Working: Angga Taufan Dayu, M.PD - BI Pbi Fkip Uniska

Angga Taufan Dayu,M.Pd.
BI
PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER I
WORKING
A. Background
Work can be defined as transfer of energy. In physics we say that work is
done on an object when you transfer energy to that object. If one object
transfers (gives) energy to a second object, then the first object does work on
the second object. In working area, someone is faced by communication.
Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed
in an attempt to create shared understanding. Gregory Bateson called it "the
replication of tautologies in the universe. This process, which requires a vast
repertoire of skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking,
questioning, analyzing, gestures, and evaluating enables collaboration and
cooperation. Communication in working area is spesific,someone has to know
about the spesific words and how to pronounce the words well, how to greet
their collage, and how to introduce his/herself.
B. Presentation of the Material.

a) Expression
1. Greeting
Mechanical Engineering Page 1

Angga Taufan Dayu,M.Pd.BI
PBI FKIP UNISKA
Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings

intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention
to, and to suggest a type of relationship (usually cordial) or social status
(formal or informal) between individuals or groups of people coming in
contact with each other. Greetings sometimes are used just prior to a
conversation or to greet in passing, such as on a sidewalk or trail. While
greeting customs are highly culture and situation-specific and may
change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they
exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both
audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This
topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other
than gestures. A greeting, or salutation, can also be expressed in written
communications, such as letters and emails.
Greeting someone we never Our response is...

meet.
Hello, My name is Mark, it is “It is a pleasure to meet you too. I
glad to meet you. am Sara.”
Another common greeting in Our response...
the first meeting...
How do you do? How do you do?
Generally, someone never ask

What is your name?
In the first meeting.
When we do not hear what someone say and we would like for them to
repeat, we can say...
“Would you mind to repeat again?”
“I beg your pardon, please”
“Excuse me?”

PBI FKIP UNISKA
How to greet someone we know

➢ Hi Mark, What’s up?
➢ Hey Sara, How are you?
➢ Hi, Nency, Where have you been?
➢ Hey, It is been long time no see you, How are you, Bro?
Common Greetings
➢ Formal ➢ Informal
• Good Morning • Hi
• Good Afternoon • Hey
• Good Evening • Hello
If we meet someone unexpectedly we can say.....

“Hey Mark, How surprise to see you, what are you doing here? It’s
been a long tine no see you? How are you?” or “Are you fine?”
When we meet someone at a cafe we can say.....
“Have you ever came here, before?”
Or at Hotel for meeting with our collage, we can say.....
“What do you think about this hotel? Is it good enough for
meeting?”
How to Say “How are You?” in Other
Case and Its Response....
Question Response
How have you been? Good, and you?
What’s up? Fine. Thanks
How are you doing? I’m doing well.
Are you OK? Yeah.
How’s your feeling? Great. Thank you.
Ho do you feel? I’m very well.
Etc.. Etc..

PBI FKIP UNISKA
2. Self Introduction.
Self-introduction is where you tell people who you are, what you
do, what your interests are, where you are from, what you have done with
your life, in other hand it’s talking about whole yourself.Self-introduction
consist of :
- Name
- Age
- Address
- Interest
- Occupation
When we introduce ourselves to friends...

“Hi, My name is Mark, I’m 25 years old, I’m from Canada, I like
reading. Nice to know you!”

PBI FKIP UNISKA
When we introduce ourselves to someone who respected i.e.

Boss, Leader, Collage, etc...
“Thank you for the opportunity that is given to me, allow me to
introduce my self, My name is Mark Brown, I am 25 years old, I
come from Canada, I’m an engineer, It’s pleasure to know you!”
b) Vocabularies
The noun vocabulary (or vocab for short) refers to the words used in a
language.
The word vocabulary can have at least three different meanings:
1. All of the words in a language
• New words are constantly being added to the vocabulary of English.
2.The words used in a particular context
• If you want to do an MBA you need to improve your business
vocabulary.
• My neighbour is a doctor so he has an extensive medical vocabulary.
• I've just bought a book on the vocabulary of slang.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
3.The words an individual person knows

• The teacher says that my vocabulary is good.
When learning a foreign language, our individual vocabulary in that

language is one of the most important micro-skills to develop. Of course, all
micro-skills like grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation are important. But
it is far more difficult to communicate with no vocabulary than with no
grammar. :-)
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOCABULARY

In our own individual vocabulary, there is a difference between:
• words that we understandanduse (our active vocabulary)
• words that we understand but do not or cannot use (our passive
vocabulary)
This is true for native speakers as well as for learners. In your own
language, there are many words that you use regularly when speaking or
writing. These words are part of your active vocabulary. And then there are
many words that you understand when you hear them, on television for
example, but do not use in everyday speech. These words are part of your
passive vocabulary.
1. Words

PBI FKIP UNISKA
In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in

isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical
meaning). This contrasts deeply with a morpheme, which is the smallest
unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may
consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run,
expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected),
whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in
the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). A
complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-
s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a
compound (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build
larger elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I
threw a rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too, but he missed). The
kind of words :
Noun : A noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or act.
Examples : shoes, turtle, anger, sadness, town
Verb : Verbs are action or existence words that tell what
nouns do.
Examples : to laugh, to read, watched
Adjective : An adjective describes a noun.
Examples : bald, heavy, useful
Adverb : An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or adverb. It
often ends in 'ly'.
Examples : simply, patiently
Interjection : An outcry or sudden utterance. Usually starts a
sentence.
Examples : ouch, god, my
Preposition : A preposition describes the relationship between a
noun and another noun (or verb or adverb).
Examples : at, down, to, from
Conjunction : A conjunction joins together words, phrases, or

PBI FKIP UNISKA
clauses.
Examples : but, and, so
Pronoun : A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase that is
understood from context.
Examples : she, me, it
3. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken, or the

manner in which someone utters a word. A word can be spoken in
different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many
factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure of their childhood,
the location of their current residence, speech or voice disorders, their
ethnic group, their social class, or their education.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
1. Pronunciation of Words
Hi, Nency, Where have you been?

