PROPOSAL

PERSONALITY OF MAIN CHARACTERS IN STEVE BERRY’S

“ALEXANDRIA LINK NOVEL”: PSYCHOANALYSIS
OF CARL GUSTAV JUNG

HADIRA
Reg. No. 162052501062

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

MAGISTER PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

DECEMBER 2017
PERSONALITY OF MAIN CHARACTERS IN STEVE BERRY’S
“ALEXANDRIA LINK NOVEL”: PSYCHOANALYSIS
OF CARL GUSTAV JUNG

MINI PROPOSAL

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Searching of journal referention

Program
English Education Department

Arranged by

HADIRA

To

INTERNATIONAL OFFICE (IO)

MAGISTER PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

DECEMBER 2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................ i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1
A. Background................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement........................................................
C. Objective of Research...................................................
D. The Significance of Research........................................
E. The Scope of the Research............................................
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................... 4
A. Relevant Research Findings..........................................
B. Psychology Approach in Literary Work.......................
C. Personality.....................................................................
D. Carl Gustav Jung’s Theory............................................
1. Theory.....................................................................
2. Structure of personality C.G. Jung..........................
E. Conceptual Framework.................................................
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD .................................................... 12
A. Research Method...........................................................
B. Data Source...................................................................
C. Instrument of the Research............................................
D. Procedure of Data collection........................................
E. Technique of Data Analysis..........................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................... 14
APPENDIX
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Literary works as form and the result of a creative work, in essence is a medium
that utilizes the language to express about human life. Therefore, a literary work, in
generally contains about the problems surrounding human life. The emergence of literary
is background of the basic human impulse to reveal his existence.

A literary work is art work such as music art, painting art, dance art, etc. This is due
to the beautiful of its language. It is difficult to be understood or unstated and needed
interpretation. According to Mecler in (Standford, 2006, p.2), we read literature to find
the beauty of words of great writers. Literature teaches us the truth about our lives. We
learn good values from literature like Shakespeare. Literary work has soul alone, so that,
it is interesting to read.

Literary work does more than entertain. They instruct you by showing things about
the world you had not known before reading them. It may increase your curiosity about
what will happen engage your feelings for its characters; stimulate your thought about
why things happen as they do. It also gives you the moral message.

One of literary works is novel. As an art work, novel is a manifestation of the author
in writing with the beautiful words inspired from personal experience or from the author
environment. As a literary work that was born from the creative and imaginative, the
novel can also be regarded as the work of a man who tries to understand and to describe
the reality of what happened in the community, which be expressed through writing. In
other words, the novel can bring you to a deeper understanding of life. It relates Gordon,
1961, p.2) that “novel is a prose narrative, which is based firmly on the events of
contemporary life and it tells the story above the life experiences of human being as that
author can see, hear, face, experience and imagine.”

Novel not only can be analyzed in term of character, plot, setting, but also in term of
psychological analysis in a novel. Psychoanalysis is the main explored feelings. Those
feelings range from anxiety and fear hostility and sexual desire, and can original in a
 range of sources, from the traumas of personal history to the instinct of the body (Ridn,
1999, p.35).

Relation between psychology and literature can be seen through analyzing behavior
of characters in a novel. (Colvin, 2015; Crozier, 2016)

One of the psychology studies is personality. Personality is what makes that person
different from other people, perhaps even unique (Boeree, 2006, p.6). Novel as one of
literary work can be analyzed of its characters’ personality by using psychology theory.

The novel should make readers challenge to keep reading by offering event and
strong character, for example, Alexandria Link Novel. This novel is science fiction novel.
It raises theme about adventure. This novel also raises world issue that is conflict of three
biggest religions in the world. There are many places, figures, and events mentioned in
this novel really exist. This novel will bring us to strain adventure. The adventure in this
novel can be said almost the same with Davinci Code novel, but it offers different sense.
The plot is like episodic, but it gives different sense with image of character that keep
moving.

This novel told about Cotton Malone’s adventure to look for Alexandria Library. He
experienced some events that made himself in dangerous. He also must face abduction of
his son and betrayal from the people who close with him. The case did not make him
surrender with his aim, even he could through them. The other characters also have main
role to strong and develop the plot in this novel. They are Hendrik and Stephanie,
Cotton’s friends. They were in danger because of helping Malone to reveal who the
mastermind behind the terror that befell Malone’s family and their aim to do so. Hendrik
had to face Herman, the main mastermind, directly. Stephanie must face the black world
of politics and terror threatening her life.

B. Problem Statement

In this writing, the writer formulates research question as follows:

How is the personality of main characters in the novel Alexandria Link by Steve
Berry?
C. Objective of Research

The objective of this research is to investigate the main characters’ personality in the
novel Alexandria Link by Steve Berry.

D. Significance of Research

The significances that writer expects from the result of this research are:

1. This research can be a reading material for the reader particularly literature observer,
literature lover and also for literature teaching. So, it could increase appreciation of
literary creature.
2. To the students, especially who are interested in Psychology, this research could be
comparison matter for the next relevant writing.

E. Scope of Research

The writer knows that there are some aspects that might be analyzed in the literary
work, but in this research, the writer just intends to focus on one element of the novel
namely personality, particularly personality of main characters. In this case, personalities
of main characters are viewed from the aspects such as family and social interaction.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Relevant Research Findings

There are some researches that use psychology approach in their research. The first
was Nunung (2000) in her thesis, “Personalities of Aaron Sisson in David Herbert
Lawrence’s Aaron’s Rod.” She found that personality is people reaction to every
individual and situation facing on him, refer on how he appeared and made reaction to
others individual around him.

Rosmawaty (2008) in her thesis, “The Analysis Personality of Robinson Crosoe in

Daniel Dafoe.” She found that personality in Daniel Dafoe’s Robison Crosoe is
constructed by culture, education, politics and religion.

The previous findings show that Nunung researched the personality of main
character that more prominent than others and role of other character in creating the
personality of main character by using Hippocrates-Galens theory, Rosmawati focused on
personality analysis of main character by using Abraham Maslow theory. This research
focused on archetypes theory.

B. Psychology approach in literary work

Psychology of literary work learns relation between literature and psyche.

Psychological study on literature may take the form of the psychological study of the
writer as an individual, psychological study of the creative process, study applying the
psychological theory into literary works, or psychological study of the impact of
literature on the reader (Wellek & Warren, 1993, p.90). In this particular study, the writer
deals with the third type that is study applying the psychological theory into literary
works. The object of analysis is the literary work. Specifically, the psychological state of
the main character.

C. Personality

Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those

psychophysical systems that determine characteristic behavior and thought.
Psychophysical interaction direct people’s behavior. Dynamic above is intended that
behavior can change through learning process or experiences.

Another definition also remarked by Crider in Kaluger and Charles (1967:7-8). He

defined personality as the unique pattering of behavior and mental process that
characterizes an individual and the individual’s interactions with the environment.
Personality also can be meant as trait levels of culture members. (McCrae, Terracciano,
2005)

Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristic that

give both consistency and individuality to person’s behavior (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.13).

From definitions above, the writer concludes that personality is trait posed by every
individual that make him or her different with another.

there are some factors (gender, mental disorder, etc) that can influence and change
personality and create personality disorder. This case can be analyzed in psychoanalisis.
(Lewine, Martin, & Hart, 2017)

There are four major perspectives on personality in modern psychological study of

personality. The first perspective on personality is psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud is the
founder of psychoanalysis. He defined psychoanalysis as a theory of the mind or
personality, a method of investigation of unconscious processes, and a method of
treatment. Freud emphasized on unconscious forces, biologically based drives of sex and
aggression, and unavoidable conflicts in early childhood. These were considered the
rulers and shapers of our personality He argued that personality would develop as
psychosexual stages.(John, Robins, & Pervin, 2008, p.62; Schultz, 2005,p.43, 2005,p.i)

