Project Report Thesis

SIMULATION OF VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G)
INTEGRATION TO UTILITY GRID
A
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD (T.S)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
BONALA SAIPRAKASH 16641A0281

BODAM NARESH 16645A0224
BOTLAKUNTA RAJU 16645A0229
KONGONDA SURESH 16645A0228
Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. DURGA HARI KIRAN B
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(UGC Autonomous, Permanent Affiliation to JNTU, Hyderabad & Accredited by
NBA)
BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL-506005(T.S)
(2018-2019)
VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(UGC Autonomous, Permanent Affiliation to JNTU, Hyderabad & Accredited by
NBA)
BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL-506005(T.S)
2018-19
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled “SIMULATION OF VEHICLE
TO GRID (V2G) INTEGRATION TO UTILITY GRID” by M. VENKANNA
(16645A0234), S. SANDEEP (16645A0228), B. RAJU (16645A0229), K. SURESH
(16645A0228), of final year B.Tech (EEE) during the academic year (2018-19) in the
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the bachelor degree from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, T.S.
Dr. Durga Hari Kiran B

Dr. Y. Hareesh Kumar
Assistant Professor
Head of the department
Project Guide
External
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Project has been carried out in the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Bollikunta Warangal. Many people have
helped us in the realization of this work and we would like this opportunity to express our
gratitude to all of them.
We would especially like to express our extreme gratitude and sincere thanks to our
project guide Dr. Durga Hari Kiran B, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for his enthusiastic and innovative guidance and support.
We are thankful to Dr. Y. Hareesh Kumar, Associate Professor, Head of the

Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the permission and encouragement
accorded to carry out this project.
It gives us immense pleasure in expressing our sincere and deepest sense of

gratitude to Prof. K. Prakash, Principal, Vaagdevi College of Engineering for the
facilities made available for the progress and successful completion of our project work.
Last but not least we would also like to thank our father, mother and also all the
teaching and non-teaching staff without whose support this project work would remain
unfulfilled.
MORE VENKANNA 16645A0234

SUNKA SANDEEP 16645A0224
iii
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this project titled “SIMULATION
OF VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G) INTEGRATION TO UTILITY GRID” submitted
towards completion of project in eighth Semester of B-tech Electrical and Electronics
Engineering department for the academic year 2018-19 at VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, Bollikunta Warangal. It is an authentic record of our original work
pursued under the guidance of Dr. DURGA HARI KIRAN B, Asst. Professor, EEE
Department.
We have not submitted the matter embodied in this project for the award of any
other degree.
Place: Warangal
Date:
MORE VENKANNA 16645A0234

SUNKA SANDEEP 16645A0224
iv
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................... IX
NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................................... X
CHAPTER-1................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Literature survey.................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER-2.................................................................................................................................. 5
MICROGRIDS............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Introduction:........................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Components of Microgrids:..............................................................................................................6
2.2.1 The Design around Total System Energy Requirements:..............................................7
2.2.2 Provision Of Heterogeneous Level Of Power Quality And Reliability To End-Users:7
2.2.3 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:...................................7
2.2.4 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:...................................8
2.3 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:...............................................................................................8
2.4 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:...............................................................................................8
2.4.1 Protection issues:................................................................................................................8
2.4.2 Modification in fault current level:..................................................................................9
CHAPTER-3............................................................................................................................... 10
CONTROL TECHNIQUES........................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Parameter Definition.........................................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Modification in fault current level:................................................................................11
3.2 Integrated FLC/Modulator:.............................................................................................................12
3.3 Controller/Modulator Design and Analysis....................................................................................13
CHAPTER-4............................................................................................................................... 18
TWO-LEVEL INVERTERS....................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Introduction:......................................................................................................................................19
4.2 Power Semiconductor switches........................................................................................................19
4.3 Classification of Power Converters.................................................................................................22
4.4 Conventional Two-Level Converter................................................................................................24
4.5 Power Converter Topologies for PV Systems.................................................................................25
CHAPTER-5............................................................................................................................... 34
MATLAB/SIMULINK............................................................................................................... 34
5.1 Matlab Introduction..........................................................................................................................35
5.1.1 Development environment..............................................................................................35
5.1.2 Matlab mathematical function library..........................................................................36
5.1.3 Matlab Language.............................................................................................................36
v
5.1.4 Matlab Application Program Interface (API)...............................................................36
5.2 Simulink Introduction.......................................................................................................................36
5.3 Various Blocks used in simulation of the work..............................................................................37
5.3.1 Constant Block.................................................................................................................37
5.3.2 Matlab function block.....................................................................................................38
5.3.3 Repeating Sequence.........................................................................................................38
5.3.4 Parallel RLC Branch Block............................................................................................39
5.3.5 Powergui...........................................................................................................................39
5.3.6 From and goto..................................................................................................................40
CHAPTER-6............................................................................................................................... 41
RESULTS..................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1 Simulation Block Diagram...............................................................................................................42
6.2 Case 1: Voltages and currents with Linear Load with PI controller...........................................42
6.3 Case 1: FFT analysis with PI controller..........................................................................................43
6.4 Case 2: Voltages and currents with linear load with fuzzy controller.........................................43
6.5 Case 1: FFT analysis with Fuzzy controller....................................................................................44
CHAPTER-7.............................................................................................................................. 45
CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK..............................................................45
7.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................46
7.2 Scope for future work.......................................................................................................................46
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 47
vi
ABSTRACT
The Due to increase in co2 emission from conventional fuel type vehicles the
modern society is looking forward to use electrical vehicles as means of transportation. The
storage batteries in electrical vehicles open a new paradigm of opportunity to participate in
sharing power to the utility grid when it is needed. However , a reliable conversion of dc
power stored in batteries to ac power with proper grid code is needed. This project aims at
simulation of fuzzy control of two level inverter to convert dc to ac with low thd.
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
Page.No
Figure 1.1: Electric Vehicles connected to Microgrid...........................................................2

Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicles in some parts of India..............................................................3
Figure 3.1: Simple Feedback System...................................................................................11
Figure 3.2: Phased Locked Loop.........................................................................................12
Figure 4.1: General representation of a power electronics interface....................................19
Figure 4.2: Voltage and current waveforms of a power switch for an ideal switch............20
Figure 4.3: Voltage and current waveforms of a power switch for a non-ideal switch.......21
Figure 4.4: Comparison of power switches in terms of power and frequency....................22
Figure 4.5: General classification of power electronic converters: (A) DC-DC converter; 23
Figure 4.6: Two-level three-phase converter.......................................................................25
Figure 4.7: Current flow paths in different switching states and phase current polarity.....25
Figure 4.8: Different arrangements of PV modules and inverters: (A) centralized; (B) string
..............................................................................................................................................26
Figure 4.9: Single-stage PV power converter......................................................................27
Figure 4.10: Dual-stage PV power converter.......................................................................27
Figure 4.11: Full-bridge inverter..........................................................................................28
Figure 4.12: Two-stage transformer less converter (boost converter and full-bridge
inverter)................................................................................................................................29
Figure 4.13: Single-stage transformer less converter with integrated boost inverter..........30
Figure 4.14: Path of leakage current in a transformer less PV configuration......................30
Figure 4.15: Bipolar pulse width modulation waveforms for a single-phase inverter.........31
Figure 4.16: Unipolar pulse width modulation waveforms for a single-phase inverter.......32
Figure 4.17: AC and DC decoupling for a full-bridge inverter............................................33
Figure 5.1: Constant Block..................................................................................................37
Figure 5.2: Block Parameters of constant block Matlab view.............................................37
Figure 5.3: Matlab function block........................................................................................38
Figure 5.4: Repeating Sequence block.................................................................................38
Figure 5.5: Block Parameters of Repeating Sequence block Matlab view..........................38
Figure 5.6: Parallel RLC block............................................................................................39
Figure 5.7: Powergui............................................................................................................39
Figure 5.8: Example of from and goto blocks usage...........................................................40
Figure 5.9: Block parameters of from block Matlab view...................................................40
Figure.6.1: System Simulink model.....................................................................................42
Figure.6.2: Case 1: Various Voltages and Currents of the system with PI control and Linear
Load......................................................................................................................................42
Figure.6.3: Case 1: FFT analysis with PI controller............................................................43
viii
Figure.6.4: Case 2: Various Voltages and Currents of the system with Fuzzy control and
Linear Load..........................................................................................................................43
Figure.6.5: Case 1: FFT analysis with Fuzzy controller......................................................44
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page.No
Table 3.1: Switching states for ith H-Bridge.......................................................................13

Table 3.2: Switching states for ith H-Bridge.......................................................................14
Table 3.2: Inference rules.....................................................................................................17
ix
Nomenclature
EVs Electric Vehicles

V2G vehicle-to-grid
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MERI Mechanical and Electrical Research Institute
x
Chapter-1
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introductin
1.1 Introduction
GAcross the world, our consumption of energy is increasing. The global population
is growing at an astonishing rate and advances in technology mean that we are using more
power than ever before with no signs of the trend slowing down. The United States’
Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that global energy consumption will
rise by 50% by 2050.
Driven by the need to reduce carbon emissions and powered by a constant decline
of prices for renewables, the architecture of power systems around the world is also
changing.
Satisfying this insatiable energy demand requires a new approach from the global
power market, which remains largely dependent on energy generated by ageing fossil fuel
assets and inflexible grids, where energy flowed in one direction only.
One of the key trends which we are seeing is decentralisation. But what
decentralisation actually means and what challenges it brings will vary from region to
region.
In this report we will consider what the energy market of the future could look like,
and what this means for the way our power is produced and delivered..
Figure 1.1: Electric Vehicles connected to Microgrid

1.2 Literature survey
IAcross the world, our consumption of energy is increasing. The global population
is growing at an astonishing rate and advances in technology mean that we are using more
power than ever before with no signs of the trend slowing down. The United States’
Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal 2

Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that global energy consumption will
rise by 50% by 2050.
changing.
Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicles in some parts of India
region.
and what this means for the way our power is produced and delivered. Most recently,
significant research works have been devoted to coordinated EV charging. Luo et al. [5]
proposed a twos tage optimization model in order to minimize the peak load and the load
fluctuation. Hua et al. [6] introduced an online adaptive EV charging scheduling
framework to optimize EV charging schedules and reduce flow limit, voltage magnitude

limit, three-phase voltage imbalance limit, and transformer capacity violations. To consider
voltage violation problems and minimize power loss, probabilistic models, stochastic
programming, and charging coordination schemes are proposed in [7]–[9]. Ma et al. [10]
developed a strategy to coordinate the charging of autonomous electric vehicles using non-
cooperative games. The ideal solution minimizes electricity generation costs by scheduling
EV demand to fill the overnight non-EV demand valley.
Several EV research works used different methods dealing with EV coordinated

charging problem. In [11], a decentralized algorithm was introduced to exploit the
elasticity of EV charging loads to fill the valleys in load profile. Breens et al. [12] aimed to
provide a possible solution to some common PQ problems and voltage sags, considering
the large diffusion of electric vehicles. Yao et al. [13] utilized a hierarchical decomposition
approach to coordinate the charging and discharging behaviors of EVs. Zhang and Chen
[14] introduced regional energy management and optimized operating strategies for EVs
and battery swapping stations (BSSs). A price-incentive model was utilized to generate the
management strategy in order to coordinate the charging of EVs and BSS to minimize the
total cost of EVs. Wu et al. [15] exploited three coordinated wind-PEV energy-dispatching
approaches in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) context to promote user demand response in the
microgrid by optimizing the utilization efficiency of renewable power generation. In [16],
EV batteries were used as decentralized storage to provide ancillary service. The results
showed that used EV batteries can create significant monetary value if subsequently used.
RAcross the world, our consumption of energy is increasing. The global

population is growing at an astonishing rate and advances in technology mean that we are
using more power than ever before with no signs of the trend slowing down. The United
States’ Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that global energy consumption
will rise by 50% by 2050.
changing.

region.
and what this means for the way our power is produced and delivered.. Reference [22]
proposes a model for the assessment of the contribution of V2G systems in the support to
energy management in small electric energy systems; they include different energy
resources and present a robust optimization model for a small energy systems aggregator
with V2G capabilities for participation in the electricity market. Additionally, a thorough
literature review in V2G systems including technical specifications and economic analysis
can be found. Reference [23] also builds and solves an optimal bidding problem for an
aggregator wanting to offer the energy from a set of EVs connected to a V2G system to the
ancillary services market. These works present interesting optimization models for the
integration of EVs but all of them focus on the point of view of the aggregator of EVs
instead of the EV owner. Using a different approach, reference [24] studies the integration
of EVs’ second life batteries in microgrid buildings, and builds optimal equipment
combinations to minimize microgrid costs in terms of economic cost, carbon footprint and
other criteria. The second problem addressed is the optimal management of different types
of microgrids, on which there is an extensive literature; the most common objective is to
minimize operating costs. Published studies differ mainly in their solution techniques and
scope of the modeled microgrid. Reference [25] presents a survey on the existing energy
management benefits of a microgrid. This survey includes regulatory issues, incentives,
environmental issues, ancillary services and metering, economic benefits, algorithms used
and their quantification.. Reference [26] designs a smart energy management system with
similarities to the one presented in this work but solved using an heuristic algorithm.
Reference [27] proposes a mixed integer programming model to minimize the operation
costs of a residential microgrid. They consider both electrical and thermal load since the
electric vehicle does not have a V2G system available in this case, it represents a load.
The current work mainly focuses on the V2G function of EVs. The envisioned
architecture of a EV microgrid integration is shown in Fig. 1. In this proposed microgrid,
the EV batteries are regarded as electricity storage devices. A Fuzzy based control logic is
proposed to control DC-AC conversion stage. The proposed control logic could able give

better voltage regulation..

Chapter-2
MICROGRIDS
Chapter 2: Microgrid
1.3 Introduction:
Many research groups around the world are pioneering various µGrid concepts,
also written as microgrids, as an alternative approach for integrating small scale distributed
energy resources (DER of < approx. 1 MW) into low-voltage electricity systems. Many
other terms are in common use to describe similar concepts, e.g. virtual power plants,
minigrids, smart grids, smart distribution networks, embedded generation, distributed or
dispersed generation.
Traditional approaches to embedding generation at low-voltages focus on
minimizing the consequences for safety and grid performance of what are assumed to be a
relatively small number of individually interconnected DER, for example implying, that
they must instantaneously disconnect in the event of system outage. In other words,
permitted local control of devices is very limited, and they can function independently, or
islanded, only under special circumstances, e.g. during blackouts after the local system is
fully isolated from the microgrid. By contrast, µGrids would be designed to operate semi-
independently, usually operating connected to the microgrid but separating (islanding)
from it, as cost effective or necessary for reliability or other objectives.
1.4 Components of Microgrids:
A µGrid is a semiautonomous grouping of generating sources and end-use sinks

that are placed and operated for the benefit of its members, which may be one utility
"customer," a grouping of several sites, or dispersed sites that nonetheless operate in a
coordinated fashion. The supply sources may include reciprocating engine generator sets,
microturbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic and other small-scale renewable generators, storage
devices, and controllable end-use loads. All controlled sources and sinks are
interconnected in a manner that enables devices to perform the µGrid control functions
unnecessary for traditional DER. For example, the energy balance of the system must be
maintained by dispatch, and non-critical loads might be curtailed or shed during times of
energy shortfall or high costs. While capable of operating independently of the macrogrid,
the µGrid usually functions interconnected, purchasing energy and ancillary services from
the microgrid as economic, and potentially selling back at times.

Three key potential features of the µGrid are:

1. Its design around total system energy requirements
2. Its provision of heterogeneous level of power quality and reliability to end-uses.
3. Its presentation to the microgrid as a single controlled entity
1.4.1 The Design around Total System Energy Requirements:
Feature 1 implies that to the extent economic or desired for environmental purposes,
the µGrid shares heat and power and optimal recovery of waste heat by combined heat and
power (CHP) devices. While small scale thermal generation of electricity is unlikely to be
competitive with central station generation, the dramatically improved prospects for useful
waste heat recovery, especially in absorption cooling systems, can tip the economic scales
towards DER. The arrangement of µGrids evolves from the need to optimize the overall
energy system of the enduses, and since transportation of heat is typically more limiting
than transportation of electricity, the location of heat loads is likely to dominate.
1.4.2 Provision Of Heterogeneous Level Of Power Quality And Reliability To

End-Users:
Feature 2 suggests a central goal of µGrids concerns tailoring PQR to the

requirements of end uses, a starkly different principle than the provision of universal
consistent service quality, which is the goal of microgrids. The µGrid is built and operated
so that critical loads are protected and high power quality is ensured where it is necessary,
while other loads are served with PQR commensurate with their importance and/or
reschedulability. The provision of heterogeneous PQR can improve overall reliability of
critical equipment while lowering costs because of the sacrifice of non-critical ones.
1.4.3 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:
Feature 3 concerns the µGrid's presentation to the surrounding distribution grid as a

single controlled system, akin to a current customer, or conversely to a small embedded
generation source. The µGrid architecture ensures that its electrical impact on the
distribution grid is not only as a good citizen that does no harm but also potentially as a
model citizen, adding benefits to the distribution system such as reducing congestion,
offsetting the need for new generation, supplying local voltage support, and responding to
rapid changes in load levels. Nonetheless, the key characteristic of a µGrid is the existence

of local control independent of the microgrid. This control could be implemented by

various technologies and be of variable complexity, but its existence defines the µGrid.
1.4.4 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:
Feature 3 concerns the µGrid's presentation to the surrounding distribution grid as a

single controlled system, akin to a current customer, or conversely to a small embedded
generation source. The µGrid architecture ensures that its
1.5 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:
• Relatively large imbalances between load and generation to be managed

(significant load participation required, need for new technologies, review of the
boundaries of microgrids)
1.6 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:
• Relatively large imbalances between load and generation to be managed

(significant load participation required, need for new technologies, review of the
boundaries of microgrids)
• Specific network characteristics (strong interaction between active and reactive
power, control and market implications)
• Small size (challenging management)
• Use of different generation technologies (prime movers)
• Presence of power electronic interfaces
• Protection and safety
1.6.1 Protection issues:
Fault currents for grid connected and islanded operation of micro grid are different.
The short circuit power varies significantly. Faults also causes loss of sensitivity, over
current, earth leakage, disconnection of generators, islanding, reducing reach of over
current relays, single phase connections and loss of stability[8].Depending upon location of
faults with respect to distributed generators and existing protection equipment, problems
like bidirectional power flow and change in voltage profile occurs. The power output of
distributed generators like synchronous generators, induction generators and inverter

interfaced protection units is unpredictable due to which whenever there is a fault, power
output of these DG sources changes [9]. Modification in fault current level, device
discrimination, reduction in reach of impedance relays, reverse power flow, sympathetic
tripping, islanding, single phase connection, selectivity are the key protection issues.
1.6.2 Modification in fault current level:
When large number of small distributed generation units that uses synchronous or
induction generator units are connected to distribution network or grid it changes fault
current level as both types of generators contribute towards fault currents. When inverter
interfaced DG units are used, fault current is limited to a lower value [10-17]. As fault
current is not high as compared to load current, some of the relays do not trip, others that
respond to fault operate with the time delay. The undetected fault spreads out in the system
and can damage the equipment [8]. Fault impedance also decreases when DG is connected
into network in parallel with the other devices. When faults occurs downstream of the
point of common coupling, both the main source and DG contributes fault current. Relay
placed at upstream of DG measure fault current supplied by upstream source. In Fig. 1 the
relay placed at the upstream of DG measure the fault current supplied by upstream source.
Actual fault current is different, relays will not function properly and there will be
coordination problems. If there is short circuit fault, when DG is integrated with the main
grid it will affect the amplitude, direction and duration of fault currents.

Chapter-3
Control Techniques
Chapter 3: Control Techniques
3.1 Parameter Definition
The Laplace Transform permits the representation of the time response f(t) of a
system in the complex domain F(s).This response is twofold in nature in that it contains
both transient and steady state solutions. Thus, all operating conditions are considered and
evaluated. The Laplace transform is valid only for positive real time linear parameters; The
parameters in Figure 3.1 are defined and will be used throughout the text. The parameters
in Figure 3.1 are defined and will be used throughout the text.
tripping, islanding, single phase connection, selectivity are the key protection issues.
1.6.3 Modification in fault current level:
When large number of small distributed generation units that uses synchronous or
induction generator units are connected to distribution network or grid it changes fault
current level as both types of generators contribute towards fault currents.
Figure 3.3: Simple Feedback System

θi ( s ) Phase Input
θe ( s) Phase Error
θo (s) Output Phase
G(s ) Product of the individual feed forward Tranfer Functon
H (s) Product of the individual feedback Tranfer Functon
Using servo theory, the following relationships can be obtained.
1
θe ( s)= =θ ( s)
1+G(s) H (s) i
(3.1)

G( s )
θo (s )= =θ (s)
1+G( s )H ( s) i
(3.2)
These parameters relate to the functions of a frequency/voltage estimation as shown in

Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.4: Phased Locked Loop

The phase detector produces a voltage proportional to the phase difference between
the signals i and o/N. This voltage upon filtering is used as the control signal for the
VCO/VCM (Voltage Controlled Multi-vibrator). Since the VCO/VCM produces a
frequency proportional to its input voltage, any time variant signal appearing on the control
signal will frequency modulate the VCO/VCM.
f o =Nf i (3.3)
The output frequency is during phase lock. The phase detector, filter, and
VCO/VCM compose the feed forward path with the feedback path containing the
programmable divider. Removal of the programmable counter produces unity gain in the
feedback path (N = 1). As a result, the output frequency is then equal to that of the input.
Various types and orders of loops can be constructed depending upon the configuration of
the overall loop transfer function. Identification and examples of these loops are contained
in the following two sections.
3.2 Integrated FLC/Modulator:
The Power quality requirements can be addressed using either a “PQ” or “PV”
control approach. In the first case, the inverter is controlled such as to supply the assigned
active and reactive powers; in the second case, the inverter supplies the load with fixed

voltage and frequency. Both control strategies are suitable for grid-connected inverters
(although the former is preferred); only voltage/frequency control schemes can be used
with stand-alone applications. The proposed control system implements both strategies.
Most MLI includes separate controller and modulator; moreover, they often present
relevant computational burdens due to the large number of operations, such as coordinate
transformations, trigonometric functions, parameter identification, filtering, and so forth.
Often, they do not guarantee the desired performance, particularly when occuring large
parameter variations and nonlinearities. An FLC, instead, does not require neither detailed
knowledge of the process under control nor its precise description in terms of mathematical
model and often, if well designed, outperforms more complex controllers because it adapts
its outputs to the actual state of the system even without the use of observers.
3.3 Controller/Modulator Design and Analysis
A schematic diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of four

PV arrays (represented by variable voltage sources v dc), the nine-level inverter, a low-pass
filter, the load, and the grid. As already pointed out in the previous section, the system
incorporates two distinct and alternative FLCs for grid-connected or stand-alone
operations, respectively. In the first case, a PQ control strategy is implemented using a
phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit, measuring the phase angle of the grid voltage and
generating a synchronization signal between the grid and the inverter; in the second one,
this function is substituted by a reference voltage generator imposing amplitude,
frequency, and phase, thus implementing a PV control strategy. Feedback signals are
included in the FLC, whose outputs are continuous waveforms applied to the MLI “Driver”
block which consists of conditional statement functions producing the discrete.
Table 3.1: Switching states for ith H-Bridge

The input variables to the FLC are as follows: 1) Vn, i.e., the inverter output voltage
Voutinv divided by 100, measured after a low-pass filter (for both PV and PQ controls); 2)
the difference between the actual and reference signals a) AI diff = Ioutinv − Iref (PQ control);
b) AVdiff = Voutinv − Vref (PV control). Both Ioutinv and Voutinv are measured after a low-pass
filter at the load terminals. This choice improves the quality of the control without
introducing delays; filter bandwidth is chosen around 1 kHz with resistive load. The output
of the controller is applied to the inverter gate drivers. The normalized input Vn is used in
order to identify the actual inverter operating state. Both the latter and the FLC output may
assume nine different states, i.e., integer values bounded within the range [−4, 4]. Table I
summarizes the switching states versus the output voltage for each H-bridge. It is worth
noting that not all the possible switching states must be mapped into voltage outputs of the
FLC, thus reducing the number of FL rules and of the necessary FPGA gates. The first step
during the FLC design was the creation of a knowledge base, i.e., fuzzy rules, expressed in
terms of statements, conditions, and actions. Starting from the condition “TRUE” (i.e., the
situation is verified), a set of rules was defined for the errors. Then, conditions were
defined accordingly, obtaining variable reactions.
Table 3.2: Switching states for ith H-Bridge
The number and type of membership functions (MFs) represent a key point for the
controller, being a trade off among achievable performance, memory space occupation,
and execution speed. Their shape depends on the input data distribution and can influence
both the tracking accuracy and the execution time. Although any convex shape can be
adopted, the most common are the triangular, trapezoidal, or Gaussian ones. In this paper,
the knowledge base was obtained through experimentation with the system and its
dynamics. Triangular shapes were chosen for input and output MFs because of their
satisfactory performance and simpler implementation using FPGA. The following

description deals with the controller designed for PV control; the one for PQ operation can
be quickly accomplished. Figs. 3.3 and 3.4 show the MFs chosen for the two input
parameters. The labels “NB,” “NS,” “ZE,” “PS,” and “PB” used for AV diff stand as
follows: “NB” = negative−big, “NS” = negative−small, “ZE” = zero, and so forth. It is
worth noting that, on the basis of simulations and sensitivity analysis, and in order to limit
the output voltage variations below 10%, the input AVdiff was assumed bounded within the
range [−30, 30] V.
Figure 3.3: MFs of parameter AVdiff

Figure 3.4: MFs of parameter Vn

The fuzzy sets for both the input and output variables were nine, as the number of
levels: IV −, III−, II−, I−, ZE, I+, II+, III+, and IV +. A Mamdani-based system
architecture was realized; Max − Min, composition technique, and the center-of-gravity
method were used in the inference engine and in the defuzzification process, respectively.
The latter was adopted because it is a good trade off between complexity and performance.
It is worth pointing out that a high number of fuzzy rules ensure both completeness and
appropriate resolution of the controller and, hence, high control accuracy. Nevertheless,
since both their type and quantity influence the fuzzy approximation error, a high number
of rules may lead to an over parameterized system, thus reducing generalization capability
and accuracy, and increasing execution time. The number of fuzzy rules depends on the
number of input variables, system performance, the execution time, the chosen MFs, the
ease of construction, and the adaptability. In this paper, the number and type of the control
rules were decided according to a sensitivity analysis made by varying the number and
type of rules. A satisfactory level of performance was obtained after a tuning process, i.e.,
starting from some initial heuristic rules and progressively modifying their number and
type. At the end of this process, the 45 inference rules summarized in Table II and shown
in Fig. 5 were selected. In the latter figure, the x-axis reports the possible values for AV diff,

the y-axis the possible values for Vn, and the z-axis the next state evaluated by the FLC
Table 3.3: Inference rules
The following logic was adopted for designing the inference rules. 1) If AV diff is
equal to ZE, the current state is correct, and the inverter preserves its current state. 2)
Considering a generic state, if AVdiff is positive Voutinv > Vref, then the inverter state should
be reduced; if AVdiff is negative Voutinv < Vref, the inverter state should be increased. The
same approach was used for designing the FLC for PQ operation. In this case, the signal
AIdiff was used instead of AVdiff. One problem arises with the power partitioning among the
four H-bridges. In fact, the use of uniform modulation leads to power unbalances among
the H-bridges (highlighted in Table III), which can generate overheating. This situation can
be circumvented by introducing a circular shift register, i.e., applying the signal
synthesized for one level sequentially to all H-bridges. The resulting power distribution
becomes well balanced, being close to 25% for all H-bridges.

Chapter-4
TWO-LEVEL INVERTERS
Chapter 4: Two-Level Inverters
4.1 Introduction:
The Power electronics (PE) enables conversion from one form of electrical energy
to another form, as shown in Fig. 4.1. Each PE interface includes a power converter that
consists of power semiconductor switches and primary electronic elements (resistors,
capacitors, inductors, transformers, diodes, etc.), and a control unit that manages the flow
of power and conversion of voltages and currents. The voltage levels, frequencies, and the
voltage and current forms (AC or DC) of the two sides of the converter may be different.
In some cases the power converter must make the bidirectional flow of power possible
(e.g., battery interface) but in other cases the power might flow from one side (source) to
the other (load).
Figure 4.5: General representation of a power electronics interface
4.2 Power Semiconductor switches
The heart of a PE converter is its semiconductor power switches. A power switch is

a controlled electronic device that can switch between “on” and “off ” states, and is used in
PE converters to manipulate and shape the output voltage and currents. In an ideal case a
power switch is switched immediately, has no resistance in its on state, and has infinite
resistance in the off state. However, in reality, power switches are not ideal. Switching
between on and off states takes time and the on state resistance has a positive value. Also,
real switches have limitations in terms of the on state current and off state voltage that they
can tolerate. Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 show approximate waveforms of voltage and current in an
ideal and a real switch respectively, which in turn illustrates that in reality every switching
leads to power loss in the switches.

Figure 4.6: Voltage and current

waveforms of a power switch for
an ideal switch
Therefore even though PE

converters offer of considerably
higher efficiency than other conversion
circuits (e.g., linear regulators) and
typically have efficiencies higher
that 85% up to close to 100%,
switching loss has to be considered in
their design and is a limiting factor for the switching frequency of the converter. Two types
of power switches are normally used in power converters, especially for low to medium
voltage and power applications such as in microgrids: metal oxide-semiconductor field-
effect transistors (MOSFETs) and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). IGBTs that
can tolerate very large voltages (up to 6.5 kV) are available, and high-current IGBT
modules are used in many applications with currents up to 3 kA.

Figure 4.7: Voltage and current waveforms of a power switch for a non-ideal switch
Therefore IGBTs can be used in a wide power range of up to several megawatts.
MOSFETs, however, have a voltage rating of a maximum of a few hundred volts, and their
power handling capability is limited to 100 kVA. As the fastest switching devices, they can
reach switching frequencies of more than 1MHz. The maximum switching frequency of
IGBTs is, however limited to a few tens of kilohertz. While there are other types of power
semiconductor switches such as thyristors, gate turn-off thyristors and integrated gate-
controlled thyristors (IGCTs), they are mostly used for very high power applications, and

therefore their use in microgrids is not as common as that of IGBTs and MOSFETs. Fig.
4.4 shows how different power switches compare on the basis of their power ratings and
switching capabilities.
Figure 4.8: Comparison of power switches in terms of power and frequency
4.3 Classification of Power Converters
On the basis of the input and output types of the voltages and currents shown in
Fig. 4.1, a PE converter can be classified in general as follows: • DC-DC converters (see
Fig. 4.5A): They get DC voltages and currents in the input, and generate controlled DC
voltages and currents in the output. Although they have huge application (e.g., in consumer
electronics), their use in microgrids is mostly limited to DC microgrids. However, they are
also used in multistage power converters (e.g., when a change in the amplitude of the
generated DC voltage of a photovoltaic (PV) module is needed before it is fed to the DC-
AC converter). • DC-AC converters (see Fig. 4.5B): These are also called inverters, and
they produce AC outputs with controllable phase, frequency, and magnitude.

Figure 4.9: General classification of power electronic converters: (A) DC-DC converter;
(B) DC-AC converter; (C) AC-DC converter; (D) AC-AC converter
They are the central part of electric drive systems for control of the speed and
torque of electric motors, and therefore they play an important role in many industrial
applications, as well as in traction systems (including electric vehicles) and wind energy
applications. Moreover, PVs, batteries, and fuel cells all produce DC voltages that must be
converted to AC if they are to be used in an AC system.
• AC-DC converters (see Fig. 4.5C): These converters transform AC to DC with

controllable voltage, and are also known as rectifiers. In its simplest form, a rectifier can
consist of diode circuits, but controlled converters based on semiconductor switches can
also be used to offer higher degrees of controllability and bidirectional power transfer.
• AC-AC converters (see Fig. 4.5D): These can transform AC to another AC with
controllable phase, magnitude, and frequency. In most cases they include two stages of
conversion from AC to DC and back to AC, and therefore normally have a DC link in
between. However, some structures such as matrix converters can convert AC to AC
without an intermediary DC link, but they normally have disadvantages such as higher
complexity and cost. Most wind energy systems produce variable frequency AC and
therefore need an AC-AC converter for them to be connected to the grid. Controlled AC-
DC and DC-AC conversion can be done with a simple structure known as a two-level
converter. This structure is also widely used in AC-DC-AC converters such as those used
in some wind energy conversion systems (WECS). In the following, the structure, essential
operation, modulation, and modelling of a two-level converter are explained.

4.4 Conventional Two-Level Converter
The three-phase two-level converter consists of three legs, each made of two
switches and two anti-parallel diodes connected to them. Fig. 4.6 shows the structure of a
two-level converter. The switches are normally IGBTs or MOSFETs, as previously
mentioned, but it is possible to use IGCTs to achieve higher powers. All three legs are
connected to a DC link that includes a capacitor and provides constant DC voltage in
inverter mode. When this structure is used in rectifier mode, the capacitor voltage is
controlled to be constant. An L or LCL filter is typically used in the output to filter the
voltage harmonics and allow connection to the grid in the case of grid-connected operation
(e.g., in wind energy systems).
The converter is controlled by the appropriate switching on and off of its six
switches. Each switch has a driver that gets the gating signals from the controller and turns
the switch on/off. If two switches of the leg are switched on at the same time, the DC-link
capacitor will be short-circuited. The gate signals of the two switches of a leg are therefore
complementary, and are shown by Tx for leg x. If Tx = 1, this means that the upper switch
of the leg is commanded to be turned on and the lower switch is to be in the off state.
Conversely, Tx = 0 means that the upper switch is turned off and the lower switch is
commanded to be in the on state. Fig. 4.7 shows how the output voltage of a single leg will
vary on the basis of its switching state. The output voltage of legs will be +V DC/2 when the
upper switch is on and −VDC/2 when the lower switch is on.
The output current can pass through the conducting switch or its anti-parallel diode
in each case, depending on the current direction. This also shows the importance of anti-
parallel diodes, considering that they provide a path for currents to pass, which is necessary
because of the series filter inductances. Also, loads in a three-phase inverter normally have
inductive parts and therefore need to always have a path for their currents. By modulation
of the two output values of each leg, it is possible to control its effective output voltage,
and hence the output voltage of the converter

Figure 4.10: Two-level three-phase converter
Figure 4.11: Current flow paths in different switching states and phase current polarity
4.5 Power Converter Topologies for PV Systems
PV modules produce DC currents and voltages and therefore need an inverter for
them to be connected to the micro-grid (or utility). Many different inverters are proposed
for PV applications in comparison with other renewable systems such as wind energy
systems. This is mostly because PV systems cover a wider range of power, and are also
regularly installed on a residential scale, where efficiency and personal safety are of high

importance. In centralized PV systems (solar farms), PV modules can be connected to each

other in series and parallel to get to the required current and voltage level. The output of
the PV array is then converted to AC by means of a three-phase inverter.
Figure 4.12: Different arrangements of PV modules and inverters: (A) centralized; (B)
string
configuration; (C) AC module technology
Fig. 4.8A shows how PV modules are connected to the inverter in such a
configuration. Fig. 4.9 shows as example of the inverter and connection to the utility. A
filter capacitor is used in the input, and an LC filter may be used in the output of the
inverter. A three-phase transformer boosts the voltage level and connects the inverter to the
microgrid/utility, while providing galvanic isolation. Putting solar modules in such a series
and parallel configuration has its own problems such as inflexible design and power loss
due to centralized maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In newer designs, a string of
PV modules are connected in series and then the DC output is converted to AC by means
of single-phase inverters. If enough modules are put in series, the resulting voltage may be
large enough that no voltage amplification will be necessary, otherwise a DC-DC converter
or a line-frequency transformer may be used for voltage amplification. Use of this
configuration leads to higher efficiency compared with a central scheme. This
configuration is depicted in Fig. 4.8B.

Figure 4.13: Single-stage PV power converter

On the other hand, low-frequency transformers are bulky, expensive, and have low
efficiency, and therefore are considered as poor components. To avoid their use in PV
applications, multistage conversion systems are used, especially in residential-scale
applications. Fig. 4.10 shows an example of a dual-stage conversion system. A DC-DC
converter is used to boost the voltage of the PV array and to perform the MPPT. Normally
a high-frequency transformer is used in the DC-DC converter to provide galvanic isolation
as well as voltage boost. The three-phase inverter then converts the resulting DC voltage to
AC voltage and controls the power flow and power factor at the point of coupling. In
residential applications, module-integrated converters have been the focus of research in
recent years. Each PV module has a grid-connected inverter, constructing a so-called AC
module, which allows a high degree of modularity and plug and-play capability. Since
each individual module is controlled by MPPT, the overall energy-harvesting capability is
improved. This is the configuration shown in Fig. 4.8C.
Figure 4.14: Dual-stage PV power converter

Figure 4.15: Full-bridge inverter

The AC module consists of a PV module and an inverter, and supports individual
MPPT. Because of the modularity offered, the system can be enlarged easily, and also
plug-and-play capability will be inherent in such a system. As shown in Fig. 4.8, these
modules normally use single-phase inverters to connect to the microgrid/utility. The most
basic single-phase inverter is the full-bridge (or H-bridge) converter, which is the
simplified and single-phase version of the three-phase two-level inverter in Fig. 4.6. Fig.
4.11 shows the full-bridge inverter. However, the full-bridge inverter itself is normally not
used for PV applications, and more complicated topologies based on this converter are
employed for inverters of AC modules.
In general, like three-phase inverters, single-phase inverters can also be based on

single stage conversion with a low-frequency transformer or double-stage conversion with
a high-frequency transformer at the DC side. In recent years, many transformer less
topologies have been proposed for AC modules. They offer more efficiency compared with
structures with low-frequency or high frequency transformers, and are also lighter, less
costly, and less bulky. Transformer less structures can be divided into three categories:
two-stage, pseudo-DC-link, and single-stage topologies. Two-stage topologies have a DC-
DC converter that amplifies the voltage and performs MPPT, as well as a DC-DC inverter
stage, similarly to what is presented in Fig. 4.11 but without a transformer and with a
single-phase inverter. Fig. 4.12 shows an example structure, consisting of a boost DC-DC
converter placed in series with a full-bridge converter. Many alternative topologies have
been presented, including a soft switching, buck-boost converter as the DC-DC converter,
and half-bridge or neutral point converters as the inverter.

Figure 4.16: Two-stage transformer less converter (boost converter and full-bridge
inverter)
Since each level of power conversion produces losses, two-level conversion can
decrease the overall efficiency of the system. Reducing the number of power conversion
stages can lead to an increase in the overall efficiency; therefore single-stage topologies are
also being studied, and several topologies have been proposed in the literature. They can
also offer higher reliability and lower cost. Fig. 4.13 shows an example where a boost
converter is integrated with the full-bridge converter. Several other topologies based on
integration of boost or buck-boost converters or based on a Z-source inverter are also
available. However, single-stage topologies generally need a capacitor in parallel with the
PV module with values higher than that of the two-stage capacitors, where it is placed in
the DC link. Bulky electrolyte capacitors that are used in these structures may be a limiting
factor for the lifetime and reliability of the converter. Their control is complex, and despite
there being a single stage, it may be difficult to reach higher efficiencies in practice.

Figure 4.17: Single-stage transformer less converter with integrated boost inverter
Figure 4.18: Path of leakage current in a transformer less PV configuration
Another very important aspect in transformer less grid-connected systems is that

the leakage current generated by the PV parasitic capacitors and the grounding should be
carefully dealt with. Because of the parasitic capacitance between the PV cells and the
metal frame of the panel (which is usually grounded), a common mode current can flow if
there is no galvanic isolation. This will result in greater electromagnetic interference and
also loss of electrical safety and possibly disconnection from the grid by the protection
devices on the basis of standards such as DIN VDE 0126-1-1. Fig. 4.14 shows the path of
current in a simple transformer less system. In a single-phase full bridge converter, bipolar

and unipolar PWM methods can be used, but in most cases a unipolar PWM is used to
improve the output quality of the converter. In the case of bipolar PWM, the switching
command of phase a is calculated similarly to that in the case of a three phase inverter by
comparison of Vref with the carrier signal. The switching commands of the other leg (leg b)
are complementary of those of the first leg, meaning that the gate commands for S1 and S4
are the same, and similarly the same gate signal is applied to both S2 and S3. Fig. 4.15
shows the carrier and reference voltages, as well as the output voltage of each leg and the
resulting output voltage of the inverter. In the case of unipolar PWM, however, the
switching commands for the two legs of the inverter are calculated by comparison of V ref
and –Vref with the carrier signal. Fig. 4.16. shows as example of unipolar waveforms, and
shows that this PWM results in three-level output voltage with twice the switching
frequency.
Figure 4.19: Bipolar pulse width modulation waveforms for a single-phase inverter

It can be verified that bipolar PWM results in a two-level output voltage with higher total
harmonic distortion and more stress on the output filter. That is generally why unipolar
PWM is used. When S1 and S4 are on, the common mode voltage v cm = (Va0+Vb0)/2 is
equal to Vdc , as it is when S2 and S3 are on. On the other hand, in the “freewheeling”
interval when S1 and S3 or S2 and S4 are on, the common mode voltage will be +V dc or
−Vdc respectively, giving a high-frequency common mode voltage, which in turn will result
in high leakage current. One can minimize the common mode current by keeping the
common mode voltage constant. Two solutions to reduce the leakage current by the
disconnecting of the output of the inverter from the input during the freewheeling period
are shown in Fig. 4.18.

Figure 4.20: Unipolar pulse width modulation waveforms for a single-phase inverter.
An additional switch can be added at the DC side to disconnect the two sides
during freewheeling, as shown in Fig. 4.18A. This topology is called H5 and is used in
SMA inverters. It is also possible to use two switches at the AC side to decouple the AC
and DC sides (and therefore decoupling of the grid and PV system), as shown in Fig.
4.18B. This topology is called the highly efficient reliable inverter concept (HERIC) and is
used in Sunways inverters. Both these topologies can reduce the leakage current. Several
other topologies are also available that use additional switches to clamp the load voltages
to half of the DC bus voltage during freewheeling, therefore keeping the common mode
voltage constant and the leakage current at a minimum.

Figure 4.21: AC and DC decoupling for a full-bridge inverter.

Chapter-5
MATLAB/SIMULINK
Chapter 5:MATLAB/SIMULINK
1.7 Matlab Introduction
Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include Math and computation algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling,
simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and
engineering graphics application development, including graphical user interface building.
The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects.
Today, matlab engines incorporate the lapack and blas libraries, embedding the state of the
art in software for matrix computation.
Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes.

Very important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology.
Tool boxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that extend
the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes
are available include signal processing, control systems, neutral networks, fuzzy logic,
wavelets, simulation, and many others. This is a vast collection of computational
algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex
arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel
functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
1.7.1 Development environment
This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use matlab functions and files. Many
of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the matlab desktop and command
window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the
workspace, files and the search path.

1.7.2 Matlab mathematical function library
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions,

like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like
matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
1.7.3 Matlab Language
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,

data structure, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
“programming in the small” to rapidly quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
“programming in the large” to create large and complex application programs.
Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well
as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize
the appearance the graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your
matlab applications
1.7.4 Matlab Application Program Interface (API)
This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
matlab. It includes facilities for calling routines from matlab (dynamic limiting), calling
matlab as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
1.8 Simulink Introduction
Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is mathematical tool developed by the

math works, (http:www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered
by extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a
dynamic system and look at results. Any logic circuit, or control system for a dynamic
system can be built by using standard building blocks available in simulink libraries.
Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, dsp,
statistics etc. are available with simulink, which enhance the processing power of the tool.
The main advantage is the avalabilty of templates/building blocks, which avoid the
necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.