/hai/ /nen’si/ /wea(r)/ /həv/ /ju/ /bin/
/hai/ /Nen’si/ /wea(r)/ /həv/ /ju/ /bin/

How to pronouce these words?
“Thank you for the opportunity that is given to me, allow me to
introduce my self, My name is Mark Brown, I am 25 years old, I
come from Canada, I’m an engineer, It’s pleasure to know you!”
(/ɵæŋk/ /ju/ /fə(r)/ /ðe/ /ɑ:pər’tu:nəti/ /ðət/ /is/ /’gɪvn/ /tə/ /mi:/ , /ə’laʊ/
/mi:/ /tə/ /ɪntrə’dju:s/ /maɪ/ /self/ , /maɪ/ /neɪm/ /is/ /mɑ:k/ /braun/
,/aɪ’em/ /j3:z/ /əuld/ /ɑi/ /kʌm/ /frəm/ /’kænəda/, /aɪ’em/ /ən/
/enʤɪ’nɪə(r)/, /its/ /pleʒə(r)/ /tə/ /nəʊ/ /jʊ/).

PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER II
SEMINAR
A. Background
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic
institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the
function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing
each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to
actively participate. This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic
dialogue with a seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal
presentation of research. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are
discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.
B. Presentation of The Material

1. Tenses
a) Grammar
Grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition
of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. Grammar
includes tenses.
A tense is a form taken by a verb to show the time of an action.
There are three main tenses:
1. Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or
written; or are generally true; or for some languages will be true in the
future.
2. Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or
written.
3. Future tense: things that will or might be true after the words are
spoken or written.
The tense can be shown in the verb. For example, am, is, and are
are always present tense, and was and were are always past tense. Or the
tense can be shown by adding words to the verb. In English, the words

PBI FKIP UNISKA
that we add to the verb are "helping verbs" or "auxiliaries", like be, have,
shall, will, and so on. So we get the continuous present with is taking, the
future with will take, and so on.
So, the concept of tense acts either by changing the spelling of the
verb, usually the ending, or by putting one or two extra words with the
verb. The first is called "morphological tense", like was and went. The
second way is called "auxilliary tense" like was going or is running.
Languages vary in how they treat actions in time. Latin always
used morphological tenses. Chinese and Indonesian verbs do not show
tense. Instead they use context (other words in the sentence) to show
when the verb happens.16 kinds of tenses and the examples :
16 KINDS OF TENSES AND THE

EXAMPLES
A. PRESENT TENSE
• Simple Present Tense
• Present Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense
• Present Prefect Continuous Tense
B. PAST TENSE
• Simple Past Tense
• Past Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense
C. FUTURE TENSE
• Simple Future Tense
• Future Tense Continuous Tense
• Future Perfect Tense
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense

PBI FKIP UNISKA
D. PAST FUTURE TENSE

• Simple Past Future Tense
• Fast Future Continuous Tense
• Past Future Tense
• Past Future Continuous Tense
THE EXAMPLE :
SIMPLE PRESENT
Usage:
Statingahabit(habitual action) oractivitiesthatoccurover and over-
againandagain and again.Statinga generaltruth.
Formulas :
(+) S + V1 + es/s + Object
(- ) S + do/does + not + V1 + Object
Examples:
a. My sister lives in Bali Luhur.
b. My sister does not live in Palembang.
c. Does my sister live in Jakarta ?
d. The sun rises in the east.
e. The sun does not rise in the west.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Usage:
Todeclareanongoing activity(now) oraround the time ofthe
conversation(aroundthetimespeaking).
Formulas:
( + ) s + is/am/are + V – ing
( - ) s + is/am/are + not + V – ing
( ? ) is/am/are + s + V – ing
Examples :
a. I’m studying structure now.
b. I’m not studying Indonesian now.
c. Am I studying Math now ?
d. We are eating breakfast at six o’clock now.
e. Toni is not studying English now.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Usage:
Toexpressanactivitythatoccursata point inthe past.
Formulas:
( + ) s + V2 + Object
( – ) s + did + not + V1 + Object
( ? ) did + s + V1 + Object?
Examples :
a. My father went to Spain last year.
b. My mother did not go to Spain.
c. Did my sister go to Spain last year ?
d. I ate breakfast this morning.
e. My friend did not eat breakfast this morning.
b) Letter
A letter is a writtenmessage from one party to another containing
information. Letters promote the preservation of communication
between both parties; they may bring friends or relatives closer together,
enrich professional relationships and provide a means of self-expression.
Letters contribute to the protection and conservation of literacy. Letters
have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Works by
both Herodotus and Thucydides also mention letters.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
2. Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication based upon the
syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large
(usually about 1,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is
created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and
consonant speech sound units (phonemes). These vocabularies, the syntax
which structures them, and their sets of speech sound units differ, creating
many thousands of different, and mutually unintelligible, human languages.
Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them,
hence being polyglots. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce
speech also enable them to sing.
A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the
form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a
written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and
phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. In
addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists
such as Vygotsky that speech is internally used in mental processes to
enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue.
Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech
perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Other research topics
concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken words into the

PBI FKIP UNISKA
vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in vocabulary

expansion in children and speech errors. Several academic disciplines study
these; including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics,
cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computer
science. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different
areas such as the Broca's area and Wernicke's area underlies speech.
It is controversial how far human speech is unique; in that animals
also communicate with vocalizations. While none in the wild have
compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of
language trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that
they might have these capabilities. The origins of speech are unknown and
subject to much debate and speculation.
a) Formal Speech
A formal speech is a preplanned speech that is given to an audience
at a formal or professional event, business lectures and celebrations like
weddings being the most common. Formal speeches differ from
impromptu speeches, which are spontaneous speeches that are not written
or rehearsed beforehand.Example of Student Speech :

PBI FKIP UNISKA
Introduce Good morning elders, lecturers, and fellow students.

Yourself My name is ... .... I come from a small and rural town
in North Queensland called Ayr and belong to the
Birri-Gubba tribe which inhabit that area. This is my
first year at Batchelor and I am currently studying
primary education.
Acknowledge Before I begin my speech I would like to respect,
The thank and acknowledge the traditional owners of the
Traditional land upon which we meet.
Owners
Introduce In this speech I will be talking to you about the
Topic necessity and importance of making a stand in our
communities. I will be talking about the results and
outcomes of making a stand and whom it will effect
and influence being males and females, Indigenous
and non-Indigenous and political and non-political.
Enumerate The Firstly, I will explain that making a stand is
Parts of The necessary. Secondly, I will describe what Australia
Speech will be like when we, Indigenous people, make a
stand in our communities. Thirdly, I will paint a
picture of what Australia will be like if we don't
stand up and be counted. I will end by restating the
importance of making a stand and standing up for
what we believe.
Transition to I now come to the first part of my speech. In this part
1st PART I will explain that making a stand and standing up for
what we believe is important and is a necessity.
Antithesis I was recently at a community meeting
where the speaker was talking about an issue that I,
along with many others strongly disagreed with. But

