Spanish sovereignity- brought by Magellan

-Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, with Augustinians

-Priest were directors
-Opening of Ph to world trade, 1834 (brought new life to the colony)- Jose Basco y Vargas

19th Century Spain

-first three quarter of uninterrupted chaos and tumult
-Carlist War
-1837 secularization
-prevented Liberalism from being introduced in the country
-Isabel II was overthrown in 1868
-deportation brought Liberal and republican exiles to PH(not silent about ideas and ideals)
-Suez Canal Opened, one month
-New governor general to institute democratic practices to ph
-Expulsion of Jesuits lead to four orders of friars (Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians,
Recoletos)
-Pedro Pelaez ruled the Archdiocese of Manila, led the fight against successive royal decrees
turning secular parishes over to the friars,
-Father Jose Burgos (student of Pelaez)
-revolution spurred a group of liberal minded creole and mestizo lawyers and merchants to
agitate for reforms
-decrees alienate the sympathy of the friars for any reforms
-Cavite Mutiny
-Anti friar posture
-Governor-general was chief executive of the country
-Overseas Ministry was estab in 1863
-Governor-general, alcalde-mayor, gobernadorcillos, cabeza de barangay
-Gobernadorcillo was assisted by directorcillo
-GuardiaCivil (1869) fight bandits
-Local school were under supervision of parish priest
-Normal school was for teachers to understand Spanish and spread knowledge
Economic situation
-trade increased contacts with foreigners and peninsular Spaniards
-rich could send their sons to Europe, absorbed intellectual currents and saw a different type of
society.
-supported proganda campaign
Rizal in the context of the 19th century ph
-Economic development
-wouldn’t be possible without the economic growth in the 1830s
-brought profit to Filipino middle and upper classes
-brought machinery and industrial goods the west can supply
-Ph exports rice, main profits were from central Luzon, batangas, negros, bikol
-lands grew in value and rents were raised
-this led to disputes who should reap the larger part of the fruit
-questioning of the friar’s’ rights to the haciendas
-inquilinos challenged the friar’s ownership to weaken their influence in political life

Political developments
-colonial policies are not the causes of economic prosperity, hindrances preventing progress
and threatening what had already been achieved
-Used the Ph as dumping ground to reward party hangerson with jobs
-each change of government brought whole new mob of job seekers, thus Filipinos were
deprived of their positions they had formerly held
-corruption made it unable to provide for basic needs of public works, schools and other
prerequisites to semi modern economy
-Guardia civil harassing farmers and using their position for personal profit
-taxation penalized modernization, never found their way for roads, bridges and public works for
agricultural progress
-tariffs forced Filipinos to buy expensive Spanish textiles instead of cheap british ones

Cultural Development
-key factor in emergence of nationalism
-European educated ilustrados
-spread of higher education for middle class and lower class Filipinos
-return of the Jesuits (1859, 1768)
-evangelization in Mindanao
-Miguel Lucio y Bustamante, ang mga indio na hinihiwalay sa kalabaw ay nagiging masama
-When in ateneo, rizal would write to Ferdinand blumentritt
-early Filipino clergy, Jose Burgos and Mariano Sevilla came from UST
-Juan de la Matta proposed closing of institutions (San Jose, San Juan de Letran and Sto.
Tomas) because they are nurseries of subversive ideas
-factor: Filipinos who saw the life in Spain, this would never be achieved in Spanish rule
-Umasa sa sariling Lakas
-Rizal seeks out the evidence of Filipino civilization before the Spaniards, 3 centuries declined
the progress

Religious development
-Ilustrados were anti-friar, abuses of the friar
-Juan Alaminos could not emphasize the importance of the friars
-they make indio believe that by loving the Spaniards can he save the soul in his next life
-the friar’s influence made them targets
-bagumbayan, old man
-Burgos asserted of Filipino equality with the Spaniards, into a demand for justice to the Filipino
-lack of friars led to turning over to Ph priests
-burgos expressed of a sense of those born in the ph should be one people
-only way of maintaining identity and obtaining rights is separation from spain
-Propaganda movement carried ideas of national identity
-Carlos Ma. Dela Torre opened to Manila some freedom of expression
-respect for liberty and equality
-Gen. Rafael Izquierdo; reforms were for the motherland not for the colonies
-Filipino priests must be eliminated
-Father Pedro Dandan and Mariano Sevilla
-Filipino priest as the most dangerous enemy and the soul of resistance
Main Currents of the Nationalist Movement
-secularization movement, reform movement, revolt of the masses, betrayal of the ilustrados
-the reformist, the liberal, the anti clerical, modernizing and strictly nationalist
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