Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Acoustics, Mechanics,
and the Related Topics of
Ma thema tical Analqsis
CAES du CNRS, Frejus, France 18- 22 June 2002
Editor
Armand Wirgin
Laboratoire de Mecanique et dAcoustique Marseille, France
orld Scientific
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The objective of AMRTMA was two-fold. First, and above all, it was
the occasion for friends and admirers of Robert P. Gilbert to celebrate his
70th birthday in a convivial atmosphere. Second, the conference was to
Figure 1 . Bob Gilbert on the boat to St. Tkopez during the AMRTMA conference
provide a means for bringing together scientists from many different fields
to discuss the intricacies and usefulness of applied mathematics, notably in
the realm of mechanics.
V
vi
in this book) was high and the banquet in honor of R. Gilbert a memorable
birthday celebration. As the participants were together (all lodged in the
Villa Clythia, a vacation and conference facility of the CNRS) most of the
time during the five days of the meeting, they had many occasions (notably
during the meals, cocktails, and boat trip to St. Tropez) to socialize as well
as exchange ideas and impressions.
My old friend R. Tanteri from Toulouse, France, made the web page that
helped draw attention to the conference and A. DBlinibre LMA/CNRS,
France installed this page on the LMA web site. The task of designing the
logo of the conference was submitted to P. de Sentenac, Paris, France and
to V. Quesnel, Rouen, fiance (whose design was finally retained).
vii
The success of the conference was largely due to the efforts of the kind
and efficient personnel of the Villa Clythia: its Director, M. Chevalier, its
Assistant Director, E. Porcu, and all the other members of the staff who
made our stay an enjoyable experience.
Next to last, but not least, I thank my wife Nicole and my daughter Zo6 for
their encouragements and efficient help at the reception desk of the confer-
ence.
Armand Wirgin
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface V
A. Wirgin
ix
X
Differential calculi 78
R. Carroll
Principles of signal based ray tracing for 2D and 3D complex tectonics 123
P. Cristini and E. De Bazelaire
On the Hardy spaces of harmonic and monogenic functions in the unit 137
ball of R ~ + ~
R. Delanghe
Time domain wave equations for lossy media obeying a frequency 143
power law: application to the porous materials
Z.E.A. Fellah, S. Berger, W. Lauriks and C. Depollier
xi
A model for porous ductile viscoplastic solids including void shape 150
effects
L. Flandi and J. B. Leblond
On the controlled evolution of level sets and like methods: the shape 243
and contrast reconstruction
C. Ramananjaona, M. Lambert, D. Lesselier and J-P. Zol&o
Hadamard singular integral equations for the Stokes problem and 272
Hermite wavelets
L. Zhu and W. Lin
List of Communications 28 1
ROBERT CARROLL
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Email: rcarrollOrnath.uiuc.edu
This is the talk given during the banquet dinner in honor of R.P. Gilbert on the
occasion of his 70th birthday.
1. Propaganda
I welcome this occasion to say a few words about Bob Gilbert. This is not
just some garden variety guy so extensive comments are necessary in order
to appreciate his magnitude "cornme une sorte de gros legume mais avec
des qualit& humaines admirables". He refers to himself as an applied ana-
lyst and I think this should be amplified to say that he has a deep physical
intuition coupled with enormous mathematical insight, enabling him to for-
mulate and solve many problems of genuine interest in a real technological
world. It is a gift. His work is based on function theoretic methods applied
to PDE and includes applications to inverse problems, plasto-elasticity,
homogenization, hemivariational inequalities, flow of viscous fluids, ocean
acoustics and search procedures, etc. Specific items are:
0 (A) 17 monographs, texts, and proceedings alone or with coau-
thors, Begehr, Ben Israel, Buchanan, Colton, Howard, Kajiwara,
Koepf, R. Newton, Panagiotopoulos, Pardalos, Weinacht, Wirgin,
and Xu.
0 Over 260 papers, some joint, in many prestigious journals or pro-
ceedings, in mathematics and applied mathematics
0 Founding editor of journals Applicable Analysis and Complex Varz-
ables; founding president of ISAAC, and on the editorial board of
a number of journals and book series
0 (1) Two times Preis Trager of Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
(2) Fellow Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(3) British Science Council Research Award at Oxford
(4) Visiting appointments at Freie Univ. Berlin, Oxford, Univ.
GIasgow, Univ. Dortmund, Hahn-Meitner Institut Berlin, Tech.
1
2
2. Personal
0 (B)I've known Bob since 1970 and in my opinion he is one of
the most important applied mathematicians of his generation. He
is able to develop deep results using a rich combination of hard
analysis, function theoretic methods, and functional analysis, com-
plemented by a skillful use of computers. He is perhaps the world's
primary authority in certain areas such as function theoretic meth-
ods in elliptic PDE and on scattering and detection problems in
shallow oceans. In his capacity as editor he has contibuted greatly
to the dissemination of important material in pure and applied
mathematics and helped numerous scientists to find publication
for their work.
0 (C)I quote here (more or less) from a book review I made for
the Bulletin AMS of Vol. 1 of the book Trunsformations, Runs-
mutations, and Kernel Functions by H. Begehr and R. Gilbert,
Longman, 1992. "One of the Leitmotive for the application of
function theoretic ideas in elliptic PDE is, of course, the possibility
of exploiting various kernel functions and integral formulas that
arise naturally from ellipticity... The function theoretic methods
described in this book usually retain the feeling of classical PDE
(i.e., calculus), while the functional analytic approach often looks
more like operator theory... One of the nice features of the book
is frequently to combine function theoretic methods and functional
analytic techniques in various places to make the best use of both
worlds and exhibit how a productive interaction can be achieved...
This is one of the best examples I have ever seen of such interaction
in solving problems in PDE... The book illustrates very well what
rigorous applied mathematics can accomplish..."
0 (D) My own relations with Bob were perhaps indirectly influ-
enced by his stay at Univ. Maryland and his interaction there with
Alexander Weinstein, who was my thesis advisor. In any event I
became an associate editor of AA in 1970 and found in Bob a sym-
pathetic spirit. He was courageous enough to have his own ideas
3
Therefore I join with others here in wishing Bob, his charming wife Nancy,
and his lovely daughter Jennifer, salud, dinero, y amor, y el tiempo para
gustarlos.
ABOUT BOB GILBERT
ARMAND WIRGIN
Laboratoire de Me’canique et d’Acoustique, UPR 7051 du CNRS, 31 Chemin
Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedes 20, fiance
E-mail: ws’rginOlma.cnrs-mrs.fr
1. Prelude
Analysis is a branch of both mathematics and psychology. I am not an
expert in either of these fields, but was happy to take the initiative of cel-
ebrating the 70th birthday of the mathematician Robert Gilbert together
with the participants of a meeting entitled Acoustics, Mechanics, and the
Related Topics of Mathematical Analysis (AMRTMA for short) and will, in
the following lines, attempt to sketch a psychological portrait of the man
Bob Gilbert.
The AMRTMA birthday party took place in Europe which is where his (and
my) parents were born. fiance (i.e., the country in which AMRTMA was
held) plays a special role in Bob’s fantasies because of the singer Patricia
Kass, and more tritely, on account of its food and wine. Bob also occasion-
ally works with some frenchmen (Bourgeat) or foreigners (both naturalized
and unnaturalized) who live in France (Mikelic, Panasenko, Wirgin). Once
in a while, Bob flirts with the idea of moving to France beforelafter his
retirement, but the prospect of making his enemies in the USA happy has
deterred him from this project.
2. Childhood
Bob and I were brought up in New York City, he in Brooklyn and I in
Manhattan. In the nineteen fourties and fifties, youngsters in NYC whose
ambitions were other than becoming football or baseball stars, gangsters
or politicians, often went to one of three high schools: Bronx Science,
Stuyvesant and Brooklyn Tech. Bob went to Brooklyn Tech and I myself
4
5
7. Back to childhood
Kids in the USA (such as Bob and myself when we were young) with euro-
pean parents, had the reputation of being troublemakers, perhaps because
their parents had been the cause or victims of world-war 1 and/or world-
war 2 and/or other gang wars. This has produced at least two classes of
grown-ups: those who want to be mainstream and those who want to live
up to their reputation. I believe Bob is predominantly of the second variety
(this is undoubtedly a source of our friendship). Being a troublemaker of-
ten is thoroughly unproductive. Bob’s itinerary provides a striking counter
example. He is often unsatisfied, a man with great curiosity and drive,
perpetually in search of tough problems to cope with. He has an aver-
sion for (other-than-his-own) authority, especially of the type that rests on
7
H. BEGEHR
B e i e Uniuersitat Berlin,
I. Mathematisches Institut,
Arnamallee 3, 14195 Berlin
E-mai1:begehrOmath.f-berlin.de
1. Introduction
Introducing a multiplication in the Eucledian space Rn with orthonormal
basis {e, : 0 5 Y 5 n - 1) via
eo = 1 , epe, = -e,e, , ePe, = -1 , for 1 5 p < v 5 n - 1
leads to the Clifford algebra G over C with the basic elements
e @ = l , eA=e,,...e,, forA = { a 1 , 0 2,...,~ b } 15
, a l < ... < ~ l c < n-1,
8
9
u=l
This representation obviously holds for any k if n is odd. But for even n it
is valid only for 0 5 2k < n .
Applying formula (1) for m = 1in the case n = 2m to Am-lw and observing
log I? - z 12
22m-1 (-l)m-l(m - 1)!2
the formula
10
w(2) =
4
where the two terms of boundary integrals form a harmonic function in
<, i.e. 4(z7<)d& = o .
Theorem 2 For 1 5 m the weak singular kernel functions
I 12(k-m)+l
7n=2m-1, l s k ,
2"-'(k - l)!II;=1(2~ - 2m + 1 ) ~ 2 m - 1
7n=2m,l<k<m-1,
,n=2m7k = m , (4)
I n=2m7 m + l < k
12
so that
and, see 6 ,
AkTk,,f = f in D .
Remark The boundary integrals in (1)-(3) form proper polyanalytic func-
tions of respective orders as can be seen from the properties of the kernel
functions (4). These representations are in general not appropriate to some
related boundary value problems. Only if the solution to such a problem
does exist it can be represented by (1)-(3) where the boundary values of
the lower order terms are inserted in the boundary integrals. However, the
representation
= Pk,n -k Tk,nf
with polyharmonic @,-valued pk,n of order k in Rn can be used to trans-
form differential equations for &-valued functions in Rn with leading term
Ah into a singular integral equation. For this purpose the properties of
the weakly singular integral operators have to be investigated, in particular
those of all their k-th order derivatives.
For the case n = 2 which is excluded in the above considerations the re-
spective representation formulas are developed in 2 .
13
References
1. H.Begehr: Iterated integral operators in Clifford analysis. ZAA 18 (1999),
361-377.
2. H.Begehr, G. N. Hile: A hierarchy of integral operators. Rocky Mount. J.
Math. 27 (1997), 669-706.
3. F. Brackx, R. Delanghe, F. Sommen: Clifford analysis. Pitman, London,
1982.
4. R. P.Gilbert, J. L. Buchanan: First order elliptic systems: A function theo-
retic approach. Acad. Press, New York, 1983.
5. K. Giirlebeck, W. SproBig: Quaternionic and Clifford calculus for physicists
and engeneers. John Wiley, Chichester, 1997.
6. G. H.Hile: Hypercomplex function theory applied to partial differential equa-
tions. Ph. D. thesis, Indiana Univ., Bloomington, Indiana, 1972.
7. V. V. Kravchenko, M. V. Shapiro: Integral representations for spatial models
of mathematics1 physics. Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, 1996.
8. E. Obolashvili: Partial differential equations in Clifford analysis. Addison
Wesley Longman, Harlow, 1998.
9. Z.-Y. Xu: A function theory for the operator D - A. Complex Variables,
Theory Appl. 16 (1991), 27-42.
IMAGING METHODS IN RANDOM MEDIA
JAMES G . BERRYMAN
University of Californaa, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P . 0.Box 808
L-200,Livermore, CA 94551-9900, USA, E-mail: berrymanl OIlnl.gov
LILIANA BORCEA
Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX
‘7’7005-1892, USA, E-mail: borceaOcaam.rice.edu
GEORGE C. PAPANICOLAOU
Department of Mathematics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,
E-mail: papanicoOmath. stanford.edu
CHRYSOULA TSOGKA
CNRS/LMA, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, FRANCE,
E-mail: tsogtaOlma.cnrs-mrs.fr
1. Introduction
Imaging in ultrasonics is closely related to recent studies of time-reversal
acoustics8>6. The work of Prada and Fink and Prada et al. on the
D.O.R.T. method (diagonalization of the time reversal operator) has clari-
fied the connection between scatterers and the eigenfunctions of the time-
reversal operator. After decomposingthe array response matrix using eigen-
functions, we can either use the eigenfunctions to refocus acoustic energy
back onto the scatterers, or we can use them to form an image of the
scatterers’ spatial distribution. Both of these applications are relatively
straightforward when the background medium is homogeneous ’. But, if
the background medium is heterogeneous, several difficulties arise. Our
14
15
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
s I4.134%~M.F. = 8.38% s m 6.96%, M.F.I 12.05%
-0 2 4 6 0 10 12 wO 2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 1. The Matched Field central frequency estimate (2) in random media. The
exact location of the targets is denoted by a star. The standard deviation s and maximum
fluctuations (M.F.)are indicated on the top of each view. The horizontal axis is the range
in rnm and the vertical axis is the cross-range in mrn.
at all. When the realization of the random medium is changed, the images
change also, which is what we call “lack of statistical stability”.
Since the factor multiplying e-wt in the integrand is real and non-negative,
this integral takes its maximum value for t = 0. We thus display the
following objective functional for points y8 in the target domain,
4 4
2 2
0
0 2
s=4
4 6
s a ,M.F. . 8
e.3m
10 12 '0 2 4 6
S I 6 96%. M.F I
8
12.05%
10 12
4 4
2 2
0
0' 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2
Figure 2. The Matched Field time estimate (4) of the location of two targets in random
media. The exact location of the target is denoted by the green star. The standard
deviation s and maximum fluctuations (M.F.) are indicated on the top of each view.
The horizontal axis is the range in mm and the vertical axis is the cross-range in mm.
6 y ( w )= [ 6 j ( W ) w ) ( W ) ] Q ( w ) , p = 1,.. ., N , j = 1 , . . . , M . (5)
where
-0 2 4 6 8 10 12 "0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 3. Combined MFT and ATSV estimation (6) of two targets location in random
media. The exact location of the targets is denoted by the green star. The standard
deviation 8 and maximum fluctuations (M.F.) are indicated on the top of each view.
The horizontal axis is the range in mm and the vertical axis is the cross-range in mm.
20
6. Conclusions
For imaging in randomly inhomogeneous media, the foregoing results lead
us to the following conclusions: Single frequency methods are not statis-
tically stable, and therefore cannot be used without modification in the
presence of significant spatial heterogeneities in the acoustic wave speed.
In contrast, time domain methods are statistically stable for any objective
functional having the characteristic that the random Green’s functions ap-
pear in pairs of gg* This has been shown here to be true for Matched
Field, and is expected to be true more generally’. Statistical stability is
a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for optimal imaging in random
media, so satisfaction of this criterion is not enough in itself. To locate
the targets in random media, we need either multiple views (using multiple
arrays) so we can triangulate, or we need to extract a direct measure of
range from the data. In the examples chosen here, we concentrated on ar-
rival time and this information was obtained by combining MF with ATSV
(arrival times from averaged singular vectors). Another alternative is to
use Synthetic Aperture Imaging ( S A I ) as range estimator’.
References
1. L. Borcea, G. C. Papanicolmu, C. Tsogka, and J. G. Berryman, “Imaging and
time reversal in random media,” submitted in Inverse Problems.
2. E. Bbcache, P. Joly, and C. Tsogka, “An analysis of new mixed finite elements
for the approximation of wave propagation problems,” SIA M J. Numer. Anal.
37, 1053-1084 (2000).
3. H. P. Bucker, “Use of calculated sound field and matched-field detection to lo-
cate sound sources in shallow water,” J. Acoust. SOC.Am. 59, 368-373 (1976).
4. A. B. Baggeroer, W. A. Kuperman, and H. Schmidt, “Matched field process-
ing: Source localization in correlated noise as an optimum parameter estima-
tion problem,” J. Acoust. SOC.Am. 83, 571-587 (1988).
5. F. B. Jensen, W. A. Kuperman, M. B. Porter, and H. Schmidt, Computational
Ocean Acoustics (AIP Press, New York, 1994).
6. C. Prada and M. Fink, “Eigenmodes of the time reversal operator: A solution
to selective focusing in multiple-target media,” Wave Motion 20, 151-163
(1994).
7. C. Prada, S. Manneville, D. Spoliansky, and M. Fink, “Decomposition of the
time reversal operator: Detection and selective focusing on two scatterers,” J.
Acoust. SOC.Am. 99, 2067-2076 (1996).
8. M. Fink, D. Cassereau, A. Decode, C. Prada, P. Roux, M. Tanter, J.-L.
Thomas,and F. Wu, “Time-reversed acoustics,” Rep. Prog. Phgls. 63, 1933-
1995 (2000).
9. T. D. Mast, A. I. Nachman, R. C. Waag, “Focusing and imaging using
eigenfunctions of the scattering operator,” J. Acoust. SOC.Am. 102, 715-725
(1997).
RESONANCES OF AN ELASTIC PLATE IN A DUCT, IN
THE PRESENCE OF A UNIFORM FLOW
It is well known that the presence of a rigide plate, in the center of a bidimensional
duct and parallel to the boundary walls, can give raise to fluid vibrations trapped
around the plate. The theoretical study of these resonant modes is based on
the spectral theory for a self-adjoint operator and is lead thanks to the Min-Max
principle. We propose to extend the method to the cases of an elastic plate and/or
a uniform flow. We show that in these different cases, trapped modes may still
exist and we study their dependance versus the caracteristics of both the plate and
the fluid, and versus the Mach number. Finally numerical results are obtained by
a mixed method spectral/finite elements.
1. Introduction
We are interested in the resonances of a plate placed in a duct, and we
study the influence of both the presence of a flow in the duct and the elas-
tic deformations of the plate. The study of resonances of coupled systems
fluid/plate is useful for practical applications since resonances correspond
to large amplitude of vibration, which may damage the structures. In par-
ticular, hydrodynamic resonances, analogous to acoustic resonances have
a great practical interest. They have been studied in the case of surface
waves trapped by a cylinder placed vertically in a fluid layer. This kind
of configuration is involved when studying the stability of floating bridges,
floating airports and offshore plateforms.
Many studies of resonances have been lead in the case of a rigid plate
and in absence of flow. Numerically l, and theoretically 3 , it has been
shown that when the plate is in the center of the duct, resonant modes can
exist and are more numerous when the plate is longer. The vibrations of
the fluid are then antisymmetric with respect to the plate, and a,re trapped
by the plate. The influence of a flow and of plate deformations has already
21
22
been studied, but when considering an incompressible fluid and taking into
account only the two first modes of the plate vibrations 5 .
We have extended these studies to the case of a compressible fluid, in
motion and with an elastic plate. Our study is motivated by experimental
results (UME, ENSTA) which have shown that an instability occurs in the
coupled system fluid/plate above a critical flow velocity. The leading edge
of the plate is fixed and the trailing edge is free, as in the experimental
study.
ourselves to the case of a plate placed in the center of the duct and to
antisymmetric vibrations of the fluid with respect to the plate.
2.1. Fluid
The velocity of the uniform flow is noted U. In time harmonic regime
of frequency w , the linearized Euler’s equations lead to the ”convected”
Helmholtz equation for the velocity potential 4 :
U W
M = -
C
< 1 is the Mach number, c the sound velocity and k = - the
C
acoustic wavenumber, which will be called frequency in the sequel.