PBI FKIP UNISKA
what did we do? Nothing. Standing up for what you

believe is not a right. Making a stand in your
community is a responsibility that you and I must
carry out.
State Your Making a stand in the community is a necessity and
Thesis responsibility that everyone, both young and old,
needs to be involved in today, tomorrow and forever,
and we need to do it now. Now is the time to fight for
equality, equity and social justice. Now is the time to
make a difference in society and speak up about our
issues and concerns. Now is the time to stand up and
be counted.
Transition to Now that I have enlightened you on the importance
2nd of making a stand, I will now paint a picture of what
PART Australia will be like if we don’t make a stand in our
communities.
Antimodel First, let me paint a picture of what Australia will be
like if we don't take the responsibility and duty of
standing up and speaking up in our communities. If
we don't make a stand, our people will get left out of
the important decision making for our country that
effects and influences the Indigenous people and
communities in Australia. If we don't make a stand,
our people will be looked down on as inferior instead
of equal. If we don't make a stand, our future
generations will have no hope in the steady and on
going process of reconciliation.
Transition to You can see what will happen when we don’t make a
3rd PART stand, but in the next part of my speech, I will paint a
picture of what Australia will be like if we do make a

PBI FKIP UNISKA
stand.
Model Now, imagine and picture what Australia will be like
when Indigenous people make a firm and solid stand
in their communities. Standing up for their ideas,
beliefs, and their culture. When we make a stand, our
people will be recognised. When we make a stand,
our people will be respected and acknowledged.
When we make a stand, reconciliation will inhabit
and well in this country we call home.
Transition to We don't want Australia to end up like this. Do we?
The Last Part In coming to the end of my speech, I will declare
again the importance of making a stand in your
community.
Slogan Do you stand up and speak up for your ideas, beliefs
and culture in your community? Do you want the
Indigenous people of this country to be recognised,
respected and reconciled? Let's make a stand. It's up
to you, me, and up to the future generations of
Indigenous people to make a difference to this
country. So don't stand around, stand up and make a
difference in your community, in your state and in
our country. Thank you for listening. It has be both a
privilege and a pleasure to speak and share with you.
b) Informal Speech
Informal Speech is the speeches of this type are not memuntut us
for too berfakain formal crucial polite and neat because this speech
kesannnya more relaxed and nature of this speech more toward
entertaining the listener so that the listener can laugh or nature should be
no element of comedy in it, and may also the nature of interaction with

PBI FKIP UNISKA
the audience. such as on birthdays, school seminars, youth events and so

forth. The example of informal speech :
3. Vocabularies
A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A
vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental
tool for communication and acquiring knowledge.
a) Formal
Example : ”Good morning elders, lecturers, and fellow students. My
name is ... I come from a small and rural town in North
Queensland called Ayr and belong to the Birri-Gubba tribe
which inhabit that area. This is my first year at Batchelor and
I am currently studying primary education.”

PBI FKIP UNISKA
b) Informal
Example : “Good afternoon, my name is Taylor Bass. Is there something
that you enjoy doing thatrelaxes you from everything else?
Maybe something you just can’t wait to do? Whether
it’ssports, eating, sleeping, or reading everyone has
something they enjoy doing. I have three mainhobbies I feel
get me away from the stress of my daily routine. I enjoy
going on vacations, beingin the sun, and spending time with
my dad. Going on vacations relaxes me from the normal
routine that goes on in my daily life.”
People speak and write in different ways on different occasions. There
are, however, some words and structures which are mainly used in formal
situations – for example report writing, business meetings, conferences,
polite conversations etc. There are also some words and expressions which
are mainly used in informal situations – conversations with friends etc. In
writing, we almost always use formal words and expressions. Speech, on the
other hand, is often more informal.
Grammar
Some grammatical structures have two forms – formal and informal.

For example, in informal speech and writing we use contracted auxiliary
verbs and negatives.
Formal : It is working.
Informal : It’s working.
Informal : He‘s gone.
Formal : He has gone.
Prepositions
In informal language prepositions often come at the end of certain

structures.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
Formal : To which nation does he belong?

Informal : Which nation does he belong to?
Some determiners are followed by singular verbs in formal language

and plural verbs in informal language.
Formal : Neither of us likes him.

Informal : Neither of us like him.
Some pronouns have different forms in formal and informal language.
Formal : Whom did they elect?

Informal : Who did they elect?
In informal language we often leave out words.
Formal : She said that she would come.

Informal : She said she would come.
Formal : Have you seen Annie?
Informal : Seen Annie?
Vocabulary
Some words are mainly used in informal situations. In formal

situations other words or expressions are used.
Formal Informal
Fix Repair
Begin / start Commence
Thanks Thank you
What? / Pardon? / Sorry? I beg your pardon?

PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER III
MEETING
A. Background
A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been
convenedfor the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal
interaction, such as sharing information or reaching agreement. Meetings may
occur face-to-face or virtually, as mediated by communications technology,
such as a telephone conference call, a skyped conference call or a
videoconference.
One can distinguish a meeting from other gatherings, such as a chance
encounter (not convened), a sports game or a concert (verbal interaction is
incidental), a party or the company of friends (no common goal is to be
achieved) and a demonstration (whose common goal is achieved mainly
through the number of demonstrators present, not through verbal interaction).
B. Presentation of Material
a) Communication
Communication is the process between one person and another (or

others) to share about something. It is often referred to as face-to-face

PBI FKIP UNISKA
communication between two (or more) people. Communication is divided

into formal and informal communication.
1. Formal
Definition of Formal Communication
The communication in which the flow of information is already
defined is termed as Formal Communication. The communication
follows a hierarchical chain of command which is established by the
organisation itself. In general, this type of communication is used
exclusively in the workplace, and the employees are bound to follow it
while performing their duties.
Example: Requests, commands, orders, reports etc.
The formal communication is of four types:
• Upward or Bottom-up: The communication in which the flow of
information goes from subordinate to superior authority.
• Downward or Top-down: The communication in which the flow
of information goes from superior to subordinate.
• Horizontal or Lateral: The communication between two
employees of different departments working at the same level.
• Crosswise or Diagonal: The communication between the
employees of two different departments working at different levels.
2. Informal
Definition of Informal Communication
The communication which does not follow any pre-defined
channel for the transmission of information is known as informal
communication. This type of communication moves freely in all
directions, and thus, it is very quick and rapid. In any organisation, this
type of communication is very natural as people interact with each
other about their professional life, personal life, and other matter.
Example: Sharing of feelings, casual discussion, gossips, etc.
The informal communication is of four types:

