Air Pollution in Smart Cities

Introduction
As claimed by World health organization, the number of deaths could be increased to hundreds of
thousands due to air pollution between 2020 and 2050. This problem extends to almost all the countries
of the world. According to studies about 95 percent of the world population is inhaling harmful and dirty
air. To deal with this global risk, countries are working on the model of smart city to reduce the air
pollution. Ozone Action Days are the hot, summer or dry days when the level of ozone in the
atmosphere in which we breathe in reaches to levels of health concern. Ozone in atmosphere known as
ground level ozone is one of six pollutants that are regulated by the Clean Air Act. This ozone should not
be confused with the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere which protects us from the harmful
radiations from the sun. These six common air pollutants are:

1. Particle Pollution

2. Oxides of Carbon

3. Oxides of Nitrogen

4. Lead Metal

5. Ozone

6. Oxides of Sulphur

The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) uses the Air Quality Index (AQI) to notify the citizens about
quality of air in their location. Some groups of public are more vulnerable to air pollution which includes
children, old people, and people with respiratory problems such as asthma. When the levels of ozone
pollution as informed by AQI are unhealthy for the above mentioned groups, an “Ozone Action Day” is
designated. This means steps should be taken by these vulnerable group of people to limit their
exposure to air pollution and ultimately to pollutants. Asthma is a life threating swelling of the lung
airways. Its symptoms are chest tightness, coughing, shortness of breath in lungs or wheezing.
Approximately 8% of the US residents are asthma patient. Among these 26 million patients of asthma,
20 million are adults of age group 18 or above and the remaining 6 million are under 18. The death rate
of asthma is more than 3500 people per year most of them are children or of age more than 65. The
information from previous statics indicates that half of patients suffering from asthma disease got one
attack of asthma per year, with under 18 (55 percent) are more vulnerable to get an asthma attack than
above 18 (45 percent).

Main benefit/good of smart city is the network which extend/increase over all the city. The network has
high performing/execute air quality sensors/devices and the communication over all the city. These
sensors/devices are usually mounted/installed on street lights as this is the point which contains air the
people actually breathing/using for lungs. Communication through these sensors/devices are performed
by connecting them with centralized/main computers. These communication networks must be highly
efficient/effective mesh networks for example are highly efficient/effective method of communication
and it is also much cheaper than the 4G network.

To maintain privacy is the main focus in Smart Cities: in smart grids, the system should be capable of
powering off the appliances to minimize the energy wastage so that it cope with the generation of
energy. But this sometimes have negative effect on the privacy.

In the last years, communication technology innovations have emerged as a widely recognized/known
trend and it is intended to play an important role in terms of giving connectivity in smart cities.

Literature Review:
To allow cities to succeed socially and economically smart cities enhance the amalgamation of
conventional urban infrastructures and IT, counting Internet sensors as well as provide high quality and
sustainable urban services. The collaboration between citizens and the private sector is needed in Smart
to implement and install IT platforms which are capable of collecting and analyzing the vast amounts of
data needed by automatic and intelligent processes.

In regard with books, a set of characteristics as relevant in the context of smart cities must be identified :
smart mobility—local, national, and global availability, and the accessibility of communication
framework or renewable and secure transport systems; smart surroundings—the ecological
consciousness and renewable management of natural resources including environmental state such as
air quality and smart living—quality of life of the person, namely health conditions, cultural and
education infrastructure, housing quality, and touristic allure; smart economy—competitiveness of the
economy, which is influenced novel spirit, entrepreneurship, transformation ability or incorporation in
the international market; ; smart people—social and human capital such as the level of qualification,
promoting lifelong learning, ethnic plurality, and open mindedness; smart governance—political
strategies and point of view, transparency in governance, participation of the people in public life, and
the amount and quality of public services.

As from the publications in recent years, to predict the concentration of ozone is of significant interest in
the years 1970s to 1990s, and again recently. The number of papers had been written between the
years 1975 and 1985 all used the analysis by regression. The area used for predicting ozone
concentration were the northeastern United States (two papers), St. Louis area (two papers) and the Los
Angeles (three papers).

The development of the best fit equations relating maximum afternoon concentration of to
meteorological and air quality conditions using linear stepwise multiple regression is take place by Lioy
and Wolff in the year1978. The formation of set of equation using information from the areas of
northern New Jersey, and five other areas are also subjected in the Northeastern quadrant of the United
States. The equation contain four variables which are:

 the maximum ozone concentration on the day before

 maximum temperature of the day before
 average velocity of wind
 the maximum temperature of the day

Approximated emission of hydrocarbons and the oxides of nitrogen were also examined, but it has no
effect on the correlation of multiple coefficient.

Linear multiple regression equations for each of 27 ozone monitoring sites in nine Northeastern states
to examine the maximum average ozone concentrations of the next day is formulated by Karl and Clark
in the year 1982. 21 sites of these 27 include rural or urban or sub urban areas, and the remaining were
remote areas. The variables used in these linear multiple regression equations were:

 Change in the pressure of atmosphere

 the maximum temperature of day
 the u-component of the wind in boundary layer.
 the quadrant of back-trajectory approach,
To minimize the under prediction of high values and over prediction of low values A “predictand
enhancement technique,” is designed, it was used in this research. To support possible ozone emission
control efforts a pilot prediction program was organized in Baltimore (Ryan, 1995).

To support emission controls on Ozone Action Days (OADs) an ozone predicting capacity was sought.
Area daily maximum 1-hour ozone concentration which was dependent variable was calculated among
three sampling areas. The surface meteorological data is used to select the independent variables were
selected from to develop a ten-parameter, multiple linear regression model. This information is used for
development of the copy were collected between May and September from 1993 through 1996. The
concentrations of ozone calculated from the model vary from original values by up to ± 7.6 ppb about
half the time and up to ± 15 ppb about 80% of the time. Again, it is reported that these results were
acquired with the same information used to develop the model, not an independent data set.

In the USA between the years 2008 and 2010 Asthma is a common respiratory disease and considered
as public health trouble, with an approximated frequency of 8% in adults and 10% in children. The
asthma is spreading globally, with increasing number of cases in many countries, especially among the
people of under age. According to many studies the alliance among short-term exposure to ozone and
outcomes are connected to asthma sever. It is suggested from the evidences that the alliance between
short-term exposure to environmental ozone concentrations and the severity of asthma. The long-term
ozone exposure has potential effect on the growth of asthma. As stated in 2013 Integrated Science
Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants observational epidemiology studies issued
through 2011 and resulted that the evidence supported the exposure to ozone for long-term as a factor
of risk for growth of asthma in adults and as an effect modifier in children.

References:
1. AlDairi, A. Cyber security attacks on smart cities and associated mobile technologies. Procedia
Comput. Sci. 2017
2. Vanolo, A. Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Stud. 2014, 51, 883–
898.
3. Vanolo, A. Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Stud. 2014, 51, 883–
898.
4. Chauhan, S.; Agarwal, N.; Kar, A.K. Addressing big data challenges in smart cities: A systematic
literature review.
5. Wolff, G.T., and P.J. Lioy. 1978. An empirical model for forecasting maximum daily ozone levels
in the Northeastern U.S. Atmos. Environ. 11:967-983.
6. Clark, T.L., and T.R. Karl. 1982. Application of prognostic meteorological variables to forecasts of
daily maximum one-hour ozone concentrations in the northeastern United States.
7. Auten RL, Foster WM. (2011). Biochemical effects of ozone on asthma during postnatal
development.
8. Clark NA, Demers PA, Karr CJ, et al. (2010). Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on
development of childhood asthma.