The acoustic pressure p is linked to the velocity potential through the
relation
p+p
Gx
u--iw
)+=o,
23
B a4Q+ M s -
- a2v = -[PI, (3)
ax4 at2
where B is the bending stiffness, M s the specific mass of the plate , and
B
b] designs the pressure jump through the plate. Introducing p4 = -
Msc2 '
< = Ms
- and q5 = c'p, Eq. 3 thanks to Eq. 2 becomes
P
Remembering that the modes of the duct read cp; = eib,fxcos - nnry 6 , sim-
h
ple calculations show that the criticd frequency of the first antisymmetric
duct mode is k, = Ed=, and that for k < k, all the antisymmetric
h
modes of the duct are evanescent. We will restrict ourselves to determine
resonances below the critical frequency: therefore since any fluid vibration
produced by the plate can be decomposed on the duct modes, resonant
modes will be trapped by the plate.
If we note X F ( k ) , n = 1,2, . ,N ( k ) the eigenvdues of a ( k ,M ) , ordered
by increasing values, determine resonance frequencies is equivalent to find
the roots kfaM of X r ( k ) = k 2 , with k E [O,k,[.
4. Theoretical tool
The general method to study the resonances will be presented when ap-
plied to the determination of the first resonance frequency. To study the
spectrum of a ( k , M ) , we use the Min-Max principle. Starting from the
Rayleigh ratio R(k,M ; cp, w) = a[k,M ; (cp, w>?(9,w>l, the first Min-Max
Ja Id2+ 5 sr lWl2
formula defines the function ry(k)= inf R(k,M;cp,w). The Min-
(V,W)€VXW
Max principle indicates that if ry(k)< k:, then a ( k , M ) has at least one
eigenvalue ~ f (k) rp
" equal to (k).
The interest of this principle is to predict the existence of an eigen-
value without calculating it explicitely: in the sequel we will seek test fields
(91, wl)such that R(k,M ; cpl, wl)is a constant independant of k and stricly
lower than Ic; . Then the Min-Max principle proves that Xf" (k) exists. Since
it is also proved to be continuous on [0,kc[,at least one resonance frequency
exists . The test fields giving the best existence results are the fields close
to the real resonant modes.
More generally, the Min-Max principle gives access to the eigenvalues
of a ( k , M ) larger than Xp, and the procedure presented in the previous
paragraph can be generalized to determine several resonance frequencies.
We have studied two configurations with a uniform flow: a rigid plate
and an elastic plate.
25
5. Numerical study
In order to illustrate our theoretical results, we have determined numeri-
cally the resonance frequencies for an elastic plate in presence of a flow.
The numerical method consists in submiting the plate to an incident wave
associated to a variable frequency k, and to measure the diffracted field
by the plate. A bounded domain RR is built around the plate, and for
a fixed energy of the incident wave (lR = 1) , the plate energy
Iqinc12
J,
E ( k ) = lwI2 is measured. The numerical method couples finite elements
introduced in the bounded domain to modal decompositions of the velocity
potential outside RR '.
For a plate of length L = 10, placed in a duct of height h = 4 and
in presence of a flow of Mach number M = 0.4, the critical frequency is
k, = 0,72. To p = 1 and E = 100 (light fluid) correspond N f = 2 and
N p = 3. Therefore at least 3 resonance frequencies exist. The curve log E
versus k presents six picks corresponding to the resonance frequencies (Fig.
2). The fouth resonant mode is represented on Figs. 3 and 4.
References
1. D. V. Evans et C. M. Linton, Tkapped modes in open channels, J. Fluid Mech.
225 (1991), 153-175.
2. D. V. Evans, C. M . Linton et F. Ursell, napped mode frequencies embedded
in the continuous spectrum, Q. J. Me&. Appl. Math. 46(2) (1993), 253-274.
3. D. V. Evans, M. Levitin et D. Vassilev, Existence theorems for trapped modes,
J. Fluid Mech. 261, 21-31 (1994).
4. N. S . A. Khallaf, L. Parnovski et D. Vassilev, Trapped modes in a waveguide
with a long obstacle, J. Fluid Mech. 403 (2000), 251-261.
5. Y. Auregan et N. Meslier, Mode'lisation des apndes obstructives du sommeil,
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, serie I1 316 (1993), 1529-1534.
6. M . Bruneau, Manuel d'acoustique fondamentale, Hermes (1998).
7. Daniel MARTIN, Code dldments finis MELINA, http://www.maths.
univ-rennesi.fr/"dmartin/melina/www/homepage.html
27
0' I 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
k
Figure 2. Logarithm of the plate energy versus the frequency of an incident wave
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Figure 3. Real part of the velocity potential of the fourth resonant mode
-6M) '
0 2 4 6 8 10
X
0. GIPOULOUX
MCS-Faculte' de sciences, Universite' de St-Etienne, 23 Rue Dr.Pau1 Michelon,
St-Etienne Cedex 2, fiance
Laboratoire de Me'canique et d'Acoustique, UPR 7051, 31 Chernan Joseph
Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, fiance
E. MARUSIC-PALOKA
Department of Mathematics, University of Zagreb, BajeniEka 30, 10000 Zagreb,
Croatia
1. Introduction
The goal of this paper is to give a mathematical model describing the global
behavior of a nuclear waste disposal process in order to answer the upscal-
ing problem in the benchmark COUPLEX section 3 '. The disposal site
can be described as an array made of high number of containers inside
a low permeability layer( e.g. clay) included between two bigger layers
with higher permeability (eg. limestone). In porous media, the pollutant
is transported both by convection produced by the water flowing slowly
through the rocks and by diffusion coming from the dilution in the water.
Herein, for simplicity, the repository consists of a set of units lying on a
hypersurface C and we represent the leaking of a disposal unit by a local-
ized density source inside the domain or by a hole in the domain with a
given flux on its boundary. Since there is a large number of units, each
of them with a small size compared to the layers size, a direct numerical
simulations of the full field, based on a microscopic model taking into ac-
count all the details, is unrealistic. The ratio between the width of a single
unit 1 and the layer length L,is of small order, and can be considered as
a small parameter, E , in the microscopic renormalized model. Now, in this
28
29
renormalized model, the units, have a height of order aP;P 2 1 and are
imbedded in a layer of thickness a; the model behavior, as E tends to 0, by
means of the homogenization method, gives a first order asymptotic model
which could be used as a global repository model for numerical simulations.
For this, we use herein similar methods to those applied for modelling the
flow through a sieve, like in 3 , or '.
2. Setting the problem
2.1. Renomalization
The equation describing the transport of the concentration of a radioactive
element after COUPLEX is:
Now we write the diffusion matrix in the form AE(x2)= A(?). With the
convection velocity v E C([O,T];H1(Rx a)'),the situation is similar and
the dependence on y2 is like in the diffusion matrix:
For simplicity, we assume moreover that the last component v2 does not
depend on y2. Next, we suppose that div,v = 0, in order to have the
divergence free convection velocity. Finally we pose vE(x,t ) = v(x, 2 ,t ) .
At last, we define the porosity of the medium as
and we put
WE(52) = W(Z2/&) .
We have chosen to represent the units' leaking by assuming the porous
domain Re to have many holes corresponding to the units BEand by giving
the flux behavior n . u through these holes. An other option would be to
assume the units to be part of the porous domain R and to consider any
unit as a source term f a with support on the unit volume EM:; then we
would have the obvious relation
(P,= 0 on 4 , (5)
n ' (A"Vq, - v E q E=) 0 on S2 . (6)
3. A priori estimates
The starting point of any asymptotic analysis is a sharp a priori estimate.
In our case the only difficulty comes from the boundary integral over I?&
which needs to be estimated. The main result of this section is:
Prop 3.1. Let cp, be a unique solution of (2)-(6); then there exists a con-
stant C > 0 independent of e such that
4. Weak convergence
The solution (PE is defined on the variable domain OF, but to use the weak
convergence methods, we need to extend cpE to the whole domain OT and
preserving the a priori estimates (7) and ((8). Unfortunately the standard
results do not apply, unless /3 = 1 and we have to adapt the ideas from
32
t o the situation resulting from the third scale EP in order t o obtain the
following lemma.
Lemma 2. For any q!J E H1(R,) there exists an edension 6 E H1(R) such
that
In the sequel we will assume that cpa is extended using lemma 2 and we
will denote that extension, for simplicity, by the same symbol. Then,
due t o the proposition 3.1, we can conclude that there exists some cp E
L 2 ( 0 , T H1(R))
; n LCO(O,T;L2(R)) such that (up t o a subsequence)
(PE cp weak* in ~ ~ (T ;0L ~,( R ) ) (12)
09, 2 Vcp weakly in L2(0,T ;L2/lP(R)) for b <2 (13)
weak* in L2(0,T ;M(S2)) for = 2; (14)
where M(R) is the space of measures on R.
The main goal of this section is t o identify the limit cp .
The passage to the limit for the first four integrals is straightforward like
for instance in:
Remark 1. In fact we did not use the periodicity of the units distribution
and the same proof holds in case of each unit being randomly placed in
a mesh of an e-net. The units do not even need to have the same shape
as long as their thickness is small enough (< E). In a general case where
the flux depends also on the space = @ ( z , tand
) the units have differ-
ent shapes M,(z), then the right hand side of (19) will be replaced by
lim IM&(z>l@(z’,t).
E-bO
References
1. Bourgeat A., Gipouloux O., MaruSiC-Paloka E., Mathematical modelling
and numerical simulation of non-Newtonian flow through a thin filter, SIAM
J.Appl.Math, 6 2 , (2001), 597-626.
2. Cioranescu D.,Saint Jean Paulin J., Homogenization in open sets with holes,
J.Math.Anal.Appl., 71 (1979), 590-607.
3. Conca C., Etude d’un fluide traversant une paroi perforhe, I, 11,
J.Math.Pures et Appl., 66 (1987), 1-69; Mascarenhas M.L., PoliSevski D.,
The warping, the torsion and the Neumann problems in a quasi-periodically
perforated domain, R A I R O Math.Mod.Num.Anal., 28 (1994), 37-57.
4. Sanchez-Palencia, E., Boundary value problems in domains containing per-
forated w d s , Se‘mdnaire Colldge de fiance, Research Notes an Mathematics
No 70, Pitman, London.
5. https://mcs.univ-lyonl.fr/MOMAS
EXACT AXISYMMETRIC SOLUTION FOR
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT COMPRESSIBLE
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
P. BROADBRIDGE
Department of Mathematical Sciences,
University of Delaware,
Newark, DE 19716,
USA
E-mail: pbroad@math.udel.edu
T. M.BARRETT
School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunicataons Engineering,
University of Wollongong,
Wollongong NS W 2522,
Australia
E-mail: tania@st.elec.uow.edu.au
1. Introduction
Nonlinear partial differential equations, representing physical conservation
laws, have long been a source of inspiration for developments in mathemat-
ical analysis. In particular, the Navier-Stokes equations provide us with
many challenging problems related to existence and number of solutions,
stability, bifurcations, dimensionality of asymptotic solution manifolds, and
numerical and analytic solution methods, e.g. 1 > 2 .
Although the Newtonian (Navier-Poisson) fluid assumes a simple lin-
ear relationship between stress and rate of strain, the resulting equations
of motion predict an array of complicated dynamical behavior that is still
not well understood. Indeed this must be the case if the equations are to
34
35
v.u=o. (5)
This means that we could define the usual volume-based stream function.
However we prefer to use the mass-based stream function since it exists also
for non-axisymmetric steady flows. Importantly, ( 5 ) means that any terms
in the stress tensor involving D: may be ignored. In particular, the bulk
viscosity plays no part in steady axisymmetric dynamics.
Direct calculation now gives
2D"djp = -p'(T)T'(r)X'(r)y for i = 1
= +p'(T)T'(r)X'(r)s for i = 2 (6)
and I' = p r 2 [ X ' ( r ) I 2 (7)
and
K = up (16)
where c5 = %$* and u = x - t e N 0.31.
Here, k is Boltzmann's constant, m is molecular mass and 6 is molecular
diameter. For this case of particular physical significance, (14) is equivalent
to
r2R"(r)+ 37-77,' + [3 p2 u-1 c5r
2 -2 + I]R = o (17)
where R = $.The solution of (17) is well known (e.g. see 4.6 of Bell5).
Hence the general solution is
T = [b3J O ( h / r ) + b4~o(di/r>l+(b3,b4 constant) (18)
where b = $u:u3cg, and JOand y0 are Bessel functions of order zero, of the
first and second kinds.
If temperature is not to grow without bound as r + 00, we must
2
have 13.4 = 0. Temperature then approaches b i as r + 00. Hence,
T = T,Jo$(&/r) where T, = b j . However, we now have the surpris-
ing result that temperature is absolute zero and is not differentiable at an
infinite number of locations r = f i / X j within the region
r
Ji;
< r min = -
A1
where XI x 2.4 is the lowest zero of the function Jo.
We conclude that the Navier-Stokes system is not a good model of a
fluid within distance rmin of the center of a vortex. For r > rmin,T is
positive increasing and convergent.
For a small macroscopic vortex in a Helium-like gas with velocity =
0.1 ms-l at r = 0.01 m, m = 7 x kg and 6 = 5 x 10-lOm, (19) gives
rmin = 40 micron. Since this is smaller than the size of objects used to stir
vortices, r < rmin is outside of the experimental domain. However for a
vortex of tornado-like dimensions, with IuI = 100 kmh-' at r = 2 km, rmin
is of the order of 1 km. This is small on meteorological scales. The failure
of the model to predict non-vanishing temperatures for r < rmin might
be rectified by incorporating time-dependent fluctuations with turbulent
transport of heat.
Now the remaining equation to solve is (8) for p(r),
39
by ( 1 1 ) .
For an ideal gas with P = c4pT and q = 5, (20) integrates directly to
give
1 a:p3
T = b3 + b q l o g ~- --
4 Kr2 *
Assuming T is bounded as T + 00, we take b4 = 0 and b3 = T,. Then
T is positive for
with a5 constant.
Hence, p + 0 as r + 00 and p + 00 as r + rmin.
The pressure is given by
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Elizabeth Mansfield and Peter Clarkson who
collaborated with us on a symmetry analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations.
References
1. R. Salvi (ed.), Nauier-Stokes equations: theory and numerical methods, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York (2002).
2. V. K. Andrew, 0. V. Kaptsov, V. V. Pukhnachov, A. A. Rodionov, Ap-
plications of group-theoretical methods in hydrodynamics, Kluwer, Dordrecht
(1998).
3. R. Von Mises, Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow, Academic
Press, New York (1958).
4. P. A. Thompson, Compressible-Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York
(1972).
5. W.W.Bell, Special h n c t i o n s for Scientists and Engineers, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, London (1968).
RECOVERY OF THE POROELASTIC PARAMETERS OF
CANCELLOUS BONE USING LOW FREQUENCY
ACOUSTIC INTERROGATION
JAMES L. BUCHANAN
Mathematics Department, United States Naval Academy,
Annapolis, M D 21402, USA
ROBERT P. GILBERT
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware,
Newark, D E 19711, USA
KHALDOUN KHASHANAH
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology,
Hoboken, N J 07030, USA
1. Introduction
Cancellous bone is a porous type of bone found in the spine and at all
articulating joints. It is a porous cellular solid, consisting of an irregular
three-dimensional array of bony rods and plates, called trabeculae. Bone
marrow fills the spaces of the pores. The study of cancellous bone is im-
portant, among other reasons, because the thinning of the trabeculae is
a cause of osteoporosis. Hence determination of the porosity (pore space
volume/total volume) of cancellous bone by acoustic interrogation would
be useful in diagnosing osteoporosis.
In view of the structure of cancellous bone Biot’s model of a poroelastic
medium as an elastic frame with a connected pore space filled with fluid may
be applicable. Williams 4 , McKelvie and Palmer 3 , and Hosokawa and Otani
have compared the predictions of the Biot model for cancellous bone with
experimental measurements. In order to do this the parameters upon which
the Biot model depends had to be determined. Some of the parameters were
measured, but others were estimates taken from the literature or based
41
42
0.75 7 x 10-9 2.40 x 10-8 8.00 x 10-4 2.69 x 109 1.10 x 109
0.81 2 x 5.83 x 1.20 x 1.80 x log 7.38 x lo8
0.83 3 x 7.56 x 1.35 x 1.55 x lo9 6.27 x lo8
0.95 5 x loF7 2.30 x 2.20 x 2.57 x lo8 1.05 x lo8
3. A simulated experiment
We simulated an experiment similar to that described in Hosokawa and
Otani in which a small rectangular piece of cancellous bone is placed in
a tank of water. The equations of the Biot model cannot be solved an-
alytically for this configuration and so the resulting pressure fields were
approximated using the finite element method. Discussion of the imple-
mentation of the finite element method for this problem can be found in
44
0
0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.0 0.05
J1
10P1
0.7
0.75 0.8 0.65 0.0 0.86
J
P d V
Figure 1. Top: Estimated values of pore size (*) for five bone specimens. Dashed line:
regression line. Bottom: Estimated values of permeability (*) for five bone specimens.
Dashed line: regression line. Solid line: Value of premeability predicted by the Kozeny-
Carmen equation assuming a linear relation between pore size and porosity.
5. Results
In our simulation the tank size was approximately 0.18x0.12m. Following
Hosokawa and Otani the size of the bone specimen was taken to be one
centimeter thick and three centimeters high. It was assumed that measure-
ments were available at 10 points in the middle 80% of the tank along two
vertical lines, one midway between the source and the bone specimen, the
other midway between the bone and the right edge of the tank.
Since we had doubts about the estimates for permeability in McKelvie
and Palmer and Hosokawa and Otani, and since the algorithm described
above presumes a log-linear relation between porosity and permeability, we
also tested it when the values of permeability (given in Column 3 of Table
46
data (Column 2) and the pore size data. The outcome of this second ap-
plication of the simplex method is labelled "Result 2" in the Tables. The
second application did in some cases improve the results when the second
(Kozeny-Carmen) set of permeabilities in Table 2 were used for the target
specimens (Table 4).
In assessing the results it should be noted that even when the correct
parameters for the target specimen were sent to the simplex method relative
errors on the order of 50% occurred for some of the parameters'. On
the whole we deem the algorithm described successful at recovering the
parameters for the specimens with porosities ,8 = 0.72,0.75 and 0.83. This
was not the case for ,8 = 0.95. It is possible that the four parameters other
than porosity simply do not affect the acoustic field enough in this extreme
case for their values to be recoverable.
References
1. J. L. Buchanan, R. P. Gilbert, and K. Khashanah. Determination of the pa-
rameters of cancellous bone using low frequency acoustic measurements. 2002.
Preprint .
2. A. Hosokawa and T. Otani. Ultrasonic wave propagation in bovine cancellous
bone. J. Acouist. SOC.Am., 101:558-562,1997.
3. M.L. McKelvie and S. B. Palmer. The interaction of ultrasound with cancel-
low bone. Phys. Med. Biol., 10:1331-1340, 1991.
4. J. L. Williams. Prediction of some experimental results by biot's theory. J.
Acoust. SOC.Am., 91:1106-1112, 1992.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE INTERACTION
PROBLEM BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND
ELASTIC BODY
48
49
Maxwell’s equations
V.E=O, V.H=O
where the electric permittivity ee, the magnetic permeability p e and the
electric conductivity u, are given constants. On the other hand, in Ri the
elastic displacement field u satisfies the source free elastodynamic equation
d2U
+ + pi)V(V
P ~ A U (Xi * U) - pi-
Ot
-
-0
where Xi, pi are Lamb constants and pi > 0 is the density 12.
In it is shown that the electric and magnetic energy in a given closed
volume R with smooth boundary dR satisfy the relation
The left-hand side of (1) is the rate at which the electric and magnetic
energy is decreasing. In particular the second term on the right-hand side
gives the rate at which energy is being converted into heat in this volume.
Under the considered physical assumptions, any loss of energy which is not
accounted for by heat must be occurring by a flow through OR. Accordingly
we conclude that the rate of the flow of electromagnetic energy across the
surface I? of the elastic body is given by Jr E x H . n d s . Next, the total
energy of the elastic body in the absence of the exterior forces is given by
-I E x H - r i ds =
I Tu.Ut d8. (4)
50
Since (4)must be true for every subset of the closed surface I?, we can
rewrite the interaction condition point-wise as follows
H(x,t) x E(x,t) . n , = Tu(x,t).ut(x,t) for x E I', and t > 0. (5)
Now, let us be restricted to the time harmonic electromagnetic field with
frequency w , namely ~ ( x , t = +
) (ee + ) - 1 / 2 E(x)eciUtand H(x,t) =
pe1/2H(x)e-iwt,where E(x) and H(x) satisfy
V x E -ikH = 0, V x H+ikE = 0 (6)
and the wave number k is given by k2 = (ee *) + pew2 with the sign of k
chosen such that 8 ( k ) 2 0. Consequently, the elastic displacement is also
a time-harmonic field with the same frequency w and after factoring out
e-iwt it satisfies
2. Uniqueness
Let (E,H,u) be a solution of (CIP) corresponding to EiVac = Hinc = 0 .
We denote by RR := Ren{ x E It3;1x1 < R } the annual region with dRR =
I? U SR. We assume that the radius R is sufficiently large so that 52i is
completely contained in SR. Applying the divergence theorem for E, E, H ,
H and using the transmission conditions we obtain
(lkI21Hl2- k21EI2)dx = i k ii x E . H ds + k2
since
is real. From the Silver-Muller radiation condition and (15) (see 2, it follows
=
Obviously, if S ( k w 2 ) 5 0, (18) implies that E E 0 and H 0 in fie, and
u 3 0 in Ri. So we have proved the following uniqueness result
Theorem 2.1. Assume that either k , w are real and w @ L ( w ) or S ( k ) > 0
and S ( k w 2 ) 5 0. Then (CIP) has at most one solution.
~ := { u E ~ - (r),
H L (r) 4 divr u E ~ - (r)}
4
Hc;kl(r) := {u E H-h(r), curlr u E x-t(r)},
Moreover we define the following boundary integral operators
Ma : = 2nx x V, x
s, a(y)@(x,y)ds,
and
Na : = 2nx x V, x V, x
I n, x a(y)@(x,y)ds,
We remark that for the existence result, we need a kind of Girding’s in-
equality for the corresponding bilinear form A(.,.). We hope to pursuit this
in a separated communication.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported in part by a grant from the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research. The authors are indebted to Professor R.C. MacCamy
for his valuable comments on the early version of this paper.
References
1. M.Cessenat, Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetism, Linear Theory and
Applications, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, (1996).
2. D. Colton and R. Kress, Inverse Acoustic and Electromagnetic Scattering The-
ory, Springer Verlag, 1992.
3. R.P. Gilbert and Z. Lin, Acoustic fields in a shallow, stratified ocean with a
por-elastic seebed, Z. Angew. Math. Mech., (9) 77 677-688, (1997).
4. G.C. Hsiao, The coupling of boundary element and finite element methods, Z.
Angew. Math. Mech., (6) 70 T493-T503, (1990).
5. G.C. Hsiao, On boundary-field equation methods for fluid-structure interac-
tions, Problems and Methods in Methematical Physics, Teubner- Texte zur
Methematik, 79-88, 1994.
6. G.C. Hsiao and R.E. Kleinman, Mathematical foundations for error estimation
in numerical solutions of integral equations in electromagnetics, IEEE Trans.
Antennas, Propagat., (3), 45, 316-329, (1997).
7. G.C. Hsiao, Mathematical foundations for the boundary-field equation meth-
ods in acoustic and electromagnetic scattering, Analytical and Computational
Methods in Scattering and Applied Mathematics, (Santosa, Stakgold eds.),
Chapman Research Notes Maths., 417, 149-163, (2000).
8. G.C. Hsiao, R.E. Kleinman and G.F. Roach, Weak Solutions of fluid-solid
interaction problem, Mathematische Nachrichten, (1) 218, 139-163, (2000).
9. D.S. Jones, Acoustic and Electromagnetic Waves Oxford University Press,
New York, 1986.
10. A.de La Bourdonnaye, Some formulations coupling finite element and integral
equation method for Helmholtz equation and electromagnetism, Numer. Math.,
69, 257-268, (1995).
11. C.J. Luke and P.A. Martin, Fluid-solid interaction: acoustic scattering by a
smooth elastic obstacle, SIAM J.App1. Math., 55, 904-922, (1995).
12. V. Kupradze, T.G. Gegelia, M.O. Basheleishvili and T.U. Burchuladze Three-
dimensional Problems of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity and Thermoe-
lasticity, North-Holland, New York, 1979.
13. G.A. Maugin, Continuum Mechanics of electromagnetic Solids, North-
Holland, Amsterdam, 1988.
BORE EVOLUTION IN INHOMOGENEOUS CHANNELS
J.-G. CAPUTO
Laboratoire de Mathe'matdques, INSA de Rouen,
B . P . 8, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex and
Laboratoire de Physique The'orique et Modelisation,
Universite' de Cergy-Pontoise and C.N.R.S., fiance
E-mail: caputoOinsa-rouen.fr
Y. A. STEPANYANTS
Environment at ANSTO, P M B 1, Menai (Sydney), 2234, NSW, Australia,
E-mail: yury. stepanyants@ansto.gov.au
1. Introduction
The problem of shallow water propagation in rivers or channels has been a
matter of interest for at least the two last centuries and remarkable progress
has been achieved. Despite this, some questions remain unresolved con-
cerning the influence of inhomogeneities in the river bed. These could be
described as a damping in the case of small-scale inhomogeneities or need
to be incorporated in the equation for large-scale inhomogeneities. Here
we will study the latter in the very simple case of a rectangular river bed
of variable depth or width. Such a simple approach was also chosen by
Whitham and allowed him to obtain some very useful estimates for the
description of a bore. Here we follow the same direction and analyze within
the framework of Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation the influence of the
channel geometry on Riemann-wave breaking and the decomposition of a
hydraulic jump into solitons. We ignore dissipation and show that a de-
55
56
crease of the depth of the river gives a much shorter breaking distance and
decomposition distance than a decrease of the width. Other effects that we
do not discuss here are the amplification of the wave amplitude and the de-
lay in propagation. We present all these effects together with an extensive
numerical study in an full article to appear2.
2. The model
To describe the evolution of the water elevation q in a rectangular channel
of depth h and width 1 we can use the derivation of the KdV equation
for a rectilinear channel of constant cross-section done by Das3. In the
dimensional variables this reads
677 + -
- arl - a2-a3v = 0,
1 [l- alq] -
at co ax ax3
where the damping term has been omitted. The coefficients are the velocity
of long linear waves, co = m, the nonlinearity a1 = 3 / ( 2 h ~and
) the
dispersion a2 = h 2 / ( 6 4 ) .These coefficients are identical to the ones for an
infinite width channel1.
We now extend this to a curvilinear coordinate frame (see Fig. 1) so
that the undisturbed free surface is taken as the z = 0 plane with the axis
z directed vertically and intersecting the lower part of the river bed. The
axis x is directed along the river and may smoothly bend in space (it is
the so-called ray coordinate - the distance along the ray from some fixed
point). The axis y is directed across the river perpendicular to both the x
and z axes. The x , y and z axes form an orthogonal coordinate frame at
each point in space. To describe the variation of the channel’s cross-section
with distance, one needs to consider all the coefficients of the KdV equation
(1)as z-dependent (because the channel’s depth is variable, in general) and
add also an extra term ( q / 2 A ) ( d A / d x ) where
, A = QZ. This term comes
from the law of conservation of wave energy flux across the channel’s cross-
section area, Q = p g ~ ( x ) l ( x ) q ~where
/ 2 , Z(z)is channel’s local width. In
a second step we transform (1) into a Cauchy boundary value problem
by going to signaling coordinates because the aim is to predict the spatial
evolution along the channel of a perturbation that is known as a function of
time at some fixed point, at the boundary of the domain of interest4. Note
that the constant coefficient KdV equation has been elegantly solved on the
quarter plane x < 0, t > 0 by Marchant and Smyth5 by matching particular
solutions of the KdV equation on the infinite line. However this approach
cannot be used in our case because of the inhomogeneity. Instead, we note
57
__-- <+
Y
Figure 1. Sketch of a channel bend and a curvilinear coordinate frame.
that the derivation of the KdV equation assumes that in the zero-order
approximation, wave processes obey the simple wave equation
where the integral is taken over a period of the wave for periodic perturba-
tions or on the whole line for solitary waves. The second conserved quantity
corresponds to the energy in a homogeneous medium:
A
s q2 dt = const.
From these conservation laws, one can estimate how the amplitude of a
(6)
-
A ( ~ ) A ( ~ : > - I /+
~ A(~) h-1/41-1/2 (7)
In the nonlinear case the situation turns to be a bit more complex
because the wave duration and the amplitude are usually linked. For a
KdV soliton of the form
q ( z , t )= Asech2 [$ [K ) ]
(t -
V(x')
there are relationships between the amplitude and duration (see, e. g., 6y7!1),
/
, --
A(z)A2(z>T(x) sech4(8)do = A ( x ) A ~ / ~ ( ~ ) = const. (9)
-a
-
the width of the river varies and the depth is constant, Eq. (9) gives
~ ( z ) 1-2/3(4.
For a detailed analysis of this formula one can specify the character of
the river inhomogeneity and wave profile at a given boundary. In the case
of a channel of linearly decreasing depth h = ho(1- ~ z one) obtains
60
where
xb=-
K " ( 3 '( ]: > .
1- l--KXbO MXb" 1--nx;
Notice that the coefficient 1/4 is 3.5 times smaller in the latter case
than in the former one, so that the influence of a decrease of the width on
the distance of breaking is much weaker.
One can then define a criterion for the emergence of a first soliton if the
height of the first trough is less than 10%of the amplitude of the first pulse.
This distance was estimated numerically for (19) by one of the authors1’
and found to be 6, M 45. Going back to the dimensional units one obtains
X, = &8Jm = 10h5/2U-3/2, so that for U = 1 m and h = 10 m we
get X , = 3160 m, while if U = 2 m, then X, = 1120 m. A smaller river
depth h = 5 m yields a significantly smaller X , = 560 m for U = 1 m.
In the inhomogeneous case, it is not possible to use the estimates given
above since the coefficients of the equation are x dependent. One can
however reduce the KdV equation (11) to its simplest form via the trans-
formations
This results in
av av a3v
- - v- - B([)- = 0,
at 67 ar3
where
2.5
v((, T) displayed in Fig. 3 for E = (2/3)( and for the homogeneous, variable
depth and variable width cases.
The homogeneous case is shown as a solid line, the variable depth case
as long dashes, and the variable width case as short dashes. One easily sees
that a soliton has completely emerged from the variable depth solution as
opposed to the other two cases. Notice also the narrowness and amplitude
(> 2) of this leading soliton due to the small value of the dispersion coef-
63
5. Acknowledgments
The authors thank E. N. Pelinovsky for useful advice and many discussions.
Y. S. is also grateful for the invitation from the INSA de Rouen, France
where this work was initiated, and appreciative of the hospitality during
his visit in April 2001.
References
1. G . M. B. Whitham, "Linear and Nonlinear waves", Wiley (1974).
2. J.G. Caputo and Y . Stepanyants, Nonlinear processes in geophysics, submitted
(2002).
3. K. P. Das, Phys. Fluids, 28,n. 3, 770-775 (1985).
4. A. R. Osborne, Chaos, solitons and fractals, 5 , 2623-2637 (1995).
5. T. R. Marchant and N. F. Smyth, I.M.A. J. of Applied Mathematics, 47,247
(1991).
6. M. J. Ablowitz, H. Segur, Solitons and the Inverse Scattering Tkansform,
SIAM, Philadelphia (1981).
7. V. I. Karpman, Nonlinear Waves in Dispersive Media, MOSCOW,Nauka (1973)
(in Russian). (Engl. transl.: Pergamon Press, Oxford (1975).)
8. L. A. Ostrovsky and E. N Pelinovsky, Sow. Phys. Izvestia. Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics, 6 , n. 9, 552-555 (1970); Sou. Phys. Izvestia. Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics, 11,n. 1, 68-74(1975).
9. See the very well documented site by Hubert Chanson
http://uuu.uq.edu.au/'e2hchans/mascaret.html
10. See for example the sites
http://molay.chez.tiscali.fr/mascaret.htm and
http://vvv.univ-lehavre.fr/cybernat/pages/mascaret.htm
11. E. Pelinovsky and Y . Stepanyants, Izv. VUZov, Radiojizika, 24,n. 7,908-911
(1981) (in Russian).
12. N. C. Mazumber and S. Bose, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean
Engineering, 121,n. 3, 167-169 (1995).
13. J. F. Le Floch, Propagation de la mare'e dans l'estuaire de la Seine et
en Seine-maritime, These de Doctorat, Centre de Recherches et d'etudes
oceanographiques, Paris (1960).
AN INVERSE SPECTRAL PROBLEM FOR A
SCHRODINGER OPERATOR WITH AN UNBOUNDED
POTENTIAL
LAURE CARDOULIS
Universite' de Toulouse 1
Place Anatole fiance, 31 000 Toulouse,
E-mail: cardouliOmath.univ-tlsel
In this paper, we prove an uniqueness theorem for the potential V(z) for the
following Schrijdinger operator H = - A + +
q(lz1) V(z) in R2,where q(lz1) is an
increasing radial known potential satisfying limlzl-t+oo q(Iz1) = +ca and V(z) is
a bounded potential.
1. Introduction
Recently, a lot of papers have dealt with inverse problems for Schrodinger
Operators in the whole or half space (see for example In these
394,5,9).
papers, some decreasing hypothesis for the potential at infinity are assumed.
Our aim here is to study an inverse problem for a potential which tends to
infinity at infinity. To our knowledge, such inverse problem has never be
investigated. Let Q be a potential such that:
Q E LtoC(R2), Q(z) 1 Q where Q is a constant, lim &(z) = +cm.
Ixl++oo
64
65
- -
Furthermore, the Wronskian G I ; ~ - = 1.
Proof :
first steD
We set y = (:'), then using (2) we have :
We denote
where P' is the derivative of the matrix P with respect to the r variable.
Next, we compute for each term of the matrix PI a limited development;
this allows us t o write (7) in the form
second stel,
67
+
We look for P2 such that z' = A(q)z R(q)z with A(q) a diagonal matrix.
Then (8) can be written :
z' =
[($/2 -- x
2q1,2 )A0
A2).
v1 = - J," KlV(t)dt
w2 = ( 2 +
Jr.',K2v(t)dt
- 2 ~ ( ~ 1 / 2 -a
and 7 = {(wI, w2);vl = o(e P'), Iv2(z)l < +m).
Then for a suitable choice of TO and ( 2 # 0, the application T : F -+ F
is a contraction and therefore we can find an unique w solution of (11). So
we construct z then 5 and y. From the asymptotic behaviour of z, which is
-
given by the terms of the matrix E(q), we obtain the asymptotic behaviour
of u in the form u Elvl - E2v2. Since v E 3, &v1 = o(1) and v tends
to 5 2 # 0 when r tends to infinity, we deduce that E2 is an asymptotic be-
haviour of a solution of (2). Then we prove that El is another asymptotic
behaviour of a solution of ( 2 ) using a classical change of function. Then we
68
deduce (3) and(4) and that the wronskian is equal to 1. This concludes the
proof. Applying Theorem 2.1 and using up (above defined) we obtain the
following lemma :
3. Unicity Theorem
We can now state the unicity theorem. We consider the operators - A
+q(Izl)+V(z)and -A+q(la:l)+W(z) where q(Iz1) is an increasing radial
potential verifying the hypotheses ( H 3 ) to ( H 8 ) , V ( z ) and W ( z ) with
compact support.
Theorem 3.1. Let V and W two bounded potentials with compact support.
If
Vl E W ,V p E N,
I A1 ( V )= A1 ( W )
and
CX,,P(V)= CXi,P(W)
t h e n V = W.
Proof: Let X I < X2 < ... the eigenvalues of the operators - A +q(lzl) +
V(z) and -A+q(lzl)+W(z). Let (PI, cpz, c p 3 , . .. the normalized eigenfunc-
tions associated to V , and let $1, $ 2 , $ 3 , . .. the normalized eigenfunctions
associated to W .
We assume that suppV c {z; 1x1 < R } and suppW C {z;1x1 < R } ,R is a
fixed real. We are going to prove that cp1(z) = $1 (z),for all 2.
first step
We prove that V1, cpl(z) = $l(z), if1 . 1 > R. Recall that if 1x1 > R then
(- A +q.(l~l>)(Pl= Xlcpl and (- A + 4 l 4 ) ) $ l = h + 1 -
We decompose cp1 and $1 in the trigonometric functions basis {eWike}k and
we prove that all the coefficients are equal. For this, we state
69
kz-l
I f r > R then b l , k ( r ) satisfies - b ” l , k ( T ) + ( ~ + q ( T ) - - l ) b l , k ( T ) = 0. This
equation has the following fundamental system of solutions (cf theorem 2.1)
) L2
But, b l , k ( ~ E * c2 = 0, so we can write that b l , k ( T ) = c l u l ( r ) .
In the same way, we prove that if 6 l , k are the functions associated to $ J L ( T )
) 6 1 1 u 1 ( ~ ) . By using these hypotheses, Xl(V) = Xl(W) and
then ? ) L , ~ ( T=
CX,,~(V) =CX,,~(W we) ,have b l , k ( T ) = ? ) l , k ( T ) , ‘dl and V k . This concludes
the first step.
second step
It is necessary to prove that ‘ p l and $1 are equal everywhere. We consider
in the distribution’s sense
K(z,Y) =c 1
Vl(!/){$l(z)-Vl(z)) =c 1
$ J l ( z ) { q l ( Y )- $ J l ( Y ) )
~ t ( z , y=
) Ce+’ ~lrl(z)cpr(y)- Ce-tAt $~l(z)$~l(y).
121 I2 1
Since e-txl = C+?
n-0 n! (-Xl).l, using (12), we obtain
+m tn
= -i(-Vz)n K(z,y) = 0 if 1x1 > R and IyI < R.
n=O
n.
70
We prove that the limit, when t tends to infinity, of the second term of the
previous sum is equal to zero, then we have $l(z){cpl(y)- $l(y)} = 0 for
1x1 > R and IyI < R. So,since $I(z)has no zero, (see '), cpl(y) - $l(y) =
+
0 for lyl < R. Now, we can write, [- A +q(lzl) V(x)](cp1(x)) = [- A
+q(IzI) + W(x)](cp1(z)),and, since (cpl(s))has no zero, we can conclude
that V(z) = W ( z ) for all x E R2.
We can note that such potential like q(Ix1) = lxln, ( n 2 2) works fine if we
replace the hypothesis ( H 2 ) by
References
1. S. AGMON, Bounds on Exponential Decay of Eigenfunctions of Schrodinger
Operators, Schrodinger Operators, (Como, 1984), Springer, Berlin, 1985, pp
1-38.
2. D.E. EDMUNDS AND W.D. EVANS, Spectral Theory and Differential Opera-
tors, Oxford Mathematical Monograph, Clarendon Press Oxford University
Press, New York, 1978.
3. G. ESKINA N D J. RALSTON, Inverse coefficient problems an perturbed half
space, Inverse Problems 15, 1999 vol 3, p.683-699.
4. J.C. GUILLOT AND J. RALSTON, Inverse ScatterPng at Fixed Energy for Lay-
ered Media , J. Math. Pures Appl. vol 1, 1999 p 27-48
5. H. ISOZAKI,Inverse scattering theory for wave equations in stratified media,
J. Diff. Eq., vol 138, 1 (1997) p.19-54 .
6. H. ISOZAKI,Cours sur les ProblBmes Inverses, Juin 1991, Universitk de
Provence, Marseille, France.
7. H.P. MCKEANA N D E. TRUBOWITZ, The Spectral Class of the Quantum-
Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator, Commun. Math. Phys., p.471-495, 1982.
8. REEDAND SIMON, Method of Modern Mathematical Physics, vol. 4, Analysis
of Operators, Academic Press, New York, (1978).