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• Single Strand Chain: The communication in which one person tell

something to another, who again says something to some other
person and the process goes on.
• Cluster Chain: The communication in which one person tells
something to some of its most trusted people, and then they tells
them to their trustworthy friends and the communication continues.
• Probability Chain: The communication happens when a person
randomly chooses some persons to pass on the information which is
of little interest but not important.
• Gossip Chain: The communication starts when a person tells
something to a group of people, and then they pass on the
information to some more people and in this way the information is
passed on to everyone.
Comparison Chart
Basis for
Formal Communication Informal Communication
Comparison
A type of verbal communi-

A type of verbal communication
cation in whichthe
in which the interchange of
interchange of information is
Meaning information does not follow any
done through the pre-defined
channels i.e. the communication
channels is known as formal
stretches in all direction
communication.
Another
Official Communication Grapevine communication
Name
Reliability More Comparatively less
Speed Slow Very Fast
As the communication is
Evidence No documentary evidence.
generally written,

PBI FKIP UNISKA
Basis for
Formal Communication Informal Communication
Comparison
documentary evidence is
present.
Time
Yes No
Consuming
Efficient because employees can

Effective due to timely and
discuss work related problems,
Advantagesystematic flow of
this saves time and cost of the
information.
organization.
Distortion due to long chain

Disadvantage Spread of rumors
of communication.
It is difficult to maintain the

Secrecy Full secrecy is maintained.
secrecy.
Flow of Only through predefined

Can move freely.
Information channels.
b) Meeting Phrase

PBI FKIP UNISKA
1. Expressions of Asking & Giving Opinion
ASKING & GIVING OPINION
• Opinion includes the words of opinion and argument/ reasons.

• Opinion dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who
have opinion each others. It can use the expressions, such as in my
opinion, in my view, I think etc.
• Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the arguments or reasons. It
can use the words such as first, second etc for arranging arguments.
1) Asking opinion :
Formal Informal
• Have you got any comments • What do you think of…….?
on ….. • What do you think

• Do you have any idea? about………?
• Do you have any opinion on • What is your opinion?
…… • Why do they behave like

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• Would you give me your that?

opinion on……….? • Do you think it’s going?
• What is your reaction to …… • How do you like?
• What is your opinion • How was the trip?
about……….? • How do you think of Rina’s
• What are you feeling idea ?
about………….? • How do you feel about this
• What are your views dicition?
on……….?
• Please give me your frank
opinion?
2) Giving opinion
Formal Informal
• I personally believe ….. • I think I like it.
• I personally consider …. • I don’t think I care for it.

• I personally think /feel • I think it’s
…. good/nice/terrific……..
• I hold the opinion …. • I think that awful/ not nice/
• My own view of the terrible…………
matter is …… • I don’t think much of it.
• Well, personally ……. • I think that……..
• If I had my view, I • In my opinion, I would
would ….. rather……….
• In my case …..
• What I’m more concerned with
….
• What I have in my mind is………
• The way I see is that…………
• No everyone will agree with me,

PBI FKIP UNISKA
but ….
• To my mind …..
• From my point of view ….
Dialog Example
Mr. Zoe : What do you think of my new house?
Shane : It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your
new house.
Mr. Zoe : Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata’s novels.
Shane : How do you feel about Andrea Hirata’s novels ?
Mr. Zoe : I feel they are great novels.
Shane : Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.
Mr. Zoe : I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky! It’s so clear. No
clouds there.
Shane : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that
today is going to rain. OK Mr. Zoe see you.
2. Expressions of Refusing Opinion
When we want to refuse someone’s opinion, we can say.....
- I’m sorry I don't think so

- I think that is not suitable
idea
- I don't think much of it
c) Pronunciation
1. Pronunciation of Words
How to pronounce the words about opinion....
What do you think about? /wɒt/ /duː/ /juː/ /θɪŋk/ /əˈbaʊt/?
I personally think.... /aɪ/ /ˈpɜːsnəli/ /θɪŋk/....
I do not think so about it. /aɪ/ /duː/ /nɒt/ /θɪŋk/ /səʊ/ /əˈbaʊt/
/ɪt/.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER IV
SCHOLARSHIP
A. Background
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their
education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, which usually
reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.
Scholarship money is not required to be repaid.
The term '"scholarship"' is sometimes used to describe any financial aid
given to a student that does not have to be repaid. However, more precisely,
and universally among college financial aid offices in the United States,
scholarships and grants are quite different.
A scholarship is given to a student because of a reason: the student has
qualified for or won it by academic, artistic or athletic ability, or by agreeing to
follow a particular career, or has some special ethnic or other characteristic.
Scholarships are not given for financial need alone. In contrast, a grant is an
entitlement: approval is automatic if the students meet qualifications, based on
financial need.
a) Basic TOEFL

PBI FKIP UNISKA
Test of English as a Foreign Language is a standardized test to

measure the English language ability of non-native speakers wishing to
enroll in English-speaking universities. The test is accepted by many
English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of
the two major English-language tests in the world.
1. Grammar
Grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of
clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term
refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology,
syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and
pragmatics.
How is important grammar in TOEFL? If you need a higher
TOEFL score, you probably need to improve your grammar. Because
Toefl based on grammar actually. Grammar involve all of things in toefl.
The example of toefl test :
1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture,
aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.
(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting
2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was
adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
(A) Was written by
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the
best singing actresses of her time.
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano

PBI FKIP UNISKA
(C) was a popular soprano

(D) a popular soprano in
4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a
dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in
psychology.
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe
5. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly
hundred A B
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
C D
b) Interview
An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers

are given. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one
conversation with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the

PBI FKIP UNISKA
other in the role of the interviewee. The interviewer asks questions, the
interviewee responds, with participants taking turns talking. Interviews
usually involve a transfer of information from interviewee to interviewer,
which is usually the primary purpose of the interview, although information
transfers can happen in both directions simultaneously. One can contrast an
interview which involves bi-directional communication with a one-way
flow of information, such as a speech or oration.
1. Formal Interview
Formal interview is a conversation where questions are asked and
answers are given in the collage interview, job interview,interview to get
scholarship etc.The general questions in job interview :

