 31
 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 32

 33%

Convertim nota z în valoare brută:

17%
X=m+z*s=100+(-0.44)*16= 92.96

93 100

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 33

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 34
 Aria de sub curba normală văzută ca probabilitate
• definiţii ale probabilităţii
1. şansa teoretică a unui eveniment binar într-o serie posibilă (1/2=0.5)
2. şansa reală în cazul repetării “extragerii” (tinde spre 0.5 când n → ∞)
3. “şansa de apariţie a unui eveniment” – complementară şansei de
neapariţie
• valorile de pe curba normală nu rezultă dintr-un proces de
măsurare
• ele sunt valori teoretice
• pot rezulta ca unui proces aleatoriu
• extrăgând la infinit numere aleatoare → distribuţie normală
• frecvenţa relativă a fiecărui număr este similară cu
probabilitatea sa de apariţie - fr(1)=p

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 35

Exemplificări ale probabilităţilor de
sub curba normală z
Pentru z=1.65 → aria=0.95 → p=0.05

p=0.95 p=0.05

1.65
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 36
 Pentru z=1.95 → aria=0.975 → p=0.025

p=0.975 p=0.025

1.95
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 37
 z=-1 ↔ z=+1 → p=0.68

p=0.68

-1 0 1
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 38
 z=1 → aria=0.84 → p=0.16

p=0.16

p=0.84

0 1
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 39
z=-2 ↔ z=+2 → p=0.95

p=0.95

-2 0 2
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 40
z=-3 ↔ z=+3 → p=0.99

p=0.99

-3 0 3
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 41
 Distribuţii reale şi distribuţii
normale z
• distribuţia standardizată z reprezintă transformarea în z
a distribuţiei normale teoretice
• distribuţia z a unei distribuţii reale PĂSTREAZĂ FORMA
DISTRIBUŢIEI REALE
x z
2 -,92963 curba x curba z
5 ,14302
6 ,50057
7 ,85812
3 -,57208
8 1,21566
9 1,57321
2 -,92963
3 -,57208
1 -1,28717
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 42
Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 43
 Concluzii importante
• O distribuţie de scoruri z
– are întotdeauna media egală cu 0
– are întotdeauna abaterea standard egală cu 1
– convertirea unei distribuţii reale în scoruri z nu schimbă formă
distribuţiei (scorurile z nu normalizează distribuţia)
• Indiferent dacă distribuţia este normală sau nu, scorul z
exprimă cu precizie poziţia faţă de medie în abateri
standard
• Dacă o distribuţie este normală, se pot găsi răspunsuri la
mai multe întrebări interesante

Scoruri standard. Curba normală. 44

 Pentru sănătatea dvs.,
Când traversați, uitați-vă spre
partea de unde pot veni mașini!