Introduction to GSM

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 1

 Introduction to GSM
Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Concept of cellular networks and call continuity
3. Services Provided
4. G S M system description
5. Interchange over the network
6. Radio interface

Appendix
Related Documentation
Abbreviations

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 2

 1.

Introduction

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 3

 1.Introduction
Definition

Global
System
for Mobile communication

GSM is Pan-European standard for communication with mobiles,

already adopted by more than 60 countries and now the worldwide
reference for mobile radio networks. Since 1995 (phase 2), this
standard harmonizes the 900 MHz GSM system and the 1800 or
1900 MHz Digital Cellular Systems (DCS)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 4

 W Mobile telephony allows us to reach a particular person,
wherever he is.
‰ This willincrease the accessibility ofthe persons
‰ This willincrease the feeling of security

‰ On the other hand, this increased accessibility may be a

nuisance, and the users must have a high degree of control on
the callsthey receive

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 5

 1. Introduction

1.1 Historical

1.2 Standardization

1.3 G S M Goals

1.4 G S M technical overview

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 6

 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
History of cellular Networks (1)

W M obile network "Prehistory":

‰ 1946: St Louis (Missouri)
‰ 1970 -80: NATEL (Switzerland)
W 1st Generation: AN ALO G U E cellular networks
‰ 1979: Chicago: AM PS
‰ 1981: Sweden: NM T
‰ 1985: UK: TACS
W 2nd Generation: DIGITAL networks
‰ 1992: Europe: GSM
‰ 1995: US: IS95 (C D M A)
W 3rd Generation: Universal(?) Standards
‰ 2002: IM T 2000
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 7
 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
History of cellular Networks (2)

First Generation (1G)

At the early 80 s, analog systems

e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz

Service:
speech

Limitations of 1G:
poor spectrum efficiency
expensive and heavy user equipment
mobility only in a small area
no security of com m unications

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 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
Past mobile system s (3)

Second Generation (2G)

At the early 90 s, digital systems
Europe : GS M
US :IS-95 (also called cdmaOne),IS-136 (TD M A system)
Japan : PDC
Services: Speech and low data rate
Limitations of 2G:
Congestion
more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase
system capacity

Limited mobility around the world -->need of a global standardisation

Few offer of services

more than 200 million internet users--> Need of new multimedia services
and applications (video telephony, e-com merce...)
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 9
 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
Technical solutions

Two types of solutions can be considered:

enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G

low cost but shortterm
e.g.: HSCS D, GPRS, EDG E for GS M evolution

design of a complete new standard --> 3G

high cost,long term, but great amount of new potential services
e.g: UM TS

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 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
G S M evolution (1)

HS CSD (High Speed Circuit S witched Data)

Principle:to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time
slots on a circuit-switched basis.
Performance:up to 115,2 kbps
Already implemented but not alloperators have made this choice.

G P RS (General Packet Radio Service)

Principle:to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time
slots on a packet-switched basis (the allocation oftime slots is performed
dynamically atthe initialisation and during the connection)
Performance:up to 171,2 kbps

Already implemented since 1999/2000 (but providing of services delayed

because of non availability of GPRS terminals in volume)

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 1.Introduction/1.1Historical
G S M evolution (2)

ED G E (Enhance m ent Data rates for G S M evolution)

Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)

Performance:up to 384 kbps

Implementation likely coming atthe end of 2001

ED G E might be a good alternative of 3G systems in certain areas or for

operators who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in
term of new multimedia services.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 12

 Overview of current standards

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 13

 M ore History

For more history

click here

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 1.Introduction

1.1 Historical

1.2 Standardization

1.3 G S M Goals

1.4 G S M technical overview

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 15

 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
G S M Frequency Bands

W GSM 900:
‰ 2x25 MHz frequency bands around 900 MHz .

W GSM 1800:
‰ 2x75 MHz frequency bands around 1800 MHz.

W GSM 1900: (North and South Am erican variant of the GSM 1800):
‰ 2x75 MHz frequency bands around 1900 MHz.

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 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
2G terrestrial radio interfaces
China :

GS M
US & Canada : (87%)
W estern Europe: CD MA
(13%)

GS M GS M
(12%) (100%)
CD MA
(49%)
TD M A Japan:
(39%)

PD C
(64%) CD MA
(36%)
Rest of the World :

GS M
(41%) CD MA
(35%) TD M A 1999 Market Share:
(24%)
GS M 48 %
CD MA 28 %
TD M A 15 %
PD C 9 %

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 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
3G terrestrial radio interfaces
China :

GS M
US & Canada : (87%)
W estern Europe: U MTS CD MA
(13%)
CD MA
GS M GS M 2000
(12%) (100%)
ED G E CD MA U MTS
(49%)
TD M A Japan:
CD MA (39%)
2000 ED G E
PD C
(64%) CD MA
U MTS
(36%)
Rest of the World :
CD MA
2000
GS M
(41%) CD MA U MTS
U MTS (35%) TD M A IMT2000
1999 Market Share:
CD MA (24%)
GUSMTS
M 48 %
ED G E
2000 CD MA 28 %
U MTS TD M A C15D M% A
ED G E
PD C 2000
9 %

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 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
ETSI specifications

