45. speak on O’Henry’s short stories.

O. Henry was an American writer of short stories(more than 300). Because of some time spent in jail, Porter didn't
want to use his own name for his stories, so he used a pseudonym.' He chose O. Henry. O. Henry wrote stories set in
places where he'd lived and included characters and events from his real life. His stories are known for their surprise
endings.
"The Gift of the Magi" is about a young couple, Jim and Della, who are short of money but desperately want to buy
each other Christmas gifts. Unbeknownst to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order
to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch; while unbeknownst to Della, Jim sells his own most valuable possession,
his watch, to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.
"The Ransom of Red Chief" in which two men kidnap a boy of ten. The boy turns out to be so bratty and obnoxious
that the desperate men ultimately pay the boy's father $250 to take him back.
"The Cop and the Anthem" about a New York City hobo named Soapy, who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a
guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.
49.the main reasons for the emerge of realism in victoria literature. Proe that it is the age of a novel.

Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid-nineteenth-century French literature, and
Russian literature and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In literature, writers use realism as
a literary technique to describe story elements, such as setting, characters, themes, etc., without using elaborate
imagery, or figurative language, such as similes and metaphors. Through realism, writers explain things without
decorative language or sugar-coating the events. Charles Dickens was very famous for his realistic novels. He was not
afraid to show ugliness and depravity in his writing. Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations were a
few of his novels which showed dire situations and poverty while there was a contrast with people who were
extremely wealthy. Other authors who were known for their work in this genre were Charlotte Bronte for Jane Eyre,
George Elliot for Middlemarch and Thomas Hardy for Jude The Obscure.

50.prove that walter scott is 1 of the most prominent figures in English romanticism.

Since Scott's writings are historical romances, romanticism and history are hardly separable. His passion for places
made it easy for him to romanticize the events that took place there. Scott was interested in superstition, which was in
vogue in romantic literature, but only as a curiosity. Someone once said something to the effect that he saw too much
daylight through the dark mysticism to be much affected by it. His use of superstition is certainly more romantic than
with any intent to make it credulous.The work made Scott’s name known to a wide public, and he followed up his first
success with a full-length narrative poem, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, which ran into many editions. His first prose
work, Waverley in 1814, is often called the first historical novel. It launched a highly successful career, with other
historical novels such as Rob Roy, The Heart of Midlothian and Ivanhoe.

51the 2-nd generation of Romanticism was differentto lake poets. Difference between them.

Critics normally divide the Romantic poets into two generations; the first in the generation of Wordsworth and
Coleridge, while the second includes Byron, Shelley and Keats.Wordsworth and Coleridge are also called "lake Poets"
because both lived for a long time in the Lake District. In 1798 they published the collection of poems known as the
Lyrical Ballads: nineteen of the poems were by Wordsworth and four by Coleridge. The poets of the second
generation left England, visited Italy, and died prematurely. While Byron and Shelley distinguished themselves for
their rebellious spirit and passionate defence of freedom, Keats was mainly concerned with pursuit of beauty, and
there are many who consider him a forerunner of the Aesthetic Movement, which was tocharacterise the last decades
of the 19th century.

From the literary point of view, there are many features in common between the first and the second generation: the
concept of the role of the poet, the emphasis on the cognitive power of the imagination, individualism, the aspiration
to the Infinite or the Absolute. But with the second generation there was a return to more complex forms of
versification, the language became richer, and many poemsshowed a new interest in the world of ancient Greece.

52. lyrical ballads marked the beginning of the romantic movement. What do you know about lake poets&
what are the features of their poetry?

Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic
movement in literature. Wordsworth and Coleridge are also called "lake Poets" because both lived for a long time in
the Lake District, a picturesque region in Cumberland. In 1798 they published the collection of poems known as the
Lyrical Ballads: nineteen of the poems were by Wordsworth and four by Coleridge. In his poems Wordsworth made
poetry out of the incidents of simple rustic life, in a language that was similar to ordinary speech. Coleridge, instead,
employed poetry to give credibility to the fantastic and supernatural. The Lake Poets believed that poetry could be
written only under mystical inspiration. They tried to express their feelings and thoughts through the most simple,
artless poetic language, using the short but forceful words and constructions of everyday speech.

53. what is romanticism? Define its main features. Describe romantic nature imagery and symbolism. Speak on
W.Blake’s and Burn’s poetry.

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that
originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period
from 1800 to 1850. the transcendentalists were influenced by Romanticism, especially such aspects as self-
examination, the celebration of individualism, and the extolling of the beauties of nature and humankind. Symbolism
and myth were given great prominence in the Romantic conception of art. In the Romantic view, symbols were the
human aesthetic correlatives of nature's emblematic language. Romantic nature poetry is essentially a poetry of
meditation.

William Blake (1757 – 1827) During his lifetime, and for half a century afterwards, William Blake’s poetry and art
were largely ignored, even derided as the work of a madman. POETRY: The Lamb The speaker, a child, asks the
lamb about its origins: how it came into being, how it acquired its particular manner of feeding. “The Lamb” has two
stanzas. The lamb of course symbolizes Jesus. The Tyger “The Tyger” consists entirely of unanswered questions,
and the poet leaves us to awe at the complexity of creation, the cheer magnitude of God’s power, and the inscrutability
of divine will.

Robert Burns. The history of Robert Burns’ family was one of incessant poverty – poor land, high rent, and
backbreaking physical labor. Though his formal education was limited, his father inspired in him a love of learning
that led him to the works of such writers as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, and Pope. To a Mouse. In this poem, Burns
identifies the animal with the human world, although the poem is essentially about himself. The mouse is interesting
because its plight reminds him of his own.  It is not primarily of himself that Burns is thinking, but of his own
experience as representative of all mankind’s.

55. peculiarities of English englishtenment

…was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th
century, the "Century of Philosophy". Some consider the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687)
as the first major enlightenment work. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the sovereignty of
reason and the evidence of the senses as the primary sources of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty,
progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. The Age of
Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. The most influential publication
of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie (Encyclopaedia). It helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across
Europe and beyond. The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which
began in 1789. After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by the intellectual movement known as
Romanticism.

56. what is metaphysical poetry? Characterize john donne’s and john milton’s poetry.

The poems classified in this group do share common characteristics: they are all highly intellectualized, use rather
strange imagery, use frequent paradox and contain extremely complicated thought. However, metaphysical poetry is
not regarded as a genre of poetry. In fact, the main poets of this group didn't read each other's work and didn't know
that they were even part of a classification. The word 'meta' means 'after,' so the literal translation of 'metaphysical' is
'after the physical.' Basically, metaphysics deals with questions that can't be explained by science. It questions the
nature of reality in a philosophical way.

Donne (1572 – 1631) was the most influential metaphysical poet. His personal relationship with spirituality is at the
center of most of his work, and the psychological analysis and sexual realism of his work marked a dramatic departure
from traditional, genteel verse. His early work, collected in Satires and in Songs and Sonnets, was released in an era of
religious oppression. His Holy Sonnets, which contains many of Donne’s most enduring poems, was released shortly
after his wife died in childbirth.

John Milton’s literary production reflects the main aspects of his time. Paradise Lost, whose central theme is the fall
of Satan in the Hell, is an epic poem: Milton chose this genre because of the importance of the arguments he wanted to
deal with. In fact the epic poem, born before writing as long narrative texts recited in front of an audience, celebrates
the deeds of a hero, and because of the struggle between two opposing religious forces, Milton’s masterpiece can be
called a “religious epic poem”. The events take place in Hell, Heaven and Eden, while the characters are no longer
warriors, but Satan, God, Christ and Man.
57. qualities of form and spirit of anglo-saxon literature.

Germanic tribes invaded England in the 5th century, after the Roman withdrawal, brought with them the Old English,
of Anglo-Saxon. By the end of the 7th century invasion ended.

They also brought oral poetic tradition. This was not written literature. It consisted of songs, myths etc. which
expressed the values of Anglo-Saxon society and the process of social development. A freeman changed to a serf. The
warrior to a king’s man. The ideal member of society was a warrior.

Anglo-Saxon literature, which is also called Old English literature comprises literature written in Old English in
Anglo-Saxon England, from the 7th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066. These literary genres include epic
poetry, sermons, and Bible translations. There are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period. Among the most
important works of this period is the epic poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in England. The two
types of poetry that were written during this period were heroic poetry and Christian poetry. The purpose of this
literature was to pass along tribal history and values to a population that could not read or write.

