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22/01/2019

DETTE EXTÉRIEURE:
ANALYSE ET MESURE
I

ESC SFAX FÉVRIER 2019

Michel Henry Bouchet


www.developingfinance.org

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

▶Bouchet, Fishkin, Goguel, Country Risk 2018, Palgrave


▶Daniel Wagner, Country risk, Managing Country risk, NY 2012
▶Bouchet, Clark, Groslambert: (Wiley, NY)
▶Bouchet, Guilhon: Intelligence Economique et Gestion des Risques (Paris:
Pearson)
▶Reinhart C., Rogoff K.: This time it’s different (Princeton, 2009)
▶Paris Club 2019
▶IIF 2019
▶IMF, annual report 2018
▶BIS reports 2019
▶C-Bonds website

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Origines des déséquilibres économiques

Croissance excessive de la masse monétaire Absorption excessive

Pressions inflationnistes
Fort taux de dépense sur les
biens nationaux et
Pressions sur la balance des paiements d’importations

AJUSTEMENT * Politique de stabilisation avec ajustement des taux


de change et control de l’offre de monnaie baisse de
création de réserves de dépôts et augmentation des
taux d’intérêts
* Ajustements fiscaux
• Mesures structurelles d’ajustement
• Financement du FMI + Banque Mondiale + Club
de Paris
• Retour sur les marchés de capitaux? 3
MH BOUCHET (c) SKEMA 2019

SELON MCKINSEY :
LES PAYS DONT LA
DETTE AUGMENTE EN
% DU PIB

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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ANALYSE DE L’ENDETTEMENT EXTÉRIEUR


Points majeurs:
1. Conséquences de la croissance financée par endettement extérieur et
pression sur la balance des paiements
2. Structure de la dette: CT/LT, taux de change, maturités, taux d’intérêt,
profil d’échéancier, créanciers
3. Ratios de solvabilité et de liquidité
4. Indicateurs avancés de crise financière: chocs extérieurs
5. Restructuration de la dette: rééchelonnement, swaps, refinancement,
réduction et programmes de conversion

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

CONDITIONS D’ÉQUILIBRE FINANCIER

Le revenu disponible?
Y = revenu brut - importations & taxes + entrées de K
Y = C + I + G + X – M – T + (Km – K flight)
Epargne = Y – C
(S – I ) + (T – G) = (X – M) + (Km – K F)
Epargne nette Balance Balance Flux de K nets
fiscale commerciale

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STIMULER L’ÉPARGNE POUR FINANCER


L’INVESTISSEMENT SANS DÉFICIT?
si S < I  X < M
▶ a trade imbalance is always rooted in low
savings and excessive domestic spending
(absorption).
▶ It requires macroeconomic correction
(interest rate hike, devaluation, ↑ taxation,
credit reduction, ↑ reserve requirements…)

1. NOMBRE DE PAYS DÉBITEURS EN DÉFAUT /AN

2010

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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2. PROPORTION DE DÉFAUT SOUVERAIN SUR PRÊTS BANCAIRES ET


OBLIGATIONS

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

3. VOLUME DE DETTE EN DÉFAUT PAR TYPE DE CRÉANCIER

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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4. POURCENTAGE DE DETTE EN DÉFAUT SELON LE PIB MONDIAL ET LA


DETTE PUBLIQUE TOTALE

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

5. NOMBRE DE DÉFAUTS ET DE RÉÉCHELONNEMENTS 1800-2007

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

ANALYSE DE LA DETTE EXTÉRIEURE


FLUX: Balance of payments analysis and capital flight
▶Liquidity
▶Sustainability of external debt strategy (refinancing, market access,
rescheduling, restructuring..)

