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Introducción a la aplicación.
Este artículo analizará un ejemplo real de cuadro eléctrico para bomba de pozo de agua
potable, que contiene arrancador suave como uno de los componentes principales.
Además de la explicación del diagrama de cableado y la lógica de trabajo, también se
describirán algunos problemas técnicos que ocurrieron durante el arranque y la
operación.
Diagrama de cableado y solución de problemas del arrancador suave para bomba de pozo de agua
potable
La bomba de pozo se instala bajo tierra, en el fondo de una tubería vertical, estrecha y de
unos 30 metros de largo. Desde esa profundidad, el agua limpia se transfiere a través de
una tubería construida sobre el suelo a un gran tanque de reserva en la parte superior
de una estructura de soporte hecha de acero en forma de torre.
Tabla de contenido:
El voltaje inicial es un valor a partir del cual comienza la rampa de inicio o finaliza la
rampa de detención.
Hay algunos motores que deben arrancarse y / o pararse suavemente debido a razones
mecánicas, es decir, la naturaleza de la máquina de trabajo y los requisitos del proceso.
Estos son los casos en los que un cambio repentino y severo en el par motor y máquina
puede dañar el producto o la máquina misma.
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Figura 1 - Principio de funcionamiento del arrancador suave
La función de parada suave se puede usar para mitigar los problemas de calidad de la
energía , especialmente cuando el motor controlado representa un gran porcentaje de la
carga total suministrada desde un solo transformador o cuadro de distribución principal.
Ambas características, arranque suave y parada suave, tienen una influencia positiva en
los grupos electrógenos utilizados para el suministro del motor.
La clasificación del grupo electrógeno debe ser menor que en el caso del arranque
directo en línea, y la regulación de voltaje del grupo electrógeno debe ser más suave y
más eficiente si los pasos de carga durante el arranque y la parada del motor son menos
severos.
Además, incluso si el arranque es exitoso, una disminución excesiva del torque puede
resultar en un tiempo de aceleración excesivo, debido a lo cual es más probable que
ocurra un aumento del calentamiento, aumento de temperatura y posible falla del
motor.
Tenga en cuenta que, cuando se especifica la "potencia típica del motor" para algunos
arrancadores suaves, en realidad significa que los motores con esa potencia nominal (o
menor) que tienen valores típicos de otros parámetros principales, como la eficiencia y el
factor de potencia, pueden ser suministrados por ese arranque suave. Sin embargo, para
un enfoque más exacto y válido, siempre debe comparar la corriente nominal del
motor con la corriente de salida nominal del arrancador suave .
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Figura 2 - Diagrama de cableado del arrancador suave (haga clic para ampliar)
Este es un ejemplo de arrancador suave que utiliza un dispositivo externo para este
propósito, pero el contactor de derivación también puede ser una parte integrada del
arrancador suave, que luego se llama versión interna o incorporada. Más tarde
generalmente está disponible para clasificaciones actuales más pequeñas y se considera
una opción menos robusta.
After start, during normal motor operation, fused disconnector is bypassed, hence
overcurrent motor protection is done by magnetic circuit breaker only. However, thermal
protection of motor is still done by soft starter, regardless of the fact that it is bypassed
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and not used for supply anymore.
Similar to bypass contactor, (-8K6) contactor for capacitive switching is closed only when
soft starter is inactive. This is because simultaneous operation of capacitors and soft
starter is strictly forbidden if capacitors are connected to soft starter’s output. Reason for
that can be found in high inrush currents of capacitors, which may easily damage
thyristors inside a soft starter.
This principle is also applied here, even though capacitors are connected on the input
side.
In order to avoid pumping towards broken pipeline, a flow switch is installed on pipes.
This flow switch is equipped with relay output, which is connected to (-6K5) auxiliary
relay. When flow is within permissible limits, auxiliary relay is excited, and vice versa.
Pump is not able to establish flow inside limits immediately after start, so this protection
needs to be delayed. That is why “on delay” time relay (-7K3.1) is used. When pump
starts, time relay begins to count.
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During that time, and before adjusted time has elapsed, flow is established and ( -6K5)
relay changes condition, so terminals (11) and (14) are now connected.
After counting is finished, time relay change condition, and terminals (15) and (18) are
now connected. Only now, after regular flow is reached for the first time after pump has
started, another flow disturbance may cause change of (-6K5) relay condition and
activation of (-7K3) relay, which will further cause a soft starter to stop.
3. Troubleshooting example
3.1 Problem
This pump switch cabinet is installed in rural area, with poor public supply quality. That is
why genset as alternative power source and UPS device for control voltage supply are
foreseen during design stage and installed afterwards accordingly.
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However, UPS device with “line interactive” instead of “online” topology (1) has been
used.
For these conditions, one of the crucial differences between “line interactive” and “online”
UPS is the influence of input voltage drop at output voltage limits during mains
operation.
In the case of “line interactive” device, the lower value of AC supply voltage below which
UPS, supplied from mains, can no longer provide output voltage inside acceptable limits
is much easier to be reached than in the case of “online” device. So, if narrow limits for
output voltage are required (which is the case for control circuits supply), “line
interactive” UPS device will not be able to cope with severe voltage drops from the mains.
Because of that, UPS must transfer to batteries and drain them, in order to provide
proper control voltage. Note that, after operation on batteries, UPS has to be on mains
operation long enough in order to charge batteries sufficiently and prepare them for
next discharge cycle.
In our case, excessive voltage drops, power outages, and transfers to genset operation
were so frequent and long lasting that batteries were in empty condition often.
With empty batteries, and no proper AC supply, UPS was simply not able to provide
proper control voltage. This was the reason for frequent soft starter shut down and
circuit breaker’s undervoltage release activation. These releases trip and block a circuit
breaker if control voltage falls below some percentage of rated value.
Having in mind above said, the use of these undervoltage releases was not a good choice
either, it would be better that voltage releases were used instead. (2)
2. Learn about differences between voltage release (trip coil) and undervoltage
release
3.2 Solution
The problem was never actually solved. Place of installation was in a country with almost
war condition present at that time, so every additional delivery and installation (of
“online” UPS for example) was simply out of question.
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Only diesel generator’s output voltage was slightly increased, in order to mitigate the
influence of voltage drops during genset operation. Also, end user made some
complains related to power quality issues towards public electrical utility, but I’m not
familiar with the outcome.
BONUS DIAGRAMS
Download control and power diagrams used in this article:
Download PDF
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