Solid Shell Element

ANSYS 9.
0
Preview II
Grama Bhashyam
ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

© 2003 ANSYS, Inc. ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Topics
• Mechanics
– Solid Shell Element
– Rezoning – 2D
– Spotwelds
– Pre-Integrated Shell/Beams Sections
– Follower Forces
– NonLinear Diagnostics and Contact
– Temperature Dependent Curve Fitting
– Frequency Dependent Harmonic Analysis
– Local CYS for Function BC’s
– Static Cyclic Symmetry
– Component Based Acceleration
– CMS Superelements
• Multifield Solver
– Flotran Remeshing for Multifield Solver
• Electric and Magnetic Analysis
– Electrostatics and Magnetic Forces Calculation
– High Frequency Electromagnetic Enhancements
– Thermoelectric Analysis

Solid Shell Element

Problems associated with a shell ANSYS 9.0:
theory based FEM Solid Shell Element
• Nonlinear MPCs or transitional

elements are required for
connecting shell and solid
elements.
• Treatment of variable thickness
is unclear.
• Definition of contact interaction
needs special attention.
• Difficulties in the specialization
of general three-dimensional
material laws to plane-stress
state.
• Complicated update of rotations
in geometrically nonlinear
analyses.
ANSYS 9.0:
Numerical locking in low-order 3D Solid Shell Element
solid elements
• The error in the kinematic
approximation with linear 3D solid
elements becomes apparent in 1.2
bending dominant problems. 1
Normalized Max. Deflection

This error is magnified as the 0.8
thickness decreases, which 0.6

beyond a certain ratio may
make the FE model 0.4
excessively stiff. 0.2 Solid185 (enhanced strain)
• Current element technologies, such 0

1 6 11 16 21 26
as the enhanced strain (or extra Number of Elements Per Edge
shapes), are not sufficient to

remedy this numerical locking in
linear 3D solid elements.
ANSYS 9.0:
Element Summary Solid Shell Element
• Involves only displacement
nodal DOFs and features an
eight-node brick connectivity.
Thus the connection problem 8
between solid and shell elements
can be eliminated. 7
4
R3 3
• Performs well in simulating
5 R2
shell structures with a wide
range of thickness (from X2
X3
extremely thin to moderate 1 6
thick). R1 X1
• Is compatible with 3D  ∂x ∂x2 ∂x3 
R1 =  1 , ,
2 
constitutive models and  ∂ r1 ∂ r1 ∂ r1 
 ∂x ∂x2 ∂x3 
automatically accounts for R2 =  1 , , 
 ∂ r 2 ∂ r2 ∂ r 2 
thickness change.  ∂x ∂x2 ∂x3 
R3 =  1 , , 
 ∂ r3 ∂ r3 ∂ r3 
• Performs well for both flat-plate
and curved shells. ANSYS 9.0 Preview II
FE solution convergence relative to mesh refinement ANSYS 9.0:
Solid Shell Element
Normalized shell thickness ( t / L) : 0.001, linear static analysis
1.2
1
Normalized Max. Deflection
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shell181 (enhanced strain)
0.2
Solid185 (enhanced strain)
SolidShell 190
0
1 6 11 16 21 26
Number of Elements Per Edge
Solid Shell Element
Normalized plate thickness ( t / L) : 0.01, linear static analysis
0.12
0.1
Deflection at Location 4
0.08
0.06
0.04 Shell181 (enhanced strain)

Solid185 (enhanced strain)
0.02 Solid45 (extra shapes)

SolidShel 190
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Numbe r of Ele me nts Pe r Edge

FE solution from different models ANSYS 9.0:
t/L = 0.01, linear static analysis
Solid Shell Element
Maximum Displacements
------------------------------------------------------------
Ux Uy Uz
SolidShell190 343.41 -642.89 -1395.8
Shell181 Enh 341.91 -639.15 -1395.9
Solid185 Enh 257.12 269.73 -882.97

geometrically nonlinear static analysis
Solid Shell Element
0.15
0.1
0.05
R adial D isp. A t two corners
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Shell181 (pt1)
-0.05
solid190 (pt1)
Solid185 (pt1)
shell181 (pt2)
-0.1
solid190 (pt2)
solid185 (pt2)
-0.15
-0.2
# elements per edge
ANSYS 9.0:
Modal Analysis of a Hemi-sphere Shell
Solid Shell Element
thickness = 0.001 mesh density = 15 x 15 (Thin Shell)

Mode Shell181 Enh Solid185 Enh SolidShell 190
1 3.07759484 8.239738235 3.071760383
2 21.24648643 103.9636569 21.22872394
3 53.86043052 350.1158379 53.82984828
4 99.48796565 758.7461212 99.48163717
5 158.4547881 1303.958847 158.4723161
6 232.5992189 1927.192569 232.6698198
7 325.8971451 2484.333703 326.0458065
thickness = 0.1 mesh density = 15 x 15 (Thick Shell)

Mode Shell181 Enh Solid185 Enh SolidShell 190
1 268.3336331 233.1024418 233.0809773
2 1401.119808 978.7538942 980.0141457
3 2400.852477 1761.461958 1763.326339
4 3284.527205 2224.35367 2225.628723
5 3590.50519 2403.006279 2402.639212
6 3670.531134 3157.10644 3155.306854
7 4179.724049 3418.795507 3420.088344

FE solution from Different Models – Lateral Buckling ANSYS 9.0:
Solid Shell Element
L = 100.0 W = 5.0 T = 0.2 (Thin Shell)

Mode Shell181 Enh Solid185 Enh Solid190 Enh
1 -5.33E-02 -3.88E-02 -5.32E-02
2 -1.99E-02 3.88E-02 -1.99E-02
3 1.99E-02 0.14182488 1.99E-02
4 5.33E-02 0.34611073 5.32E-02
L = 100.0 W = 5.0 T = 2.0 (Thick Shell)