The psychoanalytic after Freud who called neopsychoanalysts focused on the whole
person as he or she functions in the real world, not on elements of behavior or stimulus-
response units as studied in the psychology laboratory. The neopsychoanalysts accepted
the existence of conscious and unconscious forces, whereas the behaviorists accepted the
existence only of that which they could see (Schultz, 2005, p.7).
One of neopsychoanalysts was C.G. Jung. The relationship between Freud and Jung
was they had the same area 'psychology' and the same object of the child 'Sabina
Spielrein' (Noth, 2015). He believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on sexuality as
 a motive for behavior. Jung argue new concept “Collective unconsciousness”, a kind of
universal memory bank that contains all the ancestral memories, images, symbols, and
ideas that humankind has accumulated throughout time.
Writer chooses psychoanalysis of C.G. Jung as theory in this research, because of his
theory is suitable with the writer’s concern. Jung concerns his theory on unconscious
aspect.
D. Carl Gustav Jung’s Theory
1. Theory
At first, Carl is supporter of psychoanalysis, and then broke with Freud to
establish his own theory (Ewen, 2003, p.1). Main difference of Jung and Freud lay in
their sight about unconsciousness. Though both of them emphasized
unconsciousness as determinant behavior of man and source of motivation, but they
differ in position regarding source of this unconsciousness. Freud tells that element
of sexual is primary factor and dominant in unconsciousness, whereas Jung hardly
disagree with this opinion and express that source of unconsciousness is heritage
from ancestors so that it has social characteristic and depends on group of race.
According to Jung in (Schultz, 2005, p.96), he states that unconscious as the core
of his system of personality. His unconscious concept is called collective
unconsciousness. This concept is transpersonal, there is on all man. This thing can be
proved through man brain structure which is not changed. Collective
unconsciousness is the storehouse of latent memories of our human and prehuman
ancestry. For example, love at first sight, love to parent, fears to wild animals, the
spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, etc. This collective unconsciousness
becomes personality base of man because it includes value and wisdom of man.
(Boeree, 2006, p.5; Ryckman, 2008, p.81)
2. Structure of personality of C.G. Jung
There are three structure of personality according to Jung, they are:
a. Conscious
Conscious image are those that are sensed by the ego. The ego is the center
of consciousness, the part of the psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking,
feeling, and remembering. It is our awareness of ourselves and responsible for
carrying out the normal activities of waking life. The ego acts in a selective way,
admitting into conscious awareness only a portion of the stimuli to which we are
exposed (Schultz, 2005, p.101).
b. Personal unconsciousness
The personal unconsciousness is the region next to the ego. It consists of all
the forgotten experiences that have lost their intensity for some reason, possibly
because of their unpleasantness. It also includes sense impressions that are too
weak to be perceived consciously (Jung, 1969, p.376). These unconscious
materials are accessible to the person’s consciousness under certain
circumstances.
Contents of the personal unconsciousness are called complexes. A complex
is a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes organized
around a common theme. For example, we might say that a person has a
complex about power or status, meaning that he or she is preoccupied with that
theme to the point where it influences behavior. The person may try to become
powerful by running for elective office, or to identify or affiliate with power by
driving a motorcycle or a fast car. By directing thoughts and behavior in various
ways, the complex determines how the person perceives the world (Schultz,
2005, p.104).
Complexes may be conscious or unconscious. Those are not under
conscious control can intrude on and interfere with consciousness. The person
with a complex is generally not aware of its influence, although other people
may easily observe its effects.
c. Collective unconsciousness
Collective unconsciousness is a deposit of world processes embedded in the
structure of the brain and the sympathetic nervous system constitutes, in its
totality, a sort of timeless and eternal world-image which counterbalances our
conscious momentary picture of the world. In other words, it is the store
experience of human and pre-human ancestry. It consists of instincts and
archetypes that we inherit as possibilities and that often affect our behavior
(Ryckman, 2008, p.81).
Whatever experiences are universal, repeated relatively unchanged by each
generation which become part of our personality. Our primitive past becomes
the basis of the human psyche, directing and influencing present behavior. To
Jung, the collective unconsciousness was the powerful and controlling repository
of ancestral experiences. The ancient experiences contained in the collective
unconsciousness are manifested by recurring themes or patterns Jung called
archetypes. He also used the term primordial images. There are many such
images of universal experiences, as many as there are common human
experiences. By being repeated in the lives of succeeding generations,
archetypes have become imprinted on our psyche and are expressed in our
dreams and fantasies (Schultz, 2005, p.105). These major archetypes include the
persona, the anima and animus, the shadow, and the self.
1) Persona
The persona represents public image. Persona is mask used by man as
respond to the claim of society custom and tradition also for our
requirements. The persona archetype is a mask, a public face we wear to
present ourselves as someone different from who we really are. The persona
is needed to hold own, to restrain feeling, thinking, and behavior. The main
aim is to create certain impression to other people and hide our real self.
Although the persona can be helpful, it can also be harmful. We may come
to believe the persona reflects our true nature and these mask will hide our
real selves. Instead of merely playing a role, we may become that role. As a
result, other aspects of our personality will not be allowed to develop
(Schultz, 2005, p.106).
2) Shadow
Shadow indicates the dark side of personality. In the collective
unconsciousness, the shadow consists of universal personifications of evil
within our psyches. The devil, in its various forms, would be a prime
example. Jung maintained that we may never understand this un-adapted
side of our personality fully because we can never bring ourselves to
confront absolute evil. Nevertheless, the shadow exists in all of us, and it
manifests itself in a variety of ways such as unaccountable moods, pains of
unexplained origin, urges toward self-destruction, and desires to harm
others. Shadow consists of material that is repressed into the personal
unconsciousness because it is shameful and unpleasant, and it plays a
compensatory role to the more positive persona and ego. The shadow’s
power is evident when a person is overcome by violent and uncontrollable
rage (Ryckman, 2008, p.84; Ewen, 2003, p.65)
3) Anima and Animus
Jung believes that all man and woman have elements of the opposite
sex within them. Each man has a feminine side, and each woman has
unconscious masculine qualities. This concept is based on the fact that both
men and women have varying amounts of male and female hormones. The
feminine archetype in man Jung called the anima and the masculine
archetype in woman he called the animus (Ryckman, 2008, p.85).
Jung insisted that both the anima and the animus must be expressed. A
man must exhibit his feminine as well as his masculine characteristics, and a
woman must express her masculine characteristics along with her feminine
ones (Schultz, 2005, p.107). The anima may be personified as a young girl,
very spontaneous, intuitive, vanity, moodiness, irrationally, emotionally and
social sensitivity. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, tends
to be logical, often rationalistic, social insensitivity, leader soul, even
argumentative, etc.
The animus may manifest itself as aggressive behavior in woman. This
opposite sex characteristic allows female sex to understand and react
appropriately to the other sex. Biologically, the inner man expresses the
presence of a minority of male genes in a woman. Although it is true that
almost everybody falls in love or at least experiences sexual desire, few
people are capable of realizing the factor that has made the object of their
desire desirable in the first place.
4) Self
The self is an archetype that represents the transcendence of all
opposites, so that every aspect of your personality is expressed equally. You
are then neither and both male and female, neither and both ego and
shadow, neither and both good and bad, neither and both conscious and
unconscious, neither and both an individual and the whole of creation. Self
guides man toward self-actualization, be purpose of continuous life fought
man but seldom be reached (Boeree, 2006, p.10).
The self is almost never perfectly balanced, each person has in the
collective unconsciousness a concept of the perfect, unified self. The
mandala represents the perfect self, the archetype of order, unity, and
totality. Because, self-realization involves completeness and wholeness, it is
 represented by the same symbol if perfection (the mandala) that sometimes
signifies divinity. In the collective unconsciousness, the self appears as an
ideal personality, sometimes taking the form of Jesus Christ, Buddha,
Krishna, or other deified figures (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.113).
Jung explains the function of the self below:
The ego receives the light from the Self. Though we know of this Self,
yet it is not known... Although we receive the light of consciousness
from the Self and although we know it to be the source of our
illumination, we do not know whether it possesses anything we would
call consciousness... If the Self could be wholly experienced, it would
be a limited experience, whereas in reality its experience is unlimited
and endless... If I were one with the Self I would have knowledge of
everything, I would speak Sanskrit, read cuneiform script, know the
events that took place in pre-history be acquainted with the life of other
planets, etc. (Hilman, 1975, p.194–195)

