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Cinco términos con los que DEBE estar familiarizado: SCADA, DCS, PLC, RTU e instrumentos
inteligentes (en la foto: panel del PLC)
1. SCADA
2. Sistema de control distribuido (DCS)
3. Controlador lógico programable (PLC)
4. Unidad terminal remota (RTU) y
5. Instrumento inteligente
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1. sistema SCADA
Un sistema SCADA (o control de supervisión y adquisición de datos) significa un sistema
que consiste en una serie de unidades terminales remotas (o RTU) que recopilan
datos de campo conectados de nuevo a una estación maestra a través de un sistema de
comunicaciones.
La estación maestra muestra los datos adquiridos y también permite al operador realizar
tareas de control remoto.
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Watch Video At: https://youtu.be/QvdUnFzTcnY
Hay una historia de sistemas SCADA que no tuvieron éxito: los factores que contribuyen
a estos sistemas incluyen la integración inadecuada de los diversos componentes del
sistema,
la complejidad innecesaria en el sistema, el hardware poco confiable y el software no
probado.
Sin embargo, los dispositivos de campo quedan fuera del alcance de SCADA en este
manual y no se analizarán más a fondo. A continuación se muestra un diagrama de un
sistema SCADA típico.
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Figura 1 - Diagrama de un sistema SCADA típico
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La RTU proporciona una interfaz para las señales analógicas y digitales de campo
situadas en cada sitio remoto.
La tecnología SCADA ha existido desde principios de los años sesenta y ahora hay otros
dos enfoques competitivos posibles: el sistema de control distribuido (DCS) y el
controlador lógico programable (PLC) .
Además, ha habido una tendencia creciente a utilizar instrumentos inteligentes como un
componente clave en todos estos sistemas. Por supuesto, en el mundo real, el diseñador
mezclará y combinará los cuatro enfoques para producir un sistema efectivo que
coincida con su aplicación.
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Figura 2 - Sistema SCADA
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DCS systems have evolved into systems providing very sophisticated analog (e.g. loop)
control capability. A closely integrated set of operator interfaces (or man machine
interfaces) is provided to allow for easy system configurations and operator control.
The data highway is normally capable of fairly high speeds (typically 1 Mbps up to 10
Mbps).
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Figure 3 – Distributed control system (DCS)
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They are often used in the implementation of a SCADA RTU as they offer a standard
hardware solution, which is very economically priced.
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Figure 4 – Programmable logic controller (PLC) system
Part I
Part II
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Its primary task is to control and acquire data from process equipment at the
remote location and to transfer this data back to a central station.
It generally also has the facility for having its configuration and control programs
dynamically downloaded from some central station. There is also a facility to be
configured locally by some RTU programming unit.
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Although traditionally the RTU communicates back to some central station, it is also
possible to communicate on a peer-to-peer basis with other RTUs. The RTU can also
act as a relay station (sometimes referred to as a store and forward station) to another
RTU, which may not be accessible from the central station.
Small sized RTUs generally have less than 10 to 20 analog and digital signals, medium
sized RTUs have 100 digital and 30 to 40 analog inputs. RTUs, having a capacity greater
than this can be classified as large.
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Analog outputs
Counter inputs
Digital inputs
Digital outputs
Communication interface(s)
Power supply
RTU rack and enclosure
Hardware:
Individual RTU expandability (typically up to 200 analog and digital points)
Environmental considerations
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The RTU is normally installed in a remote location with fairly harsh
environmental conditions.
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5. Smart instrument
Another device that should be mentioned for completeness is the smart
instrument which both PLCs and DCS systems can interface to.
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