PBI FKIP UNISKA
c) Essay
Generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument —
but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet,
and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal
and informal. Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity,
logical organization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by
"the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences,
confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling structure,
unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.
Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos,
learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections
of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in
verse have been dubbed essays (e.g., Alexander Pope's An Essay on
Criticism and An Essay on Man). While brevity usually defines an essay,
voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of
Population are counterexamples. In some countries (e.g., the United States
and Canada), essays have become a major part of formal education.
Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their
writing skills; admission essays are often used by universities in selecting
applicants, and in the humanities and social sciences essays are often used
as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams.
Grammar is very important in writing. That is why to write essay we have to
concern the grammar.
The example of essay
Importance of Education
Education is a process that involves the transfer of knowledge, habits

and skills from one generation to another through teaching, research and
training. It can be in a formal or informal setting. Formal education involves

PBI FKIP UNISKA
institutionalized learning based on a curriculum. In today’s society,

education and learning play an indispensable role in shaping the lives of
individuals and the society at large. The most effective way of boosting
economic growth, reducing poverty and improving people’s health is by
investing in education.
Human labour is essential for economic growth. A highly educated
labour force further stimulates economic growth. Additionally, a highly
educated labour force can easily adapt to new working environments and
conditions. In view of that, it is evident that education serves as the driving
force for innovation of new products and services. Educated workers
exchange ideas in the work place and come up with new ideas that help in
the growth of the economy.
Education reduces poverty in a number of ways. One way is by
creating employment opportunities for educated people. Through
employment, one is able to afford a decent living. Education helps to
increase economic security, create income opportunities and improve
livelihoods of the economical disadvantaged by providing sustainable
environmental management mechanisms. Education further alleviates
poverty through skills acquired in the learning process. Skills such as
carpentry, plumbing and masonry are relevant in non-formal economies.
One can acquire these skills through technical and vocational training.
Educated people are health conscious and live longer than their
counterparts because they engage in healthy habits such as eating a balanced
diet, exercising regularly and going for medical check ups. By investing in
education, one will also be investing in their health. Education serves to
create room for technological advancements in the field of medicine and
agriculture. Advanced technology used for conducting surgery has replaced
traditional methods. This has seen an improvement in people’s general
health and an increased life expectancy. Most developing countries have a
low life expectancy compared to developed countries. This can be attributed

PBI FKIP UNISKA
to high illiteracy levels present in developing countries. This translates to

poor health and poor eating habits.
In conclusion, education is the only means of alleviating poverty,
improving people’s health and increasing economic growth. Improving
literacy levels in marginalised societies will go a long way in improving
human living standards.
1. Grammar
Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe

grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*.
If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules
first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not
start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved
into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is
fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is
simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.
Grammar is:
1. The systematic study and description of a language. (Compare with
usage).
2. A set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word
structures (morphology) of a language. Adjective: grammatica.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
TENSES
Explanations Present Simple
Action that is repeated every I visit my uncle every Friday.
Friday. Habitual action.
Facts that are believed to be true. Cats hate mice.
Generalizations. The sun rises in the morning.
Scheduled events in the near The plane takes off at 10 o'clock
future. tonight.
Explanations Present Progressive
Action that takes place now / at I am working on my computer.
the moment.
Near future. I am leaving tomorrow
Explanations Present Perfect
To talk about experiences. I have been to Italy.
Past action that has the result in
She has read that book.
the present.
Action which started in the past I have lived in this town for 12
and continued up to now. years.
Explanations Present Perfect Progressive
To show that something started He has been sleeping for the last 3
in the past and has continued up hours.
until now.
To talk about an action that The grass is wet because it has been
started in the past and stopped raining all day long.
recently.
To talk about an action that I have been watching TV for 2
started in the past and is hours / since you left.
continuing now.
Explanations Past Simple
Completed action in the past. She left yesterday.
To talk about an action that She woke up, had a shower and
started in the past and stopped left.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
recently.
To talk about an action that If I had a million dollar, I would
started in the past and is help the poor.
continuing now.
An action taking place in the She was playing when the accident
middle of another action. occurred.
Explanations Past Progressive
Actions happening at the same He was reading a newspaper while
time in the past. his wife was preparing dinner.
Interrupted action in the past. Shewas reading a book when the
light went off, had a shower and
left.
Explanations Past Perfect Simple
Completed action before another She had left when I arrived.
action in the past.
Explanations Past Perfect Progressive
To show that something started They had been playing soccer when
in the past and continued up the accident occurred.
until another action stopped it.
To show that something started I had been living in that town for
in the past and continued up ten years before I moved to New
until another time in the past. York.
We use the Past Perfect I was so tired. I had been working
Continuous before another for 6 hours.
action in the past to show cause
and effect.
Explanations Future Simple
Instant decisions. I've left the door open; I'll close it.
We use the simple future , when She'll pass the exam. She's
we predict a future situation. hardworking.
We use the simple future with: It will probably rain tonight.
"I (don't) think...", "I expect...",

PBI FKIP UNISKA
"I am sure...", "I wonder...",

"probably".
Conditional sentence type one. If I have enough time, I'll watch the
film.
Explanations Future Progressive
Action that will be taking place When you arrive, I'll be sleeping .
at some time in the future.
Explanations Future Perfect
Completed action before another By tomorrow, I will have finished
action in the past. the work.
Explanations Future Perfect Progressive
It is used to show that an action She will have been working for
will continue up until a over 8 hours by the time her
particular event or time in the children arrive.
future.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER V
DIPLOMACY
A. Background
Diplomacy (from the Greek δίπλωμα, "official document conferring a
privilege") is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between
representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the
conduct of international relations[2] through the intercession of professional
diplomats with regard to issues of peace-making, trade, war, economics,
culture, environment, and human rights. International treaties are usually
negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. In an
informal or social sense, diplomacy is the employment of tact to gain strategic
advantage or to find mutually acceptable solutions to a common challenge, one
set of tools being the phrasing of statements in a non-confrontational, or polite
manner.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
B. Presentation of Material
a) Expression
An expression in a programming language is a combination of one or more
explicit values, constants, variables, operators, and functions that the
programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of
precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a
stateful environment) another value. This process, as for mathematical
expressions, is called evaluation.
1. Formal
Example : “Good morning everyone. My respectful minister, and to all

audiences who i proud. Thank you for the oppurtunity thats
given to me. Now i’m going to introduce about my invention
in mechine.”
b) Presentation
A presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is
typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform,
persuade, or build good will. The term can also be used for a formal or
ritualized introduction or offering, as with the presentation of a debutante.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
1. How to be A Good Presenter
The steps how to be a good presenter :