Based on the explanations above, writer concludes that self can be only
reached if we can balance between conscious and unconscious in ourselves.
Self is perfection which is described as figure of Buddha, Christ, etc. There
is no one who can be like as them. It means that self impossible to be
reached by any human.
So that’s why in this research, the writer does not use self as one of
theory to analyze the personality of main characters.
In this research, the writer focuses on collective unconsciousness. It is due
to writer tendency to Jung’s opinion. Jung stated that the most important portion
of unconscious springs not from personal experience of the individual but from
the distant past of human existence.
E. Conceptual Framework

Novel is a long prose contains a series of one’s life story with people around him to
show characterization and attitude of the character. In literary work such as novel, writer
always shows characterization of character as one of elements that support plot in story.
The character was expressed by author in literary work is man mind that influence whole
its mind and feeling.
 In this research, writer review about characters on novel Alexandria Link by Stephen
Berry with Carl Gustav Jung’s approach. Study of this character is based on one of
approach in literary study, which is psychological approach. Psychological approach is a
form of approach with how it works to process or to disclose meanings in literary work to
subject of study lies in the psychological aspects, such as physical depiction, posture,
dress, behavior, speech, and environment where he lived. While, novel is analyzed using
psychological approach of literary work to know personality of character. Personality is
behavior of someone who realized and unrealized also has a unique characteristic. One of
the theories can be used to know personality figure is psychology of Carl Gustav Jung
who stated about collective unconsciousness, mainly archetype.

Conceptual framework can be described as follows:

Literary work
(Steve Berry’s Novel Alexandria Link)

Psychology Approach

C.G. Jung Theory

(Collective Unconsciousness)

Main characters’ personality

 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

A. Research Method

In this research, the writer used qualitative method. Qualitative method focuses on
data. According to Bogdan and Taylor in Kaelan (2005, p.5), qualitative method is
procedure research that result descriptive data such as words, notes relating to value,
meaning and understanding.

