TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract…………………..............................................................................................................1

2. Introduction…........................................................................................................................1

3. Methodology .........................................................................................................................2

4. Results of Parametric Studies ...............................................................................................3

5. CONCLUSION…………………………………......................................................................................6

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................7

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Abstract:
In the process of development of an engine, an essential too is the one-dimensional Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) engine simulation. Simulation can produce a remarkable decrease in the time
required to design an engine, the experiments needed to be performed and making prototypes since
the experiments can be performed by the software itself. If the model gets validated, it can, without
a doubt, be used to design the engine and applied to optimize the parameters. The only testing that
will be required afterwards will be the testing of the ultimate prototype. WAVE has even more
potential than that a lot more can be achieved by using the advance features along with co-
simulation. The purpose of this work was to get knowledge about the 1D dimensional Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) engine simulation and to report the outcomes of the performed research. In
our work, RICARDO WAVE was used as a simulation platform for performing simulation on 4-cylinder
SI engine having the aim of making an optimum design that can be built for practical use without the
need of spending time over performing multiple experiments and spending money over numerous
prototypes.

Introduction:
Advantage of using simulation software for engine design:

Out of the many advantages offered by simulation tools, the practical criticism provided to the users
is the most essential one. This makes the designer aware of the feasibility of his design even before
the framework is created. Therefore, the study of selective parts of the design becomes possible and
the need for entirely constructing the frameworks remains no more. By considering the effect of
explicit structure choices during the planning step instead of the production level, the time and cost
of building the framework decreases altogether. For instance, think about the structure and creation
of integrated circuits. During the construction level, the designer has a heap of alternatives which he
can adopt right at this level before proceeding any further. Manufacturing the product obtained
from the potential planning in order to analyze their working would cost a huge amount. However,
by using the simulation tools the user may examine the overall predominance of each structure and
doesn’t even need to develop the entire circuit. By emulating the conduct of the structures, the
circuit test system can provide the designer with the essential information required to tell whether
the alternative plans are applicable or not. Best plan can then be created after carefully examining
its practicality.

Moreover, simulation tool provides another advantage that the designer can examine his design at a
certain level of apprehension. At a higher level of designing, designer can better understand the
working and connections of elevated level parts of design. In this way, he can check the complexities
of the design in a much better way. As the designer can understand the activity of the higher-level
parts using the test system, the lower segments can be planned afterwards and therefore reenacted
for final testing.

One-Dimensional CFD emulation software for the engines has gain popularity throughout the
development industry of engine. By eliminating the need for extensive calculations and

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computations, the software can characterize the operation of engine. On the commercial level, there
are various software packages available; but, the costs of those packages act as a barrier for their
use at collegiate level. The Ricardo Company has made this possible through Formula SAE
sponsorship. The software used for our project is WAVE from Ricardo Software. WAVE is leading the
market of One-dimensional Engine and gas simulation with its unique features and easy availability.

Recently, the control engineers in the automotive sector are facing the challenge of finding ways for
enhancing the engine capacity of optimized consumption of fuel along with decreasing the emission
of pollutants. Electron control enables to adjust the parameters of the engine with greater flexibility.
ECU (Engine control unit) is a major component of the electronic control system. ECU is an electronic
device connected with the sensors on the engine and with the actuators that enables it to perform
calculations to find out the most suitable parameters required to carry out efficient combustion. In
this way, it provides pollution-free exhaust gas and enhanced engine performance. Based on any
input, WAVE makes it possible to perform complete simulation of the vehicle. Some key features
include:

Fast, predictable model development utilizing the simplified component library, client characterized
layouts and independent segments. Best in turbine and compressor science, Broad outcomes
introduction and reports’ generating capacity utilizing the Wave Post post-processor, simultaneous
running over various CPUs, graph-plotting and much more.

Approach/ Methodology:

Figure 1Single-cylinder engine model

By making changes and including following details, the single cylinder model was converted into a
four-cylinder model.

GTDI Engine Parameters and Considerations:

Parameter Data/ considerations

No. of cylinders 4
Ignition type Manifold injection
Inlet 100 mm long, 48 mm reducing to 43 mm.
Inlet manifold Bend at inlet manifold 80 mm long along center
line determine the appropriate diameter of
this.
Inlet Temperature 303 K
Pressure 1 bar
Exhaust straight 130 mm long, 42 mm expanding to 50

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 mm. Bend at exhaust manifold 90 mm long
along center line with a 32 mm diameter

Figure 2 Four-cylinder engine model

Results of Parametric Studies:

By performing simulations of engine and considering various parameters, following results were
obtained:

Figure 3

Figure 4

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Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the profiles of temperature-distribution of (both burned and unburned)
mixture during compression and combustion strokes at 6000 and 1000 rpms respectively.

Figure 5 Pressure vs crank angle

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 5,6 and Figure 7 show the profiles of pressure distribution of mixture (both burned and
unburned) during compression and combustion strokes at 1000, 6000 and 6000 rpms respectively
and compares the performance of one-cylinder and four-cylinder engines.

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 Figure 8 Pressure vs clearance volume

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 8,9 and Figure 10 show the profiles of pressure distribution of mixture during compression
and combustion strokes at 1000, 6000 and 6000 rpms respectively and compares the performance
of one-cylinder and four-cylinder engines against clearance volume.

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 Figure 11 Torque vs Crank angle

Figure 12

Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the profiles of torque vs crank angle during compression and
combustion strokes at 1000 and 6000 rpms respectively.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, we can state that the engine displayed effectively in Ricardo WAVE has been
approved, considering the underlying model and tuning the accompanying cases to coordinate the
given information, from experimentation of different avenues with great degrees of precision. All
models could be utilized to effectively anticipate improved performance.

The Ricardo WAVE software has made it easier to alter any variable since all the considered variables
are assigned to one constant. The one-dimensional simulation software provides fast calculations as
its main advantage.

References:
[1] Fauzun, & Kurniawan, A. (2017). Ricardo WAVE Simulation on the Effect of Exhaust Header
Geometry to the Power and Torque of the UGM’s FSAE Engine. International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 3338–3348. doi: 10.21817/ijet/2017/v9i4/170904139

[2] Software.ricardo.com. 2019. WAVE-RT. [online] Available at

<https://software.ricardo.com/products/wave-rt>

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