W G S M recom m e ndations :series

‰ 01 General aspects
‰ 02 Definition of services
‰ 03 Network Aspects
‰ 04 MS-BS interface and protocols
‰ 05 Radio Interface: Physicallevel
‰ 06 Speech encoding/ decoding
‰ 07 Terminal Adapters
‰ 08 BS -MSC interfaces
et si . org
‰ 09 Interworking
p://w ww.
‰ 11 Equipment ht t
‰ 12 Operation and Maintenance

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 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
ETSI specifications

W G P R S General Packet Radio Service (1)

‰ 01.60: Requirements specification of G P RS
‰ 01.61: GPRS ciphering algorithm requirem ents
‰ 02.60: Service description; stage 1
‰ 03.60: Service description; stage 2
‰ 03.64: Overall description of the G P RS radio interface; Stage 2
‰ 04.60: Mobile Station (MS) -Base Station System (BSS) interface;
Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control(RLC/M A C) protocol
‰ 04.64: Mobile Station (MS) -Serving G P RS Support Node (SG S N);
Logical Link Control(LLC) layer specification
‰ 04.65: Mobile Station (MS) -Serving G P RS Support Node (SG S N);
Sub-network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SN D CP)
‰ 07.60: Mobile Station (MS) supporting GPRS

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 1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization
ETSI specifications

W GPRS General Packet Radio Service (2)

‰ 08.14: Base Station System (BSS) -Serving G P RS Support Node (SG
SN)interface;Gb interface layer 1
‰ 08.16: Base Station System (BSS) -Serving G P RS Support Node (SG
SN)interface; Network Service
‰ 08.18: Base Station System (BSS) -Serving G P RS Support Node (SG
SN)interface; BSS GPRS Protocol (BSS G P)
‰ 09.16: Serving GPRS Support Node (SG SN) -Visitors Location
Register(VLR); Gs interface network service specification
‰ 09.18: Serving GPRS Support Node (SG SN) -Visitors Location
Register(VLR); Gs interface layer 3specification
‰ 09.60: G P RS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) across the Gn and Gp Interface
‰ 09.61: Interworking between the Public Land MPLM N)supporting GPRS and
Packet Data Networks (PDN)
‰ 12.15: G P RS charging

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 1.Introduction

1.1 Historical

1.2 Standardization

1.3 G S M Goals

1.4 G S M technical overview

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 1.Introduction/1.3 G S M goals
W h y GS M ?

W Objectives of GS M
‰ Capacity Increase
‰ Globalsystem (Roaming concept)
‰ S mallHandsets
‰ New services added
‰ Security added due to ciphering of data

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 1.Introduction

1.1 Historical

1.2 Standardization

1.3 G S M Goals

1.4 G S M technical overview

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 Limits of G S M syste m

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 1.Introduction/1.4 G S M technical overview
G S M general architecture

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 G S M Architecture

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 1.Introduction/1.4 G S M technical overview
G S M Cellular System

GS M
Users are separated in frequency (FDM A)
and in time (TDM A)

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 2.

Concept of cellular Networks

and Mobility Management

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 2.1 Mobility Management

2.2 Location Areas

2.3 M S Modes

2.4 Cellular Concepts

2.5 Types of cells

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 M o bility Managem e nt

W Location of Mobile Station:

-How can we localize the mobile in the area?
-Broadcast Paging messages to all cells :
-Which means a lot of resources usage
- A lotof power used for free

1 2 3 4

So what is the solution?? 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16
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 Location Areas (1)

W The suggested solution was to divide the network to different

location areas and spread the Location Update messages
only within one location area

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

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 Location Areas (2)

W The Paging broadcast message is sent within the location

area
W A location update is done each time that a mobile moves
from one location area to the other
W The size of the location area must be good enough not to
increase the number of location updates more than a
certain limit(Location updates are also use of resources)
W The number of cellsin the location area must be optimized
forthis

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 2.1 Mobility Management

2.2 Location Areas

2.3 M S Modes

2.4 Cellular Concepts

2.5 Types of cells

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 M o des of M S

W Idle Mode
‰ Mobile on but not speaking
‰ In this mode, the network knows the location ofthe MS to the nearest
LA

W Connected Mode
‰ During a call
‰ In this mode, the network knows the location ofthe MS to the nearest
cell

W Transient Mode
‰ A very shortperiod spent by mobile between idle and connected
mode

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 Call Continuity (1)

W In Idle mode:
‰ Cell Selection
‰ Cell Reselection

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 Call Continuity (2)

W In connected mode:
‰ The call continuity is ensured in connected mode by the
handover
‰ Handover means that Ill move from one cellto another without
losing the call
• How to detect why a cellneeds handover?
• How to select the target cell?
Continuous measurements done by the mobile and processed by the
system

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 2.1 Mobility Management

2.2 Location Areas

2.3 M S Modes

2.4 Cellular Concepts

2.5 Types of cells

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 Cellular coverage

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 Frequency Reuse

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Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 41
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 42
 2.1 Mobility Management

2.2 Location Areas

2.3 M S Modes

2.4 Cellular Concepts

2.5 Types of cells

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 Cell Types (1)

W Normal cell(Single cell-macro):

‰ This is a 35 km limitation for transmitting-Receiving

W Micro cell(Optional):
‰ S mallcells cover small areas
‰ Maximu m radius 350m
‰ Mainly used for traffic handling in the hot spots (densification)
‰ Used also sometimes for indoor coverage

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 Cell Types (2)

W Concentric Cells (Macro Cell)