PBI FKIP UNISKA
1. Research your topic. It’s important to spend enough time collecting

and confirming information in order to speak with confidence and
knowledge.
2. Organize. Organize the main points in the most appropriate order for
the topic you’re presenting. Avoid writing complete sentences or
paragraphs and prepare note cards to help you elaborate on the
information presented.
3. Use strong images. Your images don't need to be all charts and tons
of text. Use a few graphics or images that will catch your audience's
interest and remind you of what you want to talk about.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
4. Practice. Do not memorize written texts. Try to understand the topic

to the best of your ability so you can communicate it well during the
presentation and meet the time limit. Practice for a friend or a family
member and get their feedback on your presentation skills.
5. Deal with your stress. It’s common to be stressed before a

presentation, try picturing yourself impressing the audience. Also, it’s
important to relax before the presentation and think about nothing but
how to make the most out of it.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
6. Look presentable. Dress well for the presentation, usually a formal

outfit is preferred to show the level of professionalism. Appearance
says a lot about someone’s personality and confidence.
7. Keep eye contact. Do scanning the room technique by keeping an eye

contact with as many people as you can.
8. Speak clearly. Speak in a loud and clear voice to get your

presentation through to the audience even the ones sitting further
away.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
9. Engage your audience. Some useful ways to do that are sharing a

funny yet tasteful story, or pose a question to see how much they
know about the subject you’re about to discuss.
10. Answer questions at the end of the presentation. Make sure you
listen to the questions carefully, ask for clarifications if needed and
repeat the question to the rest of the audience to give you more time
to think about the answer. If you don’t know the answer for a
question be honest and say that you will look into it since you don’t
know the answer in the meantime.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
11. Learn from your experience. Ask your employers or professors for
their feedback to be able to identify your strengths and weaknesses
and help you improve for next time.
12. Listen to presentations. Once you’re done presenting you should

take the time to listen to other presentations to benefit from
presenters’ skills.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
2. How to be A Better Presenter

After twenty years in the business, seven hundred flagship events
and having rehearsed thousands of presenters, here are my top 10 tips
that will help you become a better presenter. Don’t question why, just
trust me and follow my advice - each one of my tips will work I promise!
1. Focus on the audience benefit. Your presentation is not about you,
it’s about them. It’s always about them: the audience. What benefit
will the audience get from listening to you? What do you want them to
think, feel, or do as a result of listening to you? Cut out a piece of
paper, write the audience benefit on it and sellotape it to your laptop
screen.
2. Delete all the text from your slides.Loads of bullet points on your
slide are a complete waste of time; nobody reads them and because the
brain is a self organising mechanism you send a signal to the audience
that it’s time to start day dreaming. Use powerful images and pictures
instead. If you need notes, then use a neat set of post card sized cue
cards.
3. Keep it simple Less really is more. The more you say, the more you
have to explain; and so your presentation drifts and your audience
with it. Never ever ask the audience to remember more than three
things. In fact, use sets of threes throughout your presentation: I came,
I saw, I conquered.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
4. Rehearse. Always, always rehearse. Ask yourself: why do ballet

dancers, athletes and actors rehearse? The biggest single difference a
presenter can make to their performance is to stand up in front of the
bathroom mirror and rehearse. If you are serious about success, then
you need to get serious about rehearsing. And if you don’t prepare,
then prepare to fail.
5. Make friends with the crew.The crew can play a huge part in your
success, and, if you are a rude arrogant person (they’ll enjoy watching
your failure). Get there early, make friends with them and learn their
names. The biggest compliment that you can pay them is to ask for
their help and advice. Find out which part of the stage is illuminated.
Ask politely for a sound check. Ask to view your PowerPoint slides
on the big screen – you can see where I’m going with this. Ask nicely
and anything is possible.
6. Dress to impress.If in any doubt be smart. Smart hair, shoes and
smart well pressed clothes. Don’t fall into the trap of getting up on
stage looking casual (you’ll look scruffy). If it’s smart casual, always
dress at the smart end of smart casual. If you are a woman always
wear your hair up, avoid high heels and wear something with a
waistband (to attach your radio microphone). If you are required to sit
on a discussion panel, then always wear trousers.
7. Make friends with yourself.Don’t make the mistake of creating an
alternate version of your real self – a posher version of the real you.
Someone who uses big words and tries to disguise a regional accent.
You are unique. You are special. Nobody is quite like you. So stick to
the real you, be authentic – and the audience will believe in you!
8. Stand still and don’t weave.As adrenalin flows through your limbs,
and your body gets ready for fight, or flight, and the lactic acid begins
to build in your muscle tissue, so you will feel an overwhelming need
to release that feeling of muscle tension by moving your legs –
weaving. An advanced stage of weaving is prowling (like a caged

PBI FKIP UNISKA
carnivore) from one edge of the stage to the other. Don’t weave. Lock
out your legs, shoulder width apart. Don’t bend your knees, or move
anything below the waste. Make plenty of palms up hand gestures
above the waist to show that you have no weapons and that you are
engaging and empathising with the audience.
9. Tell a story.Forget the corporate gobble-de-gook and loads of text
slides (nobody reads them) and use the same language that you might
use whilst explaining your presentation to a friend in your local pub
over a pint. Tell the audience a story. Engage in a conversation with
the audience. And then (and only then) talk about targets and
measurable goals.
10. Be enthusiastic.Nothing, absolutly nothing succeeds like
enthusiasm - it's infectious. Once the audience spot that you have a
passion for your subect they immediately begin to warm to you and
will ignore any imperfections or omissions in your presentation. So
get passionate, get excited and get enthusiastic!
3. The Role of The Presenter

Presentations are unsuccessful when the audience is not motivated
to read the full paper. The following are some ideas for how authors can
get the audience engaged and excited about the paper. Most practices in
the DON'T column are standard procedure and the suggestions may seem
radical. However, the object should be a presentation that covers less but
makes a compelling argument that the paper should be read.
DESCRIPTION DO DON'T
Purpose of • Present enough to tell • DON'T present
Presentation the audience that the summaries of all
paper is worth a read sections of the
and tell a good story. paper.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• Consider starting with • DON'T save the

the conclusion and punch line as a sort
then explain why you of surprise ending.
reached it (e.g. • DON'T plan for 20
methods/results). minutes in case
• Provide a 1-page there is extra time.
handout summarizing • DON'T use small
your contribution & fonts or too many
key points as a overheads.
Format &
takeaway. • DON'T focus on
Timing
• Plan for 10 minutes - theory or methods
it is easier to expand (unless that is your
on points than it is to contribution).
cut things out.
• Use fonts larger than
28 pt & no more than
10 slides.
• Do focus on your
results.
Introduction • Do focus on what is • DON'T focus on
interesting and new why you decided to
about what you have do the study.
learned. • DON'T be too
• Do try to start off conceptual.
with a real-world
analogy or story.
Audience • Look people in the • DON'T give a
Interaction eye and talk to them monologue
(not at them). describing your
• Identify places for research.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
audience input. Ask

rhetorical questions at
key points and wait
for responses.
• For an empirical
paper, ask the
audience to vote for
alternative
explanations of the
results.
Consider using brief
exercises or scenarios
that draw on the
audience's personal
experiences /
knowledge.
Theory • State the problem, • DON'T present a
why it is interesting, literature review of
and what you will the area (cites,
add. etc.).
• Explain what is new • DON'T explain every
in this model over arrow in a complex
past contributions. figure.
Methods • Provide an overview • DON'T describe the

of why the measures sample measures,
are linked to the and validation of
theoretical construct. instruments.
Establish face validity
and assure that more

