Frequency Divider

OBJECTIVE

Counters and frequency dividers are based on the operating principle of a JK flip flop where this
flip flop has a change over function resulted by a numerical sequence(0, 1, 0, 1, etc), done by
linking two JK flipflops, the output of the first flipflop can be made to supply the clock signal for
the second flipflop.

Fig(1) : The function generator supplies a square-wave signal. Calculate the period T at the
output of FF4 and the
clock frequency which needs to be supplied by the function generator to input C1 of FF1.

Fig(2): Due to the way in which their inputs are wired, JK flipflops can also be configured to
supply uneven
frequency ratios of 1:3 and 1:5.The 1:3 ratio supplied by a combination of two JK flipflops
involves synchronous control, i both clock
inputs are triggered simultaneously with the input frequency.

Fig(3): The 1:5 ratio supplied by a combination of three JK flipflops involves asynchronous
control, because only the
first and last flipflops are triggered simultaneously by the clock signal.

HYPOTHESIS AND RULES

As each output of a JK flipflop supplies half the clock frequency when the CHANGEOVER
function is active, such flipflops can be connected in series to achieve the following frequency
division: fQ = fE / 2n, where n is the number of series-connected flipflops, fE is the clock
frequency at the input of the first flipflop, and fQ is the clock frequency at the output of the nth
JK flipflop.
The 1:2, 1:3 and 1:5 frequency dividers can be combined (in series) to produce any required
frequency ratio. Determine the input and output frequencies of the series-connected frequency
dividers, as well as the values of the frequency dividers required in the last exercise.

EQUIPMENT USED AND ROLE OF EACH

WIRES : Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as
switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure.

ISIS Proteus : proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automatic.

Breadboard : a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting
their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where
appropriate.

JK-flip flop IC: Type of flip flops that acts as a memory of machines as Finite State Machines, it
tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D(stands for data), stores value
that is on the data line.
Clock input: particular type of signals used in synchronous digital circuits and oscillates between
high and law.

EXPECTED RESULTS / SIMULATION

For fig(1), the logic indicator is meant to come on(1) and go off(0) for one second at a time.

Evaluation
RESULTS
CONCLUSION