STOCKS: Structure of debt by creditors, maturity (ST/LT), currency and


interest rates (fixed/floating)
▶Solvency ratios
▶London Club debt : secondary market discounts
▶Spread/margin over US T Bills and CDS
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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LE COMPTE COURANT Des éléments moins liquides


aux plus liquides!
Exportations de marchandises f.o.b.
- Importations f.o.b.
= Balance commerciale
+ Exportations de services non financiers (tourisme)
- Importations de services (transport)
+ Revenus d’investissement (crédit)
- Paiements d’intérêts (débit)
+ (-) Transfers privès
+ (-) Transfers publics
= Balance courante
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

des flux moins liquides


vers les flux plus liquides!

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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FLUX BRUTS ET FLUX NETS


▶Gross Capital Inflows =
 Long-term + Short-term capital flows
▶Net Flows=
 Gross Inflows - Principal Repayments
▶Net Transfers=
 Net Flows - Interest Payments
▶Total debt service payments=
 Principal payments + Interest payments

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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Hello ESC Sfax!


HELP!

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

Calculez le ratio des


paiements d’intérêts aux
exportations en 2018!

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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TAUX LIBOR DU US$ 6-MOIS


US$LIBOR
14

12

10

0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

PUBLIC DEBT IN 2018-19: STILL UNDER CONTROL?


Public debt to GDP % 2018
250

200

150

100

50

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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DETTE TOTALE EN % DU PIB FIN-2018


400%

350%
Private Public
300%

250%

200%

150%

100%

50%

0%
Japan Ireland Portugal Greece France € Zone Spain UK USA China Italy WORLD Germany EMCs

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?


Developed Countries' Public Debt/GDP Ratios (2018)
Korea
China
Germany
India
€ Zone
UK
France
Spain
USA
Portugal
Italy
Ireland
Greece
Japan

0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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GLOBAL PRIVATE SECTOR DEBT IN % OF GLOBAL GDP


(COMPANIES AND HOUSEHOLDS)

Deleveraging?

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

CAPITAL MARKET GLOBALIZATION =


INVESTMENT FUNDS AND RATING AGENCIES IN THE DRIVING SEAT

Share of Public Debt held by foreign investors in 2017 %


100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Source: FT, IMF, Natixis, US Treasury 2017 MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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SOVEREIGN DEBT 2008-2018: NOT MUCH DELEVERAGING!


Total debt = Public + Private

Source: McKinsey Global Institute 2018 MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

GREECE: CURRENT ACCOUNT/GDP IN %

-181-90 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

-3

-5

-7
CA/GDP
-9

-11

-13

-15
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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GREECE: BOP ERRORS AND OMISSIONS ($ MILLION)

1200

700

200

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013


-300

-800

-1300

-1800
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

GREECE: PUBLIC DEBT/GDP IN %


200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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BRAZIL: CURRENT ACCOUNT/GDP IN % (SOURCE: IMF)


2
CA/GDP
1

0
81-90 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

BRAZIL: RESERVE/IMPORT COVERAGE RATIO


MONTHS OF IMPORT
18
16
14
Devaluation
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

BALANCE DES PAIEMENTS ET GESTION DES RISQUES


+ Exportations de biens f.o.b.
- Importations f.o.b.
= Balance commerciale
+/- Exportations de services non-financiers
+ /- Paiements d’intérêt
+ (-) Transfers privès et publics
= Balance courante
+/- IDE
+/- Flux de portefeuille
+ Flux de capitaux LT
- Remboursements d’échéances de principal
+/- Flux de capitaux CT
+/- Variation des réserves de change

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DOUBLE ANALYSE DES RATIOS DE DETTE EXTÉRIEURE

Risque de liquidité = Risque de solvabilité=


flux stocks
▶Debt Service Ratio: ▶Debt/Export ratio
(P+I/X) ▶Debt/GDP ratio
▶Interest Ratio (I/X) ▶Debt/Reserves
▶Current account/GDP ▶ST Debt/Total Debt
▶Growth rate of exports/ ▶ST Debt/Reserves
Average external ▶Reserve/Import ratio
interest rate
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

SEUILS DE LIQUIDITÉ ET DE SOLVABILITÉ

Stock variable
▶Solvency = Debt/GDP < 66%*
Debt/Exports < 150%
Reserves/months of Imports > 6 months

Flow variable
▶Liquidity = Debt Service ratio < 33% of X Interest/X
ratio < 25%

* average debt crisis threshold 1970-2010 Reinhart/Rogoff (Maastricht)

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MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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Hello ESC Sfax! Trouvez


le montant total de la
dette de la Tunisie!

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

CALCULER LA DETTE
EXTÉRIEURE TOTALE:
LE SYSTÈME DE
RAPPORTS DES
CRÉANCIERS

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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FMI; 1900; 5%
Autres; 2000;
TUNISIE: 6% Club de
DETTE EXTERNE TOTALE Court terme;
Londres; 4445;
12%

$38 MILLIARDS = 90% PIB 7400; 20%

220% DETTE/EXPORTS
IFIs/Multi;
6403; 18%
Club de Paris;
3000; 8%
Maturité moyenne = 8 ans
15% détenus par fonds spéculatifs DTS; 384; 1%
Crédits export;
3814; 11%
Bonds; 6900;
19%
Hypothèse du FMI: le taux d’endettement augmente jusqu’
en 2019 avant de se stabiliser par une réduction du déficit
des comptes courants à 8,6% en 2019
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TUNISIE: Ratio Dette/PIB


100
RATIOS DE SOLVABILITÉ % 90
80
1995-2019 70
60
50

250
Ratio Dette/Exports 40
30
20
200
10
0
150 1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

100

50

0
MH BOUCHET/2019 42
1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

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OBLIGATIONS EN DEVISES ÉMISES PAR LA TUNISIE 2017-33

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

OBLIGATIONS ÉMISES PAR LA TUNISIE: TDN, €, $ ET YEN 2015-20

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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EMISSION OBLIGATAIRE JANVIER 2015

▶Although Tunisia has issued debt over the past few years it has
always come with assistance, guaranteed by the US government,
through its Agency for International Development, or Japan.

International investors keen to capitalize on the country’s recent
presidential elections put in orders > $4bn for the $1bn bond,
allowing the country to borrow at a lower than expected rate of
5.875% over 10 years.

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

TUNISIE: SOUTENABILITÉ DE LA STRUCTURE DE DETTE EXTÉRIEURE?

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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TUNISIE-STRUCTURE DES ÉCHANGES INTERNATIONAUX

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

Tunisie-Paiements d'intérêts sur dette extérieure


1990-2016 $ millions
1000

800

600

400

200

0
1996

2007
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995

1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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EXTERNAL DEBT ANALYSIS I


How to stabilize the Interest/Export ratio?

Necessary condition: the growth rate of exports must be at least


equal to the average interest rate on total external indebtedness
Interest payments grow every year at the average interest rate time * overall
indebtedness

LIBOR
Average rate

Average growth rate of Exports of


Goods & Services Time
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

EXTERNAL DEBT ANALYSIS II


r = average rate of interest and g = average GDP growth rate

▶DEBT t= DEBT t-1 * (1+r) – Primary Budget Balance


▶GDP t = GDP t-1 * (1 + g)
▶DEBT t = DEBT t-1 * (1+r) – Primary Budget Balance
GDP GDP t-1 * (1+g) GDP
DEBT = DEBT 1+r - Primary Budget Balance
GDP t GDP t-1 *
1+g GDP

Reducing DEBT= Reducing r, increasing g, or boosting primary surplus


MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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EXTERNAL DEBT ANALYSIS III

How to stabilize the Debt/GDP ratio?


Necessary condition: Deficit must be < (Debt/GDP * GDP growth rate)

If Debt/GDP= 85%
If GDP growth = 2%
Then deficit must be < 1,7%

Deficit

Average Debt/GDP
Time
MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

MH BOUCHET/SKEMA (c) 2019

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ETUDE DE CAS: SOLVENCIA

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