‰ A normal macro cell with two different radius (Inner and outer)
‰ Used mainly to avoid interference
‰ Used also to reorganize the traffic distribution in case of hot
spot atthe area ofinner zone

R2

R1

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 Cell Types (3)

W U mbrella Cells (Macro Cell):

‰ A rescue cellto cover smallcells
‰ One frequency which cannot be reused for the network
‰ No call establishment on this cell(to keep it available for
rescue)

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 Cell Types (4)

W Extended cell:
‰ One cell with a large coverage radius ~ 70 km
‰ Not a G S M standard
‰ Used for road coverage (For cost reduction)

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 Cell Types (5)

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 Exercise

U m brella 900

Macro 1800
Macro 1800 Macro 1800

Macro 900
Macro 900
Micro 900 Micro 900

Micro 900

GSM900

GSM 1800

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 Exercise

U m brella 900

Macro 1800
Macro 1800 Macro 1800

Macro 900
Macro 900
Micro 900 Micro 900

Micro 900

GSM900 slow

GSM 1800

GSM900 fast
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 3.

Services provided

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 2. Services provided

3.1 Teleservices & Bearer Services

3.2 Supplementary Services

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 Teleservices and Bearer Services

W Teleservice: Transmission capability including terminals and

applications
W Bearer Service: Transmission capability between defined
user Interfaces

W Transparent and Non-Transparent Services and Bearer

Services
‰ Transparent : Fixed rate, no flow control: fast but high error
ratio
‰ Non-Transparent : RLP added: low error ratio, slower
transmission

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 Teleservices and Bearer Services (2)

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 Categories of Teleservices

W Voice Services:
‰ Telephony
‰ E mergency Calls
‰ Voice Call Groups (Groups of mobiles sharing limited radio
resources)
‰ Voice Messaging: notidentified by the GS M as a specific
service)
W Short Message Services (S M S):
‰ P OINT-TO -POINT, Network to Mobile (SM S-MT/PP)
‰ P OINT-TO -POINT, Mobile to Network (SM S-MO/PP)
‰ BR O AD CAST, Network to Mobile (S M S-CB)
W Other Non-voice Services

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 Teleservices: Principles

By comparison with PSTN access, the entire GS M infrastructure can be treated as a

DTE-DCE line between the terminal and the MO D E M which isinserted by the network.

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 General Principles

W General Principles:
‰ DIGITAL transmission on the radio channel
‰ AU DIO M O DE M inserted at the interworking point (IWF)
between the two networks (generally in the MSC)
W Data Trans mission Services:
‰ Usable M O DE M TYPES defined by the G S M standard:
• V21: 300 bit/s asynchronous
• V22: 1200 bit/s, asynchronous or synchronous
• V22 bis: 2400 bit/s synchronous
• V23: 1200/75 bit/s asynchronous
• V26 ter: 2400 bit/s synchronous
• V32: 4800 or 9600 bit/s synchronous

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 Data Transmission in Circuit Mode

DIGITAL radio transmission ==> FAX adapter function (including audio modem + T30 functions)
Standard TAF: synchronous inform ation bearer (as for data transmission services)
Audio M ODEM : includes V21 - V27 ter and V29 protocols essential for dialogue between FAX
machines

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 Data Transmission in Packet Mode

W Services provided: W With Quality of Service profile:

‰ All Personal mobility ‰ Service Precedence (Priority)
application ‰ Reliability
‰ Internet Access ‰ (Transfer) Delay
‰ Car Traffic management ‰ Use Data Throughput

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 3.1 Teleservices & Bearer Services

3.2 Supplementary Services

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 Num b er Identification Services

W CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation (terminating call)

lets the called party receive the caller's identity (applicable to all
services except SMS)
W CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction (originating call)
Lets the caller withhold his num ber from the called party(either
perm anentlyor on aper-call basis)
W CoLP Connected Line Identification Presentation (originating call)
Indicates the party'snum ber when the call has been set up
W CoLR Connected Line Identification Restriction (term inating call)
Lets the called party withhold his num ber from the caller(either
perm anentlyor on aper-call basis)
W M CI Malicious CallIdentification
Lets the network store call param eters(called and calling party
num bers-date -tim e)

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 Call Forwarding Services

W CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

These four services are used to forward calls to the local
PL M Nor to another PLM N(Id =International number)
W CFB Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Busy
Up to five consecutive forwarding operations (system
parameter)
W CFN R y Call Forwarding on No Reply
Calling/called party notification possible
W CFN R c Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable
Overall deactivation possible
W CD Call Deflection
Lets the mobile subscriber screen out calls (with CLIP) and
forward calls as required on a per-call basis

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 Call Com pletion Services

W CW Call W aiting
‰ Answering delay from 30 seconds to three minutes
‰ Channelindication ifthe two calls are telephone calls
‰ First call can be placed on hold when waiting call accepted

W H OLD Active call hold

‰ Callretrieval possible

W CCBS Call Co m pletion to Busy Subscriber

W C C N Ry Call Co m pletion on No Reply(calling mobile)
‰ Indication when called party free ring back optional

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 M ulti-Party Services

W M PTY M ulti Party service

‰ Conventional options: Hold -Retrieval of first call or transition to
conference

W CUG Closed User Group

‰ Optional allowing or barring of incoming or outgoing
calls(O A/IA -OCB/ICB) - Preferential CUG allowed

W ECT Explicit Call Transfer

‰ With mobile A connected to two parties, Band C, these two
parties can be connected and A can withdraw (telephone call
only)

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 Billing Services

W AoCI Advice of Charge -Inform ation

Advice of call charge at end of call orin realtime.
Applicable to all services, except short messages and
packet data

W AoCC Advice of Charge -Charging

Calls barred when the mobile islocated in a PLM N not
providing this service

W REVC Reverse Charging Service eliminated in phase 2

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 Call Barring Services

W BAOC Barring of AllOutgoing Calls

W B OIC Barring of Outgoing International Calls
W B OIC-ex HC Barring of Outgoing International Calls,
except those directed to the Ho m e PLM N
Country
W BAIC Barring of AllIncoming Calls
W BIC-Roam Barring of AllIncoming Calls when
Roaming outside the Ho me PL M N
country*
‰ for all:
Barring except emergency calls
Subscription possible for any combination
Activation protected by password
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 66
 Phase 2+ Services

W U US User to User Signaling

‰ Allows sending or receiving of user-to-user short messages during
a completed call or during callset-up

W eM LPP Enhanced M ulti_Level Precedence &Pree m ption

‰ Allows one of seven precedence levels to be assigned to some
mobiles so that they can set up calls rapidly (no authentication),in
some cases cutting off calls oflower precedence

W SNPN Support of Private Nu mbering Plan

‰ Access to a virtual private network (VPN) with private number
translation handled by an external PN manager

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 Sundry Services (1)

W M SP M ultiple Subscriber Profile

‰ Allows up to 4subscriber profiles for the same SIM card

W NITZ Network Identity and Tim e Zone

‰ Transfers the network identity and local time to the
terminating mobile

W PDS Packet Data on Signaling Channel

‰ PTP transfer (circuit-oriented) of very short data packets
between a mobile and a host

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 Sundry Services (2)

W ODB Operator Determined Barrings

‰ Allows the service providerto apply 24 different types of
call barring

W C A M EL Custo mized Applications for M obile network

Enhanced Logic
‰ Allows for supplementary services specific to a given
operator (for example, INSS) outside the origin PLM N

W SOR Support of Optim al Routing

‰ Optimized callforwarding to avoid "tromboning"

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 69

 4.

G S M System Description

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 4.1 Network Elements

4.2 Network Architecture

4.3 Different Interfaces

4.4 Different Databases controlling the network

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 G S M Architecture

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 PLM N Elem e nts

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 Base Station Syste m

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 Network And S witching System

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 Network And S witching System (2)

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 G S M Architecture: GPRS

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 Operation And Maintenance

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 G S M Interfaces and Protocols

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 G S M Interfaces and Protocols (GPRS)

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 Position of Transcoding unit

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 3. UMTS System Description
Quizz!

A. Try to put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below

CS networks
... ... ... ...
(PSTN, ISD N)

...

... ... ... PS networks

... ... ...
(internet)

... ...

... ...

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 82

 4.

Interchanges overthe
network

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 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control
W h y Power Control?

M S2

M S1
Node
B

Near-Far Problem
on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone near the base station can
jam any other mobile phones far from the base station.

> Need of very efficient and very fast Power Control on UL

> Power Controlis also used in DL to reduce interference and

consequently to increase the system capacity.

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 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control
Open Loop

Open loop power control

1
1
Node Node
B B
2 2

If UE receives a STR O N G DL signal, If UE receives a weak DL

then UE willspeak low. signal,
then UE willspeak LOU D.
Problem:
fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.

Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 85

 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control
Closed Loop

Closed loop power control

Power down SIR estimation

SIR Power down

Node estimation
SIR B Power up SIR
RNC target estimation
SIR Power ...
estimation
...

The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a
SIR estimation (innerloop).

The RN C controls parameters ofthe SIR estimation (outer loop).

This SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz com mand rate).

Closed loop Power Control is very fast.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 86
 4. WCD M A for UMTS

4.1 Historical

4.2 Spread Spectrum modulation

4.3 Code Division Multiple Access

4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 SoftHandover

4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 87
 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.6 SoftHandover
Soft Handover (1)

RNC

Node
B
Node
B Node
B

Soft Softer HO
HO
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 88
 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.6 SoftHandover
Soft Handover (2)

W hy do we need soft HO?

Imagine that a UE penetrates deeply from one cellinto an adjacent cell:
> it may cause near-far problem
> hard HO is not a good solution, because of need of hysteresis
mechanism

Additional resources due to soft HO:

- Additional rake receiver in Node-B
- Additional Rake Fingers in UE
- Additionaltransmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs

Soft HO provide Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires

m ore network resource.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 89

 4. WCD M A for UMTS

4.1 Historical

4.2 Spread Spectrum modulation

4.3 Code Division Multiple Access

4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 SoftHandover

4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 90
 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity
values
Radio dimensioning process: W h at s
new?
Market perspective
Mobile data market forecast
Marketing inputs

M ulti-service environ ment

Voice+data
Variable bitrate
Different QoS
Asymmetric traffic

Ne w radio technology
W-C D M A Capacity

Coverage Quality

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 91

 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity
values
Concentric coverage

The coverage is determined by the uplink range, because the transmission

power of the terminalis much lower than that of the base station.

