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Passive Components
(Capacitors, Inductors, Terminations, Attenuators,
Power Dividers, Directional Couplers and Hybrids)
gap type
meander type
spiral type
coaxial
Nikolova 2012 L11: P
ASSIVE COMPONENTS microstrip 5
Attenuators
• attenuators are 2-port devices designed to reduce the signal’s power
• the power reduction is usually achieved by dissipation
• impedance match is
required at both ports
• attenuators of fixed
attenuation are called pads
unbalanced T-pad
Z 01 ( K 1) 2 KZ 01Z 02
R1
K 1
Z 02 ( K 1) 2 KZ 01Z 02
R2
K 1
2 KZ 01Z 02
balanced T-pad R3
K 1
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 7
Lumped-resistor Pads: Π-pads
Z 01 ( K 1) Z 02
R1
( K 1) Z 02 2 KZ 01
Z 02 ( K 1) Z 01
R2
unbalanced Π-pad ( K 1) Z 01 2 KZ 02
K 1 Z 01Z 02
R3
2 K
balanced Π-pad
• if Z01 = Z02, Kmin = 1 and any attenuation factor that can be achieved
microstrip pad
lossy material
Z3 port 3
matched to Z3
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 14
T-junction TL Power Dividers: Power Division Ratio
• let P2/P3 = K
1 V02 1 V02 1 V02 P2 Z3
Pin , P2 , P3 K
2 Z0 2 Z2 2 Z3 P3 Z2
1 1 1 1
Z2 Z0 1
Z 2 KZ 2 Z 0 K
Z 3 Z 0 ( K 1)
1 0 1 1
S 1 0 1 Z
2 1 1 0
3-dB resistive splitter
Pin
P32012
P2Nikolova P P ?C
loss
4 L11: ASSIVE OMPONENTS 16
Wilkinson Power Dividers
• all ports are matched
• network is lossy for signals arriving from output ports or if
unbalanced
• output ports are isolated
output
Wilkinson 3-dB power divider
input
output
Z ?
r ?
midplane
r ?
Z ?
r 1
Z2
Z ine
x 2
x0 x / 4
• for a matched port 2 (or port 3) in an even-mode regime
Z2
Z in
e 1 Z 2 V2e 2V0 / ( Z ine 1) 2V0 / 2 V0
2
• to find S12 in the even mode, we need the voltage at port 1 (V1e )
V ( x ) V ( e j x e j x ) 1 2 2
V1e V0 j ,
V2e V( x /4) V j (1 ) V0 1 2 2
V1e V (0) V (1 ) V1e V0 j 2
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 20
3-dB Wilkinson Power Divider: Odd Mode Analysis
odd mode
Vg 2 Vg 3 2V0
open
r
Z ino
short 2
• corporate arrangement of
2-way splitters
13 24
| S |2 | S |2 0
S14
12 34
| S |2 | S |2 0
S 23
unitary conditions
| S13 || S 24 |
| S12 || S34 |
e jB1 e jB2
B1 B2 2n (set n 0)
case 1: B1 = B2 = π/2 case 2: B1 = 0, B2 = π
0 j 0 0 0
0 0 j 0 0
S S
j 0 0 0 0
0 j 0 0 0
symmetrical coupler anti-symmetrical coupler
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 29
Directional Couplers: Scattering Matrix (2)
• similar result is obtained if we choose the reference planes so that
S12 e jA1 , S34 e jA2
S13 S 24 2 2 1
S
12 S
13 S S
24 34 0 e
jA1 e jA2 0
e jA1 e jA2
A1 A2 2n (set n 0)
case 1: A1 = A2 = π/2 case 2: A1 = 0, A2 = π
0 j 0 0 0
j 0 0 0 0
S S
0 0 j 0 0
0 j 0 0 0
13 24
| S |2 | S |2 0
S14
12 34
| S |2 | S |2 0
S23
• another solution to the above equations: | S13 || S24 |, | S12 || S34 |
S S S
14 24 0 e
S13 jB1 S e j ( B1 ) S 0 S S 0
23 23 14 23 14
S S S
14 34 0 S 23 S14 0
S12 23 S14 S23 0
P1 I D C , dB
Coupling: C 10log10 20log10 | S31 | dB
P3
P3 | S31 | the ideal coupler
Directivity: D 10log10 20log10 dB I , D
P4 | S41 |
P1
Isolation: I 10log10 20log10 | S 41 | dB
Nikolova 2012 L11: P CP4
ASSIVE OMPONENTS 33
Hybrid Couplers
• a particular case of a directional coupler with C = 3 dB (equal
power split between the through and coupled ports)
1/ 2
• S-matrix of the quadrature hybrid (symmetrical coupler of C = 3
dB): 90° phase shift between the through and coupled ports
0 1 j 0
1 1 0 0 j
S
2 j 0 0 1
0 j 1 0
• anti-symmetrical hybrid (180° hybrid): 0° phase shift between the
through and coupled ports if ports 1 or 3 are excited and 180° phase
shift if ports 2 or 4 are excited)
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
S
2 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
Nikolova 2012
34
Quadrature Hybrid
0 1 j 0
1 1 0 0 j
S
2j 0 0 1
0 j 1 0
even-odd mode
analysis of the
equivalent circuit
helps understand
how this hybrid
works
equivalent circuit
(normalized to Z0)
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 35
Quadrature Hybrid: Even-Odd Mode Analysis
even-mode excitation
odd-mode excitation
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 36
Quadrature Hybrid: Even-Odd Mode Analysis (2)
find the ABCD matrices in both modes V1 AV2 BI 2
I1 CV2 DI 2
• even mode
A B 1 0 0 j / 2 1 0 1 1 j
C D e j 1 j / 2 0 j 1 2 j 1 y j
shunt /4 TL shunt
OC stub OC stub
l /8 l /8
• odd mode
A B 1 0 0 j / 2 1 0 1 1 j
C D o j 1 j / 2 0 j 1 2 j 1 yj
shunt /4 TL shunt
SC stub SC stub
l /8 l /8
B1 0.5( e o ) B1 0 0 1 j 0
B2 0.5(Te To ) B2 j / 2 j 1 0 0 j
S
B3 0.5(Te To ) B3 1/ 2 2 j 0 0 1
0 j 1 0
B4 0.5( e o ) B4 0
4 3
Nikolova 2012 L11: PASSIVE COMPONENTS 39
Coupled-line Directional Couplers: Coupled Lines
if L = λ/4, then
V3 V2 Z 0e Z 0o
C, j 1 C , V4 0 C
2
V0 V0 Z 0e Z 0o
coupling
3-section binomial
Z 0o Z 0e
Z e 4 Z 0e
3Z 0 o Z 0 e
Z 0o Z 0e
Z o 4 Z 0o
3Z 0 o Z 0 e
Z 0e , Z 0o - even and odd
impedances of a pair of lines