B. Data Source
The source of data used in this research are expressions and statements that
describing personality of main characters in the novel Alexandria Link by Steve Berry.
This novel was published in 2007. It consists of 4 chapters, 87 parts and 477 pages.
C. Instrument of the Research

In this research, the writer used the instrument to collect data is called note taking.
Note taking is a system for recording information which requires the writer to use cards.
The informations included the last name of author, page, and related information (Nasir,
1988, p.124–125). In this research, note taking was done by making a note and classify
data that describe personality of main characters in the novel Alexandria Link by Steve
Berry by using C.G. Jung’s approach.

D. Procedure of Data Collection

In collecting the data in this research, the writer applied the instrument, called note
taking. The procedure was used to collect data, as follows:

1. Writer read the novel of Alexandria Link accurately and critically to collect the data.
This reading is intended to understand the meaning of data.
2. The writer identified all of the characteristics of persona, shadow, anima and animus.
3. The writer made a note of data in colored cards that had been classified based on the
characteristics of persona, shadow, anima and animus.
4. The writer put the data on the table; therefore the writer easily saw the data.
E. Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing data in this research, the writer used theory of C.G. Jung. He
emphasizes his theory on unconscious aspect which the main concept is collective
unconsciousness. The collective unconsciousness is the powerful and controlling
repository of ancestral experiences. Contents of the collective unconsciousness are called
archetypes. Archetypes consist of persona, shadow, anima and animus, and self.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boeree, C. G. (2006). Personality Theories. German: Shippensburgh University.

Colvin, S. (2015). Why should criminology care about literary fiction? Literature, life

narratives and telling untellable stories. Punishment & Society, 17(2), 211–229.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474515577152

Crozier, W. R. (2016). The Blush: Literary and Psychological Perspectives: Literary Insights

into the Blush. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 46(4), 502–516.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12105

Ewen, R. B. (2003). An introduction to theories of personality (6th ed). Mahwah, N.J:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Feist, J., & Feist, G. (2006). Theories of Personality. New York: Mc Grow-Hill Company.

Gordon, A. I. (1961). R Post Primary School Bulletin. Wellington: Goverment Printer.

Hilman, J. (1975). Re-visioning Psychology. New York: Harper & Row.

John, O. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A. (Ed.). (2008). Handbook of personality: theory

and research (3rd ed). New York: Guilford Press.

Jung, C. . (1969). The Structure and Dynamic of The Psyche. Princeton: Princeton University

Press.

Kaelan. (2005). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Bidang Filsafat. Yogyakarta: Paradigma.

Lewine, R., Martin, M., & Hart, M. (2017). Sex versus gender differences in schizophrenia:

The case for normal personality differences. Schizophrenia Research, 189, 57–60.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.015

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005).

Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology, 89(3), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.407

Nasir, M. (1988). Metode Penelitian. Darussalam: Dhalia Indonesia.

Noth, I. (2015). “Beyond Freud and Jung”: Sabina Spielrein’s Contribution to Child

Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. Pastoral Psychology, 64(2), 279–

286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-014-0621-5

Nunung. (2000). Personalities of Aaron Sisson in David Herbert Lawrence’s Aaron’s Road

(Thesis). Hasanuddin University, Makassar.

Ridn, M. (1999). Literature Theory. USA: Blackwell.

Rosmawaty. (2008). The Analysis Personality of Robinson Crosoe in Daniel Dafoe

(unpublished thesis). Alauddin State Islamic University, Makassar.

Ryckman, R. M. (2008). Theories of personality (9th ed). Australia ; Belmont, CA:

Thomson/Wadsworth.

Schultz, D. P. (2005). Theories of personality (8th ed). Australia ; Belmont, CA:

Thomson/Wadsworth.

Standford, J. A. (2006). Responding to Literature (Fifth Edition). New York: Mc Grow-Hill

Company.

Wellek, R., & Warren, A. (1993). Theory of Literature. Jakarta: Gramedia.

 APPENDIX

No Research’s Title of journal Journal Quartil H-index IF,SJR, or

citescore
1 The Blush: Literary and Journal for the Theory of 1 38 529
Psychological Perspectives Social Behaviour
2 Why should criminology care Punishment & Society 1 35 8
about literary fiction?
Literature, life narratives and
telling untellable stories
3 "Beyond Freud and Jung": Pastoral Psychology 1 21 1
Sabina Spielrein's
Contribution to Child
Psychoanalysis and
Developmental Psychology
4 Sex versus gender differences Schizophrenia Research 1 153 2590
in schizophrenia: The case for
normal personality differences
5 Journal of Personality 1 297 33167
Personality Profiles of and Social Psychology
Cultures: Aggregate
Personality Traits