UE Transmit Power
21 dB m (126 mW)
24 dB m (251 mW)

Service Speech Packet data Packet data

in suburban area 12 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s

Cellradius
≈ 3 km ≈ 2 km ≈ 1,5 km
(uplink limited)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 92

 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values
W a ys of coverage im provem e nt

A M R speech codec
it enables to switch to a lower bitrate ifthe mobile is moving out ofthe cell
coverage area: itis a trade-off between quality and coverage.
Multipath diversity
it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections,
diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver.
Multipath diversityis very efficient with W-CDM A.
Soft handover
the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations.
Receive antenna diversity
the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be
obtained by space or polarisation diversity.
Base stations algorithms
e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 93

 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values
Soft capacity

The capacity is determined by the downlink direction, because:

- betterreceiver techniques can be used in the base station than in the
mobile station (but requiring more CPU power).
-the downlink capacityis expected to be more important than the uplink
capacity because of asymmetric traffic.

The downlink capacity has two limitations:

-the amount of interference in the airinterface
Adjacent cells share partof the same interference: there is an additional
capacityin a cell,ifthe number of users in the neighboring cells is smaller.
-the loss of code orthogonality
The downlink codes originate from a single point and can be synchronized.
But, aftertransmission over multipath channel, part of orthogonalityis lost.

Itis a soft capacity, because itis not limited by the hardware equipment.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 94

 4. WCD M A for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values
Para m eters influencing capacity

Macro cell Micro cell

Load Factor 0,6 Load Factor 0,6
DL orthogonality 0,6 DL orthogonality 0,95
DL data throughput 660 kbps DL data throughput 1440 kbps
(per carrier per sector) (per carrier per sector)

The capacity depends on:

-the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor)
-the terminal speeds
-the distribution of the terminals
-the load of the cell:trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 95

 4. WCD M A for UMTS
Quizz!

A. Spreading...

1/ consists ofincreasing the power while decreasing the frequency bandwidth

2/ allows to transmit a signal with a S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) smaller than one

3/ enables to retrieve the coded signal atthe receiver by using the same code in phase

4/ is used in FDM A system

B. Signal 1 has a bit rate of 12 kbps and a coding rate of 1/3, signal 2 has a bit rate of 384
kbps and a coding rate of 1/2:

1/ Which spreading factor should be chosen for each of these signals?

2/ What isthe processing gain for each ofthese signals?

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 96

 4. WCD M A for UMTS
Quizz!

C. WC D M A...

1/ is also called U MTS FD D or UTRAN FD D

2/ uses a 1 MHz bandwidth carrier

3/ has a chip rate of 3,84 Mchips/s

D. How m any carriers are there per operator for WCD M A?

1/ 124 carriers 2/ 62 carriers 3/ 1 to 3 according to the country

E. A Rake Receiver

1/ can separate simultaneously two signals only iftheir codes are perfectly orthogonal

2/ can separate simultaneously several signals of 2 different WC D M A carriers

3/ can take advantage of multipath propagation

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 97

 4. WCD M A for UMTS
Quizz!

F. In WC D M A, power control
1/ is used in uplink and in downlink

2/ is crucialin downlink because of near-far problem

3/ is composed of the open loop and the closed loop

4/ may be performed each WC D M A time slot (1500 Hz com mand rate)

G. Soft handover...
1/ is highly desirable in W C D M A

2/ require use of more frequencies

3/ require use of more power in uplink

4/ require additional signal processing equipment such as Rake Receiver

5/ require additional transmission links

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 98

 6.

G SM Radio Interface

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 99

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels Logical Channels (2)

UL ( )
/ W hat type of inform ation?
DL ( )
BCC H System controlinform ation
e.g cellidentity,uplink interference level
PCC H Paging inform ation
e.g CN originated callw hen the netw ork does notknow the
location cellofthe UE
CCC H C ontrolinform ation
e.g initialaccess (RRC connection request),cellupdate
D CC H C ontrolinform ation (butthe U E m usthave a RRC connection)
e.g radio bearer setup,m easurem entreports,H O
D TC H Traffic inform ation dedicated to one U E
e.g speech,fax,w eb brow sing
CTC H Traffic inform ation to allor a group ofU Es
e.g SM S-CellBroadcast

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 100

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels
Transport Channels

Co m m on Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

UTR A N
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 101

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels Why Transport Channels?

A transport channel offers a flexible patternto arrange information on any

service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical
channel:

it provides flexibility in traffic variation

it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel

Transport channels provide an efficient and fastflexibility in radio

resource managem ent.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 102

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels Structure of a Transport
Channel(1)
Transport Block: basic Transport Form at (TF):it may be changed every TTI.
unit exchanged over Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS)
transport channels. of the transport channel

168

360 bits 168 168 168

360 168 168 168

10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms

Time Trans mission

Interval (TTI): periodicity
at which a Transport
Block Set is transferred by
the physicallayer on the
radio interface
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01
>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the
physicallayer every TTI:what is the delivery bitrate of the
transport blocks to the physicallayer during the first TTI?
Page 103
 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels
Structure of a Transport Channel
(2)
Transport Format (TF)
Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process)
Transmission Time Interval (TTI),
Coding scheme...
Dynamic part(may be changed easily)
Size of transport block,
Nu mber oftransport blocks per TTI

Transport Format Set (TFS)

Itisthe set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel,which is
assigned by R R C protocol entity to MAC protocol entity.
M A C chooses TF among TFS.
M A C may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC
protocol (fast radio resource control).

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 104

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels Exam ple

576 bits

576 576

576 576 576

576 576 576

40 ms
Static Part
TTI ?
1. Try to fillin the table
C oding schem e Turbo coding,coding rate= 1/3
C RC 16 bits
2. What is the delivery
bitrate of the transport
D ynam ic Part
blocks to the physical
TransportBlock Size ?
layer during the first
TransportBlock Size Set 576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
TTI?

3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for thistransport channel?

4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 105

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Com m on Transport Channels (1)

B C H: Broadcast Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BC C H. The BC H is
always transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit
rate.

>> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format(no
flexibility). Can you explain the reason?

PC H: Paging Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PC C H. It is always
transmitted over the entire cell.

>> Is it possible to carry alltypes ofinformation on the PCH?

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 106

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Com m on Transport Channels (2)

FAC H: Forward Access Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It
may also carry short users packets. The FAC H is transmitted over the
entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The
FAC H uses open loop power control (slow power control).
>> In which case is itinteresting to use beam-forming antennas? would it
also be relevant to implement this feature for PC H?

R A C H :Random Access Channel

An uplink transport channel thatis used to carry controlinformation from
the mobile especially atthe initial access. Itmay also carry short user
packets. The RA C H is always received from the entire celland is
characterized by a limited size data field, a collision risk and by the use of
open loop power control (slow power control).
>> Why isitinteresting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of
limited data field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 107
 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Com m on Transport Channels (3)

DS C H : Downlink Shared Channel

A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated
control or userinformation. When a UE is using the DS C H ,it always has an
associated DC H, which provides power control.

CP C H : Co m m on Packet Channel
An uplink transport channel thatis used to carry long user data packets and
control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is
always associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which
provides power control.

--> Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 108

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels
Dedicated Transport Channels

D C H: Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control
information. Itis characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a
frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and
support of soft HO.

>> Two features are only applied on DC H: can you guess which?

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 109

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Mapping
Logical<-->Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels Traffic Logical Channels

BCCH PCC H CCCH DCC H DTC H CTC H

BCH PCH RAC H FAC H DSC H CP C H DCH

Co m m on Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport
Channels

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 110

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Mapping
Logical<-->Transport Channels
Control Logical Channels Traffic Logical Channels

BCCH PCC H CCCH DCC H DTC H CTC H

BCH PCH RAC H FAC H DSC H CP C H DCH

Co m m on Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport
Channels

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 111

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical
Channels
Try to fillthe gaps!

(1) channels
itis defined by what type ofinformation (e.g user data, signalling, system
information...)is transported overthe radio interface.

(2) channels
itis defined by how and with what characteristics (e.g type of coding,
required transfer delay, required BER...) data are transferred over the radio
interface.

(3) channels
itis defined by the m echanisms (e.g frequency, code, power,framing...)
with which the data are transferred overthe physical resources of the air-
interface.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 112

 5. UTRA N/5.1 From Radio Bearers to Physical Channels
Try to fillin the table!

Traffic Logical Transport

class Channel Channel
Signalling
- BCCH BCH,FACH
- PCCH PCH
- CCCH UL:RACH,DL:FACH
- DCCH RACH,DCH

U ser inform ation

3 UL:3 coordinated DCHs
Conversational
DTCHs DL:3 coordinated DCHs
Interactive DTCH UL:RACH,DL:FACH
UL:CPCH,DCH
Interactive DTCH
DL:DSCH,DCH
UL:CPCH,DCH
Stream ing DTCH
DL:DSCH,DCH
UL:CPCH,DCH
Background DTCH
DL:DSCH,DCH
Background CTCH FACH

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 113

 5. UTRA N/5.8 Mobility management
UE in idle m o de (1/2)

W hen moving across the network,

the UE may have to perform a cell
reselection, if the initial cell on which
it is camped is no more available or
is no more the best suited.

? The cell reselection consists of a

selection of candidate cells and a
ranking of these cells according to
radio criteria.

The cell reselection is performed autonomously by the UE, but the network
can influence it by changing the radio parameters used in radio criteria.

These radio parameters are transmitted in the Broadcast Channel (BCH).

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 114

 5. UTRA N/5.8 Mobility management
UE in idle m o de (2/2)

VLR ... ... S GS N

Location Area HLR Routing Area

VLR S GS N
(LA) (RA)

W hen camping on a cell,the terminal must register its LA and/orits RA.

W hen the terminal moves across the network,it must update its LA (RA)
which is stored in VLR (SG S N) in the Core Network.
LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 115
 5. UTRA N/5.8 Mobility management
UE in connected m o de (1/3)

M M m echanism s Effect during the call

Cell_D CH hard H O very shortcut

softH O no cut
Cell_FA CH hard H O very shortcut
cellupdate cut
Cell_PCH cellupdate cut

U RA _PCH U RA update cut

Cell update (URA update) consists of updating the cell(the URA) where
the UE islocated. This information is stored in the SR N C .
A paging message needs hence to be sent only in this cell(this URA) and
not in a whole LA or RA.