9. R. WEDER,Multidimensional inverse problems in perturbed stratified media,
J. Diff. Eq., vol 152, 1 (1999) p.191-239.
TRAPPING REGIONS FOR DISCONTINUOUSLY
COUPLED DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
S. CARL
Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik, Institut f i r Analysis
Martin-Luther- Universitlt Halle- Wittenberg
0-06099 Halle, Germany
E-mail: carlOmathematik. uni-halle. de
J.W. JEROME
Department of Mathematacs, Northwestern University
Evanston, I L 60208-2730, USA
E-mail: jwjOmath.northwestern. edu
1. Introduction
Let R C RN,N 2 1 be a bounded domain with C1-boundary do, Q =
R x (0,T) and r = dR x (O,T),with T > 0. We consider the following
initial-boundary value problem (IBVP for short): k = 1 , 2
uk = 0 on R x { O } ,
&L k
- +gk(ul,u2) =0 on r,
avk
71
72
The novelty of the IBVP (l),(2) is that the vector fields f and g may be
discontinuous in all their arguments. In order to formulate the conditions
imposed on the vector fields we introduce the following terminology.
Definition 1.1. A vector field h = (hl,h2) : R2 -+ Rz is said to be of
competitive tgpe if the component functions hl(sl,s2) and h2(~1,s2) are
both separately increasing in s1, SZ. The argument sk of h k (sl,s2) is called
the principd argument. A vector field h = (hl, hz) : R2 + R2 is said to be
of cooperative type if h k (s1,SZ) is increasing in its principal argument and
decreasing in its nonprincipal argument.
From Definition 1.1 it follows that IBVP (l),(2) with f and g of co-
operative type can be transformed into a system of competitive type by
the simple transformation (w1, w2) := (u1, -212). Thus cooperative and
competitive systems are qualitatively equivalent.
Throughout the rest of this paper we assume the following hypotheses
on the vector fields f and g:
( H l ) The component functions fk : R2 -+ R and gk : R2 + JR are Baire-
measurable and satisfy a growth condition of the form
Ifk(Sl,S2)1 I +
c ( l + Is11 Iszl), v (SlrS2) E R2,
19k(~l,S2)15 c ( l + Is11 + 14,v (S1,SZ) E R2,
where c is some positive generic constant.
(H2) The vector fields f and g are assumed to be of competitive type.
with < .,. > denoting the duality pairing between (W'%2(Q))*and W1i2(Q),
and we denote its restriction to the subspace of functions having homoge-
neous initial data by L , i.e., L := d / d t and its domain D ( L ) of definition
is given by
D ( L ) = {u E W I u(x,O)= 0 in Q}.
of system (l), (2) reads as follows: Find u E [D(L)I2c X such that the
following vector equation holds:
Lu + Au + F ( u )+ G 0 ~ ( u=) 0 in X * . (3)
In view of the discontinuous behaviour of the operators F and G this notion
is, however, too restrictive for establishing a solution theory. One can con-
struct simple examples of systems satisfying the given hypotheses without
having any solutions in the sense of (3). Therefore, to establish a consistent
solution theory for the discontinuous system (l),(2) we extend the notion
of its solution by introducing multivalued vector fields a = ( a l ,a2) and
P = (PI,P 2 ) associated with f and 9 , respectively, as follows:
Ql(Sl,S2) = [fl(Sl-7S2),fl(Sl+, s2)1,
Q2(S17S2) = [f2(Sl,S2-),f2(sl,s2+)1,
(4)
+
Definition 2.1. The vector field &/at Au + F ( u ) + G o ~ ( uis) called
a generalized outward pointing vector on the boundary dR of the rectangle
R if the following inequalities hold for all cp E V n L:(Q):
( 8 ~/at1 +A I U + ~ F1 ( 2 1 v) + GI 0 Y ( U ~v), ‘P) 5 0, v 21 E [IL~,f i i z ] ;
7
( a 2 2 / d t + A 2 g 2 + + 2 ( 2 1 , g 2 ) + G 2 0 ~ ( ~ , 2 1 2 )5, (0,
~ ) V v E [gi,fiil];
(a.iil/at+Alfii,+ F l ( f i l , v ) + G l o ~ ( i i l , v ) , c ~2)0 , V v E [ ~ 2 , G 2 ] ;
(afi2/at + A2fi2 + F2(v,% ) + GZ 0~ ( v&,) , L. 0, v E
~ p ) [21,f i l l .
Using the notion of the generalized outward pointing vector we define the
trapping region.
75
3. Main Result
The proof of our main result is based on existence and comparison results
for evolution variational inequalities obtained in and the following fixed
point theorem in ordered normed spaces, (see l , Proposition 1.1.1).
Proof. For convenience we recall the system (7), (8) of evolution varia-
tional inequalities: Find u k E D ( L ) such that for all cp E V we have
(Lui + Aiui, 9 - ui) + Ji (9,UP) - Ji (211,212)
+a1 0 Y(cp, u2) - $1 0 y(u1, u2) 2 0, (9)
(Lu2 + A 2 ~ 29
, - u2) + J2(uit9) - J 2 ( ~ 1 , ~ 2 )
References
1. S. Carl and S.Heikkila, Nonlinear Differential Equations an Ordered Spaces,
Chapman & Hall/CRC, London, 2000.
2. S. Carl and J.W. Jerome, Trapping region for discontinuous quasilinear elliptic
systems of mixed monotone type, Nonlinear Analysis, (to appear).
3. S. Carl, S.Heikkila and J.W. Jerome, Trapping regions for discontinuously cou-
pled systems of evolution variational inequalities and application, (in prepa-
ration).
4. K.C. Chang, Variational methods for non-differentiable functionals and their
applications to partial differential equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 80 (1981),
102- 129.
5. J.W. Jerome, A trapping principle for discontinuous elliptic systems of mixed
monotone type, J . Math. Anal. Appl. 262 (2001), 700-721.
6. E. Zeidler, Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications, Vol. II A/B:
Monotone Operators, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
7. E. Zeidler, Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications, Vol. 111: Vari-
ational Methods, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULI
ROBERT CARROLL
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
Email: rcarrollQrnath.uiuc.edu
78
79
tensor product action). Given (A2) one constructs transfer matrices and
the partition function can be expressed in a simple manner via the trans-
fer matrices from parameters of the model. Thus (A3) T(X)$i:::t: =
R(A)$;llR(X)R;$;. . .R(X)$"-lkN where T(X)$E E n d ( V N ) ,and when the
QYBE holds, (A4) R (X)E,T (X')jmT(A''); = T (A") kT (A') 2 R(X ) r .
c
-
B, namely (me multiplication in B) (A15) (f * g)(a) = (me o (f @
g)AA)(a) = f(al>g(a2) and L ( A ,B ) becomes an algebra with unit 0
€A.
80
Definition 1.3. We follow 15717 and recall that a Hopf algebra H is cocom-
mutative if T O A= A (where ~ ( a @ b=) b @ a ) and this can be weakened by
considering a Hopf algebra that is only cocommutative up to conjugation
-
by an element R E H @ H , and obeys other suitable properties. A quasitri-
angular bialgebra or Hopf algebra is a pair ( H , R ) (R R-matrix) where
H is a bialgebra or Hopf algebra with R E H @ H invertible and satisfying
(A16)(A @ i d ) R = 72137223; (id@ A)R = R13R12; T 0 Ah = R(Ah)R-l.
Writing R = C R1@ R2 the notation involves (A17)Rij = 1 @ . - .@
R' @ . +&I
. R2IB.. .@ 1so Rij involves R action in the ith and j t h positions.
rn
It can be easily shown that for a quasitriangular bialgebra (A18)(c @
i d ) R = (id &I c)R = 1 while for a Hopf algebra one has in addition
(A19)(S@ i d ) R = R-l and (id &I S)R-l = R and hence (S @ S ) R = R.
F'urther one has the QYBE (A20)R12R13R23 = R23R13R12. Now for
quantum groups and the R matrix we follow 23 (cf. also As a
15!17118).
ule where SL,(2) is described via the R matrix and relations above (with
-
det,T = 1); we will use H and Q = t)(SL,(2)) interchangeably at times
(Q coordinate Hopf algebra generated by 1, a, b, c, d modulo relations and
det,T = 1). One goes on to define actions, coactions, antipodes, units, etc.
and for C ; one has FODC (first order differential calculi) Fk with e.g. r+
described via
xi . d ~ =j qdxj . xi + (a2 - l ) d ~ .i~j (i < j ) ; xi * d ~ =i q2dxi .xi; (1.4)
81
x j .dxi = qdxi-xj (i < j ) ; dxi Adxj = -q-'dxj Adxi (i < j ) ; dxi Adxi = 0
and (4) ~ i = ~Q S j Xj i (i < j ) ; &tlj = q-'aj& (i < j ) ; 8 i X j = qXj& (i #
j ) with &xi - q2x& = 1 (q2 - 1) &i + x j a j and r- arises by replac-
ing q by qP1 and i < j by j < i in the formulas above. Note for q # 1,
I?+ and r-
are not isomorphic and for q = 1 they both give the ordinary
differential calculus on the correponding polynomial algebra C [ x l ,. . . , x,].
From these formulas one derives by induction the expressions for the ac-
tions of 8, and 8, on general elements of D ( C i ) and for polynomials g
and h, e.g. (A211 r+ : & ( g ( Y ) h ( x ) ) = g(qy)Dqz(h)(x);% ( g ( y ) h ( x ) )=
Dq2(g)(y)h(z).Similarly for polynomials f , g (A22) & ( f g ) = D q 2 ( f g )=
D,.(fg) == g ( x ) W ( x ) + f(q2z)aZg(4.
-
A differential calculus (DC) is of the form ( R ( A ) , d ) with R = @TOk
where Ro = A, R k A bimodules, d : Rk + Rk+', d2 = 0 , d(ww') =
+
(dw)w' ( - l ) k w ( d w ' ) for w E Rk,and di2k-1 generates flk as an A bi-
module. Here ( R ' ( A ) , d ) is a FODC and one takes m or p. as multiplica-
tion m : A @ A + A : f @ h + fh; this is a bimodule homomorphism
(but not generally an algebra homomorphism). Let d = ker(p.)
and define (A23) 2 : A + d1 : f + 1 @ f - f @ 1. Then (dl(A),d)
-
A2
+ + +
f d x q f x d t ; df = f x d x (ft !jq f x x ) d t Take a connection A = w d t u d x +
+
with curvature (field strength) F = d A A2; then d A = dwdt d u d x = +
w,dxdt + + +
(ut (1/2)qu,,)dtds = (ut - wx ( q / 2 ) u X , ) d t d x while A2 =
+ +
( w d t u d x ) ( w d t u d s ) = quu,dtdx. Hence (A25) F = (ut - w, $uzx + +
q u u x ) d t d x = 0 + ut - w, + !fuxx +quu, = 0. If e.g. w , = 0 one has
Burger’s equation. rn
Example 2.2. Consider
(A) [ d t , t ] = [ d x , t ] = [ d t , ~ ]= [ d y , t ] = [ d t , y ] = [ d y , y ] =
0; [ d z , z ] = 2bdy; [ d s , y ] = [ d y , z ] = 3adt
+ +
(B) dtdt = d t d s d x d t = d y d y = d x d z = dydt dtdy = d y d s +
dxdy = 0
This yields then (A26) df ( x ,y , t ) = f,dx + + + +
(f, b f x x ) d y (ft 3 a f x , +
+ +
abfxx,)dt. Now set A = v d x w d t u d y and write out d A A’; thus +
+ + +
(A27) d t f = f d t ; d y f = f d y 3 a f x d t ; d x f = f d x 2 b f Z d y 3 a ( f , +
bf,,)dt. and F = 0 requires
u, = v, + bv,, + 2bvvx; w, = 3avxY+ abv,,, + 3 a w X+ 3av(v, + bvxx);(2.1)
wy + bw,, = ut + 3auxy + abu,,, + 3auux - w[2bw, - 3a(u, + bu,,)]
Now take e.g. (*) w , = (3a/2b)uY + ( 3 a / 2 ) u X , in the third equation
to decouple (using compatibility) and one obtains
(A28) a, (ut - ~u,,,+ 3auux) = 8, ($uy) For suitable choices of a , b
ab
theory (cf. 3). For example in l3 it is observed that there seems to be no new
physical idea connected with quantizing a simple Hamiltonian via deformed
commutation relations when this would be equivalent to a complicated
Hamiltonian quantized canonically. However new phenomena can arise in
the realm of time evolution. In particular the reduction of time dependent
Schrodinger equations to eigenvalue (EV) problems via exp( -iEt/h) can
be extended to more complicated time evolution in a natural manner lead-
ing to integrable systems. Thus e.g. an EV equation of Schrodinger type
+
(A32) - diqh(x,t) u(x,t)qh(z,t)= Xqh(z, t ) with X independent of t is
compatible with a time evolution qht = Bqh provided L = 3 : u and B +
+
satisfy a Lax pair condition (A33) dtL [L,B] = 0 This opens up the idea
of treating e.g. KdV in a QM spirit (for B = -48: +3ud, +
3 8 , ~ ) . In
connection with KP and Moyal we recall from l 4 (cf. also that if
2y16s21i22)
References
1. H. Baehr, A. Dimakis, and F. Miiller-Hoissen, Jour. Phys. A, 28 (1995),
3197-3222
2. R. Carroll, Quantum theory, deformation, and integrability, North-Holland,
2000
3. R. Carroll, Calculus revisited, Kluwer, in preparation
4. R. Carroll, Jour. Nonlin. Sci., 4 (1994), 519-544
5. R. Carroll and Y. Kodama, Jour. Phys. A, 28 (1995), 6373-6378
84
J. CHANDEZON
Universitb Blaise Pascal, LASMEA, 24 Avenue des Landais,
63167 Clermont-Ferrand,France
The reconstruction problem for a periodic (with arbitrary profile within a period) boundary
between two homogeneous media is considered. This class of inverse problems is of interest
for remote sensing and monitoring of the earth’ssurface. Here we apply analytical numerical
methods (C-method, completed by Tikhonov regularization) for solving the reconstruction
problem. A scheme for numerical tests of the algorithm and criteria for reconstruction
accuracy are proposed and verified. Results of extensive numerical experiments are presented.
1. Introduction
Non-destructive control and remote sensing of land, agricultural fields and soil, and
of their inner geometrical, structural and physico-chemical properties, is a problem of
great importance nowadays’.
Existing methods and approaches for wave diMaction by a local or periodic
inhomogeneity can be separated conditionally as follows (see references in24):
1. approaches, using the Green’s formulae technique, which lead to volume and
boundary integral equations of the first and the second kind, including methods
of analytical regularization;
2. the method of partial domains, including semi-inversion procedures;
3. the methods of perturbation theory (small inhomogeneities, small slopes of the
boundary surface, etc.);
4. the “differential” methods;
5. the methods of boundary “straightening”, which are a rather efficient
specialization of “differential” methods;
6. the incomplete Galerkin method.;
7. methods, based on field representations by means of Rayleigh harmonics
(theory of series, involving non-orthogonal functions, in general);.
85
86
8. asymptoticmethods.
The theoretical background for remote sensing problems requires not only the
efficient resolution of the direct diffraction problem, but also a solution of the
corresponding inverse problem of the reconstruction of the interface boundary
between two media. The latter is an ill-posed problem. This is why its solution
requires the construction of a relevant regularizing algorithm. Fundamental results in
the area of inverse problems are connected with the names of Lavrent’yev and
Tikhonov’. Tikhonov’s regularizing method reduces, as is well-known, to the
minimization of a regularizing functional based on the resolution of a series of
corresponding direct problems. The specificity of the problem of interface boundary
reconstruction, which is considered below, requires a corresponding definition of
the regularizing hctional.
The robust and clear implementation method that is presented herein for solving
the problem of acoustic wave scattering by rather arbitrarily-shaped surfaces contains
certain modifications of one known in optics as the C method4*.
2. Direct problem
with n = 1 and n = 2 referring to the first and second media, P, denoting the
pressure field, and (V_.Vm) the velocity fields in the different media.
The equation defining the boundary between the media now takes the form
Z = 4 u ( J ) , A, = 2xh/d, where a(J) is a periodic fimction with period 2n such
that O I u ( J ) I l . For the sake of simplicity, we consider the case q = O . All
derivations for the case cp # 0 can be obtained in the similar way. Notations such as
b(J) means derivation with respect to the argument. Following the conventional C
method, we introduce the new variables v = 7 , u = Z - %&), which transform (1)
into the form
wherein K,, = m/cn G,, = P, , G,, = -iwp,lrV,. The equation describing the boundary
becomes u = 0 and transforms the boundary conditions into
Further operations are connected with: i) the transformation of (2) and (3) into
an infinite system of linear algebraic equations with respect to the coefficients of the
expansions of functions Gl , Gl, over the system of eigenfunctions of relevant
spectral problems of the C method (see '), and ii) the application of a regularizing
procedure'. This leads to the equation
88
Here F'is the conjugate of the operator F defined via GI, and GI, and ad is a
regularizing parameter of the direct problem. The form of the operators in (4) are
presented in '. Thus the original acoustic problem results into (4), which can be
efficiently solved numerically by a truncation method.
3. Inverse problem
The input data for the inverse problem, formulated as a minimization problem, is the
set of complex amplitudes R = (R, (A)r=-Nof reflected propagating pressure waves,
A being the wavelength in the upper medium. We suppose that this data is known in
a certain range [A,, 43. The period of the boundary, sound velocities and densities of
the media are also known. The problem is to determine the boundary between the
two media. Let a = (urn):=-- be the Fourier coefficients of this boundary function. The
solution of operator equation (4) gives the mapping that associates the set
a = (an):=-_with the set of complex amplitudesR = (Rn(A)r=_N . Thus, the non-linear
operator
4. Numerical experiments
89
4Y)
1 " " " I
a2
(2aI ) : {
G)= h 0.375+ 0 . 2 5 ~ h- + 0.125Co -
[ which are periodically continued from
interval [O,d] onto the interval (- w,+m). Parameters d and h meet the restriction
2nh/dI1. The wavelength of the incident wave varies within the range
0 . 5 I d / i l 1 3 . 5 , the relation of sound velocities in media being c2/cI =2.25.
Functions a,(y), i = 1,2, were chosen so as to belong to essentially different classes.
In particular, a,(y) can be expressed as a finite series of its Fourier coefficients,
whereas a,(y) requires an infinite number of tenns due to the fact that the Fourier
coefficients have only an algebraic type of decay.
The results of numerical tests are presented in Fig. 1. The solid lines correspond
to the exact functions a,(y), i = 1,2 . The lines depicted as crosses are the graphs of
the functions af((y),i=1,2 that have been defined via input data
Re(Am)= (Ri (Am)x=-Naccording to the above-described algorithm. As they almost
coincide with graphical accuracy, the deviations 10h-' (a,(y)- up (y]), i = 1,2 are
90
presented in the same figures as dotted lines. It worth emphasizing that the maximum
absolute value of deviation essentially decreases with increasing P .
It is well known, that one of most complicated problems in solving unstable
reconstruction problems is that of matching the regularizing parameter a with the
given level of errors in the input data R:" . A tradeoff can be obtained be means of
the residual method'. We demonstrate this statement for the test problem of shape
reconstruction of the surface, described by the flmction u2(y). Based on the solution
to the direct problem, we have calculated the input data Rk = R:(An)(l + y . Rand)
for various levels of relative error y . The error Rand has been simulated by the
normal distribution random number generator. One of the numerical examples is
presented in Fig. 2. Panel a) depicts the characteristic behavior of the relative error of
profile reconstruction estimated according to the
point point b
a
a
Fig.2 (a) relative error; (b) reconstruction with non-optimal choice of regularization
parameter; (c) reconstructionwith optimal choice of regularizationparameter.
