Transformer Phasor Diagram

Transformer Phasor Diagram
TRANSFORMER IS THE MOST USED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN

INDUSTRY. LET US SEE A DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF
ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE, CALLED "PHASOR DIAGRAM" ALSO
KNOWN AS "VECTOR DIAGRAM"
Before starting the "Phasor Diagram" we should know how electrical model of a transformer looks. It is called Equivalent circuit of a
transformer.
Say the Primary winding has T1 turns & Secondary winding has T2 turns, then,
(E1/E2)=(T1/T2)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER/

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Now let us see what are the parameters used:
ZL=Load Impedance (in generally of inductive nature)
I2= Secondary Current or Load Current, Since the load is inductive current shall be lagging in nature.
V2=Secondary Terminal Load Voltage. (We shall consider this as our reference, hence its position has been selected as 0 degree)
R2=Resistance of the secondary winding
X2=Inductance of the secondary winding
E2=Induced voltage at secondary winding
E2=V2+I2(R2+jX2) (Vector addition), In case I2=0 i.e. trafo is on no load this E2 will appear at transformer terminal as no load
voltage
E1=Induced voltage at primary winding
E1=(T1/T2) X E2
Φ m=Maximum value of linked flux (Flux responsible for induced voltage i.e. E2 & E1)
I2'=Current at Primary winding due to secondary current=(T2/T1) X I2

R0 & X0=equivalent Loss component & magnetizing inductance component.
Ie=Loss component of the No load current, responsible for core loss
Im=Magnetizing current, responsible for flux generation
I0=No-Load current
I0=Ie+Im(Vector addition)
R1=Resistance of the Primary winding
X1 Inductance of the Primary winding
I1=Primary Current
I1=I0+I2'(Vector addition)
V1=Primary applied terminal voltage
V1=E1'+I1(R1+jX1)(Vector addition)
Now Let us start Construction of the transformer phase diagram.It will be easier to understand the phasor diagram and transformer's
working principle it secondary terminal Load voltage i.e. V2 is taken as reference phasor. Lets See.
Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 1:

V2 as reference phasor
Fig 1: Transformer phasor diagram
V2 as reference/
I2 is lagging the load voltage i.e. V2

Fig 2: Transformer phasor diagram
I2 is lagging V2/
Fig 3: Transformer phasor diagram_ Angle between V2 and I2 is load power factor angle/
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Voltage drop due to resistace of the secondary winding shall be parallel with Load current, as resistance doesn't cause any phase
angle displacement. Since we have started our phasor diagram from the terminal load voltage so we shall add this voltage drop with
the terminal voltage V2.
I2R2 ,parallel with I2 added with V2.
Fig 4: Transformer phasor diagram_Resistive voltage drop is in parallel with I2/

Add I2X2 drop with I2R2 drop. As inductive voltage leads current by 90 degree hence I2X2 drop shall be 90 degree leading from I2
i.e. I2R2 phasor.
Fig 5: Transformer phasor diagram_Inductive voltage drop is in 90 degree leading with I2/

Sum of V2, I2R2, I2X2 shall form induced voltage at secondary winding i.e. E2. As mentioned this is a vector sum which can be seen
from the below picture. If the transformer is unloaded then this voltage will appear at the transformer terminals. Hence it is No lad
voltage also. which is higher than the Terminal load Voltage.
A transformer is rated with its secondary no load voltage. for example for supplying 415 V load voltage you will have to
select secondary no load voltage higher than 415 V. n practice this shall be 433 V. So a 11/0.433 kV transformer means it will
step down the voltage from 11 kV to 0.433 kV at no load. Depending upon the load secondary load voltage shall be
determined. This transformer shall never be specified as 11/0.415 kV. for getting 6.6 kV output transformer secondary rating
shall be 6.9 kV.
Fig 6: Transformer phasor diagram_Computation of Secondary induced voltage or no load terminal voltage/
Determination of maximum flux. Since the voltage induced in transformer is due to the change of flux hence it shall lag the flux by 90
degree. Lets see how.
The in the core is sinusoidal.
Φ =Φ m Sin wt
E2=dΦ /dt=d/dt(Φ m Sin wt)=Φ m Cos wt=Φ m Sin(wt-90)
this derivation indicates that induced voltage lags behind the flux by 90 degree. hence we can say the flux leads the induced voltage
by 90 degree.
So we will add the flux phasor 90 ahead of E2.