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 116

 5. UTRA N/5.8 Mobility management
UE in connected m o de (2/3)

Soft HO
inter-cell(softer HO, managed by Node-B)
inter Node-B
inter-RN C (SR NS relocation)
Hard H O
intra CD M A-carrier
cell 1 cell 2
not recom mended for dedicated channels,
but necessary for com mon channels for which soft HO is not applied
inter CD M A-carrier
one operator can have two C D M A carriers or more
between two different operators
inter-mode
FDD-TD D (not provided in R99)
inter-system
U MTS-G S M/G P RS/ED G E: necessary to provide continuous coverage
U MTS-C D M A 2000 (in the US?)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 117

 5. UTRA N/5.8 Mobility management
UE in connected m o de (3/3)

A hard handover consists offorwarding a call on another channel which is

running on a different carrier.
The terminal must make m easure ments on other
frequencies while still having the connection
running on the current frequency: UTRA GS M
cell cell
- Dual receiver
simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
- Compressed mode (or slotted mode)
simple receiver, but complicated handover operation
the information is compressed time periodically (a few ms),in order
to perform measurements on the other frequencies
Downlink

10ms Co mpressed Idle

frame frame period

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 118

 Appendix

Just after switch on process

AMR codec
Alcatel UTRA N solution
NBAP elementary procedures
RA N AP elementary procedures

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 119

 Appendix/ Just after switch on process
PLM N selection

PL M N selection 1 After switch on, the UE:

- scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN
List of Selected FDD and GSM (cellsearch procedure for UTRAN
available 1 2 PL M N FDD )
PL M Ns
- monitors the broadcast channels (BC C H for
UTRAN FDD) to get the PLM N identifiers.
UE
Cell selection
switche Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which
d on are available in itslocation.

2 In the list of available PL M Ns,the UE selects:

Attachment -the HPL M N (Ho me PL M N) ifitis available
- else another PL M N (national orinternational)
according to priority rules possibly stored in the
USIM

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 120

 Appendix/ Just after switch on process
Attachm e nt procedure

PL M N selection 3 In the selected PLMN, the UE:

- selects the best cellaccording to radio criteria
-initiates attachment procedure on the selected
cell
4 During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach
for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain),the UE
5 Cell selection indicates its presence to the PLM N for the purpose of
using services:
Attach- Attach-
- authentication procedure
ment 3 4 ment
request result - storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR
(orin the SGSN for PS domain)
- allocation ofthe TMSI (P-TMSIfor PS domain)
Attachment
5 The result ofthe procedure is notified to the UE:

Indication of service -if successful,the UE can access services

to the UE -ifitfails,the UE can only perform emergency
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 calls Page 121
 Appendix/Alcatel UTRAN Solution
First Release

2G/3G
MSC/VLR
BTS TC
Circuit Core
Multi-mode BSC MFS A Network
handset

Iu
(CS)
MBS
GSM
EGPRS
Gb
UMTS 2G/3G SGSN
UMTS 2G/3G GGSN
EDGE
MBS GPRS
Iu
backbone IP
UMTS (PS)
Iub Network
RNC

3 GR1 release AT M based transport deployment for UMTS

R 99
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 122
 Appendix/Alcatel UTRAN Solution
O M C-R

U MTS O M C-R G S M/ED G E OM C-R

G S M/ED G E RN O

U MTS RN O
2G/3G
EM M S C/VLR
M BS TC Circuit Core
BS C M FS Network

ED G E Ater

M BS
Gb
2G/3G SG S N
U MTS 2G/3G GG S N
ED G E
M BS G P RS
Iu(PS) IP
backbone
U MTS Network
RNC

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 123

 Related Documentation

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 124

 Related docum e ntation

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 125

 Abbreviations and Acronym s (1)

AAL AT M Adaptation Layer C CTrCH Coded Co mposite Transport Channel

ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction CD MA Code Division Multiple Access
AD N Abbreviated Dialling Number CDR Call Detail Record
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part CN Core Network
AMR Adaptive Multi Rate CP C H Co m mon Packet Channel
AT M Asynchronous Transfer Mode CRNC Controlling RNC
BC C H Broadcast Control Channel CS Circuit Switched
BC H Broadcast Channel CTC H Co m mon Traffic Channel
BH CA Busy Hour Call Attempts D CA Dynamic channel Allocation
BMC Broadcast/ Multicast Control DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
B M-IWF Broadcast MulticastInterWorking DCH Dedicated Channel
Function DHO Diversity HandOver
BSC Base Station Controller D HT Diversity HandOver Trunk
BSS Base Station (sub)System D RA C Dynamic Resource Allocation Control
BTS Base Transceiver Station DRNC Drift RNC
CA M EL Customized Application for Mobile DS Direct Sequence
Enhanced Logic DS C H Downlink Shared Channel
CC Call Control DTC H Dedicated Traffic Channel
CCCH Co m mon Control Channel
ED G E Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
ERA N ED G E Radio Access Network (all-IP)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 126

 Abbreviations and Acronym s (2)

FAC H Forward Access Channel IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

FBI FeedBack Information IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
FDD Frequency Division Duplex IP Internet Protocol
FDD-DS FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1) IR Incremental Redundancy
FDD-MC FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2) ISDN Integrated Services DigitalNetwork
FER Frame Error Rate L1,L2,L3 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3
FP Frame Protocol LA Location Area
FTP File Transfer Protocol LCS Location Services
G E RA N G S M/EDG E Radio Access Network LLC Logical Link Control
G GSN Gateway G P RS Support Node LQC Link Quality Control
G P RS General Packet Radio Service M3 UA SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer
GS M Global System for Mobile Com munications MAC Medium Access Control
GSN G P RS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN) M BS Multi-standard Base Station
GTP G P RS Tunneling Protocol MC Multiple Carrier
GTP-U G P RS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane M ExE Mobile Execution Environment
HO HandOver MM Mobility Management
HPL M N Ho me PLM N MSC Mobile-services Switching Center
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force M SP Multiple Subscriber Profile