Mode Shell181 Enh Solid185 Enh Solid190 Enh
1 17.892629 18.661164 18.145959
2 47.598787 50.793036 48.393721
3 82.888858 91.861602 84.70019
4 128.51412 149.1249 132.4327

Car roof assembly part under pressure load (linear static analysis)
Max. Deflection:
SOLID186: 0.001521
SOLID190: 0.001575
SOLID185: 0.001290

Rezoning – 2D

Why? ANSYS 9.0:
Rezoning
• Mesh distortion terminates analysis

ANSYS 9.0:
Solution: rezoning Rezoning
• What is rezoning?
– Remesh base on the deformed domain at a
selected substep
– Map the solved variables and achieve equilibrium
based on the mapped variables
– Resume the solution based on the new mesh
• Long term goal:
– Fully automatic rezoning with different adaptive
criteria to overcome mesh distortion and reduce
discretization error

ANSYS 9.0:
Current status Rezoning
• Manual rezoning for 2D analysis

– Elements:
• Plane 182, B-Bar formulation with or without
mixed u/P formulation
• All stress states, i.e. plane strain, plane stress,
axisymmetric, generalized plane strain
– Materials:
• All hyperelastic materials (TB, Hyper…)
• Analysis type:
– Static analysis with nlgeom, on

ANSYS 9.0:
Current status (Cont.) Rezoning
– Loads and boundary conditions:

• Displacements
• Forces
• Pressures
• Nodal temperature, applied by BF,TEMP…
– Remesh
• Manual remeshing
– Select the elements to remesh
– Generate a area
– Create the new mesh by ANSYS meshing commands
– Based on multi-frame restart files

How Does it work ? ANSYS 9.0:
Rezoning
• Based on solved data

/batch,list
/prep7
et,1,182
...
tb,hyper,1,,..
...
rect,0,b,0,h,
esize,el,0,
amesh,1
d,....
/solu
nlgeom,on
time,1
NSUBST,..
...
solve

ANSYS 9.0:
How does it work, a pseudo input Rezoning
• 4 basic steps needed

– Step 1
• Retrieve data
– Step 2
• Select the region
• Generate area
• Create new mesh
• Transfer load/Bc
– Step 3
• Map variables
– Step 4
• Resume solving

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 1: Retrieve data Rezoning
• Command:

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 1: Retrieve data (cont.) Rezoning
• Functionality:
– Check the needed files
• The RDB, RST, RXXX and LDHI files
– Rebuild the data environment at the
requested substep by REZONE command
– Update the
nodes to the
deformed
geometry
ANSYS 9.0:
Step 2: Remesh Rezoning
1. Select the region to remesh

– To start by START option

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 2: Remesh Rezoning
– Select any region on the deformed domain

• By any element selection commands
• By selecting elements to generate the region to
remesh
• The region should have:
– Same material,
– Same element type, esys and keyopts
– Same thickness (real constant) for plane stress
– It can be the whole or part of the domain

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 2: Remesh (Cont.) Rezoning
2. Generate an area to create new mes

ANSYS 9.0:
– Functionalities:
• Generate an area to create mesh in rezoning
• Check the validity of the selected region
• Keep compatibility with its neighbors

ANSYS 9.0:
3. Create new mesh by • Multiple horizontal

– Any mesh control Rezoning
commands (lesize, – Another region can
smrtsize, shpp,..) be chosen and
– Amesh remeshed following
the same procedure
(in future)

ANSYS 9.0:
4. Transfer boundary conditions automatically by DONE

option
DONE Will be END in future
Old Mesh With BC ANSYS 9.0 Preview II With BC

New Mesh
ANSYS 9.0:
Step 3: Map solutions Rezoning
• Intorduce extra substeps to balance the

residuals
– Rebalance factor: How much residual force has
been balanced, from 0.0 to 1.0
– Note: time /external load unchanged

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 3: Map solutions (Cont.) Rezoning
• Output information ( Mapsol, 10)

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 3: Map solutions (Cont.) Rezoning

ANSYS 9.0:
Step 4: Resume the solution Rezoning
• Command:
– Regular multi-frame restart by
• Antype,,restart…
• Solve

ANSYS 9.0:
Rezoning
New files
Regular
Run
File name Rezone 0 Rezone 1 Rezone 2 Rezone 11 Rezone NN
RDB RDB RD01 RD02 RD11 RDNN
RXXX RXXX RXXX RXXX RXXX RXXX
LDHI LDHI
RST RST RS01 RS02 RS11 RSNN
• Vertical Multiple Rezoning (in future)

» Rezone the same/other area during different
time/substeps
» All models and solved variables saved in files
» Can be restarted from any rezoned model at any
time
» Maximum number of rezoning: 99
ANSYS 9.0:
Post processing Rezoning
• Post1 enhancement
– SET,List,,Fact
• where Fact is used to control which files are to be listed:
• Fact = ALL or blank lists all files (rst,rs01,rs02,etc.)
• Fact = LAST lists the last file only (e.g. rs02)
• Fact = num of rezoning (e.g. 01) lists only file rsxx
– Example: SET,List,,All
– Other enhancements are coming soon

Spotwelds

New example

ANSYS 9.0:
Mesh Independent Spot Weld Spotweld
• In automotive and/or aerospace industries, many

applications require modeling of spot welds between
two or more thin parts
• The strength and fatigue properties of thin sheet
components are considerably influenced by spot
welds
• The traditional model of spot welds:
– Matching meshes of different parts at spot weld connection
points.
– Effects of spot weld radius is not taken into account
– underestimates the strength of the spot weld connection

Mesh Independent Spot Weld ANSYS 9.0:
Spotweld
• Parts can be meshed independently

