hapter 4: Multiple choice questions

Results
You have answered 3 out of 25 questions correctly.
Your percentage score is 12%.
Question 1

Which is most likely to extend the entire length of a muscle fibre?

Your answer:
a) Sarcomere
Correct answer:
b) Myofibril
Feedback:
Myofibrils extend the length of a muscle fibre, whereas many sarcomeres in
series make up the length of a myofibril. Myosin filaments are contained within
each sarcomere. The M-line is part of the cytoskeleton that stabilizes each
sarcomere.
Page reference: 88
Question 2

Which of the following is true about muscle structure?

Your answer:
a) Myofibrils make up about 15% of the contents of a muscle fibre.
Correct answer:
c) Actin filaments are arranged so that 6 actin filaments surround each myosin
filament.
Feedback:
Six actin filaments surround each myosin filament, producing a hexagonal array.
Muscle fibres can contain up to a few thousand myofibrils, which make up about
85% of the content of a muscle fibre. Myosin filaments are close to 3 times as
thick as actin filaments.
Page reference: 88
Question 3

The ends of the actin filaments are anchored (attached) to the:

Your answer:
 a) M-line
Correct answer:
b) Z-line
Feedback:
The ends of the actin filaments are anchored to the Z-line or disk, whereas the
M-line is in the centre of each sarcomere. The perimysium envelops a bundle of
muscle fibres. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds each myofibril.
Page reference: 88
Question 4

When a muscle fibre shortens, the following also shortens:

Your answer:
a) Sarcomere
Feedback:
The sarcomere shortens but myosin and actin filaments do not. The thickness of
the Z-line remains unchanged.
Page reference: 88
Question 5

In regard to the cross-bridge (CB) power stroke, it is true that:

Your answer:
b) In eccentric contractions, the CB power stroke pushes the actin filament
away from the centre of the sarcomere, causing sarcomere lengthening.
Correct answer:
a) In concentric contractions, the CB power stroke pulls the actin filament
toward the center of the sarcomere, causing sarcomere shortening.
Feedback:
CB power strokes always act to cause sarcomere shortening. Whether
shortening, lengthening or no change in sarcomere length occurs depends on
the load on the sarcomere (muscle).
Page reference: 90
Question 6

During one cross-bridge (CB) cycle:

Your answer:
b) ATP binds to the actin binding site.
 Correct answer:
c) One molecule of ATP is used.
Feedback:
In each CB cycle, the CB binds to an actin binding site, one power stroke is
performed and one molecule of ATP is used.
Page reference: 90, 93
Question 7

In excitation-contraction coupling:

Your answer:
b) Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to tropomyosin.
Correct answer:
a) The muscle action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the
transverse tubules.
Feedback:
The muscle action potential causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+,
which binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to be pulled aside, allowing
cross-bridges (CBs) to bind to actin to initiate CB cycling. Relaxation occurs
when Ca2+ is taken back up into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Page reference: 95, 97
Question 8

The sarcoplasmic reticulum does not:

Your answer:
b) Release Ca2+ in response to a muscle action potential.
Correct answer:
d) Make up about 85% of the contents of a muscle fibre.
Feedback:
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) makes up only about a few percent of the
contents of a muscle fibre. The SR does surround each myofibril, release Ca 2+ in
response to a muscle action potential and has a Ca2+ "pump" in its membrane.
Page reference: 96, 97
Question 9

The force of a tetanic contraction is greater than that of a twitch contraction

because:

Your answer:
 a) More acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction per nerve
impulse.
Correct answer:
b) More Ca2+ is released in a tetanic contraction.
Feedback:
Compared to a twitch, the greater force of a tetanus is due to greater
Ca2+ release and greater take-up of the series elastic component. The greater
force is not related to the size or speed of muscle action potentials.
Page reference: 99, 100, 101
Question 10

Due to shape of the force-frequency relationship, one would expect to see the
greatest change in force between frequencies of:
Your answer:
d) 80 to 85 Hz
Correct answer:
a) 5 to 10 Hz (stimuli per second).
Feedback:
The shape of the force-frequency relationship is initially steep and then flattens
out as frequency increases, indicating that at lower the frequencies there is a
greater force increase for a given increase in frequency.
Page reference: 99, 100
Question 11

Eccentric contractions are stronger than isometric and concentric contractions

partly because, in eccentric contractions:

Your answer:
a) More muscle fibres within a muscle are activated.
Correct answer:
b) Within each muscle fibre, more cross-bridges are attached to actin at a given
time.
Feedback:
Assuming maximal activation, in eccentric contractions more cross-bridges are
attached to actin in each muscle fibre at a given time, producing more force.
This does not require more ATP.
Page reference: 101, 103
Question 12

Concentric contractions are weaker than isometric and eccentric contractions

partly because, in concentric contractions:

Your answer:
b) There may a small decrease in the force per cross-bridge.
Correct answer:
d) All of the above.
Feedback:
Compared to eccentric and isometric contractions, in concentric contractions
there is a decrease in both the number of attached cross-bridges (CBs) and the
force per CB. In addition, some attached CBs may exert a "drag" effect on the
actin filament, opposing the force produced by other CBs.
Page reference: 103, 104
Question 13