Fig 7: Transformer phasor diagram_flux leads induced voltage by 90 degree/
Induced voltage at primary winding shall also lag the flux by 90 degree. However its magnitude shall be E1=(T1/T2)*E2
Fig 8: Transformer phasor diagram_Primary induced voltage lags the flux by 90 degree/
The flux is generated by magnetizing current. So both of them shall be in phase. Im is in phase with the flux.
Fig 9: Transformer phasor diagram_Magnetizing current shall be in phase with flux./
No load loss component.

Magnetizing current is an inductive current and no load loss component is resistive current. So loss component will lead magnetizing
current. As inductive current lags behind the resistive current by 90 degree, when both resistance and inductance purely resistive and
inductive respectively.
Fig 10: Transformer phasor diagram_No load loss component current shall be 90 degree leading of the flux/
No load current.
Vector Sum of Im & Ie shall give I0 i.e. the no load current. From the equivalent circuit also you can see that this current will always
flow through the transformer even if the secondary is open circuited.
Fig 11: Transformer phasor diagram_No load current/
Computation of Primary Current or I1

From the equivalent circuit it is clear that primary current is vector sum of No load current (I0) and reflection of secondary current to
the primary(I2')
I2'=(T2/T1)*I2
And it shall be exactly 180 degree opposite to I2
Fig 12a: Transformer phasor diagram_I2 reflected to primary/
Vector sum of I2' & I0 shall give I1 i.e. Primary current.

Fig 12b.: Transformer phasor diagram_Primary current I1/
Computation of Input Voltage & Primary induced voltage
As mentioned earlier Primary induced voltage E1=(T1/T2)*E2.

Now reflect it to primary side.
’
Fig 13a.: Transformer phasor diagram_Primary induced voltage E1 reflected to primary/
Voltage drop due to primary winding resistance shall be parallel with I1. As Primaty input voltage is applied first, and induced voltage
E1 is result of applied input voltage hence V1 shall be obtained after adding all voltage drops with primary induced voltage.
Fig 13b.: Transformer phasor diagram_I1R1 drop added with E1'/
I1X1 drop shall be 90 degree ahead of I1R1.
Fig 13c.: Transformer phasor diagram_I1X1 drop added with I1R1/
V1 shall be vector sum of E1', I1R1 & I1X1.
Fig 13c.: Transformer phasor diagram_V1/
Source power factor

Angle between V1 & I1 is source power factor angle. From the phasor diagram we can see that Source power factor angle is higher
than load power factor angle. hence source power factor shall be less than load power factor.
Fig 14.: Transformer phasor diagram_Source power factor angle/
COMPLETE TRANSFORMER PHASOR DIAGRAM
Fig 14.: Transformer phasor diagram_COMPLETE/
So, by these we can draw the phasor diagram of a transformer.

Understanding of this is very important for understanding the
transformer working principle.

Transformer Phasor Diagram

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Transformer Phasor Diagram

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Transformer Phasor Diagram

TRANSFORMER IS THE MOST USED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER/

Now let us see what are the parameters used:

ZL=Load Impedance (in generally of inductive nature)

R2=Resistance of the secondary winding

X2=Inductance of the secondary winding

E2=Induced voltage at secondary winding

E1=Induced voltage at primary winding

I2'=Current at Primary winding due to secondary current=(T2/T1) X I2

Ie=Loss component of the No load current, responsible for core loss

Im=Magnetizing current, responsible for flux generation

R1=Resistance of the Primary winding

X1 Inductance of the Primary winding

V1=Primary applied terminal voltage

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 1:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 2:

I2 is lagging the load voltage i.e. V2

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 3:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 4:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 5:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 6:

E2=dΦ /dt=d/dt(Φ m Sin wt)=Φ m Cos wt=Φ m Sin(wt-90)

So we will add the flux phasor 90 ahead of E2.

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 7:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 8:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 9:

No load loss component.

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 10:

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 11:

Computation of Primary Current or I1

Vector sum of I2' & I0 shall give I1 i.e. Primary current.

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 12:

Computation of Input Voltage & Primary induced voltage

As mentioned earlier Primary induced voltage E1=(T1/T2)*E2.

Transformer Phasor Diagram_Step 13:

Source power factor

Fig 14.: Transformer phasor diagram_COMPLETE/

So, by these we can draw the phasor diagram of a transformer.

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