• The spot weld can be located anywhere between multiple parts
that are to be connected in a finite element model regardless of
the mesh.
• A spot weld is defined by the surfaces to be connected and a spot
weld node near the surfaces. The spot weld node determines the
location of spot weld
• The location of the spot weld can be independent of the location
of the nodes on the surface to be welded.
• The approach takes into account of effects of spot weld radius.
ANSYS will generate
– RBE3 type MPC via a contact pair on each spot weld surface. The
radius defines the range of force distribution.
– A beam element to link the two adjacent surfaces. The beam has
physical radius.
• The spot weld can be either rigid or deformed
ANSYS 9.0:
Create a New Spot Weld Set Spotweld

ANSYS 9.0:
SWGEN, Ecomp, SWRD, NCM1, NCM2, SND1, SND2, SHRD,

DIRX, DIRY, DIRZ, ITTY,I CTY
ECOMP – Spot weld set name. It is the element component and it is used to
identify set of spot weld for list, output, and adding more surfaces.
NCM1/NCM2: – Spot weld surfaces
Pre-defined node components (for select)
Meshed areas (for pick)
SND1: – First spot weld node. It determines the location of spot weld. It can
be one of node on surface NCM1 or an independent node near the
surface. ANSYS will determine the actual location by projecting it onto
surface NCM1.
Original position of
Original position of spot weld node 1
spot weld node 1
Spot weld node 1 Spot weld Spot weld node 1 Spot weld
After projection surface 1 After projection surface 1
ANSYS 9.0 Preview IIProjection direction

Projection onto surface
© 2003 ANSYS, Inc.
specified by user ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
ANSYS 9.0:
SWRD – Spot weld radius. Each spot weld has a circular projection onto the
spot weld surface. By the definition of each contact pair, ANSYS will form
RBE3 type constraint equations internally which distribute internal force of
contact node (i.e. spot weld node) to the target nodes lying with in the
region of spot weld radius.
Spot weld radius

Nodes to be constrained
CONTA175
TARGE170 elements
CONTA175
(spot weld node 1)
Spot weld
surface 1

ANSYS 9.0:
Beam element – connects two spot weld surfaces.

Rigid Link is a default : MPC184 with KEYOPT(1)=1
Deformed Link : if current defined element type is BEAM188 with proper
Material ID and section ID (solid circle)
Example:
MP,EX,3,200000000000. ! define spot weld material properties

MP,NUXY,3,0.3
SECTYPE,3,beam,csolid ! define a cylinder beam
SECDATA,2.75e-002 ! beam circular radius Spot weld node 2 Spot weld
A beam element
surface 2
ET,3,188 ! define a deformed spot weld MPC184/BEAM188
TYPE,3
MAT,3
SECNUM,3
*SET,NODE1,9000 ! define a spot weld node Spot weld node 1 Spot weld
N,NODE1,0.1,0.5,10.2 ! define location of spot weld surface 1
SWGEN,SWELD1,2.75e-2,2,3,NODE1 ! Spot sweld name=SWELD1,
! RADIUS=2.75e-2,
!Spot weld surfaces=AREA 2 and 3.
ANSYS 9.0:
Add more surfaces Spotweld

ANSYS 9.0:
Add more surfaces Spotweld
More surfaces
SWADD, Ecomp, SHRD, NCM1, NCM2,
Spot weld
NCM3, NCM4, NCM5, NCM6, NCM7,
Spot weld node 4 surface 4 NCM8, NCM9
Ecomp - The name of an existing spot weld set
Beam3
which composes contact, target and beam
elements for the spot weld definition.
Spot weld
Spot weld node 3 surface 3 SHRD - Search radius. It defauts to 4 times of
spot weld radius SWRD
Spot weld radius Beam2 NCM1-NCM9 - Surfaces to be added the spot
weld set. Each surface can input by a pre-
Spot weld
Spot weld node 2
surface 2
defined node component or by a meshed area.
Beam1 - SWADD command can be repeated to add

more surfaces
Spot weld node 1 Spot weld - Max. number of allowabl2 surfaces (including
surface 1 two from basic set) = 11.
Original position of
spot weld node 1
Basic spot weld setANSYS 9.0 Preview II
ANSYS 9.0:
Mesh-Independent Spot Weld Spotweld
SWDEL, Ecomp
- Delete spot weld set
- Ecomp - The name of an existing spot
weld set.
- If Ecomp = ALL (default) all the spot
welds are deleted

ANSYS 9.0:
SWLIST, Ecomp
- List spot weld set
- Ecomp - The name of an existing
spot weld set.
- If Ecomp = ALL (default) all the spot
welds are Listed
• In POST1 not only elements and

contact pairs are listed but also
output beam results. For deformed
BEAM188 both forces/moments and
stresses are listed.
ANSYS 9.0:
Conta175
Beam188
Targ170
Output
ANSYS 9.0:
Conta175
Beam188
Targ170
Output
Pre-integrated shell/beam sections

Preintegrated Shell Section ANSYS 9.0:
Pre-integrated Shell Sections
N   A B  ε  I  MT 
 S1   E11 E12  γ 1 
M  =  BT   
D  κ 
(
− θ −θ ) BT  S  =  E E22  γ 2 
      2   21
• A,B, D and E sub-matrices are symmetric

– Allow only bottom symmetric half to be defined
– MT, BT are generalized stresses caused by a fully
constrained unit temperature rise
• θ is the current temperature, θI is reference
temperature
• A,B,D,E,MT,BT can be defined at 6 temperatures
independently
• Mass Density of shell/unit area may also be defined
at 6 temperatures
Benefits/Limitations ANSYS 9.0:
Pre-integrated Shell Sections
• Benefits • Limitations
– Missing capability for 4 – No output of stresses
node shells in ANSYS • Section resultants
– Faster: no material point (membrane forces and
calculations or storage bending moments are
available)
– Third party software
provide the section – Ability to specify initial
stiffness for layered, stresses is lost
sandwich or other – Linear material behavior
constructions – Birth and death is not
– Optimization with supported (currently)
homogenized behavior – Not meaningful to use at
finite strains
• Thickness is not
updated
– Offset is not allowed

Nonlin. Beam General ANSYS 9.0:
Nonlinear Beam Preintegrated
Sections Sections
 Ax(ε , t )  ε 
• We define the “section N  
M   F1 (ε , t ) 0  
 κ 1 
stiffness” directly as a   
1
F2 (ε , t )  κ 
M 2    2 
 T = Q (ε , t )
function of   
 S1   0
SF1 (ε , t )
 θ 
 
γ
SF2 (ε , t )  1 
– “section strain” and S  
 2

 γ 2 

– Temperature
• There is no material
input necessary
Bending Moment
• We also define mass
density and thermal
expansion coefficient
– One temp. input per node
(no variation across
section)
Curvature
ANSYS 9.0:
Benefits/Limitations Nonlinear Beam Preintegrated
Sections
• Why? • Limitations
– Allows nonlinear – No coupling between Axial
relationships (elastic and and Bending behaviors
elasto-plastic) in terms of – Allows nonlinear elastic and
generalized stresses and plastic behavior
generalized strains – 20 points of stress-strain
– Very efficient supported
– Allows results from – Stress-Strain curve may be
experiments or another slice supplied at 6 temperatures
analysis as input – Not applicable for “Warping”
Key-option
– Only SMISC quantities are
supported
• PRSSOL is meaningless
Beam188/
Beam184

Follower Forces

Follower load example ANSYS 9.0:
Follower load
P P
P/100
Follower loads
Nodal loads

FOLLW201 element ANSYS 9.0:
Follower load
• A “one” node • Real constants

element – 6 values
• First three n1,n2,n3
– Must be used with nodes entrees are direction
that are attached to cosines of the force
shells & beams (uses 6 vector
d.o.f per node) • Next three m1,m2,m3
– No material, section, entrees are direction
esys attributes necessary cosines of the moment
vector
– Contributes to “stiffness”
only for NLGEOM,ON – The vectors defined by
• NROPT,UNSYM preferred real constants will evolve
• Follower stiffness with deformation (follow
symmetrized for the displacements)
NROPT,FULL

Follower loads ANSYS 9.0:
Follower load
• Follower loads are • SFE command is

non-conservative used to specify load
• Introduce magnitude
unsymmetric load • FACE 1 – force
stiffness contributions
• FACE 2 – moment
• Introduce stability
issues; flutter,
dynamic stability sfe,nel+1,1,pres,1,-load
• Often counter intutive
and non-predictable
• A simple cantilever
with follower load has
flutter instabilities
Nonlinear Diagnostics & Contact

ANSYS 9.0:
Diagnostic Tool Contact
• Visualization and adjustment tools for initial

contact status
– CNCHECK, DETAIL: evaluate Contact Pair specifications
– CNCHECK, ADJUST: move contact nodes to target to close
gap or reduce penetration
– CNCHECK, POST: view contact initial status before solving
– CNCHECK, RESET: reset contact default settings
ANSYS 9.0:
Diagnostic Tool Contact
• NLDIAG,CONTACT,on
– File Jobname.cnd is written during
iteration/substep/loadsetp
– Lists on a pair-based items.
– Identify when and how contact occurs.
– When divergence occurs, it
determines the regions where contact
is unstable.

ANSYS 9.0:
Penalty based shell-shell Assembly Contact
• Prevent overconstraint when contact occurs on both

sides of shell
Penalty based shell-shell: Surface-surface contact:
Both translation & rotation Only translation DOF’s are
DOF’s are constrained constrained
Rotational
resistance
Temperature Dependent Curve Fitting

ANSYS 9.0:
Purpose Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
• The purpose of the project is to generate coefficients from temperature

dependent experimental data.
• This is applicable to all HyperElastic, ViscoElastic(Prony Series) and
Implicit Creep models.
• This is an extension of the existing curve fitting capabilities for all the
above mentioned material models.

ANSYS 9.0:
Experimental Data Definition Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
• Add data at various temperatures and as many as you like in the

following format. This is applicable to all experimental data types.
(uniaxial, biaxial, shear, volumetric, creep,…)
Example;
/temp,100
0.0 1
0.1 2
0.2 3
• Only one temperature per file.

ANSYS 9.0:
New Functionality Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
• A new option is added to enable temperature dependent curve fitting.

• With the temperature dependent option on, The solver filters
experimental data depending on the temperature and generates
separate sets of coefficients at corresponding temperatures.
• There are two solution procedures
– Set a temperature and solve. Repeat this for all other temperatures,
verify/view the results and save the coefficient to ansys material database.
– Set the temperature to “all” and solve. This will solve for all temperatures at
once. Verify/view the results and save to database.
• The plot page plots the curves at all temperatures.

ANSYS 9.0:
Step by step procedure Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
• Import Experimental Data

– One temperature per file
• Pick an appropriate material model.
• Enable temperature dependent curve fitting (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tdep,1)
• Solution
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,temp1)
– Solve
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,temp2)
– Solve ……
Or
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,all)
– Solve command solves for coefficients at all temperatures.
• Verify the results using plots for all temperatures.

• Save the data to Ansys database.

ANSYS 9.0:
Sample Script Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
/prep7
! Define Material
tbft,fadd,1,hyper,moon,2
! Define Uniaxial Data

tbft,eadd,1,unia,unia-100.exp
! Define Volumetric Data

tbft,eadd,1,volu,volu-100.exp
Contd ………..