1.9 Various Blocks used in simulation of the work
Various blocks used in this simulation work are given in subsections below.
1.9.1 Constant Block
Figure 5.22: Constant Block
Outputs a vector of length N if the Constant value parameter evaluates to an N-

element row or column vector. For example, the block outputs a matrix of dimension 1-by-
N or N-by-1.
Figure 5.23: Block Parameters of constant block Matlab view

1.9.2 Matlab function block
With a MATLAB Function block, you can write a MATLAB function for use in a
Simulink model. The MATLAB function you create executes for simulation and generates
code for a Simulink Coder target. It is under user defined functions in Matlab.
Figure 5.24: Matlab function block
1.9.3 Repeating Sequence
The Repeating Sequence block outputs a periodic scalar signal having a waveform
that you specify using the Time values and Output values parameters. The Time values
parameter specifies a vector of output times. The Output values parameter specifies a
vector of signal amplitudes at the corresponding output times. Together, the two
parameters specify a sampling of the output waveform at points measured from the
beginning of the interval over which the waveform repeats (the period of the signal).
Figure 5.25: Repeating Sequence block
Figure 5.26: Block Parameters of Repeating Sequence block Matlab view

1.9.4 Parallel RLC Branch Block
The Parallel RLC Branch block implements a single resistor, inductor, and capacitor
or a parallel combination of these. Use the Branch type parameter to select elements you
want to include in the branch. Negative values are allowed for resistance, inductance, and
capacitance.
Figure 5.27: Parallel RLC block
1.9.5 Powergui
The powergui block allows user to choose one of following methods to solve a
circuit
 Continuous, which uses a variable-step solver from Simulink

 Ideal switching continuous
 Discretization of the electrical system for a solution at fixed time steps
 Phasor solution
The Powergui block is necessary for simulation of any Simulink model containing
SimPowerSystems™ blocks. It is used to store the equivalent Simulink circuit that
represents the state-space equations of the model.
Figure 5.28: Powergui

1.9.6 From and goto
The From block accepts a signal from a corresponding Goto block, then passes it as
output. The data type of the output is the same as that of the input from the Goto block.
From and Goto blocks allow to pass a signal from one block to another without actually
connecting them. To associate a Goto block with a From block, enter the Goto block's tag
in the Goto Tag parameter. A From block can receive its signal from only one Goto block,
although a Goto block can pass its signal to more than one From block.
This figure shows that using a Goto block and a From block is equivalent to
connecting the blocks to which those blocks are connected. In the model at the left, Block1
passes a signal to Block2. That model is equivalent to the model at the right, which
connects Block1 to the Goto block, passes that signal to the From block, then on to Block2.
Figure 5.29: Example of from and goto blocks usage
A local tag name is enclosed in brackets ([]). A scoped tag name is enclosed in
braces ({}). The From block supports signal label propagation
Figure 5.30: Block parameters of from block Matlab view

Chapter-6
RESULTS
Chapter 6: Results
1.10 Simulation Block Diagram
Figure.6.31: System Simulink model

1.11 Case 1: Voltages and currents with Linear Load with PI controller
Figure.6.32: Case 1: Various Voltages and Currents of the system with PI control and
Linear Load

Chapter 6: Results
1.12 Case 1: FFT analysis with PI controller
Figure.6.33: Case 1: FFT analysis with PI controller

1.13 Case 2: Voltages and currents with linear load with fuzzy controller
Figure.6.34: Case 2: Various Voltages and Currents of the system with Fuzzy control and
Linear Load

Chapter 6: Results
1.14 Case 1: FFT analysis with Fuzzy controller
Figure.6.35: Case 1: FFT analysis with Fuzzy controller
From above figures it is evident that the THD% has been minimised in case 2 with
Fuzzy controller. Simulations show the advantages of fuzzy controller for a two level
inverter for integrating Electric Vehicles into microgrid.

Chapter-7
Conclusions and scope of future work

Chapter 7: Conclusions and Scope of future work
7.1 Conclusions
In this work, a fuzzy based control for a two-level inverter is proposed. The
proposed controller is aimed at providing cheaper solution for Electric Vehicles integration
into standalone microgrid. These standalone micro grids needs better control to convert DC
power generated to AC power with proper grid code. Simulation results extend the voltage
regulation capability, balanced voltages after integration of Electric Vehicles. The
proposed FUZZY control algorithm could able to control amplitude loop to meet grid code.
Also, the proposed solution provides balance and low THD voltages to the customers.
7.2 Scope for future work
 Islanded mode of operation can be modeled in microgrid paradigm.
 The control mechanism can be developed for mitigating other power quality
issues.

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SIMULATION OF VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G)

INTEGRATION TO UTILITY GRID

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BONALA SAIPRAKASH 16641A0281

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Dr. Durga Hari Kiran B

We are thankful to Dr. Y. Hareesh Kumar, Associate Professor, Head of the

It gives us immense pleasure in expressing our sincere and deepest sense of

MORE VENKANNA 16645A0234

MORE VENKANNA 16645A0234

Figure 1.1: Electric Vehicles connected to Microgrid...........................................................2

Table 3.1: Switching states for ith H-Bridge.......................................................................13

EVs Electric Vehicles

Figure 1.1: Electric Vehicles connected to Microgrid

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Figure 1.2: Electric Vehicles in some parts of India

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Several EV research works used different methods dealing with EV coordinated

RAcross the world, our consumption of energy is increasing. The global

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Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal 5

better voltage regulation..

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1.4 Components of Microgrids:

A µGrid is a semiautonomous grouping of generating sources and end-use sinks

Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Warangal 6

Three key potential features of the µGrid are:

1.4.1 The Design around Total System Energy Requirements:

1.4.2 Provision Of Heterogeneous Level Of Power Quality And Reliability To

Feature 2 suggests a central goal of µGrids concerns tailoring PQR to the

1.4.3 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:

Feature 3 concerns the µGrid's presentation to the surrounding distribution grid as a

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of local control independent of the microgrid. This control could be implemented by

1.4.4 Presentation To The Microgrid As A Single Controlled Entity:

Feature 3 concerns the µGrid's presentation to the surrounding distribution grid as a

1.5 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:

• Relatively large imbalances between load and generation to be managed

1.6 Technical Challenges for Microgrids:

• Relatively large imbalances between load and generation to be managed

1.6.1 Protection issues:

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1.6.2 Modification in fault current level:

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3.1 Parameter Definition

1.6.3 Modification in fault current level:

Figure 3.3: Simple Feedback System

Using servo theory, the following relationships can be obtained.

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These parameters relate to the functions of a frequency/voltage estimation as shown in

Figure 3.4: Phased Locked Loop

3.2 Integrated FLC/Modulator:

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3.3 Controller/Modulator Design and Analysis

A schematic diagram of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of four

Table 3.1: Switching states for ith H-Bridge

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Table 3.2: Switching states for ith H-Bridge

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Figure 3.3: MFs of parameter AVdiff

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Figure 3.4: MFs of parameter Vn