PBI FKIP UNISKA
rigorous methods
were applied.
Results • Present what was • DON'T present any
significant. Explain tables with
what the data tell you. numbers
People will read the
paper to get details if
the paper seems
important.
Conclusion • Answer broadly what • DON'T review each
we have learned and result and
what needs to be done summarize what
now. was significant.
• Urge the audience to
read the paper for
details.
These guidelines are not intended to be rigid. The main point is to

sell rather than summarize. Again, the objective is to get the audience to
read the paper, not to present so much detail that the audience has no
reason to read it after.
3. Pronunciation
1. How to Pronunce The Words in Presentation
Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken, or the

manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct
pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect.A word
can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups,
depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural
exposureof their childhood, the location of their current residence, speech

PBI FKIP UNISKA
or voice disorders, their ethnic group, their social class, or their

education.
Example : “Good morning everyone. My respectful minister, and to all

audiences who i proud. Thank you for the oppurtunity thats
given to me. Now i’m going to introduce about my invention
in mechine.
(gʊd/ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ˈɛvrɪwʌn/. maɪ/rɪsˈpɛktfʊl/ˈmɪnɪstə/, ænd/tuː/ɔːl/
ˈɔːdjənsɪz/huː/aɪ/praʊd/. θæŋk/juː/fɔː/ði/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪti/ðæts/ˈgɪv
n/tuː/miː/. naʊ/aɪ/æm/ˈgəʊɪŋ/tuː/ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/əˈbaʊt/maɪ/ɪnˈvɛn
ʃən/ɪn/məˈʃiːn/).

PBI FKIP UNISKA
CHAPTER VI
TEACHING
A. Background
Teaching is a social process, to define it is very difficult, because the
teaching influenced by the political and social backgrounds of the country.
Hence, just try for it , after reading all the definitions. There are so many
educationists, complimented their definitions about teaching, Here are some, to
keep in mind. According to Gage, "Teaching is a form of interpersonal
influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person." Edmund
Amidon defined it as-" Teaching is an interactive process, primarily involving
class room talk which takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs during
certain definable activity."
Teaching at its most literal level educating, imparting knowledge is the
most fundamental part of a teacher's job. It is more obvious than (though just as
important as) inspiring, motivating and forming relationships. But just like
many other elements of the job, the act of teaching is personal. As a teacher,
we have a role to help students apply concepts, such as math, English, and
science through classroom instruction and presentations. Their role is also to
prepare lessons, grade papers, manage the classroom, meet with parents, and
work closely with school staff.

a) Procedure Text
1. Editing paragraph
The definition of procedure text is a text that is designed to
describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or

PBI FKIP UNISKA
steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence

of steps.
Goal
Equipment
Step
Conclusion
b) Vocabularies
1. Guessing Specific Words
• Abutment, Acceleration, Activation, Advice, Advise, Amplitude,
Analysis, Angle, Assembly, Automation, Axis, Axle
• Balance, Battery, Bearing, Blueprint, Building
• Calculation, Cantilever, Cell, Circumference, Combustion,
Communication, Component, Component, Compress, Concept,
Constriction, Construction, Consultation, Control, Conversion,
Conveyance, Conveyor belt, Cooling, Coupling, Crank, Current,
Curves
• Degree, Depth, Design, Device, Diagram, Diameter, Diesel,
Dimension, Direction, Distill, Distribution

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• Savvy, Scheme, Schooling, Scientific, Sequence, Shape, Slide, Solar,

Stability, Strength, Structure, Structure, Studying, Superstructure,
Suspension
• Physics, Pivot, Plumb, Pneumatic, Power, Precision, Process,
Production, Project, Propulsion, Pulley
• Machine, Management, Manufacturing, Mark, Measurement,
Mechanize, Modular, Mold, Motion, Motor
c) Communication in Teaching
When communication is effective, both the student and the teacher
benefit. Communication makes learning easier, helps students achieve goals,
increases opportunities for expanded learning, strengthens the connection
between student and teacher, and creates an overall positive experience.
Self Esteem
In general, people want to be heard. If a teacher shows interest in a
student’s opinions, that student will feel that their thoughts or ideas are
appreciated. This increases self esteem and confidence. A confident student
is less likely to second guess his answers on tests, and a self-assured student
is more likely to speak up in class. Class participation leads to increased
learning for the entire class.
Class Performance
Teachers who reward student communication and class participation
will notice an improvement in overall class performance. A teacher can
gauge the effectiveness of a lecture by student feedback. By asking
questions, a teacher can determine if students were able to retain the
imparted information. If there are a lack of responses from the class, it is
likely that the students were unable to understand the lecture. This can lead
to poor performance on exams.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
Professional Growth
A degree of communication is required in every profession, and
communication skills are necessary at even the most preliminary stages of
career growth. For example, an applicant must be able to communicate her
skills and abilities during an interview in order to acquire a job.
1. Formal Communication
The Example of Formal Communication :
A DIALOGUE BETWEEN A TEACHER

AND A STUDENT ABOUT HOME WORK
T : Good morning, dear students.
S : Good morning, sir.
T : Ali, bring your home work note-book to me.
S : Sorry sir. I forgot my note-book at home.
T : Did you do your home work?
S : Yes, sir. But I left my note-book at home.
T : How is it possible? I think you have not completed your home work
and it is just an excuse.
S : Sorry sir. Infact, I had to go to my uncle's yesterday.
T : Do you prefer other things to your studies? Very strange thing.
S : My father asked me to go there.
T : That's right. After coming back, you could have completed your
home work.
S : It was late at night when I came back.
T : If you do not work regularly, you will fail in the Exam. keep in mind
that regularity conquers the mountains.
S : Next time, I shall be careful.
T : One more thing. There is nothing important than studies in the
world.
S : I have realized it sir.