ANSYS 9.0:
Sample Scripts contd. Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting
tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tdep,1
tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tref,100
tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0
tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0a
tbft,list,1
tbft,fset,1,hyper,moon,2
tblis,all,all
fini

ANSYS 9.0:
Temperature dependent Uniaxial Experimental Data Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting

ANSYS 9.0:
Solver Page Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting

HyperElastic Polynomial – ANSYS 9.0:
Uniaxial Data Fit at four temperatures Temp. Dependent Curve
Fitting

Saved Coefficients in ANSYS 9.0:
Temp. Dependent Curve
Ansys Material GUI Fitting

Frequency Dependent Harmonic Analysis

• Objectives
– Frequency and temperature dependent
elastic properties
– Frequency and temperature dependent
damping coefficient
– Calculate damping matrix from elements
– Support full harmonic response analysis

• Equation of motion
[M]{&u&} + [C]{u& } + [K ]{u} = {F}
[M] – mass matrix
[C] – damping matrix
[K] – stiffness matrix
[K ] = ∑ [K e (E(ω), µ(ω))]
[C] = ∑ [Ce ] [Ce ] = s(ω)[K e ]
s – structure damping coefficient
– Elasticity
• TB,ELASTIC Command
Isotropic elasticity (Ex, NUxy)
Orthotropic elasticity
(Ex,Ey,Ez,Gxy,Gxz,Gyz,Nuxy,Nuxz,Nuyz)
Use TBFIELD to define frequency and temperature
dependent elastic properties
– Damping coefficient
• TB,SDAMP (SDAMP - stand for structure damping)
Use TBFIELD to define Frequency and temperature
dependent damping coefficient
– Element supports
• 182, 183, 185, 186, 187 for all stress states

• Elasticity
– The Command
TB,ELASTIC,MAT,NTEMP,NPTS,TBOPT
MAT
Material number
NTEMP
Number of temperature
NPTS
Number of data point
2 – for isotropic elasticity
9 – for orthotropic elasticity
• Elasticity
– The Command
TB,ELASTIC,MAT,NTEMP,NPTS,TBOPT
TBOPT
elastic data table option
IEL isotropic elasticity behavior, the
default
OELN orthotropic elasticity behavior
with minor Poisson ratio
• Procedure
• Use ANSYS full harmonic analysis procedure
ANTYP,HARM
• Parallel to other ANSYS full harmonic analysis
with damping effect through commands such
as ALPHA and BETA; MP,DAMP; DMPR; …
• The DAMPING matrix from TB,SDAMP is
additive to other damping matrix, and therefore
the damping effect is “add on”
• TB,ELASTIC can be used with TB,SDAMP and
also MP,DAMP;ALPHA and BETA; DMPR.

• Example
• Define an elastic data table with frequency dependence
TB,ELASTIC,1, ,2 ! Elastic data table
TBFIELD , FREQ,25 ! First frequency value
TBFIELD , TEMP,25 ! First temperature value
TBDATA,1,2.50e11,0.3 ! E and µ
TBFIELD ,FREQ,50 ! Second frequency value
TBDATA,1,2.0e11,0.3
TBFIELD ,TEMP,50 ! Second temperature value
TBFIELD ,FREQ,75 ! Third frequency value
TBDATA,1,1.5e11,0.3
TBFIELD ,FREQ,100 ! Forth frequency value
TBDATA,1,1.0e11,0.3

• Example
• Define a damping coefficient data table with frequency
dependence
TB,SDAMP,1, ,1 ! damping data table
TBFIELD , FREQ,25 ! First frequency value
TBFIELD , TEMP,25 ! First temperature value
TBDATA,1, 0.2 ! Damping co.
TBFIELD ,FREQ,50 ! Second frequency value
TBDATA,1, 0.19
TBFIELD ,TEMP,50 ! Second temperature value
TBFIELD ,FREQ,75 ! Third frequency value
TBDATA,1, 0.18
TBFIELD ,FREQ,100 ! Forth frequency value
TBDATA,1, 0.17
• Example
– SOLUTION procedure
/SOLUTION
ANTYPE,HARMIC ! Harmonic response analysis
HROPT,FULL ! Full harmonic response
HROUT,OFF ! Turn off printout
HARFRQ,25,400 ! Frequency range
NSUB,16,,16

• Example: Cantilever beam subject to uniform

pressure

• Material data
Young's modulus as function of frequency

3.0E+11
2.5E+11
2.0E+11
1.5E+11
1.0E+11
5.0E+10
0.0E+00
0 100 200 300 400

• Material data
Damping coefficient as function of frequency

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 100 200 300 400

• Comparison of displacement
1.2E-06
1.0E-06 Results from FDM

Expected results
8.0E-07
di
6.0E-07
4.0E-07
2.0E-07
0.0E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500
Note:
Reference solution is obtained by defining material properties with the corresponding
frequency at every load step
• On going development
– Frequency dependent anisotropic elasticity
– Extension to support SHELL181,
BEAM188, BEAM189, LINK180,
SHELL208, SHELL209

• Comparison of displacement
1.2E-06
1.0E-06 Results from FDM

Expected results
8.0E-07
di
6.0E-07
4.0E-07
2.0E-07
0.0E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500
Note
Reference solution is obtained by using material property defined by MP and change
the property with the frequency every load step
New Material Definition
Stress vs. Plastic strain Curve

Requirements
• Directly define stress vs plastic strain

data for multilinear isotropic hardening
plasticity (MSIO)
• Directly define stress vs plastic strain
data for multilinear kinematic hardening
plasticity (KINH)

Stress Plastic Strain Data
• The command
TB,PLASTIC,mat,ntemp,npts,TBOPT
mat = material number
ntemp = number of temperature
npts = number of stress plastic strain points
TBOPT = MISO for isotropic hardening
= KINH for kinematic hardening
Note:
The first data point is always the yield stress with
zero plastic strain.

