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• uniform plane wave – a plane wave with field vectors (E,H) which
are constant across the phase front
• in a loss-free medium
0, k , jk
0 and H
• since the medium is source-free, E 0
2 2E
2E 0
2
H 2
H0
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 4
Traveling Waves
• assume propagation along z: ( x, y , z ) E
E ( x, y ) e z z
T
function of x and y only!
• substitute in the Helmholtz equation
2E 2E 2E 2 2
E 2
E 2
2
2
2
E 0 2
2
( 2
z )E 0
x y z x y
z2 E
2E
2E T 2E T
( z
T 0
2 2 )E
x 2 y 2
• consider the case of γz = γ (note that it is also possible that γz ≠ γ!)
T 2E
2E T 2 E T, 2 E T,
0 or 0, x, y , z ()
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
2E
and 2 2 E
z
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 5
TEM Waves
• consider the 2D Laplace equation for the longitudinal z component
of ET(x,y) 2 E T,z 2 E T,z
0
x 2 y 2
C1 Ez
Ez 0 C
C C1 C2
reminder about the mean-value theorem: a non-constant harmonic
function cannot assume its maximum value at an interior point
E T,z ( x, y ) 0, ( x, y ) E z ( x, y , z ) 0, ( x, y , z )
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 6
TEM Waves
from Ez = 0 it follows
E E E E E
E x y
z 0 T, x
T, y
0 ( )
x y z x y
0
• the uniform plane wave is a special case of the TEM wave: ET and
HT are simply constant with respect to (x,y) – eqns (***) still hold
• in a loss-free medium, α = 0 jk , k
purely imaginary
jk j ( j )[ j ( / )]
1 tan m tan d Q tan m
2
/
k 1 tan m tan d Q tan d
2
where Q 1 tan 2 m tan 2 d (tan m tan d )2
• skin (or penetration) depth δ: the distance a wave travels into the
lossy medium until its magnitude reduces e times (e ≈ 2.71828… )
1 2 1
for good conductors: (m)
f
*
e z
j /
1 f 1 j
(1 j ) (1 j ) ,
j 2
• |H| and |E| are related through the intrinsic impedance of the medium
1 |E|
H uˆ E | H |
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 21
Time-dependent Poynting Vector of TEM Waves
constant in time!
• Sav describes the direction and amount of the average power flux
density carried by the wave
( z ) xˆ E 0 e z E 0
( z ) yˆ e z jk j
• field vectors:E ,H
0
E
0
H
1 1 |
E |2
1
• Poynting vector: S( z ) E H zˆ 0
e 2 z
ˆ
z | |2 e 2 z
H 0
2 2 2
Prove these formulas!
if the medium is loss-free (α = 0, η is real), Poynting’s vector is
real and independent of z: average power is transferred in the +z
direction (Sav,z > 0 and it is the same everywhere along z)
|2 e 2 z where (1 j ) 1 j
S( z ) zˆ 1 | H (see slide 18)
0
2 2
• since the power entering the conductor is all dissipated, Sav is a
measure of the dissipated power flux density
1 2 2 z
Re S Im S S av ( z ) zˆ | H0 | e k
22 2
1 |2 Rs
(see slide 13)
Sav( z 0) zˆ Rs | H 0
2
dissipated power per unit area
1
• surface resistance of a conductor: Rs Re ,
2
• the surface resistance Rs is a measure of the power loss due to the
metallic leads of a transmission line (waveguide)
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 26
Power Loss in a Very Good Conductor
• consider a wave entering a conductor along z and
assume interface is at z = 0
1 |2 e 2 z S e 2 z
S av ( z ) zˆ Rs | H 0 av,0
2
Sav,0
Sav ds P
S on the surface of a very
good conductor
P Sav,0 ( zˆ )ds Sav( z L ) zˆ ds nˆ H
s0 s
J s 0
0 like on a PEC
1 1
P Rs | H0 | s0 Rs | J s |2 s0 , W
2
2 2
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 03: PLANE WAVES: REVIEW 27
Power Loss in a Conductor
• generally the Poynting vector may not be exactly along z
P Sav,0 ( zˆ )ds Sav( z L ) zˆ ds
s0 s 0
P 0.5 Re H
E zˆ ds
s0 0 E e
H
zˆ nˆ
0
zˆ ds
s 0
0
2( zˆ uˆ ) L
P 0.5 Re H
zˆ E
ds
0 0
0
s0
P 0.5 Re J s J s ds 0.5 Rs | J s |2 ds
s0 s0