6(a).The residual method can give rise to a reliable determination of the optimal
value of a according to the relation sop, = sup(a : Acl,(y)ly ) . Here
(I
and RZ,, which are the results of the solution of the direct problem, calculated for
function a:(y) found fiom minimization of (8) for a given y . From the results of
1. Van Oevelen P., and D. Hoekman , Radar Backscatter Inversion Technique for
Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture: EFEDA-Spain and HAPEX - Sahel case
Studies, IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens., GE-37, 1999, 113-124.
2. Petit R., ed., Electromagnetic theory of gratings. (Springer, Heidelberg, 1980).
3. Shestopalov V. P., Yu. A. Tuchkin, A, Ye. Poyedinchuk and Yu. K. Sirenko.
Novel Methods of Solving of Direct and Inverse Problems of Dfjaction Theory.
Analytical Regularization of Boundary Value Problems in Electromagnetics.
(Kharkov, Osnova, 1997). (in Russian).
4. Li L., J. Chandezon, G. Granet, and J. -P. Plumey, A rigorous and
efficient grating analysis method made easy for optical engineers, Pure Appl.
Opt., 21, 1999, 121- 136.
5. Tikhonov A. N. and V. Ya. Arsenin. Metho& for the solution of ill posed
problems, (Mir, Moscow, 1986). (in Russian).
6. Chandezon J., A. Ye. Poyedinchuk, and N. P. Yashina, Dfjaction of
electromagnetic waves by periodic boundary between two media: C method and
Tikhonov ’s regularization, in 2001 URSI International Symposium on
Electromagnetic the0ry. Victoria, May 13-17,2001,24 1-242.
7. Hadson V. and J.Pim. Application of Functional Analyses for the Operator
Theory. (Mir, Moscow, 1987). (in Russian).
A NOTE ON GENERALIZED CESARO OPERATORS
DER-CHEN CHANG
Department of Mathematics, Georgetown University
Washington D. C., 20057, USA
E-mail: chang@math.georgetown.edu
ROBERT GILBERT
Department of Mathematics, University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware, 1971 6, USA
E-mail: gilbertOmath.udel.edu
GANG WANG
Department of Aerospace Engineeeng, University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
E-mail: gwangOeng.umd.edu
In this note we show that the adjoint operator of the generalized Ceshro operator
+
is bounded on the weighted Bergman spaces d P ( d V a ) if and only if a 2 < p . We
also study the link of this operator with the Libera transform on the polydisk D,
in Cn.
92
93
where
@=O
These operators were first introduced in and have been studied exten-
sively by many mathematicians (see e.g., 2 , 4 , 8 J 3 J 4 . For y = 0, we obtain
the classical CesBro operator Co = C. It is known that the operator C is
bounded on the weighted Bergman spaces (see e.g., as well as other
1y335,12)
For y E C with Re (y) > -1, let C; be the adjoint operator of C,, which
is formally defined by
where f has the Taylor series (2). Unlike the operator C,, the adjoint
operator C; is only formally defined. This definition can be formulated as
an integral
+
where cpt(z) = 1- t t z for 0 < t < 1.
The adjoint operator was first considered in in the case y = 0, in which
the author proved that the operator C; is bounded on dp(dV5) if and only
+
if Q 2 < p . In this paper, we will generalize this result to the case when
y # 0 with Re(?) > -1.
94
J -??
The aim of this note is to generalize the result on C,*to the operators
C;, when y # 0. Indeed, we have the following theorem.
Theorem 1. The operator C; defind by (4) is bounded on the weighted
Bergman spaces dP(dVor) af and only if a: + 2 < p .
95
+
Since the last integral converges for a 2 < p , we obtain the result in this
case.
+
Case 2. a 2 > p . Let fl(z) = 1/(1 - z ) . Using polar coordinates and
applying Lemma 2 we obtain
+ +
for a 2 > p . Hence fl E dP(dVa) for a 2 > p .
On the other hand, for all -1 < y < 00, C; have no sense on the function
f1 and consequently C;fl is not in dP(dV,) in this case. Indeed, it is well
known that (see e.g., [16, p. 771)
s, If2(Z)lP(l - Iw-2~v(4
is equiconvergent with J:'2 p-l(log $)-Pdp < oo since p > 1. Hence f2 E
dP (dVp-2).
On the other hand, from the following equality
Since the last integrals converge for aj + 2 < p , j = 1,...,n, we obtain the
result in this case.
+
Case 2. aj 2 > p for some j E (1, ...,n } and zy E dD1. Let fl(zj) =
l/(zy-zj). Then using polar coordinates and [7,p.84, Lemma 31, we obtain
foraj + +
2 > p . Hence f1 E AP(dV3) if aj 2 > p for some j E (1, ...,n ) .
On the other hand h,o have no sense on the function f1 and conse-
quently h , o ( f l ) is not in dP(dV3) in this case.
Case 3. aj + 2 = p for some j E (1, ...,n}. Note that p > 1 it this case.
Let
f2(zj) =- (Log-
1- zj zj 1-
>-'. Zj
tions defined on the unit polydisk such that supOlr<l Mi(r, f ) < 00. Then
we may show that
3. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the organizing committee, especially Pro-
fessor Armand Wirgin, for organizing the conference. They would also like
to thank the warm hospitality during their visit to France. This research
project is partially supported by a William Fulbright Research Grant and
the FY96 Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP)
Contract No. DAAH-0496-10301.
References
1. A. Aleman and A. Siskakis, Integration operators on Bergman spaces, Indiana
Univ. Math. J . 46 (1997) pp. 337-356.
2. K.F. Andersen, Cesko averaging operators on Hardy spaces, Proc. Royal SOC.
Edinburgh 126A (1996) pp. 617-624.
3. G. Benke and D.C. Chang, A note on weighted Bergman spaces and the Cesho
oprator, Nagoya Math. J. 159 (2000) pp. 25-43.
4. D.C. Chang, R. Gilbert and J. Tie, Bergman projection and weighted holo-
morphic functions, to appear in Reproducing kernel, Hilbert spaces, positivity,
function theory, system theory and related topics, ed. by D. Alpay (Birkhaiiser-
Verlag, Berlin, 2002).
5. D.C. Chang and S. SteviC, The generalized Cesho operator on the unit poly-
disk to appear in Taiwanese Math. J., (2003).
6. N. Danikas and A. Siskakis, The CesZlro operator on bounded analytic func-
tions, Analysis 13 (1993) pp. 195-199.
7. P. Duren, Theory of H p spaces (Academic Press, New York, 1970).
8. A. Siskakis, Composition semigroups and the Cesko operator on H p ( D ) ,J .
London Math. SOC.36 (1987) pp. 153-164.
9. A. Siskakis, Semigroups of composition operators in Bergman spaces, Bull.
Austral. Math. SOC.35 (1987) pp. 397-406.
10. A. Siskakis, On the Bergman space norm of the Cesiro operator, Arch. Math.
67 (1996) pp. 312-318.
11. E.M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability of Functions (Princeton
University Press, Princeton, New Jeresy, 1970).
12. K. Stempak, CesZlro averaging operators, Proc. Royal SOC.Edinburgh 124A
(1994) pp. 121-126.
99
PAOLO CIANCI
Department of Mathematics, University of Catania,
Viale A . Doria 6, 90125 - Catania, Italy
E-mail: cianciOdmi.unict.it
In this paper we give a result which is a basic part of Moser’s method to obtain
boundedness of solutions for degenerate non linear partial differential equations in
anisotropic case.
1. Introduction
In this paper we give a result which is a basic part of Moser’s method to
obtain boundedness of solutions for degenerate non linear partial differ-
ential equations in anisotropic case. The application of the given result
to degenerate anisotropic higher order equations one can consider as the
main reason of this obtaining. We note in this, connection that direct use
of generalization of corresponding results of the previous paper and of
earlier paper ( see for istance where isotropic case was studied, for
294,7,8)
100
101
(6)* E L;*,(R).
Hypotheses of this kind have also been considered before in 4,536. We set
v = {v, : la1 = 1).
By W1rq(v,R) we denote the space of all functions u E Lq- (R) such that
their derivatives ( in the sense of distributions) D"u are functions which
have the following property
v , ( D ~ u pE L1(R).
W1?Q(v,
R) is a Banach space with the norm
Hypothesis 2.1. There exists ij > q+ and E > 0 such that for every
u E w y v , R),
then
R 1.1
vrai max _< Mo (7)
where the positive constant MO depends only on
72, Q - , Q+, 4,e, c1, mo,m1, m2, t l l t 2 , l ~ l ~ l l ~ 1 l l ~ ~ ~ l l ~ 2 l l ~ * .
Proof: We shall denote by ci, i = 2,3,. . ., positive constants which depend
only on the mentioned parameters.
Define
define
(9)
1 1
p = :[rrl - -(@ - q+rl)]
Q 2
It is clear that p > 0 and
PQ+ <
From (10) it follows that
rr' = p4 + s(@
1
- q+rl)
and
r
PQ+ = -J - 1$Q+ Q+
- 8)
103
Hence setting
+
v = [l h3u)]-Pu
we obtain
+ +
DQv = {[I h:(u)]P 2p[1+ h : ( ~ ) ] - P - ~ h , ( u ) h l , ( ~ ) ~a.e.inR.
)D~u,
By (6) we have
= I1 + 12,
where
I1 I
then
[T(PQ+)le*
This inequality, (11),(13) and (15) imply that
We set
1 1 Q+
d = -(@
27' - q+T'), d i = s ( q + - 7)
and define for every j = 0,1, .. . ,
-1 6j
rj = 6 j d + -
6di
6-1
Since 6 > 1, for every j E N we have rj > d , then by (23)
+
T,(rj) I c ~ ( 1 r j ) ( m z + 1 ) i [ T -
( 5d1)le,
by definition of r j , we have ?$- dl = rj-1, therefore
T ( r j ) 5 c7(1 + rj)(m2+1)i
[ ~ ( -r1j)Ie.
Hence, noting that rj 5 c&, we get
T ( r j )_< (24)
Using iteration process we obtain,Vj E N,
References
1. L. Boccardo, T. Gallouet, P. Marcellini, Anisotropic equations in L', Differ-
ential Integral Equations 9 (1996), n. 1, 209-212.
2. S. Bonafede, S. D'Asero , Holder continuity of solutions for a class of nonlinear
elliptic variation inequalities of high order, Nonlinear Anal. 44 (2001), n. 5,
Ser A: Theory Methods, 657-667.
3. P. Cianci, Boundedness of solutions of Dirichlet problem for a class of nonlinear
elliptic equations with weights. (to appear).
4. S. D'Asero, Integral estimates for the gradient of solutions of local nonlinear
variational inequalities with degeneration, Nonlinear Stud. 5 (1998), n. 1, 95-
113.
5. F. Guglielmino, F. Nicolosi, Existence theorems for boundary value problems
associated with quasilinear elliptic equations, (Italian) Ricerche Mat. 37 (1988)
n. 1, 157-176.
6. F. Guglielmino, F. Nicolosi, W-solutions of boundary value problems for de-
generate elliptic operators (Italian) Ricerche Mat 36 (1987) suppl. 59-72.
107
1. Introduction
Modeling of elastic porous materials is a classical issue, undertaken in the
extensive works on the general three-dimensional continuum theory by M.
Biot in fifties. Biot's theory is used to predict the propagation of elasto-
acoustic waves through porous media. The Biot's effective equations take
into account the displacement of both the fluid in the pores and the solid
skeleton and the coupling between these.
We study here the case of a porous medium saturated by an inviscid
fluid. Materials of this type are actually used in aerospace applications
for reducing the noise transmission. The characteristic length of the non-
homogeneities was t? and in Biot introduced the averaged displacements
ii and d of the solid and fluid phase, respectively. They correspond to
averages over volumes proportional to l3of the microscopic displacements.
Then by generalizing the classical procedure from the linear theory of elas-
ticity, he introduced the generalized stress-strain relations through the elas-
tic potential energy
2 4 = AlD(ii) : D(G) + A2(div i)' + B(div d)2+ C(div ii)(div d),
where D is the symmetrized gradient. Next, in Biot obtained dynamical
relations in the absence of dissipation. It was argued that compressible
fluids behave as incompressible ones if the wavelength of the elastic waves
was much bigger than the pore size and that the microscopic flow pattern
of the fluid, relative to the solid, depended only on the direction of the flow
108
109
and not on its magnitude. Then the kinetic energy E, of the statistically
isotropic system is
+ P l a23
i
a2ii
p11- 2 F =
at2
C
A1 div(D(d)) + A2V div u'+ -V div d (1)
2
8%
p12-
a2d - c div ii
+ p 2 2 -a t 2 = BV div U + -V .
at2 2
The more realistic dissipative case is modeled by adding the friction
effects due to the relative motion between the fluid and the solid, but we
don't discuss it in this short expository paper. The coefficients in (1) are
not given and their determination is in general not clear. In this direction
we refer to the paper by Biot and Willis. Furthermore, it is not clear that
coefficients in (1) are scalars. All those open questions give motivation to
undertake a derivation of the equations (1) starting from the first princi-
ples, i.e. from the coupled system containing the linear elasticity system
for the solid skeleton and the linearized Euler equations for the inviscid
fluid. The homogenization limit, when the pore size E tends to zero should
give an upscaled model. The fluid could be supposed incompressible, the
compressible case being simply the penalization of the incompressible case.
We are going to present an outline of the rigorous derivation from 7.
In order to fix the idea, we study a porous medium obtained by a pe-
riodic arrangement of the pores, with connected fluid part. The formal
description as in ?.
Now we see that 52 = ] 0 , L [ 3is covered with a regular mesh of size E,
each cell being a cube y," = E(Y+i), with 1 5 i 5 N ( E )= ( n ( ~ - ~ [ l + O ( l ) ] .
We define the solid matrix 52; = UkETE ys", , I?" = afl;, and the pores
52; = 52 \ 52;. Obviously, 852; = 852 U re. The domains 52; and 52; repre-
sent, respectively, the solid and fluid parts of a porous medium 52. We sup-
pose small deformations and the displacements are described by linearized
equations in both media. More precisely, in 52; we have the linearized mo-
mentum equation for the time derivative of the fluid displacement ue, in
110
(5)
The linearized incompressible Euler system doesn't involve derivatives of
the velocity field with respect to x and an H1-estimate for the velocity
doesn't follow directly. One way to proceed is to use the H(div;REf) esti-
mate in the fluid part. Nevertheless, after taking the curl of the linearized
Euler system, we get
div 24" = 0 m d IIcurl - <C
u"IJLm(0,TiL2(n;)3) (6)
and it is natural to estimate the L2-norm of the Vu' by the L2-norms of
div u" and curl u". Such estimate requires a boundary condition at the
' . v and then the
interface. In our model it is a given normal component u
H1-estimate uniform with respect to E holds if and only if the first Betti
number of il> is zero. By assumptions, Oil> is a connected 2D manifold.
Each such manifold is homeomorphic to a sphere with "handles" and the
first Betti number or the genus of ail; is the number of handles. For a
simply connected domain, the first Betti number is zero. Our domain is
multiply connected and the estimate requires some effort.
Proposition 1.1. (see ) By supposing that aYf E C1il we get
111
We note that for isolated fluid parts the velocity gradient is uniformly
bounded, leading to different results. For more details we refer to . The
extension of the pressure field p E to 0; x]O,T [is given by substracting its
s
mean. Then S j E d i vcp = p&Evcp, Vcp E H;,, (R)3, and
n "7
1117" llH1(o,T$;(")) + WE
llH1(O,T;H,A (")a) <
- c.
(8)
In order to prove the main convergence results of this paper we use the
notion of two-scale convergence (see Allaire '). The main interest of this
convergence lies in the compactness properties. Then we have
Theorem 1.1. (see ) There exist subsequences such that, Vt E [O,T],
xn;u" + +
xn: w E + uo(x,t) xy, (y)v(x, y, t ) in the 8-scale sense, (9)
xn:Vw" + ~ ~ , ( y ) [ V , u ~ ( x+, tVyul(x,y,t)]
) in the 2-scale sense, (10)
xn; E V U+
~ xyf (y)V,v(x, y,t ) in the 2-scale sense, (11)
@' + @O(x,y, t ) in the 2-scale sense, (12)
with w E H 3 ( 0 ,T ;L2(R; H(div;Y ) ) 3f)l H1(O,T ;L2(R; Hk,, ( Y f ) ) 3 ) ,
v = 0 on Y,, div $$ = 0 in R x Y f x ] O , T [ and div, Jy, $$ dy E
H1(lO,T [ ,L 2 ( W E H 3 ( 0 , T ;L2(R; Hker ( Y s ) / R ) 3 ) 7
) ~ )~ ( x , y , t )= XY,(y)p(x,t) + ~ ( t )p , E
uo E ~ 3 ( 0 , ~ ; ~ ; , , ( 5 2and
H1(]O,T [ ;L2(R)), B(t) = -# Jn p ( z , t ) dx.
It should be noted that the above convergence result relies on the connec-
tivity of the solid part. The connectivity of the fluid part is not required.
Using standard procedures from the theory of 2-scale convergence it is
straightforward to pass to the limit in the system (2) - (4). For details
we refer to . We obtain the following two-scale system for the effective
displacement uo, the effective relative pore displacement w between phases,
the correction Dy(ul),the effective pressure p and the second pressure 7r
a2
pf-(uo+v)+V,p+V,7r=Fpf i n R x Yfx]O,T[, (13)
at2
Hence the two-scale system (13) - (18) is the complete upscaled problem.
Nevertheless, it is too complicated for numerical calculations and it is nec-
essary t o eliminate the fast scale y. It is eliminated using the ansatz
BH =
J AD,(wo)dy,
/div,wO dy = -
Y.
s AD,(wo) : D,(wo) < 0.
The tensors AH and BH defined by (22) and (23), respectively, are positive
definite and symmetric.
Ansatz for w and T is more complicated . Here we write IJ as
113
+
(PI - p f A ) - div, {AHD,(uO)}
(lYfl1- BH - A)V,p(x,t)
= ( P I- p f A ) F ( x t, ) in 0x10, T [ (30)
- d2p
at2
1 1
div,wO d y - - div (AV,p(x, t ) )
Pf
+
Y* 62UO
div { ( J Y f l I- A - I?*)-} = - div ( A F ) in 0 x ] O , T [ (31)
at2
We refer to for the proof that {uo,p} is a unique solution for the system
(30) - (31). The new system doesn’t contain the fast scale and it is much
easier t o study.
It remains to compare it with the Biot’s system ( B ) . First, we introduce
the effective displacement of the solid part as ii = uo and the effective
displacement of the fluid part as = uo+ J v d y . Then, after averaging
Yf
the equation (26), we get
- J div,wO
BHV div(BHZ) - lyfl
- J div,wO
BHV div fi. (33)
Y8 Y,
If the system (33) - (34) is compared with the original Biot's system
(l),then we see that they have the same structure.
Equation (33) corresponds to the first equation in ( B ) and (34) to the
second. The difference is that we got matrices for p i j . p22 = (YfI2pfA-',
~ 1 =2 pflYfl(I - 1yrlA-l) and p11 = p,lY,II +
IYflpf(IYflA-' - 1). The
added mass is pa = pflYfl(lYflA-' - I ) . The matricial coefficient IYflA-'
correspond to the tortuosity factor. Also in the compressibility terms V div,
we have BHG and not Z. Nevertheless, the four matricial coefficients cor-
responding to the effective stress-strain relations in the Biot's theory are
reduced to only two: AH and B H . To the contrary, the study of the purely
elastic and dilatation waves for our system is much more complicated.
The advantage of our approach is that we are not only able to justify the
Biot's model without ad hoc assumptions, but also we are able to calculate
the coefficients from the first principles.
References
1. G. Allaire. Homogenization and two-scale convergence, SIAM J. Math. Anal.
23.6 (1992), 1482-1518.
2. M. A. Biot, Theory of Elasticity and Consolidation for a Porous Anisotropic
Solid, J. Appl. Phys., 26, 182-185 (1955).
3. M.A. Biot. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated p o ~ o u s
solid. I. Lower frequency range, and II. Higher frequency range, J. Acoust
SOC.Am. 28(2) (1956), 168-178 and 179-191.
4. M. A. Biot and D. G. Willis, The Elastic Coefficients of the Theory of Con-
solidation, J. Appl. Mech., 24, 594-601 (1957).
5. M.A. Biot. Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative
media, Jour. Acoustic SOC. Amer. 34 (1962), 1254-1264.
6. T. Clopeau, J.L. Ferrin, R.P. Gilbert and A. MikeliC, Homogenizing the
acoustic properties of the seabed: Part 11,Mathematical and Computer Mod-
elling , 33(2001), p. 821 - 841.
115
M. COCOU132
Laboratoire de Me‘canique et d’Acoustique - C.N.R.S.,
31, chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, fiance,
G. SCARELLAlS3
I N R I A Rocquencourt,
Domaine de Voluceau - B.P. 105,
78153 Le Chesnay, fiance,
E-mail: Gilles.Scarella@inria.fr
1. Introduction
The aim of this paper is to study the existence and the approximation of
a solution to a dynamic contact problem for a cracked viscoelastic body,
when unilateral contact (or Signorini’s) conditions between the two faces
of the crack are taken into account.
A few results concerning dynamic unilateral contact problems exist in
the literature. An existence and uniqueness result for the wave equa-
tion with unilateral boundary conditions in a half-space was proved by
G. Lebeau and M. Schatzman and an existence result for the wave equa-
tion with unilateral boundary conditions in a smooth bounded domain was
116
117
" ...
............ .'....) ..........
/
-
+I-
r"
Figure 1. A representation of R in 2D.
L :V + R,(L,w) =
(2)
T ;P) n W2ioo(0,
Problem P2,,: Find 4, E W1~O0(O, T ;?') such that
(atta&,G) + s(a&,s)+ i@&&,G) + Q&(G&,G)= ( L , G ) ,
(5)
at.,"
-
u," u" weak * in LO"(0,T ;Va),
2 dtu" in L2(0,T;V,),weak * in Lw(O,T;H,), (8)
attu; 2 dttu" Q = +, -.
in L ~ ( o , T[H-'(W)]')),
;
Using a compactness result of J. Simon (8, Corollary 4),we have
; a ) , at&, + at4 in L2(0,T ;a),
atu: + atu" in L 2 ( 0 , T H
atu: + atu" in G ( [ o , T ][ ,H - ' / ' ( w ) ] ~ ) ,
u; + uo in c([o,T], [H'~~(w)]').
Hence
,
(atu; ( T ) w"( T )-u;( T ) H
) - 1 / 2 , Hl / * + (atu"( T ),w"( T )-u"( T ) H) - *,2, Hl / * .
-
Therefore, by using trace properties, we have, V t E [O,T],
4&(t) 4(t)in P, so that u+ = u- a.e. on rV,and 4 E K by (7)s.
121
Now the previous convergence properties allow to pass to the limit in the
penalized problem. Thanks to a monotonicity argument, the limit is solu-
tion to the unilateral problem..
u, -
We can define internal approximations u,, d,, Gn on ]O,T[such that
u," and d , - at.," in L2(0,T ;Vh),Gn - u," in W 2 , 2 ( 0T, ;Vh).
Using (ll),one can prove the convergence of fully discrete solutions to the
continuous solution of the penalized problem.
For numerical aspects, a work is in progress to use the same method as
E. Bbcache, P. Joly and C. Tsogka in * to solve the elastodynamic problem
with unilateral contact conditions on the faces of the crack.
Acknowledgments
The support of this work by E.D.F. - Recherche Developpement,
SINETICS, Clamart, fiance, is gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. E. BBcache, P. Joly and C. Tsogka, J. of Comp. Acous. 9, 1175 (2001).
2. M. Cocou and J.M. Ricaud, Int. J. Engrg. Sci. 38, 1535 (2000).
3. J. JaruSek, Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. 7 (9-A), 581 (1995).
4. J.U. Kim, Commun. in Partial Differential Equations 14,1011 (1989).
5. G. Lebeau and M. Schatzman, J.Diff.Eqs. 53, 309 (1984).
6. J.A.C. Martins and J.T. Oden, Nonlinear Analysis, Theory Meth. Applic. 11,
407 (1987).
7. J.M. Ricaud and E. Pratt, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 24,491 (2001).
8. J. Simon, Ann. Mat. Pura Applic. 146,65 (1987).
PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL BASED RAY TRACING FOR 2D
AND 3D COMPLEX TECTONICS
P. CRISTINI
Universite‘ de Pau et des Pays de I’Adour
CNRS/UMR5831 Imagerie Ge’ophysique PO Box 1155
64013 Pau Cedex, FRANCE
Email: p a d . cristiniOuniu-pau.fr
E. DE BAZELAIRE
TotalFinaElf
CSTJF avefiue Larribau
64000 Pau, FRANCE
Email: Eric.De-Bazelaire@totalfinaelf.corn
A new method that allows the fast computation of the traveltimes between a
source and an array of receivers for a two-dimensional velocity model is presented.
This method computes all rays without any omission at a much lower cost in
computing time than classical methods. In the first part of this paper, we give its
basic principles, and then discuss its extension to 3D models in a second part.
1. Introduction
Ray tracing is commonly used for the calculation of traveltimes and am-
plitudes of seismic events. Many algorithms exist5 which all have their ad-
vantages and drawbacks. Nevertheless they all provide poor results when
the geometry of the interfaces is complex. Some rays are not found and
it makes the interpretation of complex tectonics dangerously complicated.
Furthermore, even if ray methods are much faster than exact solutions they
are still not fast enough for 3D inversion. A very fast and comprehensive
ray tracing algorithm is then a crucial requirement. In this paper we present
a method which meets these objectives.
123
124
Approximation n
Source
A
i
, Caustic
several point sources which are the result of this sampling all of them lying
in the second medium. The wavefront is then approximated by circle arcs.
This procedure is repeated for all the new sources and the next interface.
An example of a beam propagating together with all the sources generated
by the crossing of different interfaces is indicated in figure 3. It must be
noticed that one can choose the interfaces on which the reflections occur.
Separation of contribution from each interface is then easily done. The
method is found to be at least 10 times faster than classical methods. Figure
4 shows an example where only the reflections from the fifth interface are
considered. The cputime needed to compute these ray paths is negligible.
3. From2Dto3D
The principles established previously can be extended to 3D models. They
are basically identicals but the objects on which we will apply them are
very different. This is particularly true for the reflection-refraction caus-
tics which become two-sheeted surfaces. Recalling the principles of the
method in 2D, two types of problems are to be solved : interpolation of
interfaces and caustic sampling. Interfaces will be approximated by elliptic
and hyperbolic paraboloids in order to be able to handle surfaces having
curvatures of the same or opposite sign. The caustic sampling or wavefront
decomposition will be done with torus elements. The caustic of a torus
is a circle and a straight line orthogonal to the plane of the circle passing
126
m i =-
p2
P1
k, Tu
- P2
+- ' M
P2 - PI
(2)
where ni is the normal to the isochron, Xu a tangent vector,k, the
geodesic curvature of the corresponding line of curvature and IG the curva-
ture of the isochron. Consequently we will need to know on the outgoing
wavefront the geodesic curvatures of the lines of principal curvature which
are given by :
1 dkl 1 dk2
k,, = -- kg2 = -- (3)
kl - k2 ds, kl - k2 dsc
where the derivatives are taken along the two lines of curvature and k1,2
are the principal curvatures.
where p is the ratio of the two velocities, i is the angle of incidence and r is
the angle of reflection-refraction. Stavroudis' method, instead of working
with lines of principal curvature, uses orthogonal geodesics, one belonging
to the plane of incidence as indicated in figure 5 and makes extensive use
of directional derivatives of Eq. (4).
because there are of no use for obtaining the curvatures but if the deriva-
tives of the curvatures are to be obtained these equations are absolutely
necessary. As an example, we give the calculation of the derivative of the
first equation of the reflection-refraction laws given previously. It provides
an expression for the derivative of the curvature in the direction of the
tangent to the geodesic orthogonal to the plane of incidence.
dkb - dk, dzp
-- p-+y-+E,sinr(~-~')
ds, ds, ds,
The geodesic curvatures can then be calculated as well as the the third
order equations of the minimization of traveltime leading to the caustic
sampling.
4. Conclusions
We presented the basic principles for the extension to 3D subsurface models
of a new ray tracing algorithm. Its main drawback is its limitation to blocky
models but the extension to media with a constant gradient of velocity is
possible. Further improvements will be reported in the future.
Acknowledgements
We thank Pierre Thore and Wasiu Makinde for their help.
References
1. Hubral P and Krey T Interval velocities from seismic reflection time measure-
ments SEG (1980)
2. De Bazelaire and Derain J.F. SEG Abstract (1988)
3. Stavroudis O.N. The optics of ray wavefronts and caustics Academic Press
1972
4. Stavroudis O.N. J. Opt. SOC.A m . 66 (1976)
5. Cerveny V. Seismic ray theory Cambridge University Press (2001)
6. Eisenhaxt L. P A treatise on the differential geometry of curves and surfaces
Dover (1960) ( reprint from 1909 edition )
REGULARITY UP TO THE BOUNDARY FOR A CLASS OF
SOLUTIONS OF A FUNCTIONAL-DIFFERENTIAL
SYSTEM.
S . D’ASERO
Dipartamento d i Matematica ed Inforrnatica, Universitd d i Catania
Viale A . Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italia
E-mail: daseroQdmi.unict.it
where:
130
131
0 I>Q
The closure of C r ( R ) in W1"(R,v) will be denoted by w (0,~)
0 I d
and there exists E > 0 such that for every u EW (0,u ) the follow-
ing inequality:
holds.
We set:
a There exists F > 0 such that for every y E 0 e p > 0 with B(y, p ) c
Q, the following inequality:
holds.
Hypothesis on the boundary of S2
133
Define:
h
R = {x E Rn : dist(x,R) < p * } .
There exist a positive function P : fi + R and ? > 0 such that:
(1) G(x)= v ( x ) in R;
(2) 6E L@), P E Lt'(E),
(3) for every y E dR and p € ] O , p * ] ,
c)
Let a ( x ,q, : R x R x R + R be a Carathe'odoryfunction and we
suppose that there exists c 3 , such that the following inequalities:
b(x,%C>lI C3{bdq-' + ]<Iq-' + 1) (8)
a(x,q,el 5 a (x ,rl', C') (9)
hold for almost every x E R, and every q I q', c 5 c' E R.
134
(Au,v) = / { ,k
0 a)=l
D1u, D2u)Daw
acu(z,u, + a(z,u , &)v}dz
~ the function that comes from Proposition 0.1 and u E
where q ! . ~ is
0 1,q
WZ,p(fl,~,Cl)-
Remark 0.1. We observe that the operator A is bounded, hemicontinous,
monotone and coercive.
0 1A
Definition 0.1. We say that the pair (u,+) E Wz,p(R,v,p)x Lq(R) is a
solution of the system (1) if the following identities hold:
b(z,u ( z ) ,$(x)) = 0 a.e. in R (14)
135
From the theory of monotone operators (cfr. 1 2 , 13), system (1) has a
0 1 4
&) E w2,,(R, v,p ) x LQ(0)
solution of kind (u,
Now we can formulate our main result:
Theorem 0.1. W e assume that all previous hypotheses are satisfied. If
0 1 4
(u,&) E W2,+,(R, "3) x Lq(S2) is a solution of the system ( l ) , then there
exist a functaon G : R + R such that G(z) = u(z) a.e. in R and a function
6%: n + R such that &(z) = qU(z)a.e. in R and for every z, y E n:
lG(z) - G(Y)l 5 CIS - !/I0
(16)
I&(z> -&(Y)I I CIz - Y1°
where positive constants C and a depend only on known values and on
1.1 IL+(R)
References
1. S. D’Asero, Boundedness and regularity for a class of solutions of a functional-
differential system, (to appear Nonlinear Analysis)
2. P. Drabek, F. Nicolosi, Existence of bounded solutions for some degenerated
quasilinear elliptic equations, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., vol 165 (1993), 217-238.
3. F. Guglielmino, F. Nicolosi, Sulle W-soluzioni dei problemi al contorno, Ric.
Mat., vol 36 (1987), 59-72.
4. F. Guglielmino, F. Nicolosi, Teoremi di esistenza per i problemi a1 contorno
relativi alle equazioni ellittiche quasilineari, Ric. Mat., vol 37, (1988), 157-
176.
5. D. Kinderlehrer, G. Stampacchia, An introduction t o variational inequalities
and their applications, Academic Press, New York, 1980.
6. E.Ya., Khruslov, Homogenization models of diffution in fractured cellular
media, Dokl. Acad. Nauk USSR, vol 309 n.2(1989), 332-335.
7. A.A. Kovalevsky, Homogenization of Neumann problems for nonlinear elliptic
equations in domains with accumulators, Ukr. Math. J., vol 47 n. 2, (1995),
227-249.
8. A.A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, Boudedness of solutions of degenerate nonlinear
elliptic variational inequalities, Nonlin. Anal. 35 n.8 Ser B (1999), 987-999.
9. A.A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, On Holder continuity of solutions of equations
and variational inequalities with degenerate nonlinear elliptic high order oper-
ators, Atti de12 Simposio Internazionale ”Problemi attuali dell’Analisi e della
Fisica Matematica” dedicato alla memoria di Gaetano Fichera, Taormina,
15-17 ottobre 1998.
10. A.A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, On regularity up to the boundary of solutions
to degenerate nonlinear elliptic high’order equations, Nonlin. Anal. 40 (2000)
365-379.
11. O.A. Ladyzhenskaya, N.N. Uralt’seva, Linear and quasilinear elliptic equa-
tions, Moskow Nauka 1967.
12. J.L. Lions, Quelques methodes de rksolution des problbmes aux limites non
linhaires, Dunod et Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1969.
13. M.K.V. Murthy, G . Stampacchia, Boundary value problems for some dege-
narate elliptic operators, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4), vol. 80 (1968),1-122.
14. F. Nicolosi, Soluzioni deboli per operatori parabolici che possono degenerare,
Ann. Mat. (4) vo1.125 (1980), 135-155.
15. F. Nicolosi, I.V. Skrypnik, Niremberg Gagliardo interpolation inequality and
regularity of solutions of nonlinear higher order equations,Topol. Method
Nonlin. Anal., 7 n. 2 (1996), 327-347.
16. I.V. Skrypnik, Nonlinear elliptic equations of high order, Naukova Dumka,
Kiev, 1973
ON THE HARDY SPACES OF HARMONIC AND
MONOGENIC FUNCTIONS IN THE UNIT BALL OF RM+l
R. DELANGHE
Department of Mathematical Analysis, Ghent University,
Galglaan 2, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
E-mail: Richard. Delanghe@mg.ac. be
1. Introduction
Let R c U2 be a bounded and simply connected domain with C,-boundary
I' = an and let C be the Cauchy transform on L2(r) with adjoint C*.
If P : L2(I') + H 2 ( I ' ) is the so-called Szego projection, H2(I') being the
Hardy space on I', then in lo Kerzman and Stein proved the following
relation between C and IP :
C = P(1+ A)
where A = C - C* is the so-called Kerzman-Stein operator on C. The
Kerzman-Stein operator A is a smoothing operator mapping L z ( C ) into
C,(W
In ', Bell showed how the above Kerzman-Stein formula may be applied to
solve the classical Dirichlet problem :
A u = Q in R
{ u 1 =~ fon I',
with f E C,(r) being given.
As a basic result he obtained that
u=h+R
where h and H both are holomorphic in 0 and moreover Cm(n).
137
138
a = x aAeA,
A
class.
If R is open in Rm+' and f E C,(R), then f is said to be (left) monogenic
ax
in R if f = 0 in R. Notice that in view of (2.1), monogenic functions are
&,m+l -valued harmonic functions in R.
Important examples of monogenic functions are induced by the so-called
Cauchy transform C. To that end, assume that R is a bounded smooth
domain in Rm+' with C,-boundary C = 130. For any two elements f , g E
L z ( C ) , define the inner product ( f , g ) E by
JE
Furthermore, define the Cauchy kernel Cz(y) in Rm+' by
CX(Y) = 4y)E(Y -
where v ( y ) is the outward pointing unit normal at y E C.
Then for each f E L 2 ( C ) ,its Cauchy transform Cf is given by
Cf(Z) = (Cz,f)E
(3-2)
Moreover, the associated Szego integral operator S with kernel S,(y) maps
L2(C) onto H2(R).
(v) Denoting by P the orthogonal projection of L2(C) onto H 2 ( C )we have
the Kerzman-Stein formula :
P(1 + A ) = c.
The operator A = C - C* is a smoothing operator; it is also given by
1
A = - ( H - vHv).
2
Furthermore P maps C,(C) into itself.
REMARKS
(1) Hilbert modules with reproducing kernel over a (finite dimensional) H*-
algebra were introduced independently in Examples of such modules,
619.
0
in particular the Bergman and Hardy spaces for the unit ball B(1)in Rm+l,
were given in 7.
(2) The properties (i) - (v) listed above are generalizations to Euclidean
space of similar results in the complex plane (see 2,10).
0
we obtain that the Poisson kernel P,(w) for B(1), given by
141
P, ( w ) = s x ( w ) + s x ( w ) (4.1)
where
S,(w) = w Sx(w)Z.
Now a t each w E S", v(w) = w , and so we get in view of (3.1) that any
g E L2(Sm) may be orthogonally decomposed as
g = Pg +wP(L29).
Hence, in view of (3.2) and (4.1) we have, for all g E Lz(S"),
X"i(1)) = HZ(i(1)) a3 5 H Z ( i ( l ) ) ,
0
References
1. S. Bell, Solving the Dirichlet problem in the plane b y means of the Cauchy
integral, Indiana Math. J. 39 (1990), 1355-1371.
2. S. Bell, The Cauchy transform, potential theory, and conformal mapping (CRC
Press, Boca Raton, 1992).
3. F. Brackx, R. Delanghe and F. Sommen, Clifford Analysis (Pitman, London,
1982).
4. D. Calderbank, Clifford analysis f o r Dirac operators on manifolds with bound-
ary (Max-Planck-Institut fur Mathematik, Bonn, 1996).
5. J. Cnops, A n introduction to Dirac operators on manifolds (Birkhauser, Basel,
2002).
6. R. Delanghe, O n Hilbert modules with reproducing kernel, In : Funtion Theo-
retic Methods for Partial Differential Equations (Eds. V.E. Meister, N. Weck
and W.L. Wendland), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 561 (Springer, Berlin,
1976), 158-170.
7. R. DeIaaghe and F. Brackx, Hypercomplex function theory and Hilbert modules
with reproducing kernel, Proc. London Math. SOC.37 (1978), 545-576.
8. J. Gilbert and M. Murray, Clifford algebras and Dirac operators in harmonic
analysis (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).
9. R.P. Gilbert and G. Hile, Hilbert function modules with reproducing kernel,
Nonlinear Analysis 1 (1977), 135-150.
10. N. Kerzman and E.M. Stein, The Cauchy kernel, the Szego kernel, and the
Riemann mapping function, Math. Ann. 236 (1978), 85-93.
TIME DOMAIN WAVE EQUATIONS FOR LOSSY MEDIA
OBEYING A FREQUENCY POWER LAW: APPLICATION
TO THE POROUS MATERIALS.
C. DEPOLLIER
Laboratoire d'Acoustique de 1 'Universite' du Maine,
Avenue Olivier Messaien, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, f i a n c e
The acoustic attenuation in porous media having rigid frame is described by a frac-
tional power law of frequency. In order to write the propagation equation in time
domain, the concept of fractional derivatives is used given a good correspondence
between theory and experience. A generalization for lossy media having a power
law dependance of frequency of the attenuation a = aoIwIY is treated. Classical
lossy time domain wave equations exists only for restricted cases where y = 0 or
y = 2. For the frequently occurring practical situation in which attenuation is
much smaller than the wave number, a lossy dispersion characteristic is derived
that has the desired attenuation general power law dependence. In order to obtain
the corresponding time domain lossy wave equation, time domain loss operators
similar in function to existing derivative operators are developed through the use
of generalized functions.
143
pressibility p(w). These functions depend to the physical characteristics
of the fluid in the pore space of the medium and are independent of the
dynamic characteristics of the structure. The basic equations of the model
of equivalent fluid are:
A w l dP = -v.v.
dVi
P f E ( W ) Z = -vip, --
Ka d t
In these relations, v and p are the particle velocity and the acoustic pres-
sure, pf is the fluid density, K , = yP0 is the compressibility modulus of
the fluid. The first equation is the Euler equation, and the second one is a
constitutive equation obtained from the equation of mass conservation as-
sociated with the behavior (or adiabatic) equation. E ( W ) and p ( ~are
) the
dynamic tortuosity of the medium and the dynamic compressibility of the
air included in the porous material. These two factors are complex func-
tions which heavily depend on the frequency f = w / 2 n . Their theoretical
expressions are given by Johnson et a1 ', Allard and Lafarge 4:
the heat transfer between the air and the structure. The high-frequency
approximation of the responses factors E ( W ) and p ( w ) when w + 00 are
given by the relations
In the time domain the expressions of the dynamic tortuosity and the dy-
namic compressibility are given by Fellah and Depollier 5 :
(7)
where * denotes the time convolution and 6(t) is the Dirac function. In
this model the time convolution oft-'/' with a function is interpreted as a
semi derivative operator following the definition of the fractional derivative
of order v given in Samko and coll 6 ,
The first one is related to the velocity c = 1/,/= of the wave in the
air included in the porous material. The other coefficients are essentially
146
dependent on the characteristic lengths A and A' and express the viscous
and thermd interactions between the fluid and the structure. Fig.1 shows
the comparison between experimental transmitted signal, and simulated
transmitted signal using Eq. 10 and boundary condition at the interfaces
of a slab of porous plastic foam (thickness 2 cm, porosity: 0.95, a , = 1.07,
A = 200pm and A' = 600pm)
Figure 1. experimental (solid line) and simulated transmitted signals (dashed line)
where w is angular frequency, and a0 has units of Np/m and the loss is
exp(-az). The absolute sign is a consequence of the real even properties
of absorption as a function of frequency, y is a real positive finite number.
147
For most materials, the power law exponent y has value from 0 to 2. It
is possible to write a general dispersion relation for the propagation of
ultrasonic waves in a wide variety of media as:
k 2 ( w )= (w/c)2 + i2(w/c)(ao I w I”, (13)
+ +
where k ( w ) = w/c p’(w) ia(w),p‘(w) is the extra term of dispersion,
a ( ~is)the attenuation and c is the high frequency limit of the velocity of
the medium. This relation is valid if ( a ( w ) / $ ) << 1, this inequality defines
a finite frequency range in which the general lossy wave equation developed
is valid. This approximation is used widely for the linear case and nonlinear
cases such as the Burger’s equations and KZK equations l l . In the case of
porous materials, the above approximation is well verified when 6 / r << 1,
for high frequency range.
In the time domain, all coefficients of the differential terms of the waves
equations are real constants. This characteristic insure real results for real
excitation signals. Even when a consistent, valid, frequency domain plane
wave solution approach is used through either a complex compressibility or
complex elastic constant, it cannot apply directly to the solution of pulsed
case, as also pointed out by Nachman 12. A problem arises when we attempt
to transform the general frequency domain lossy wave equation above back
to the space and time domain 5 , under conventional Fourier transform, the
inversion is defined only when y is an even integer n:
p,, - l/c2ptt - (-l)7422ao/cptn+1 = 0. (14)
For other powers of y, the classical Fourier transform derivative relations
fail to recover differential terms with real constants. It is the case for
the propagation in porous material at high frequency range in which the
introduction of the fractional derivative definition is needed to write the
wave equation in time domain. The approach taken by here is to apply
generalized functions and theirs transforms to the problem, if y is an odd
integer, it is helpful to rewrite Eq. 13 in an equivalent form
+
kz((w)= ( w / c ) ~ iw(2ao/c)sgn(w)w~ (15)
for this odd integer case, a useful generalized function pair can be recast in
the Fourier transform convention used for time (angular) frequency
F T - ~ [ u % ~ I I ( ~=) y!/[.(it)g++’]
] (16)
where sgn(w) is the sign function, this pair permits to write equivalent time
domain lossy wave equation
pzz - l/c2ptt + (2/nc)ao(y + l)!(-l)(’+1)/2/p * l/t(”’) = 0. (17)
148
2.1. Causality
Causal means that an effect cannot precede its cause. For a time wave-
form initiated at t = 0, its spectral characteristics must meet certain re-
quirements so that complete time cancellation occurs for t < 0. To take
advantage of these Hilbert transform relations, we use the definition of the
propagation factor,
Equations (23), are the time causal relations. These relations can be shown
t o be the Fourier transforms equivalent of the Hilbert transforms. Because
generalized function, time domain operators satisfying Eq. (23) have no
restriction on the value of y (assumed to be finite, real), they have more
general validity ( for y > 1) than the Kramers-Kroning relations expressed
in the frequency domain. While the frequencies domain Kramers-Kronig
relations require knowledge of either Q or p’ at all frequencies, the convo-
lution of a time domain causal operator, each one is naturally limited by a
finite length of an imput pressure of total propagation operator.
The temporal propagation operator L,,y,t = FTT1[ y ( w ) ]is given by
L,,y,t = La,y,t + i L p , y , t = [1+ sgn(t)lLa,,,t = 2H(t)Lx,,,t, (24)
here H ( t ) is the step function [12] defined as :
H ( t ) = 0, t < 0 , H ( t ) = 1/2, t = 0, H ( t ) = 1, t > 0. (25)
The final causal lossy wave equation in time domain is given by
Pzz - 1/C2Ptt - ( 4 / c ) W t [ H ( t ) L a , , , *PI
t =0 (26)
Because of the step function, the propagation time operator L,,,,t is causal.
The attraction of a time domain based approach is that analysis is naturally
bounded by the finite duration of ultrasonic pressures and is consequently
the most appropriate approach for the transient signal.
References
1. M. A. Biot, J. Acoust. SOC.A m . 28, 168 (1956).
M. A. Biot, J . Acoust. SOC.A m . 28,179 (1956).
2. D.L. Johnson, J. Koplik, R. Dashen, J. Fluid. Mech. 176,379 (1987).
3. J.F. Allard, Chapman and Hall. London, (1993).
4. D. Lafarge, P. Lemarnier, J. F. Allard and V. Tarnow, J. Acoust. SOC.A m .
102,1995 (1996).
5. Z.E.A Fellah and C. Depollier, J. Acoust. Sac. A m . 107,683 (2000).
6. S . G . Samko, A. A. Kilbas and 0. I. Marichev, Gordon and Breach Science,
Amsterdam(l993).
7 . P. He , IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Reg. Control. 45, 114-125 (1998).
8. N . Akashi, J. Kushibiki and F. Dunn, J. Acoust. Soc. A m . 102, 3774-3778
(1997).
9. K. R. Waters, M. S. Hughes, J. Mobley, G. H. Brandenburger and J. G. Miller,
J. Acoust. SOC.A m , 108,556-563 (2000). T.
10. L. Szabo, J . Acoust. SOC.Am, 97,14-24 (1995).
11. B. K. Novikov, 0.V. Rudenko and V. I. Timoshenko, A I P , New York, English
translation by R. T. Beyer (1987).
12. A. I. Nachman, J. F. Smith and R. C. Waag, J. Acoust. SOC.A m , 88 (1990).
13. M. J. Lighthill, (Cambridge University), Chap.3 (1962).
A MODEL FOR POROUS DUCTILE VISCOPLASTIC
SOLIDS INCLUDING VOID SHAPE EFFECTS
The aim of this paper is to propose a new model for porous viscoplastic solids
incorporating void shape effects. The sound matrix is assumed to obey a sim-
ple Norton law with exponent n. Several previous well-accepted models pertaining
to various special cases are used as references. These models include: (i) that
of Gologanu, Leblond and Devaux, for arbitrary spheroidal voids but an (ideal-)
plastic matrix only ( n = m); (ii) that of Leblond, Perrin and Suquet, for spherical
or cylindrical voids only, but arbitrary n; (iii) that of Ponte-Castaneda and Zaid-
man, for spheroidal voids but a linearly viscous matrix only (n = 1). Use is also
made of the nonlinear Hashin-Shtrikman bound for voids of arbitrary shape and
arbitrary n , but low triaxialities. The approach used basically consists of looking
for a suitable heuristic expression for the ‘Lgaugefunction” of the voided material,
which is required to reduce to those corresponding to the reference models in the
relevant special cases. The validity of the model is messed through comparison be-
tween the analytical, approximate “gauge surface” proposed and that determined
by considering a spheroidal RVE and performing some numerical minimization of
the viscoplastic potential over a large number of trial velocity fields.
1. Introduction
An impressive number of models, which cannot all be cited here, have been
proposed for the overall behavior of porous viscoplastic materials, in order
to predict ductile rupture of metals at high temperatures.
In almost all models, the behavior of the sound matrix is assumed to
be governed by a simple Norton law with exponent n, connecting the local
strain rate d and the local stress u.This constitutive law includes linearly
viscous and (ideal-) plastic materials as special cases, for n = 1 and n = 00
respectively. The problem is to define the resulting relation, which must
necessarily involve the void volume fraction, between the overall strain rate
D and the overall stress E.
Only 2 models, however, try to account for the influence of void shape.
150
151
(1) the GLD model, applicable to plastic materials ( n = GO) only but
arbitrary void shapes;
(2) the LPS model, applicable to viscoplastic materials (n arbitrary)
152
where s d E S,, -Sxx and S, 3 gtr S denote the deviatoric and mean parts
of S. The function H is chosen in such a way that the model reproduces
the exact solution of the problem of a hollow viscoplastic sphere loaded
hydrostatically. A similar expression is proposed for cylindrical voids.
(3)
9
+-sk+3(1-3ai)SdSm
4 1 -1=o
U
F (s, f , p n ) = C(Sd + 7m2+ (9 + l)(g + f ) H(Sh)+ - - +
n 1H ( S h )
n-1
-(9 + - -(g
n+l + f y = 0,
This expression can match (l),( 2 ) and ( 3 ) in the relevant special cases pro-
vided that the coefficients are ascribed suitable values then. However, gen-
eral expressions applicable for arbitrary values of f , u/b and n are needed.
and tangency of the HS and present gauge surfaces at some typical point
in this zone, we get formulae for the remaining 2 parameters C and 17.
The gauge function proposed then meets all desired requirements.
n = 5, a / b = 5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S,
Figure 1. Approximate and numerical gauge surfaces
The direction of the normal to the gauge surface governs, via some “nor-
mality rule”, that of viscoplastic flow. Figure 2 allows for a comparison, in
a typical case, of the approximate and numerical directions of this normal.
The quantity on the horizontal axis is the angle tan-’ (Sm/Sd)(in degrees),
characterizing position on the gauge surface, and that on the vertical one
156
the angle tan-' [ D m / (fDd)] (also in degrees) where Dd E D,, - D,, and
D, z Str D, characterizing the direction of the normal.
- 140
2 120
Q
5 100
\
2
Y
80
*; 60
3
Y
40
20
0
-20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
tan-* (S,/Sd)
Figure 2. Directions of the normals to the approximate and numerical gauge surfaces
5. Perspectives
This work will now be pursued in 2 directions. First, we shall look for a
suitable evolution equation for the void shape, extending to arbitrary n that
proposed in the GLD model for n = 00. Second, we shall compare model
predictions with numerical (FE) simulations performed for more physically
meaningful RVE (cylindrical instead of spheroidal).
References
1. P. Ponte-Castaneda and M. Zaidman, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 42, 1459 (1994).
2. M. Garajeu, J.C. Michel and P. Suquet, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg.
183,223 (2000).
3. M. Gologanu, J.B. Leblond, G. Perrin and J. Devaux, in Continuum Microme-
chanics, P. Suquet, ed., Springer, pp. 61-130 (1997).
4. O.P. Sovik, Ph.D. Thesis, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology (1996).
5. J.B. Leblond, G. Perrin and P. Suquet, Int. J. Plasticity 10, 213 (1994).
6. B. Lee and M.E. Mear, J . Mech. Phys. Solids 40, 1805 (1992).
ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A COMPOSITE OF
TWO DIFFERENT POROELASTIC MATERIALS WITH A
VERY ROUGH PERIODIC INTERFACE: A
HOMOGENIZATION APPROACH
ROBERT GILBERT
Department of Mathematics, University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware, i97i6, USA
E-mail: gilbertOmath.udel.edu
MIAO- JUNG OU
Institute for Mathematics and its Applications,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
E-mail:miouOima.umn. edu
1. Introduction
Poroelasticity, the mechanics of porous elastic solids with fluid-filled pores,
has received attention in the last few decades for its important role in oil re-
covery, the study of the triggering of earthquakes, liquid waste disposed by
underground seepage into pores, and underwater acoustics involving prop-
agation in the water-saturated, porous bottom of the ocean, etc.
In this paper, the interface between the two poroelastic layers is assumed
to be very rough with a periodic geometry, i.e. the ratio of the ampli-
tude to the “wavelength” is large. Problems involving rough boundaries
or interfaces can usually be analyzed using perturbation methods when the
amplitude/wavelength ratio is small. For problems with a large ratio, other
methods of analysis are required. For example, the homogenization method
used by Kohler, Papanicolmu and Varadhan ’,
or Nevard and Keller ’.
157
158
where
[F(x*)]
:= lim lim F(x).
Y - 3x+x* a- F ( x ) - y + 3X--tx* a-
In these equations, Z = G, Cijkl is the elasticity tensor of the skeleton,
p the pressure( positive for compression), w the acoustic frequency, ui the
displacement of the solid part, f the porosity, p1 the density of the pore
fluid, p s the density of the skeleton and Kij is the generalized Darcy per-
meability tensor, which is introduced by the homogenization theory and is
w-dependent. The effective parameters ii and can be computed.
The interface between the two different poroelastic materials is described
by 2 3 = h(xI,xz),where h is €-periodic in both the X I and x~ direction.
The physical parameters are assumed to be constants above and below
the interface and have a jump discontinuity across the interface. In what
follows, we adopt the summation convention, Latin subscripts taking the
values 1, 2, 3 and Greek subscripts taking the values 1, 2. In (1)-(6), 6 is
the Kronecker delta tensor and n is the unit normal vector of the interface
2 3 = h(x1,xz)pointing in the positive 5 3 direction. The interface condi-
tions (3), (4), ( 5 ) and (6) represent the continuity of displacement, normal
stress, pressure and the averaged relative fluid velocity across the interface,
respectively.
become
w i ( X , ~ , t , e ): = ~ i ( ~ , t , € ) ,
a(x7Y, t , 4 : = P(X, t, 4.
+
Note that az,ui = (aza E - l d P , ) W i and dz,p = (az, E-'du,)q. +
Now we assume that w and q have the following asymptotic expansions for
E small:
w ( x , y , t, €) = U(O)(X, y , t) + c2
k=l
u ( k ) ( x , y , t)2 + 0(€3), (9)
2
We also assume that each term in the expansions is Y-periodic and that
the asymptotic forms of the derivatives of w and q are given by term by
term differentiation of (9) and (lo), respectively.
First, We consider the equations corresponding to
[Cipkaa,s"k(0)a,,h] = 0, (12)
where
$,uy = 0. (15)
Applying similar argument to the equations for p(O), we get
This implies
= 0.
aarpp(0) (16)
Next, we consider the O(E-')equations. Applying (15) and (16) to these
equations, we get
= 0,
~cYp~,u%pP(l) 23 # h(Yl, Y2),
(17)
P(')(X,Y,~)= 4 j ( 2 3 , ~ (d,,d0)(x,t)
) - prw2uy)(x,t)). (18)
Substituting (18) into (Pl), we can see that p(')(x, y,t ) will solve (Pl) if
$j (23,y) satisfies
K&gQq&j = 0, 23 # h(Yl,Y2),
(19)
[(Ka&/p4j + K a j ) (a,J)I = 0.
We also require 4j(x3, y) to be Y-periodic in the y variable, continuous in
Y and to have zero average over Y . These conditions uniquely determine
4j-
Similarly, we have the following system of equations for u(l):
where
163
References
1. W. Kohler and G.C. Papanicolmu and S. Varadhan. Boundary and interface
problems in regions with very rough boundaries in Multiple Scattering and
Waves in Random Media, P. Chow and W. Kohler and G.C. Papanicolmu,
eds., pp. 165-197, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981
2. J. Nevard and J.B. Keller. Homogenization of Rough Boundaries and Inter-
faces, SIAM J. Appl. Math., Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 1660-1686, 1997
3. M.A. Biot. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous
solid. J. Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 168-178, 1956
4. M.A. Biot. Generalized theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative
media. J. Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 34, pp. 1254-1264, 1962.
5. M.A. Biot. Mechanics of deformation and acoustic propagation in porous me-
dia.Journal of Applied Physics. Vol. 33, pp. 1482-1498, 1962
6. R. Burridge and J.B. Keller . Poroelasticity equations derived from microstruc-
ture. J. Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 1140-1146, 1981
7. R.P. Gilbert and A. MikeliC. Homogenizing the acoustic properties of the
seabed: Part I. Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods and applications, Vol.
40, pp. 185-212, 2000
8. J.L. Auriault. Dynamic behavior of a porous medium saturated by a Newto-
nian fluid. Int. J. Engng. Sci. Vol. 18, pp. 775-785, 1980
9. J.L. Auriault and L. Borne and R. Chambon. Dynamics of porous saturated
media, checking of the generalized law of DarcyJ. Acoustical Society of Amer-
ica, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 1641-1650, 1985
10. C. Boutin and G. Bonnet and P.Y. Bard. Green functions and associated
sources in infinite and stratified poroelastic media. Geophysics J. R. Astr.
SOC.Vol. 90, pp. 521-550, 1987
EFFECTIVE ACOUSTIC EQUATIONS FOR A
NONCONSOLIDATED MEDIUM WITH
MICROSTRUCTURE
ROBERT P. GILBERT
University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
E-mail: gilbertOmath.udel.edu
ALEXANDER PANCHENKO
Washington State University, Pullman, W A 99164 USA
E-mail: panchenkoOwsu.edu
In this work we show how the heuristic development of the acoustic equations for
a non-consolidated media can be derived using the methods of homogenization.
1. Introduction
In Buckingham’s model of an unconsolidated sediment the dissipation
435,6,
164
165
2. Microscopic Equations
We consider our regime to be a fixed large cube U in three-dimensional
space, and we assume that there are no voids. Then U can be written
as a union of two non-intersecting domains: the solid domain W c and the
fluid domain V', where the subscript indicates dependence on the small
parameter c . For a fixed cube C define C' to be the cube shrunk by a
factor of E : C' = {x : 6 - l ~E C } .
c, I a i Ic4, (2)
with C3, C4 independent of E, k and such that 0 < C3 < C4 < 1.
Next we consider the characteristic function 8(x,t, E ) of the fluid domain
V c ,which we take to be smoothed-out and differs from zero in the domain
only slightly larger than V'.
It is clear that Assumption 2.1 forces oscillations of 6 with a wavelength
comparable to c.
An important mathematical consequence of this assumption is that for
every C1-function f on Ck such that f = 0 on W 1n C k , the Poincare
inequality
aThe latter assumption is needed to avoid a possibility of friction between the different
parts of the solid phase.
166
Fluid Phase.
The state variables here are density p, velocity v and pressure P . We use
the system of equations of compressible barotropic fluid.
Mass balance:
dip + div (pv) = 0. (6)
Momentum balance:
&(pv) + div (pv BV) - pAv - [divv + V P = f, (7)
where (v @ v)ij = vivj.
Equation of state:
P = a p6,
(8)
where a is a material constant and 6 > 1 . In Eq. (7) p and < are viscosity
coefficients.