58. prove that literature of the middle age is much more diversified than the previous OE literature. (сравнить
c 57 вопросом)

The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works. Theological works (religion)
were the dominant form of literature typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages. Catholic clerics were the
intellectual center of society in the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was produced in the greatest quantity.
Countless hymns survive from this time period.

Secular literature in this period was not produced in equal quantity as religious literature. The earliest tales are based
on oral traditions. Travel literature was highly popular in the Middle Ages, as fantastic accounts of far-off lands
(frequently embellished or entirely false) entertained a society that supported sea voyages and trading along coasts and
rivers, as well as pilgrimages to such destinations as Jerusalem; Canterbury and Glastonbury in England.

59. Thomas more is the first great exponent of the renaissance. Prove it.

Thomas More is one of the most important figures of the English Renaissance. Scholar, statesman, lawyer, author,
family man, and saint, he is considered by many an example of virtue, while others criticize him for his intolerance
and fanaticism. He came into great favor and made a rapid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works of a
political, philosophical and historical character. His most famous book is "Utopia". "Utopia" - means "no place, no
there". The work is writing in Latin and divided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe
formulate communist principals as a bases of society.

60. nowhere was the influence of Italian models more strongly felt than in the Elizabethan poetry. Prove

Literature in Elizabethan England was heavily influenced by that of Italy, and to a lesser extent by that of Spain and
France.

The Elizabethan Age is considered the Golden Age of English literature. English writers were intrigued and heavily
influenced by Italian Renaissance writing and readily adopted this model. This period also saw the introduction of a
new genre in English theatre, the tragicomedy, which became very popular. The works of writers such as Shakespeare,
Wyatt and Thomas Campion became very popular as printed literature and was widely distributed in households.

Italian literature was an important influence on the poetry of Thomas Wyatt (1503–42), one of the earliest English
Renaissance poets. He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry. Wyatt had brought to attention the
beauty and artfulness of the Petrarchan sonnet. Shakespeare made significant changes to the Italian model and
introduced his own style, now known as the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet.

61. outstanding playwrights of Elizabethan era

When you mention Elizabethan Era and drama, the first name that comes to mind is that of great William
Shakespeare. He is arguably the greatest dramatists in living memory. It was the peak of the English Renaissance and
saw some great English poetry, music and literature. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre grew,
and many playwrights composed plays that changed the face of England’s theatre. There were many playwrights that
flourished during this period – Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher,
Ben Johnson, Sir Walter Raleigh to name a few.

Commonly known as Bard, William Shakespeare is, by far, the most famous and popular playwrights of the
Elizabethan era, and possibly of all times. Shakespeare was famous for all types of plays – tragedies, comedies, heroic
verses, historical etc. He also wrote 152 sonnets, and verses in many languages. His plays include Romeo and Juliet,
Hamlet, The Tempest, Comedy of Errors, Julius Ceaser, Henry VII among others.

Christopher Marlowe was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. He was considered as the
foremost Elizabethan tragedist, next to William Shakespeare, known for his blank verse and his overreaching
protagonists. His famous plays are Dido, Queen of Carthage, Tamburlaine and The Massacre at Paris.

62. reasons for Shakespeare’s theatrical greatness

By 1599, Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which
they called the Globe Theater. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds,
which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. This made him an entrepreneur as well as an artist, and
scholars believe these investments gave him the time to write his plays uninterrupted. He wrote for his
contemporaries, he wrote for those who came to his theater, for the crowd that filled his Globe. He did not write for
readers - he wrote for the audience. That is the whole point.

63. popularity of Shakespeare’s sonnets.

Shakespeare published 154 sonnets, and although they are all poems that are of the highest quality, there are some that
have entered deeply into the consciousness of our culture to become the most famous of Shakespeare’s sonnets. These
most famous sonnets are quoted regularly by people at all levels of modern western life – sometimes without even
realising that they are quoting a line from a Shakespeare sonnet. The most famous sonnets approach the great
universal themes of love and death, or the slow ageing that precedes death.

Perhaps the most famous of all the sonnets is Sonnet 18, where Shakespeare addresses a young man to whom he is
very close. Sonnet 33: This is a poem about loss; the loss of a loved one. The narrator of Sonnet 73 is approaching
death and thinking about how different it is from being young. It’s like the branch of a tree where birds once sang but
the birds have gone and the leaves have fallen, leaving only a few dry yellow leaves.