Magpantay, Erol Rexel C.

8:00-10:00 AM / Sat

Heat transfer - is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use,
conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems.

Three modes of heat transfer

1. Conduction - In Conduction, heat transfer takes place due to a temperature difference
in a body or between bodies in thermal contact, without mixing of mass. The rate of heat
transfer through conduction is governed by the Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ( )
𝑑𝑥
Where:
Q = the heat flow rate by conduction
k = thermal conductivity of body material
A = cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat flow and
dT/dx = temperature gradient of the section.
2. Convection - In convection, heat is transferred to a moving fluid at the surface over
which it flows by combined molecular diffusion and bulk flow. Convection involves
conduction and fluid flow. The rate of convective heat transfer is governed by the
Newton’s law of cooling.
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞)
Where :
Ts = p is the surface temperature
T∞ = outside temperature
h = coefficient of convection
3. Radiation - In radiation, heat is transferred in the form of radiant energy or wave
motion from one body to another body. No medium for radiation to occur. The rate of
heat radiation that can be emitted by a surface at a thermodynamic temperature is
based on Stefan-Boltzmann law.

𝑄 = 𝜎. 𝑇4
Where:
T = absolute temperature of surface
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

The Relationship of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer both are part of thermal engineering and each has
its own meaning and importance. Both deals with heat and energy then, one might ask,
what is the real difference between the two subjects ? i.e. Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer
"Thermodynamics" deals with the amount of energy in form of heat or work during a
process and only considers the end states in equilibrium. It will not give information
about how long it will take to reach to the final state in equilibrium. While,
"Heat Transfer" deals with the rate of energy transfer thus, it gives idea of how long a
heat transfer will occur? Heat transfer deals with time and non equilibrium phenomena.
Heat can only transfer when there is a temperature gradient exists in a body and which
is indication of non equilibrium phenomena.
In short, Thermodynamics gives "Why" a process will occur and Heat Transfer will tell,
"How" a process will occur when there is a concern about transfer of heat.
To support all these arguments, Thermodynamics uses following laws,

 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

 First law of Thermodynamics
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
 Third Law of Thermodynamics
While, Heat Transfer uses,

 Fourier's Law (Heat conduction)

 Newtons Law of Cooling (Heat convection)
 Planck's Law (Thermal Radiation)
 Stephan Boltzman's Law (Thermal Radiation)
 Wein's Law (Thermal Radiation)
 Kirchoff's Law (Thermal Radiation)
 Lambart's Law (Thermal Radiation)
Heat Transfer Rate Equation
Is the amount of heat that is transferred per unit of time in some material.
The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is proportional to the cross-sectional area of
the rod and to the temperature difference between the ends and inversely proportional
to the length.
Heat flow = - (heat transfer coefficient) * (area of the body) * (variation of the tem-
perature) / (length of the material)
The equation is:
𝑨
𝑸 = −𝒌 ( ) (𝜟𝑻)
𝒍
We have:
Q: heat transfer per unit time
K: The thermal conductivity
A: area of the emitting body
l: the length of the material.
ΔT: Difference of temperature.

Units of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer has the dimension mass per time cubed thermodynamic temperature. The
SI composite unit of heat transfer is the kilogram per second cubed kelvin.

The units of heat transfer are defined as follows.

- A standard U factor is defined as 1 international table Btu per hour square foot degree
Fahrenheit.
- An SI U factor (USI) is defined as 1 watt per square meter kelvin.