Half-Adder and Full-Adder

A half adder is a logical circuit that performs an addition operation on two binary digits. The half adder
produces a sum and a carry value which are both binary digits.

S = A xor B

C = A and B

A full adder is a logical circuit that performs an addition operation on three binary digits. The full adder
produces a sum and carry value, which are both binary digits. It can be combined with other full adders
(see below) or work on its own.

S = (A xor B) xor Ci

Co = (A and B) or (Ci and (A xor B))

 = (A and B) or (B and Ci) or (Ci and A)

Rearranging the circuit, it can be seen that it comprises two half-adders and an OR gate:

The 7483 is a 4-bit Binary Full Adder:

The Carry out of the lower 1-bit full-adder is the Carry in of the next 1-bit full adder. Hence, the Carry
outs "ripple" through an n-bit full adder. This slows the addition process down as each higher 1-bit full-
adder cannot start an addition until its lower neighbour has completed its corresponding addition. The
Motorola SN54/74LS83 (and similar chips) uses "internal carry lookahead" to speed up the process.
 Experiment No. 5
TITLE: To design and realize adder and subtractor.

PRIOR CONCEPTS:
• Knowledge of 2 bit and 3 bit addition and subtraction.
• IC 7404, 7408, 7486, 7432.

NEW CONCEPTS:
• Proposition 1: A half adder is a combinational circuit that adds two bits.
 Concept Structure 1: Half adder adds two bits.

• Proposition 2: A half adder has two inputs (A,B) & it has two outputs i.e. SUM & CARRY.
 Concept Structure 2: Half adder has two inputs and two outputs.

• Proposition 3: A Full adder is a combinational circuit that performs addition of 3 bits.

 Concept Structure 3: Full adder adds three bits.

• Proposition 4: A Full adder has 3 inputs (A, B, C) & two outputs SUM & CARRY.
 Concept Structure 4: Full adder has three inputs and two outputs.

• Proposition 5: A half subtractor is combinational circuit that subtracts two bits.

 Concept Structure 5: Half subtractor subtracts two bits.

• Proposition 6: A half subtractor has two inputs (A, B) & it has two outputs, difference & borrow.
 Concept Structure 6: Half subtractor has two inputs and two outputs.

• Proposition 7: A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs the subtraction of three
bits.
 Concept Structure 7: Full subtractor performs subtraction of three bits.

• Proposition 8: A full subtractor has three inputs (A, B, C) and two outputs, difference and
borrow.
 Concept Structure 8: Full subtractor has three inputs and two outputs.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Intellectual Skills:
 To understand and to differentiate half & full, adder and subtractor concept.
 To understand the working of all the circuit.
 To correlate the LED output and logic state.
 To analyze the circuits operation.

Motor Skills:
 Ability to mount ICs on breadboard.
 Ability to make the connection.
 Ability to observe and record the readings.

EQUIPMENTS:
Power supply, bread board, circuit board / kit, connecting wires, LEDs, ICs.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: