Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Juno Wong
October 30, 2018
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Solution
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Theorem 4. [Some Basic Theorem]
(1) Every system of linear equations has either no solutions, exactly one solution,
or infinitely many solutions.
(2) If A is an invertible n × n matrix, then for n × 1 matrix b, the system of
equations Ax = b has exactly one solution, namely, x = A−1 b.
(3) Let A and B be square matrices of the same size. If AB is invertible, then A
and B must also be invertible.
Theorem 5. [Equivalent Statement] If A is an n × n matrix, then the following
are equivalent.
(1) A is invertible.
(2) Ax = 0 has the only trivial solution.
(3) The reduced row-echelon form of A is In .
(4) A is expressible as a product of elementary matrices.
(5) Ax = b. is consistent for every n × 1 matrix b.
(6) Ax = b. has exactly one solution for every n × 1 matrix b.
Definition 2. [Diagonal Matrices] A square matrix in which all the entries off
the main diagonal are zero is called a diagonal matrix.
Definition 3. A square matrix in which all the entries above the main diagonal are
zero is called Lower triangular, and a square matrix in which all the entries below
the main diagonal are zero is called Upper triangular. A matrix that is either upper
triangular or lower triangular is called triangular.
Theorem 6. [Some Properties]
(1) Upper triangular × Upper triangular = Upper triangular.
(2) lower triangular × lower triangular = lower triangular.
Definition 4. [Symmetric & Skew-symmetric]
A square matrix A is called symmetric if A = AT . A square matrix A is called
skew-symmetric if A = −AT .
Theorem 7. If A is an invertible symmetric matrix, then A−1 is symmetric.
Example 2. Solve the following systems by using x = A−1 b.
(1)
x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 4
2x1 + 2x2 + x3 = −1
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3
(2)
x1 + 3x2 + x3 = a
2x1 + 2x2 + x3 = b
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = c
4
Example 3. Find a matrix K such that AKB = C given that
1 4 " # 8 6 −6
2 0 0
A = −2 3 , B = , C = 6 −1 1
0 1 −1
1 −2 −4 0 0
5
Example 4. In each part solve the matrix equation for X.
−1 0 1 " #
1 2 1
(1) X 1 1 0 =
−3 1 5
3 1 −1
6
" # " # " #
3 1 1 4 2 −2
(2) X −X =
−1 2 2 0 5 4
7
Example 5. Show that
(I − A)−1 = I + A + A2 + · · · + An
if An+1 = 0