• Example multilinear isotropic hardening

plasticity
TB,PLASTIC,1, ,10,MISO
TBPT,, 0.000000, 0.3000D+05
TBPT,, 0.000378, 0.3875D+05 Stress vs. plastic strain curve
70000
TBPT,, 0.000955, 0.4500D+05 60000
TBPT,, 0.001617, 0.5000D+05 50000
TBPT,, 0.002406, 0.5312D+05 40000
30000
TBPT,, 0.003236, 0.5563D+05 20000
TBPT,, 0.004067, 0.5813D+05 10000
TBPT,, 0.004940, 0.6000D+05 0

0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012
TBPT,, 0.006771, 0.6250D+05
TBPT,, 0.010561, 0.6560D+05

• Example for a multilinear kinematic

hardening plasticity
TB,PLASTIC,1, ,10,KINH
TBPT,, 0.000000, 0.3000D+05
TBPT,, 0.000378, 0.3875D+05 Stress vs. plastic strain curve
70000
TBPT,, 0.000955, 0.4500D+05 60000
TBPT,, 0.001617, 0.5000D+05 50000
TBPT,, 0.002406, 0.5312D+05 40000
30000
TBPT,, 0.003236, 0.5563D+05 20000
TBPT,, 0.004067, 0.5813D+05 10000
TBPT,, 0.004940, 0.6000D+05 0

0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012
TBPT,, 0.006771, 0.6250D+05
TBPT,, 0.010561, 0.6560D+05

• TB,PLASTIC applies whenever

TB,MISO or TB,KINH apply
– TB,PLASTIC,,,,MISO is equivalent to TB,MISO
– TB,PLASTIC,,,,KINH is equivalent to TB,KINH
– TB,PLASTIC can be combined with other material
models, such as CHABOCHE, CREEP, RATE,
HILL
– Use TBTEMP to define a temperature dependent
data table
– Support elements 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186,
187, 188,189, 208, and 209

Preprocessing

ANSYS 9.0:
Sim. Support
• Function loads can now interpret (x,y,z)
in local coordinate system

ANSYS 9.0:
Sim. Support
• Post1 surface calculations- New “Cylinder” surface. Creates a
cylindrical cut through the model of user specified radius and
orientation.
• Map results on to the cylindrical surface to perform calculations

Static Cyclic Symmetry

Static Cyclic Symmetry ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
• Plotting of /CYCEXPAN’ded B.C’s in POST

• B.C. application through ‘Picking’
• Point loads and Surface loads
• B.C. through nodes, keypoints picking to apply forces
and displacements
• B.C. through picking - pressure on elements, lines, areas
and displacement on lines and areas
• Verify results and compare with commands
• Imaginary loads (F, SF, D)
• Post data structure – real and imaginary
results

ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
B.C. plotting in POST
AREA LKEY LOAD LABEL VALUE(S)

3 1 PRES -200.00 0.0000 SECTOR 1
3 1 PRES -200.00 0.0000 SECTOR 3
9 1 PRES 10.000 0.0000 SECTOR 2 B.C. through picking - areas
9 1 PRES 10.000 0.0000 SECTOR 5
10 1 PRES 10.000 0.0000 SECTOR 2
10 1 PRES 10.000 0.0000 SECTOR 5
12 1 PRES 20.000 0.0000
ANSYS SECTOR 7
9.0 Preview II
Component based Acceleration

Component Based Acceleration ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
• Apply apply inertia forces on different

element components, based on the
accelerations on the different parts of
the structure.
CMACEL, CM_NAME, CMACELX, CMACELY, CMACELZ
CM_NAME The name of the element component
CMACELX, CMACELY, CMACELZ
Linear acceleration of the element component
CM_NAME in the global Cartesian X, Y, and Z axis
directions, respectively.

Example ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
/prep7
…
nsel,s,loc,z,0,-72
esln,,1
cm,roof1,elem
nsel,s,loc,z,-75,-140
esln
cm,roof2,elem
esln,,1
cm,roof3,elem
esln
cm,roof4,elem
esel,all
nsel,al
Fini
/solu
antype,static
cmacel,roof1,,0.36
cmacel,roof2,,0.37
cmacel,roof3,,0.38
cmacel,roof4,,0.39
solve
fini
CMS - Superelements

Expansion in transformed location ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
• Expand the substructure results in

transformed location if SETRAN or
SESYMM command is applied in USE
pass.
1. SEEXP, Sename, Usefil, Imagky, Expopt
Expopt
Key to specify whether the superelement expansion pass
2. RSTOFF, Lab, OFFSET
Offsets node or element IDs in the FE geometry record.

Example ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
!left wing is from right wing in USE pass

/prep7
et,1,50
se,RightWing
sesymm, LeftWing, X, 100, se2, sub
se,se2
cp,...
fini
! expansion Pass
/assign,rst,rightwing,rst
/solution
expass,on
seexp,rightwing,use, ,on
rstoff, node, nof2
rstoff, elem, eof2
numexp,all
solve
finish
CMSFILE command enhancement ANSYS 9.0:
Linear Dynamics
• Handle the CMS result file, but also other

types of result file. So, the user can keep
FEM parts in CMS analysis and postprocess
the substructure expanded result files and
FEM result files together.
CMSFILE, Option, Fname, Ext, CmsKey
CmsKey
Valid only when adding a results file (Option = ADD
or ALL), this key specifies whether or not to
check the specified .rst file to determine if it
was created via a CMS expansion pass:
ON — Check (default).
OFF — Do not check.

Re-meshing for Ansys Flotran in
MultiField solver

ANSYS 9.0:
Motivation Remesh in MF Solver
• For FSI problem when fluid mesh is highly

distorted (affect the accuracy) or mesh fails in
morphing
• Improve the accuracy when the mesh was
distorted by ALE mesh moving scheme.
• Enable user to solve FSI problem with large
domain changes when the mesh fails in ALE
mesh update process by using Ansys MF
solver.

