His shoes are dirry. He is cleaning his shoes.

He has cleaned his sho-

(: his shoes are clean r,.:

They are at home. They

r lrey are
:rre going out.
golng out. They have gone out.
(= they are not at hontc

has cleaned / have gone erc. is the present perfeX (have * past participle):

I
cleaned I cleaned?
we have ('ve)
finished have
we finished? I
you have not (haven,t) tegiltar uctbi
started you started?
they
lost they I
lost?
he has (") done done?
he
she has not (hasn't) been has she been? l,nnn,,o, ,,,,
it gone gone?
it l
I
past participle
Regular uerbs The past particlple is
-ed (the same as rhe past sirnple):
clean * I have cleaned finish finished
- we have srârt + she has,r__-'r{
Irregular uerbs The past participle
is not _ed.
Sometinres the past simple and past participle
are the same:
buy * I bought z' r h;rve bought *
have he had / he has had
Somerintes the past simple and past
participle are different:
break _ I broke / I have broken sce + you saw ,/ you have seen
iàn --* it ferl / it has fallen + they weffi ;;;;;".
go
*;""
we use-the,present perfect for an action in
the pa-stwith a resurt nout:
D I've lost nry passport. (: I can,t find
my passport
I ''W.here'.s Rebecca?' .She's gone to b"j., (= shenorz)
is in;,ed now)
tr 'Wc've bought â new car. (= we have a
new car now)
n It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't
bought her a present. (: I don,t h.
present for her now)
tr'Bob is away on holiday.' ,Oh,
where has_ he gone?, (: where is
D Can I take this newspaper? Ffave you he now?)
finishedîith it? (: do you need. it now?S
40 present perfect units 16-19
- present perfect and past simple
- unit 20 irregular verbs unit j
- 2
 I'hwê done,r{presê t perfect 1}

..

i
i.
His shoes are dirty. He is cleaning his shoes He has cleaned his shoes.
(: his shoes are clean nor.,)

Thev are at home. They are going out. They have gone out.
(= they are not at home nolr)

has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present peyfect (have + past participle):

I cleaned I cleaned?
we have ('ve) finished we finished?
have
you have not (haven't) started you started?
they they
l"s'ro"ur"
lost lost?
he has ('s) done he done?
she has not (hasn't) been has she been?
it gone it gone? l,*,.,,,,,,,
posr plorriciplc

Regular uerbs The past participle is -ed (the san-re as the past simple):
clean * I have cleaned finish -+ we have finished start + she has started

Irregular uerbs -ïhe past participle is not -ed.

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:
buy * I bought ,/ I have bought have
- he had / he has had
Sonretimes the past simple and past participle are diflerent:

break
- I broke ,/ I have broken see --+
--+ you saw / you have seen
fall --* it lell / it has fallen go they wetl:t / they have gone

W'e use the present perêct for an action in the past with a result nour:
n I've lost nry pâssport. (: I can't find nry passport r?oll)
I 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (: she is rn bed nou)
n We've bought â new car. (- we have â new car now)
n Itt Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (: I don't have a
present for her n.ow)
n 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh,where has he gone?' (: where rshe now?)
n Can I take this newspaper? Flave you finished with it? (: do you need it now?)

4û present perfect
- Units 16-19 present perfect and past simple
- Unit 2û irregular verbs - Unit 24, Appendii
LN

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rulq I 'os >lun{t t,uop I :s
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Jê,{\OLIS E e^Eq u-\\op [-EJ roop êql êsolf
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I t ltun sSsrJlJXl
.J
 l've j ust I've already ... r..
lhaven't... yet {prêsent perfect 2l
I've just ...

just : a short time ago

i-l n: Are Diane and Paul here?
B: Yes, they've just arrived.
Are you hungry?
No, I've just had dinner.
i: A: Is Tom here?
B: No, I'm afraid he's just gone
(: he has just gone)
They have just arrived.

ffi I've already...

aheady = before you expected /
before I expected
n A: Whât ti.n.re are l)iane and Paul coming?
n: They've already arrived.
(- before you expected)
It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already
gone to bed. (= before I expected) Jon, lhLs Ls Emmo-.

R: Jon, this is Emma.

e: Yes, I know. 'We've already tnet.
ri

ffi r haven,r ...yet / Have you ... yet?

yet : until now

-We
use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.
yet in negative sentences (I haven't ... yet)
if A: Are Diane and Paul here?
B: No, they haven't arrived Yet.
(but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon)
I A: Does James know that you're going away?
e: No, I haven't told him yet.
(but B is going to tell him soon)
tr Siivia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't
worn it yet. The frlm hasn't started yet

Oh, tls nk*,

gou worn it
yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)
II
rl r R: Have Diane and Paul arrived Yet?
n: No, not yet. 'We're still waiting for them'
t-i A: FIas Nicoie started her new job yet?
S: No. she statts next week.
r n: This is my ner,v dress.
e: C)h, it's nice. Flave lrou worn it yet?

present perfect Units

,l5,
17-2û word order * Unit g4 still, yet and already - Unit 95
47 -
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 evêi'll, esênt p

\-.'-
/-n*ryo, .u.r\
e'*gry,
-Weusethepresentpefiect(havebeen/havehad/haveplayedetc')whenwetalkabout
lil I |t r,l
1,ii:
r 1
,l,r,,tl',1 l. a time from the past until now -
for example' a petson's life:

F{ave you ever been to JaPan?

time from the Past utttil now

Past

tr 'ÉIave you been to France?' 'No' I haven't''

the United States'
I I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to and has lived in manr
different jobs
ll Mary is an interesting;;;"';- She has had many
places.
n I've seen that woman before, but I can't
remember where'
Cup?
n Flo'nv many times has Brazil won the'World : two times)
I've read ii twice'' (twice
n 'Flave you read this book?'
'Yes'

+ ever (in questions) and never:

present pefect
(once = one time)
[ 'FIas Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes' once''
x 'Flave you ever played golP' 'Yes' I play a lot''
n My sister has never travelled by plane'
n I've never ridden a horse'
r 'Who is that man?' 'l don't knolv' l've nevet seen him before''

gone and been

h.uo uteeks laler

t
Tr
rl{ Bill has been to SPain'
t Bill has gone to SPain' is back)
(= he is in SPain rzorf (: he went to SPain, but now he

Compare:
(= where is she now?)
il I can't find Susan' Where has she gone?'Where
I have you been?
looking for you'
tr Oh, hello Susan! was

44presentperfect-Units15-l6,lBpresentperfectandpastsimple-Unit20
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