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 127

 Abbreviations and Acronym s (3)

M TP3 Message Transfer Part (broadband) Q OS Quality Of Service

M TP-3B Message Transfer Partlevel 3 Q PSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
NAS Non Access Stratum RA Routing Area
NBAP Node-B Application Part RAB Radio Access Bearer
OD MA Opportunity Driven Multiple Access RA C H Rando m Access Channel
O SA Open service Architecture RA N Radio Access Network
OT D O A-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival RA NAP RA N Application Part
Idle Period Downlink RB Radio Bearer
O VSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor RL Radio Link
PC C H Paging Control Channel RLC Radio Link Control
PC H Paging Channel RNC Radio Network Controller
PDA Personal Digital Assistant R NS Radio Network Sub-System
PD C Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan) R NSAP R NS Application Part
PDP Packet Data Protocol R NTI Radio Network Temporary Identity
PD U Protocol Data Unit RRC Radio Resource Control
PL M N Public Land Mobile Network RR M Radio Resource Management
PRA C H Physical Random Access Channel SAP Service Access Point
PS Packet Switched SAT SIM Application Toolkit

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 128

 Abbreviations and Acronym s (4)

SD U Service Data Unit TFC Transport Format Co mbination

SF Spreading Factor TFCI Transport Format Co mbination Indicator
S GS N Serving G P RS Support Node TFCS Transport Format Co mbination Set
SH O Soft HandOver TFS Transport Format Set
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio T MSI Te mporary Mobile Station Identity
S MS Short Message Service TPC Transmission Power Control
SPU Signaling Processing Unit U DP User Datagram Protocol
SR N C Serving RN C UICC U MTS Integrated Circuit Card
SSC O P Service Specific Connection Oriented U MTS Universal Mobile Telecom m unication
Protocol System
SSCP Signaling Connection Control Part USIM U MTS Subscriber Identity Card
ST M Synchronous Transfer Mode USS D Unstructured Supplementary Service
TC Transcoder Data
TCP Transport ControlProtocol U RA UTRA N Registration Area
TD-CD M A Time Division & CD M A U RA N U MTS Radio Access Network (ETSI)
TDD Time Division Duplex Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP)
TD M A Time Division Multiple Access USB Universal Serial Bus
TF Transport Format UTRA N U MTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 129

 Abbreviations and Acronym s (5)

VC Virtual Channel
VHE Virtual Home Environment
VoIP Voice overIP
VP Virtual Path
W AP Wireless Application Protocol
W-CD M A Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WI M W A P Identity Module

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 130

 Abbreviations and Acronym s
(Standard Organizations)

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (W C D M A)

3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)
3GIP 3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol
ANSI A merican National Standard Institute (USA)
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)
C W TS China Wireless Telecom munication Standard group
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IMT International Mobile Telecom munication
ITU International Telecom munication Union
T1 Co m mittee T1 telecom munication ofthe ANSI (USA)
TIA Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)
TTA Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)
TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
U WCC Universal Wireless Com munications Com mittee
W3C W orld Wide Web Consortium

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 131

 A N NEX 1
M o re History

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 132

 G S M Key Dates

W 1979 W orld Ad ministrative Radio com m unications Conference(WA R C) :900 MHz

band reserved
W 1982 Stockholm -Creation of the "Groupe Sp cial Mobile" within CEPT (Post
&Telecom European Conference)
W 1986 Creation of a GS M "Standing Co m mittee CNET Paris :Comparative trials of
8prototypes
W 1987 "Broad Avenue" :Choice of main techniques:Medium Band -Digital
Transmission <16 kbit/s-8xTime division multiplexing,subsequent development to
16 x-Slow frequency hopping
W 1988-89 GSM taken over by ETSI First publication of the (Draft)
"recommendations"
W 1990 Beginning of studies for adaptation to 1800 MHz (at UK's request)
W 1990-91 "Phase 1" recom mendations fixed (GSM , then DCS)First GS M
prototypes in service (T l com '91 Geneva)
W 1992 First commercial GS M networks placed in service
W 1995 "Phase 2" recom mendations issued (upward compatibility)

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 133

 International Agree m ents

W GSM -MoU: Memorandum of

understanding
‰ signed on 87/09/07 between
european operators
‰ 1991: acceptation of non-
european signatories (UAE,
Hong Kong,New Zealand,
Australia)
‰ Scope:
• System deployment schedule
• Routing and numbering plan
compatibility
• Joint introduction of new services
• Harm onization of tariff setting
principles
• Definition of billing procedures
Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 134
 Contribution of GSM standard

W Pan-European standard + MoU

W GL O B AL syste m (standardized infrastructure)
W Ne w concept: SIM card ("SIM -roaming")
W Digital trans mission, speech encoding
W Introduction of state of the arttechniques
W Integrated security procedures
W Considerable potential market

Alcatel Egypt – Introduction GS M Ed.01 Page 135