PBI FKIP UNISKA
T : Now you must develop your routine and show me your note-book
tomorrow.
S : O.K. Sir. I will complete my note-book today.
T : Now you sir down.
S : Thank you sir.
2. Informal Commnucation
The Example of Informal Communication :
A DIALOGUE BETWEEN TWO

STUDENTS ABOUT A NEW TEACHER
Kader : Asslam-Alaikum
Fareed : Wa-Alaikum-Asslam
Kader : Where are you going instead of your school?
Fareed : I am not going to school today.
Kader : Why?
Fareed : I am very upset.
Kader : Why?
Fareed : Our old teacher of Urdu Mr. Saleem has been transferred.
Kader : I am also sorry because he was a kind teacher and his method
of teaching was liked by every student.
Fareed : What is your opinion about the new teacher? Is he also a good
teacher like Mr. Saleem?
Kader : Yes, he is an able teacher as Mr. Saleem. His teaching method
is also impressive. He teachers us well. He uses black board so
that each student could understand well. Even truants take
interest in his teachings.
Fareed : Then I will come to school tomorrow.
Kader : Promise?
Fareed :Promise!
Kader : Goodbye

PBI FKIP UNISKA
REFERENCES
• https://myvocabulary.com/word-list/engineering-vocabulary/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705977/
• https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/sheridan-center/teaching-
learning/effective-classroom-practices/classroom-communication/tips
• http://esolonline.tki.org.nz/ESOL-Online/Teacher-needs/Pedagogy/ESOL-
teaching-strategies/Oral-language/Teaching-approaches-and-
strategies/Background-to-teaching-and-learning-strategies
• http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/working.html
• http://www.businessdictionary.com/article/1240/how-to-find-companies-with-
flexible-work-arrangements-wsj1604/
• http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work.html
• https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting
• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
tQfncjKfFYw/U4NZiAy71rI/AAAAAAAAEWY/AwZsVm2wojo/s1600/PB%
2Bbranding_RGB72dpi_orig.png
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation
• http://www.virtualstudio.tv/blog/post/13-10-tips-to-become-a-better-presenter
• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/speech
• https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/textspeech/
• https://www.englishtrackers.com/english-blog/10-famous-speeches-in-english-
and-what-you-can-learn-from-them/
• https://academichelp.net/samples/academics/speeches/
• http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/tag/speech-examples/
• http://www.wikihow.com/Prepare-a-Speech
• http://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/powerspeak/lib0021.html
• http://www.waalc.org.au/09conf/docs/02Studentspeech2.pdf
• https://www.reference.com/education/formal-speeches-9f7b78b378e9efd7

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-
formal-informal-etc/formal-and-informal-language
• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Informal+speech
• http://www.wordplays.com/crossword-solver/example-of-informal-speech-(13)
• http://www.antimoon.com/how/formal-informal-english.htm
• http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expression.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)
• http://www.softpanorama.org/Social/Communication/diplomatic_communicati
on.shtml
• https://www.londonschool.com/language-talk/language-tips/5-tips-for-polite-
and-diplomatic-language/
• http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/06/pengertian-kerja-sama-dan-bentuknya-
beserta-contohnya.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symmetry_of_Diplomacy.jpg
• http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/formal-informal-speech-writing/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(message)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar
• http://ethikaenglishcommunity.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/16-kinds-of-tenses-and-
examples.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy
• https://deepdip.wordpress.com/2012/03/18/two-kinds-of-conversation/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary
• http://www.virtualstudio.tv/blog/post/13-10-tips-to-become-a-better-presenter
• https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/tense-what.htm
• https://sites.ualberta.ca/~oilnytzk/DiscussantAndPresenter/DiscussanatPresente
r.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation

PBI FKIP UNISKA
• http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-16-tenses-
inggris
• http://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Good-Presenter
• http://aom.org/annualmeeting/participation/presenter/
• https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/what.htm
• http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammarterm.htm
• http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-examples-
tenses.php
• https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/what.htm
• http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-
8872.php

Working: Angga Taufan Dayu, M.PD - BI Pbi Fkip Uniska

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Working: Angga Taufan Dayu, M.PD - BI Pbi Fkip Uniska

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Angga Taufan Dayu,M.Pd.

B. Presentation of the Material.

Mechanical Engineering Page 1

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings

Greeting someone we never Our response is...

Generally, someone never ask

Mechanical Engineering Page 2

How to greet someone we know

If we meet someone unexpectedly we can say.....

Mechanical Engineering Page 3

When we introduce ourselves to friends...

Mechanical Engineering Page 4

When we introduce ourselves to someone who respected i.e.

Mechanical Engineering Page 5

3.The words an individual person knows

When learning a foreign language, our individual vocabulary in that

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOCABULARY

Mechanical Engineering Page 6

In linguistics, a word is the smallest element that can be uttered in

Mechanical Engineering Page 7

Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken, or the

Mechanical Engineering Page 8

Hi, Nency, Where have you been?

/hai/ /Nen’si/ /wea(r)/ /həv/ /ju/ /bin/

Mechanical Engineering Page 9

B. Presentation of The Material

Mechanical Engineering Page 10

16 KINDS OF TENSES AND THE

Mechanical Engineering Page 11

D. PAST FUTURE TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Mechanical Engineering Page 12

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Mechanical Engineering Page 13

Mechanical Engineering Page 14

vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in vocabulary

Mechanical Engineering Page 15

Introduce Good morning elders, lecturers, and fellow students.

Mechanical Engineering Page 16

what did we do? Nothing. Standing up for what you

Mechanical Engineering Page 17

Mechanical Engineering Page 18

the audience. such as on birthdays, school seminars, youth events and so

Mechanical Engineering Page 19

Some grammatical structures have two forms – formal and informal.

In informal language prepositions often come at the end of certain

Mechanical Engineering Page 20

Formal : To which nation does he belong?

Some determiners are followed by singular verbs in formal language

Formal : Neither of us likes him.

Some pronouns have different forms in formal and informal language.

Formal : Whom did they elect?

In informal language we often leave out words.

Formal : She said that she would come.

Some words are mainly used in informal situations. In formal

Mechanical Engineering Page 21

Communication is the process between one person and another (or

Mechanical Engineering Page 22

communication between two (or more) people. Communication is divided

Mechanical Engineering Page 23

• Single Strand Chain: The communication in which one person tell

A type of verbal communi-

Reliability More Comparatively less