Angle Modulation

Hệ thống viễn thông

(Communication Systems)
Do Duy Tan, Ph.D.
tandd@hcmute.edu.vn
 Outline
• Điều chế pha và tần số (4.1 [1])
(Phase and Frequency Modulation)
• Giải điều chế (4.2 [1])
(Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals)
• Vòng khóa pha PLL (4.3 [1])
(The Phase-Locked Loop)

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 Phase and Frequency Modulation Definition
• Angle modulation is the process by which the angle
(frequency or Phase) of the carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
modulating or message signal.

• also known as “Exponential modulation“

• Classified into two types ;

• Frequency modulation (FM)
• Phase modulation (PM)

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 Applications of Angle Modulation
• Commercial radio broadcasting
• Television sound transmission
• Two way mobile radio
• Cellular radio
• Microwave and satellite communication system

Advantages over AM:

• Freedom from interference: all natural and external noise consist of amplitude
variations, thus receiver usually cannot distinguish between amplitude of noise or
desired signal. AM is noisy than FM.
• Operate in very high frequency band (VHF): 88M-108MHz
• Can transmit musical programs with higher degree of fidelity.

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 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
• A process where the frequency of the carrier wave varies
with the magnitude variations of the modulating or audio
signal.

• The amplitude of the carrier wave is kept constant.

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 PHASE MODULATION (PM) PRINCIPLES
• The process by which changing the phase of carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous of message signal. The
amplitude and frequency remains constant after the
modulation process.

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• Mathematical analysis:
• Let message signal:

• And carrier signal:

where the instantaneous phase is

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• The phase (PM) modulator output

• : deviation constant (radians per unit of m(t))

• The frequency (FM) modulator output

• : frequency-deviation constant (Hz per unit of m(t))

•∆ : peak frequency deviation
•∆ : peak phase deviation
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 Narrowband Angle Modulation
• An angle-modulated carrier in exponential form

• Applying power series yields

• If the peak phase deviation is small, we approximate

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 FM/PM Modulator

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 Spectrum of an Angle-Modulated Signal
• For a sinusoidal message signal, we assume
∆
• : modulation index ( : max freq of the message m(t))

• The modulated carrier is

• : the Bessel function

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 n=0
-4<n<= +4

n=0
carrier
freq

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 Power in an Angle-Modulated Signal
• The time-average Power value

• If the carrier freq is large, cos u lim "% cos # $ → 0

→ !

• The power contained in the modulator output is independent of

the message signal m(t) constant tx power, independent of the
m(t) is one importane difference btw angle mod (FM/PM) and
linear mod (AM)

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 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals
• The power ratio Pw in the carrier (n=0) and 2k components

Total Pw in x_c(t)

• BW is often determined by defining an acceptable pw ratio

• The deviation ratio

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 Example 1
(a) An FM modulator with
Deviation sensitivity, =5kHz/V
Modulating signal m(t)=2cos(2π2000t)

Determine
(i) The peak frequency deviation(Δf) : Ans:10kHz.
(ii) The modulation index ( ) : 5 (unitless)

Hint: ∆ 5000 2 10 *+

∆f
m f =
fm
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 Example 2
(a) A PM modulator with
Deviation sensitivity, =2.5rad/V
Modulating signal m(t)=2cos(2π2000t)

Determine
(i) The peak phase deviation(m) : Ans: 5 rad

Hint: Peak phase shift for modulated wave is the modulation index itself.

=5 rad

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Phase and frequency modulation of a sine-wave carrier by a sine-wave signal: (a) unmodulated carrier;
(b) modulating signal; (c) frequency-modulated wave; (d) phase-modulated wave

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 Example 3
(a) An FM modulator with
m=1
Modulating signal m(t)=Vmsin(2π1000t)
Unmodulated carrier xc(t)=10sin(2π500kt)
Determine
(i) Number of sets of significant side frequencies
(Ans: 1 carrier + 3 sets sides freq.)
(ii) Their amplitudes
(iii)Draw the frequency spectrum

Hint: (i), (ii), (iii) use table of Bessel functions of the First Kind, Jnm

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• Solution

(ii) Their amplitude

J0=0.77(10) ; Carrier
J1=0.44(10), ; 1st sideband pairs
J2=0.11(10) ; 2nd sideband pairs
J3=0.02(10) ; 3rd side band pairs

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(iii) Draw the frequency spectrum.