ANSYS 9.0:
How to use Remesh in MF Solver
• Use FLDATA39 to setup the re-meshing

parameters for fluid field in Multifield
solver, no new MF commands required
by re-meshing.
• FLDATA39, REMESH, Label, Value

Example:Rigid body rotation of a valve in a tube

Electrostatic & Magnetic forces

Basis & advantages
The theoretical basis for the projects is based on a new 3D
electromagnetic formulation that uses analytic formulae for
integral and post evaluations.
• General
– + Reluctance forces due to material changes (not available currently)
– + Current segment forces like electrodes (not available currently)
– + Lorentz forces in permeable material (not available currently)
– + Consistently combine these forces (there is confusion here now)
– ! Yes, presently we can't do these forces; I think competition can't either
• Fast:
• Accurate
• Consistent
– Electric and magnetic methodology are the same
– Easier usage, no prep7 action needed
• no need to create think air layer around body (present usage)
• no more flagging (present usage)
– Users, at post1, select nodes on bodies of interes and call a FMGN to report forces
– Compliant with present FMAGSUM: existing input continue to run

2-D ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
REFERENCES
1. T.-C. H. Nguyen W.C. Tang and R.T. Howe. Laterally driven
polysilicon resonant microstructures. Sensors and Actuators A,
20:25–32, 1989.
2. M.W. Judy W.C. Tang, T.-C.H. Nguyen and R.T. Howe.
Electrostatic-comb drive of lateral polysilicon resonators.
Sensors and Actuators A, 21-23:328–331, 1990.
Simplified expression for ∂W Nε r ε 0V 2

combdrive driving force Ft arg = =
Potential distribution between comb fingers (ignores fringing effects [1,2]): ∂x g
Electrostatic Force (N)
Driving (x) Transverse (y)
Simplified analytical [1,2] 5.31⋅10-9 0.0
ANSYS 3.55⋅10-9 0.006⋅10-9

(Maxwell Stress Tensor)
ANSYS 5.65⋅10-9 0.005⋅10-9
(New Virtual Work)
Electrostatic forces developing between comb fingersANSYS 9.0 Preview II
3-D ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
REFERENCES
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capsph.html#c1
.
Forces developing between

two spherical electrodes:
∂W 2πε r ε 0V 2
Fa = =
∂a 2 1 1
2
a  − 
a b
Potential distribution between two spherical electrodes ∂W 2πε r ε 0V 2

Fb = =−
∂b 2 1 1
2
b  − 
a b
Radial Electrostatic Force (N)
Fa (inner) Fb (outer)
Analytical model 2.23⋅10-6 -0.56⋅10-6
ANSYS 1.59⋅10-6 -0.79⋅10-6

(Maxwell Stress Tensor)
ANSYS 2.21⋅10-6 -0.55⋅10-6

ANSYS
Electrostatic forces developing between two electrodes 9.0 Preview
(New II
Virtual Work)
3-D MAGNETIC FORCES: TEAM20 BENCHMARK
REFERENCES
1. M. Gyimesi, D. F. Ostergaard, “Analysis of Benchmark

Problem TEAM20 with Various Formulations”, Proceedings
of TEAM Workshop, COMPUMAG, Rio, 1997.
2. M. Gyimesi, D. F. Ostergaard, “Mixed Shape Non-

Conforming Edge Elements”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 35 No. 3, 1999, pp. 1407-1409.
3. M. Gyimesi, D. F. Ostergaard, “Non-Conforming

Hexahedral Edge Elements for Magnetic Analysis”, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol 34 No. 5, 1998, pp. 2481-
2484.
Vertical (z-direction) force (N)

1000 A-turns 3000 A-turns 5000 A-turns
Experimental (target) 8.10 54.4 80.1
ANSYS (Old Virtual Work) 7.24 51.3 76.7
ANSYS (New Virtual Work) 7.25 51.4 76.8

High Frequency Electromagnetics

High-Frequency Electromagnetics
• Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Periodic Structures and

Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)
Plane Wave
Periodic Structure
Master surface
Slave surface
– Very difficult to simulate whole structure by FEA with HUGE

number of DOFs
– Simplify the simulation using unit cell with Periodic Boundary
Condition

– Vector basis function with Floquet principle leads to

Eslave = Emastere-jΨ
– Hex, Tet, Wedge and Pyramid element
– Coupling between master and slave surface
– Plane wave excitation
– Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) absorbing boundary
condition
– Reflection/Transmission and radar cross section (RCS)
Calculation
• Lumped Circuit Model in FEA Full-Wave Electromagnetic Solver
Lumped circuit model Microstrip line
RLC
FEA Mesh

– Present the lumped circuit parameter in the high

frequency electromagnetic distribution parameter
system
– Integrate lumped RLC circuit model into full-wave
electromagnetic FEA solver
• Improve Fast Frequency Sweep Performance
– Variation Technology (VT) for broadband Fast
Frequency Sweep
– Speed up VT performance ~20% with the similar
memory requirement
– PML termination with acceptable absorbing rate

• Special Absorption Rate (SAR) Calculation

– Calculation of SAR in FEA element for lossy material
– Plot/Print SAR distribution using ETABLE of ANSYS
postprocessor
– Available in Hex, Tet, Wedge and Pyramid element
• Power Calculation of a N-port High-Frequency
Electromagnetic System
– Input/Output power at ports
– Dissipated power in N-port system
– Power reflection/transmission coefficient, return loss
and insertion loss at ports

Thermoelectric Analysis

Objectives
• Enhance the thermoelectric analysis to include (in addition to

Joule heating)
– Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects
– transient electrical effects