Athletes A and B were tested for the load-velocity relationship. A and B were
found to have the same isometric maximum (ISOmax), but A's Vmax was 50%
greater than B's. The largest difference between A and B would be in:
Your answer:
b) Velocity attained with a load equal to 90% ISOmax
Correct answer:
d) Velocity attained with a load equal to 10% ISOmax
Feedback:
The smaller the load as a percentage of ISOmax, the closer the velocity to Vmax,
where the difference between A and B is the greatest. Therefore, the largest
difference between A and B would be in the velocity attained with a load equal
to 10% ISOmax.
Page reference: 106, 108
Question 14

The greatest peak force would be developed during which of the following

maximal contractions?
Your answer:
b) Fast eccentric
Feedback:
 According to the force-velocity relationship, eccentric contractions are stronger
than concentric contractions. In addition, eccentric contractions are stronger at
higher velocities, whereas concentric contractions are weaker at higher
velocities. Therefore, a fast eccentric contraction would produce the greatest
force.
Page reference: 103, 104
Question 15

As shortening velocity increases, concentric force decreases because:

Your answer:
c) Muscle action potentials propagate more slowly.
Correct answer:
a) There is a progressive decrease in the number of attached cross-bridges.
Feedback:
At higher shortening velocities, actin and myosin filaments slide by each other
more rapidly, making it more difficult for cross-bridges to bind to actin. This
decreases the number of attached cross-bridges at any time point.
Page reference: 105
Question 16

As lengthening velocity increases, eccentric force increases because:

Your answer:
b) There is a greater number of attached cross-bridges at a given point in time.
Feedback:
In contrast to concentric contractions, in eccentric contractions the number of
attached cross-bridges increases as velocity of lengthening increases, which
increases force. This does not require greater use of ATP.
Page reference: 105
Question 17

Which if the following is not a mechanism of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)

potentiation?
Your answer:
d) Take-up of the SEC during the eccentric phase
Correct answer:
b) Enlargement of muscle action potentials during the concentric phase
Feedback:
 SSC potentiation is not related to the size of muscle action potentials, but rather
to high initial force level at the end of the eccentric phase, take-up of the series-
elastic component (SEC) during the eccentric phase and storage of elastic
energy during the eccentric phase.
Page reference: 110-114
Question 18

ECC-ISO force enhancement (FE), also called stretch-induced residual force

enhancement of isometric force, has been observed in:

Your answer:
b) Muscle fibres
Correct answer:
d) All of the above
Feedback:
FE has been observed at the level of myofibrils, muscle fibres and whole
muscles.
Page reference: 120
Question 19

A greater magnitude of ECC-ISO FE is produced when:

Your answer:
c) There is a brief relaxation between the ECC and ISO phases.
Correct answer:
a) There is a larger increase in muscle length during the ECC phase.
Feedback:
The magnitude of FE is positively related to the extent of stretch (lengthening)
during the eccentric phase but is not affected by the speed of the stretch.
Page reference: 121
Question 20

An athlete lifts a weight and then holds it stationary; this should result in:

Your answer:
a) SSC potentiation.
Correct answer:
b) CON-ISO force depression.
Feedback:
 Lifting the weight is a concentric (CON) contraction and holding it stationary is
an isometric (ISO) contraction. Therefore, the result should be CON-ISO force
depression.
Page reference: 125
Question 21

CON-ISO force depression (FD):

Your answer:
c) Is most pronounced at lengths shorter than optimal length.
Correct answer:
a) Is proportional to the amount of work (force displacement) done during the
CON.
Feedback:
CON-ISO force depression (FD) is proportional to the amount of work (force
displacement) done during the CON, greater with slower CON and most
pronounced at lengths longer than optimal length.
Page reference: 125
Question 22

In regard to the force-length relationship, it is true that:

Your answer:
b) Beyond resting length, passive force increases from short to long muscle
lengths.
Correct answer:
d) All of the above are true.
Feedback:
Total force is equal to the sum of active and passive force. Beyond resting
length, passive force increases from short to long muscle lengths. The muscle
length at which maximal active force occurs is called optimal length.
Page reference: 129
Question 23

The decrease in active force that occurs at lengths longer than the optimal
length is caused by:

Your answer:
b) Neural inhibition.
 Correct answer:
d) Insufficient overlap of actin and myosin filaments.
Feedback:
At lengths longer than optimal length, there is less overlap of actin and myosin
filaments; therefore, fewer cross-bridges can bind actin to produce force.
Page reference: 131
Question 24

A strength curve (SC) differs from the active force-length relationship (FLR) in
that:

Your answer:
c) A SC can only be produced with isometric contractions, whereas a FLR can be
produced with all contraction types (isometric, concentric, eccentric).
Correct answer:
b) A SC may be affected by changes in muscle moment arm, whereas a FLR is
not affected by changes in muscle moment arm.
Feedback:
The shape of a strength curve (SC) is affected by both active force-length
relationship and changes in muscle moment arm. SCs are produced with all
contraction types.
Page reference: 134
Question 25

The shape of a strength curve could be altered by:

Your answer:
b) Fatigue
Correct answer:
d) All of the above
Feedback:
Training through a particular range of motion could alter a strength curve (SC).
Fatigue could change a SC by causing more fatigue at short muscle lengths. An
injury could alter a SC by producing more discomfort at a particular point in the
range of motion.
Page reference: 139