6kHz
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 Example 4
An FM modulator has the following information;
∆ 10 *+ 10 *+
Vc = 10V , 500 *+
Determine
(a)Actual minimum bandwidth from the B.F table : Ans=60kHz.
(b)Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
(c)Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation
Hint:
∆f
m f = B fm = 2 nf m B fm = 2( ∆f + f m )
fm

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• Solution
Given; ∆ 10 *+ 10 *+
Vc = 10V , 500 *+
(a)Actual minimum bandwidth from the B.F table.

=10kHz/10kHz=1, from B.F table, B=2(3x10kHz)=60kHz.

(b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.

B fm = 2( ∆f + f m ) = 2(10 kHz + 10 kHz ) = 40 kHz .

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(c) Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation

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 Example 5
• An FM broadcast-band transmitter has a maximum frequency
deviation of 75kHz and a maximum modulating signal frequency of
15kHz. Determine the deviation ratio bandwidth.

• Solution
• The deviation ratio (i.e the worst case modulation index).
∆ 75 *+
. 5
15 *+

• From the B.F table, a modulation index of 5 gives 8 significant sidebands.

• Then B=2(8x15kHz)=240kHz.
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 Example 4.2

The peak modulation index: ∆ 01 2 8.5 40 (A: amplitude of m(t)

∆ 67 89
Modulation index: 5( : frequency of m(t))
:
Find the Bessel Function from Table 4.1, then draw the spectrum of xc(t)
Fig. 4.9c shows the passband of the bandpass filter. Thus, the power ratio is

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 Power Distribution
• As seen in Bessel function table, it shows that as the sideband relative
amplitude increases, the carrier amplitude, J0 decreases.

• This is because, in FM, the total transmitted power is always constant

and the total average power is equal to the unmodulated carrier
power, that is the amplitude of the FM remains constant whether it is
modulated or not.

• The total power in angle-modulated wave is equal to the power of the

un-modulated wave.

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• In effect, in FM, the total power that is originally in the carrier is
redistributed between all components of the spectrum, in an amount
determined by the modulation index, mf, and the corresponding
Bessel functions.
• At certain value of modulation index, the carrier component goes to
zero, where in this condition, the power is carried by the sidebands
only.

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 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals
• Frequency demodulator = frequency discriminator
• Assume the received angle-modulated signal

• The output of a FM demodulator

• The output of a PM demodulator

• ;< : discriminator constant

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 The Phase-Locked Loop (feedback demodulator)

Voltage-controlled oscillator

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 Self-study Contents
• Vòng khóa pha số
• Bộ nhân tần
• Can nhiễu trong điều chế góc

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 Textbooks/References
[1] R.E. Ziemer and W.H. Tranter, Principles of communications: systems,
modulation, and noise, 6th ed. Wiley, 2009.
[2] Taub Schilling, Principles of communication systems, 2nd ed., Mc Graw Hill,
1999.
[3] Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Wiley,
March 2000.
[4] Proakis and Salehi, Fundamentals of communication systems, 2nd ed., Pearson,
2013.
[5] A. B. Carlson, Communication Systems, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[6] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] R. L. Freeman, Fundamentals of Telecommunications, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2005
[8] Theodore Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles And Practice, 2nd
ed., Prentice Hall, 2002

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 Exercises
• Textbook [1] (version 7, Chapter 4)
PROBLEMS (not DRILL PROBLEMS)

• 4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10

• 4.11, 4.14, 4.15, 4.18

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