Scope
• New thermoelectric analysis option on the coupled-field elements

– PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227
– keyopt(1)=110
Electric field on Thermal field on Structural field off
• New material property to input Seebeck coefficients

– MP,SBKX (also SBKY, SBKZ) - to model Seebeck and Peltier effects
– MPDATA,SBKX (also SBKY, SBKZ) – to model Thomson effect
• Transient thermoelectric analysis now uses electric permittivity

– MP,PERX (also PERY, PERZ) – to capture transient electrical effects

Elements - Summary
PLANE223 SOLID226 SOLID227

Name 2-D 8-node 3-D 20-node 3-D 10-node
Coupled-field solid
Geometry
Product MP,PP,ED
KEYOPT(1) 110 (thermoelectric analysis)
Temperature (TEMP) – Heat flow (HEAT)
DOFs-Reactions
Electric scalar potential (VOLT) - Electric current (AMPS)
KXX, KYY, RSVX, RSVY, SBKX, SBKY, DENS, C, ENTH, PERX,
Material PERY
Properties
KZZ, RSVZ, SBKZ, PERZ
SF: CONV, HFLUX, RAD
Loads
BF: HGEN
0 - Plane
KEYOPT(3)
1-Axisymmetric
Procedure
• To do a thermoelectric analysis you need to

– use one of these element types - PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227
– set KEYOPT(1)=110
– specify electrical resistivity (RSVX), thermal conductivity (KXX), and other
applicable properties (DENS,C,ENTH) if needed
• To include Seebeck/Peltier thermoelectric effects
– specify Seebeck coefficients (SBKX)
– specify the temperature offset from absolute zero to zero (TOFFST)
– temporarily, you have to set KEYOPT(2)=1 to activate Seebeck/Peltier
coupling (in the final release, the coupling will be activated automatically upon
the definition of Seebeck coefficients)
• To add electric transient effects
– specify electrical permittivity (PERX)

Example - Peltier Cooler
conductor
n-type material
Temperature distribution
Cold side T= -3 oC
Iin= 10 A
Iout
p-type material
Hot side T= -54 oC

Markets and Applications
• TECs are used in applications where temperature stabilization,

temperature cycling, compact or pinpoint cooling are required:
– Electronic and optical component cooling
• CPU, photodetectors, low noise amplifiers, laser diodes
– Consumer products
• Portable food/beverage coolers, automotive seat cooling/heating
– Medical, laboratory and scientific equipment
• Blood analyzers, thermal cycling devices (blood, lymph, DNA), heart and
eye surgery
– Military & Space
• Naval navigation, night vision equipment, guidance systems
– Indoor environmental devices
• Conditioners, fans, humidifiers

HEAT TRANSFER ENHACEMENTS –

Radiosity Solution Enhancements
Three major enhancements at ANSYS9.0

(NOT available for FLOTRAN)
-Posprocess radiation data via SURF251
& SURF252 element types
-Efficient solution for fine surface meshes
via decimation/agglomeration
-Efficient solution for models with
symmetry planes

Decimation Concept
Thermal via PLANE55

Radiation via coarse
SURF251
/SHRINK,.5 used
© 2003 ANSYS, Inc. for clarification ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Radiation Enhancements
The following new commands allow generation

of SURF251/252 elements:
RDEC : This specifies decimation parameters
for coarsening
RSYM: allows user to define symmetry
parameters
RSURF: action command to generate the
surface elements
(Details in attachment command.doc)

Radiation Enhancements
Use the NMISC records of SURF251/252

Elements to print /display the following:
-area of each surface element
-temperature of surface element
-emissivity of surface element
-enclosure # of surface element
-net radiation heat flux leaving surface element
(see attached input files for details)

Planer vs Cyclic Symmetry
POS(plane of symmetry)
specified by user via CS
command 2 repetitions original
original
1 reflection only
COR(center of rotation)
specified by user via CS
command
© 2003 ANSYS, Inc.

Reflection is NOTANSYS 9.0 Preview II
the same as Repetition !!! ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Planer Symmetry
PLANE55
SURF251
2 Planes of symmetry

© 2003 ANSYS, Inc. Input file is RSYMtest1.dat ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Cyclic Symmetry
PLANE55
Cyclic symm plane
Center of rotation
SURF251
Input file is RSYMtest2.dat

Solid Shell Element

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ANSYS 9.

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Nonlinear MPCs or transitional

bending dominant problems. 1

Normalized Max. Deflection

thickness decreases, which 0.6

excessively stiff. 0.2 Solid185 (enhanced strain)

• Current element technologies, such 0

as the enhanced strain (or extra Number of Elements Per Edge

shapes), are not sufficient to

0.04 Shell181 (enhanced strain)

0.02 Solid45 (extra shapes)

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

thickness = 0.001 mesh density = 15 x 15 (Thin Shell)

thickness = 0.1 mesh density = 15 x 15 (Thick Shell)

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

L = 100.0 W = 5.0 T = 0.2 (Thin Shell)

L = 100.0 W = 5.0 T = 2.0 (Thick Shell)

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Mesh distortion terminates analysis

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Manual rezoning for 2D analysis

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

– Loads and boundary conditions:

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Based on solved data

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• 4 basic steps needed

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

1. Select the region to remesh

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

– Select any region on the deformed domain

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

2. Generate an area to create new mes

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

3. Create new mesh by • Multiple horizontal

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

4. Transfer boundary conditions automatically by DONE

DONE Will be END in future

Old Mesh With BC ANSYS 9.0 Preview II With BC

• Intorduce extra substeps to balance the

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Output information ( Mapsol, 10)

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Vertical Multiple Rezoning (in future)

– Other enhancements are coming soon

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• In automotive and/or aerospace industries, many

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II

• Parts can be meshed independently

ANSYS 9.0 Preview II