3. Homogenized Equations
Let us define the displacement in V' by
167
div, [(l - 8 ) A s e ( M p q - +
) 8Afe(dtMpq) @upodiv, M P Q I =
] 0. (15)
To avoid componentwise notation in what follows, we define the fourth-
order tensors K 1 ,K 2 and the second-order tensors K 3 ,K 4 as follows.
K i = div,Mij.
Next we observe that for a differentiable function $(x, y),
lTiT.e(@)dxdt= -
E i T i u . d i v u ( B 1-Bz)dxdt+ (18)
~ T ~ ~ . d i v Z-(B2)dxdt
B 1 +O(E),
where
B1 = (1-@)AS(e(4)+e,(41)) +8apo(div4+div,41)l,
and
~2 +
= eAr(e(at4) e,(atqM).
Due to the choice of 41, the €-'-term in the above equation is zero. This
can be verified by straightforward computation using the fact that NPq and
MPq solve the local problems.
To obtain the effectivestress, we need to pass to the limit in the €'-term.
Justification of the passage to the limit is given in g .
Using the definition of 41 and the tensors K j defined in Eq. (16) we
write
169
for any test function $(xlt). The expression in brackets defines the effective
stress tensor that combines elastic and memory effects. The term TIe(u0)
represents the elastic part of the overall stress, while the other two terms
describe the viscoelastic part. Using Eq. (25) we can write down the
effective equations as
+
podtuo - div (TIe(u0) TZe(&uo) + I t
, = f@6)
T3(t - 7,. ) e ( u o ) ( ~-1d.r)
If we compare our equations with those of Buckingham, they are seen to
be very similar. Of course, the resemblance is qualitative, since without
additional assumptions it is difficult to derive estimates on the longtime
170
Acknowledgments
The work of both authors was supported in part by the Office of Naval
Research through grant N00014-001-0853.
References
1. A .Yu. Beliaev and S.M. Kozlov, Communications in Pure and Applied Math-
ematics, v. 69, (1996), 1-34.
2. M. A. Biot, J. Acoust. SOC.Amer. 28 (1956), 168-178, and 179-191.
3. M. A. Biot, J . Applied Physics 3 3 (1962), 1482-1498.
4. M. J. Buckingham, J. Awust. SOC.Am. 102,(1997), 2579-2596.
5. M. J. Buckingham, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103,(1998), 288-299.
6. M. J. Buckingham, J. Acoust. SOC.Am. 108 (6), (2000), 2796-2815.
7. R. Burridge and J. B. Keller, J. Acoust. SOC.Amer. 70 (1981), 1140-1146.
8. R. P. Gilbert and A. Mikelic,Nonlinear Analysis 40 (2000) 185-212.
9. R. P. Gilbert and A. Panchenko, Zeitschrift f i r Analysis und ihre Anwendun-
gen 18(4) (1999) 977-1001.
10. D. Hoff, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 139 (1997), 303-354.
11. J. T. Jenkins and S. B. Savage, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, v. 130 (1983),
187-202.
12. V.V. Jikov, S.M. Kozlov, O.A. Oleinik, Homogenization of Differential Op-
erators and Integral finctionals, Springer, Berlin (1994).
13. K. L. Kuttler and M. Shillor, Comm. Contemp. Math. 1 (1) (1999) 87-123.
14. P.-L. Lions and N. Masmoudi, J. Math. Pures Appl., 77 (1998), 585-627.
15. T. Levy, Fluids in porous media and suspensions in: Homogenization Tech-
niques in Composite Media, Springer, Berlin (1987).
16. J. T. Oden and J. A. C. Martins, Computer Methods in Appl. Mech. and
Engin. 52 (1985) 527-634.
17. E. Sanchez-Palencia, Non-Homogenious Media and Vibration Theory,
Springer, Berlin (1980).
18. L. Tartar, Cows Peccot au Collkge de France, (1977), (Preprint).
19. L. Tartar, Appendix in Non-Homogenious Media and Vibration Theory,
Springer, Berlin (1980).
20. W. P. Ziemer, Weakly Dafferentiable finctions, Springer-Verlag, New York
(1989).
A DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR THE
HELMHOLTZ EQUATION IN AN UNBOUNDED
WAVEGUIDE
i2- j
0
ci
-a a
171
172
In (l),f = --
awn arises from uin, and is assumed to be compactly sup-
dn
ported i.e. supp (f) c 52, for some a.
In order to use a finite element method, we introduce in the next section
a classical method to bound the domain for computations.
I
Find
AU + k2u = 0 in Ra
-
dU
= f o n r
an
dU
- = T*(u)onC*
dn
173
an
= T*(u") on C*. The diffraction problem
obtained at each step is not well-posed for it countable set of values of the
wave number, which correspond to the irregular frequencies of the domain
0,. This suggests to modify the boundary condition on C'. The problem
to be solved at each step can be stated as follows:
=f on ~ R , \ c *
The matrix of the resulting linear system remains imaginary but its sparsity
is preserved. In the following, in order to make the convergence analysis of
the proposed method, we suggest to give an interpretation of our method
under the form of a subdomains iterative method.
(A + k 2 ) v z = 0 in $2'
I
Find un+' E W' (R,);u"+l # 0 such that:
Aun+' + k2un+' =0 in $2,
(P?+') dun+'
dn =f on dS2a\C'
&P+l
-- ikun+'
av2
= -- ikv" on C'
an dn
The definition of the operators T', and the interface conditions leads to
n
the following identities: %
dn = T*(un), and vnIC* = u+. We can than
conclude that (P?") and (P,"+') are the same problem. Refer to Ben Bel-
gacem, Fournik, Gmati and Jelassil (see also Jelassi8) for a detailed discus-
sion on how to use domain decomposition techniques, and in particular the
Schwarz method, to handle the boundary conditions at infinity. Also, one
can find therein a complete convergence analysis for the Poisson problem
on unbounded domains.
0
a
6. Numerical results:
6.1. The rectangular waveguide
In this section, we perform numerical experiments, for a two-dimensional
infinite rectangular waveguide fl = R x [0,1]. The comparison with the
exact solution proves the convergence of the proposed method with respect
to the mesh size and the fixed point iterations (Figure 3 ). For this purpose,
we consider the computational domain denoted by fla= [0,1] x [0,1]. We
keep the wavenumber k = 5 and consider four meshes of different sizes h.
The computational duration on a Silicon Graphic computer is given in table
1for first and second order finite elements (Pl,P2). We compare the accu-
racy and computational duration between the classical algorithm (LFEM)
and our method, based on the subdomain iterations method (SIM). As ex-
pected both methods give the same accuracy, with smaller computational
durations for the second method.
Figure 3. Relative error between iterative and exact solutions as a function of iteration
order. K=5. Left: P1. Right: P2
23
2
h
1
0.5
0 10
A
Acknowledgments : The authors would like to thank Dr. Faker Ben Belgacem
for his valuable help. All the Numerical results were obtained by the Melina
Finite Element Code (Martin").
177
References
1. F. Ben Belgacem, M. FourniB, N. Gmati and F. Jelassi, Schwarz Methods for
Exterior Problems, In preparation.
2. A.S.Bonnet Ben Dhia and N.Gmati, Spectral approximation of a boundary
condition for an eigenvalue problem, SIAM J. Nurner.Ana1. 32, 1995, 1263-
1279.
3. Y. Boubendir, Techniques de dBcomposition de domaine et mBthode
d’gquations intBgrales, Th&sede Doctorat de E’Institut National des Sciences
Applique‘es de Toulouse, 2002.
4. F. Collino, S.Ghanemi, and P.Joly, Domain Decomposition Method for Har-
monic Wave Propagation: A General Presentation, Rapport de recherche
INRIA, no. 3473, 1998.
5. P.-M. Cutzach and E. Luneville, Diffraction d’ondes acoustiques par un guide
semi-infini, C.R. Acad. SciParis Se‘r.1 Math. 326 1998,1151-1154.
6. A. Ferreira, Etude numerique de quelques problsmes de diffractions d’oydes
pax des rBseaux pQiodiques en dimension 2, Thbse de doctorat de I’Ecode
polytechnique Paris, 1998.
7. C. Hazard and M. Lenoir, ModBlisation et rksolution des problbmes de diffrac-
tion, E N S T A Cours E L 340, DEA de MBcanique, Paris 6, 1995.
8. F. Jelassi, MBthode de Schwarz alternee pour le problbme de Poisson
extbrieur, Me‘rnoire de D E A de I’Ecole Nataonade d’Inge‘nieurs de Tunas,2002.
9. M. Lenoir and A. Tounsi, The localized finite element method and its ap-
plication to the two-dimensional sea-keeping problem, SIAM J.Numer.Anal.
25, 1988, 729-752.
10. F. MahB, Etude mathkmatique et nurnbrique de la propagation d’ondes
Bl6ctromagnktiques dans les microguides de l’optique intkgrbe, Rapport de
recherche, Ecole nationale supe‘rieure de techniques awance‘es, 1993 .
11. D. Martin, Documentation MELINA, Rennes 1997.
http://www.maths.univ-rennesl.fr/ dmartin/melina/www/homepage.html.
12. J. Razafiarivelo, Optimisation de la forme de transition entre guides
BlBctromagnktiquespar une mBthode intkgrale d’61Bmentsfinis. Th6se de doc-
torat de l’Uniwersit6 Pierre et Marie Curie, 1996.
SUPPORT FUNCTION METHOD FOR INVERSE
OBSTACLE SCATTERING PROBLEMS
SEMION GUTMAN
Department of Mathematics
University of Oklahoma
Norman, OK 73019, USA
E-mail: sgutmanOou.edu
ALEXANDER G. RAMM
Department of Mathematics
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2602, USA
The knowledge of the Support Function (SF) of a smooth and strictly convex
obstacle allows one to reconstruct the obstacle. The SF can be computed if the
Scattering Amplitude is known for large values of the wave number k. For the
values of k in the resonance region, the SF can only be found approximately.
Nevertheless, the results of this paper show that such an SF can be used to find
an approximate location of the obstacle. The method is inexpensive, and it does
not require extensive data.
1. Introduction
Let an obstacle be a bounded domain D c R2 with a Lipschitz boundary
r. Fix a frequency k > 0 and denote the exterior domain by D' = R2 \ b.
Let Q E S1, and the incident field be
u o ( x )= eikx'ff, x E D' . (1)
The Direct Acoustic Obstacle Scattering Problem for the Dirichlet
boundary conditions consists of finding the total field
U(X, k) = UO(X)+ v(x), x E D' (2)
such that
Au+k2u=0, X E D ' , (3)
178
179
=o, xE r, (4)
and the scattered field w(x) satisfies the Sommerfeld radiation condition
where the limit is attained uniformly for all the directions x/ 1x1 , x E R'.
The scattered field w(x) has an asymptotic representation
where the uniquely defined function A(a', a ) is called the Scattering Am-
plitude of the Obstacle Scattering Problem, see, e.g. '.
The Inverse Scattering Problem consists of finding the obstacle D from
the Scattering Amplitude, or similarly observed data. In this note the
Support Function Method (SFM) originally described in a 3-D setting in '
is used to approximately locate the obstacle D. The SFM is described in
Section 2, and the numerical results are presented in Section 3.
and
u(so(a))= - a . ( 10)
The Support function d(a) is defined by
d(a) = s o ( 0 ) . a . (11)
Thus ld(a)I is the distance from the origin to the unique tangent line to
F+ perpendicular to the incident vector a. Since the obstacle D is assumed
to be convex
D = naUESl
{X E R2 : x . LY 2 d ( a ) } . ( 12)
The boundary r of D is smooth, hence so is the Support Function. The
knowledge of this function allows one to reconstruct the boundary I’ using
the following procedure.
Parametrize unit vectors 1 E S1 by I(t) = (cost, sint), 0 5 t < 27r and
define
s l c o s t + ~ s i n=
t p(t). (14)
Since I’ is the envelope of its tangent lines, its equation can be found from
(14) and
-zl sin t + x2 cos t = p’(t) . (15)
Therefore the parametric equations of the boundary r are
x1 (t)= p ( t ) cos t - p’ ( t )sin t , x2 (t) = p ( t ) sin t + p’( t )cos t . (16)
So, the question is how to construct the Support function d(l), 1 E S1
from the knowledge of the Scattering Amplitude. In 2-D the Scattering
Amplitude is related to the total field u = uo v by +
ask+oo.
By the definition of the curvature I E ( < O ) = ly“(<0)1.Therefore, from
the collinearity of y”(C0) and 1, lcp“(<0)1 = IQ - all ~ ( 6Finally,
) . the strict
convexity of D, and the definition of cp(<), imply that CO is the unique point
of minimum of cp on [0,L ] ,and
-
cp”(C0)
= 1.
ICP” (io) I
Using (23)-(24), expression (21) becomes:
1 82
-
At the specular point one has 1 . a' = -1 a. By the definition a - a' =
110 - a'[. Hence l.(a-a'> = la - 0'1 and 21.a = la - a'l. These equalities
and d(1) = y(50) * 1 give
Approximation
can be used for an approximate recovery of the curvature and the support
function (modulo 27r/kla - a'l) of the obstacle. The uncertainty in the
support function determination can be remedied by using different combi-
nations of vectors a and a'.
3. Numerical results.
In this numerical experiment the obstacle is the circle
D = {(XI,~ 2 E) R2 : ( X I - 6)2 + 2 2)2
( ~ - = 1). (28)
It is reconstructed using the Support Function Method for two frequencies
in the resonance region: k = 1.0, and k = 5.0. Table 1 shows how well
the approximation (27) is satisfied for various pairs of vectors a and a' all
representing the same vector 1 = (1.0,O.O) according to (22). The Table
shows the ratios of the approximate Scattering Amplitude A, (a',a ) defined
as the right hand side of the equation (27) to the exact Scattering Amplitude
A(a',a). Note, that for a sphere of radius a, centered at xo E R2,one has
where a' = x/ 1x1 = eie, and a = eib. Vectors a and a' are defined by their
polar angles shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows that only vectors a close to the vector 1 are suitable for the
Scattering Amplitude approximation. This shows the practical importance
of the backscattering data. As mentioned at the end of Section 2, any
single combination of vectors a and a' representing 1 is not sufficient to
uniquely determine the Support Function d(1) from (27) because of the
phase uncertainty. However, one can remedy this by using more than one
pair of vectors a and a' as follows. Let 1 E S1 be fixed. Let
R(1) = { a E s1 : la. 11 > l/JZ}.
Table 1. Ratios of the approximate and the exact Scattering Am-
plitudes A,(a’,a)/A(a’,a) for 1 = (1.0,O.O).
Define Q : R + Rf by
4. Conclusions.
The Support Function Method is an inexpensive algorithm for solution of
Inverse Obstacle Scattering problems. The SFM can be used in conjunction
184
2 4 6 a
Figure 1. Identified (dotted line), and the original (solid line) obstacle D for k = 1.0.
References
1. Gutman S., Ramm A.G. [2002] Numerical Implementation of the M R C
Method for Obstacle Scattering Problems, J. Phys. A, to appear.
2. Ramm A.G. [1986] Scattering b y Obstacles, D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht,
Holland.
3. Ramm A.G. 119921 Multidimensional Inverse Scattering Problems, Long-
man/Wiley, New York.
4. Ramm A.G. [2002] Modified Rayleigh conjecture and applications, J. Phys.
A, 35, L357-361.
HEAT POLYNOMIAL ANALOGS
G. N. HILE
Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
E-mail: hileOhawaii.edu
ALEXANDER STANOYEVITCH
Department of Mathematics, University of Guam,
UOG Guam Station, Mangilao, GU 96923
E-mail: alexOmath. hawaii. edu
The classical heat polynomials are polynomial solutions of the heat equation. They
are useful in a function theoretic treatment of the heat equation, serving as a basis
for expansion and approximation of other solutions. We generalize these polyno-
mials to more general evolution equations, of arbitrary order and with coefficients
depending on the time variable. We have explicit formulas for these polynomials,
obtained through expansion of a generating function. We also exhibit pointwise
upper bounds on the polynomials, useful in the analysis of series expansions in
terms of generalized heat polynomials.
1. Introduction
The classical heat polynomials { p a } are polynomial solutions of the initial
value problem for the heat equation
185
186
P&,t) = c
yip
c m z v7
2. The Polynomials
With the operator C of (1) and (2) we associate real valued functions
{ b , ( t ) } , Q ( t , z ) , R ( t , z ) ,wheretEII,zERn,accordingto
R ( t , z )=
I' Q ( s , z ) ds = zb,( t )
it follows further from (4) that p p (z,0) = zp for each P. With some
algebraic manipulations we can derive from (3) and (4) the explicit formula
bk ( t ) = 1
t
a k (s) ds , b ( t )= 1 t
a (s) ds ,
as well as a "vector of multi-indices",
- .
a = (al,a2,...,aK)
. . ,yn) denotes a multi-index in B",u = ( ~ 1 , .. .,U K ) a
In ( 5 ) , y = (71,.
multi-index in RK , and the notation E ' u refers to the "dot product"
K
k=l LY
If furthermore L has no zero order term, then Q = ( 0 , . . .O) does not occur
in (2), and there are only a finite number of indices y and u such that
188
l+e
The parabolicity condition requires that, for all z E Rn and some 6 > 0,
Re &(iz) = Re C am (iz)" 5 -6 lzle .
I+e
A fundamental solution for L is given for z E R" and t > 0 as the
function
K ( z , t ):= (2*)-"
in eiX.2e t & ( i Z ) d z .
m ( z ,t ) = 1
Wn
K ( z - Y ,t ) YP dY.
Following the development of Rosenbloom and Widder for the heat equa-
tion, we introduce functions { q p } , indexed by multi-indices P in R", ac-
cording t o
qp ( z , t )= ( - 1 ) b , P K ( z , t ) .
189
It can be verified that each qo solves Lqo = 0, that K has the expansion
and that the families { p p } and { q p } obey for t > 0 the biorthogonality
relation
h4 (5) = PP (2,-1) 7
4. Polynomial Bounds
Returning back to the general operator (2), we assume the order of the
operator is m, m 2 2, so that 101 5 m for each multi-index Q appearing in
the summation. On the coefficients {a,} of (2) we assume the finite bounds
In the case that L is of order m and has no lower order terms, this bound
simplifies to
190
5. Series Expansions
Again for the general operator (2), we consider series expansions in the
polynomial solutions { p p } , of the form
u(5,t)=qp4(Zit) (8)
4
with real coefficients {cp}. We define s, 0 < s 5 00, according to
( ~ p ( ~ l l 'mell
I
-1 = lim sup (9)
S B+m IPI
With use of our bounds on { p p } , it can be confirmed that the series (8)
converges absolutely and uniformly on compact subsets of the strip
s, = { ( z , t ): x E R", tE n, It1 < s} .(10)
Similar convergence holds for differentiated versions of (8) involving no time
derivative of order greater than one. Also, u, as prescribed by (8), solves
in S, the equation Lu = 0, and for each P we have 13fu (0,O) = cp.
Observe that (9) and (7) show that the width s of the strip of conver-
gence for (8) depends only on the bounds on the coefficients of the highest
order terms of the operator L; the lower order coefficients play no role.
The preceding result on series allows us, under certain conditions on the
initial data function f , to obtain a series solution of the Cauchy problem
L U ( 2 , t ) = 0 , u(x,O)= f (x) . (11)
We say that the function f has growth { p , r } ,where 0 < p, r < 00, provided
that f has a power series expansion
f ( z )= E d 0 z p = 9
p!
z4
'
4
191
with
and that these conditions imply that the series (12) converges to an entire
function f in Cn satisfying the growth condition
References
1. P. Appell, Sur l'e'quation d 2 z / a x 2 - a z / a y = 0 et la the'orie de la chaleur, J.
Math. Pures Appl. 8 (1892), 187-216..
2. G. N. Hile and A. Stanoyevitch, Heat polynomial analogs for higher order
evolution equations, Electronic Journal of Differential Equations 2001 (2001),
NO. 28, 1-19.
3. G. N. Hile and A. Stanoyevitch, Expansions of solutions of higher order evo-
lution equations in series of generalized heat polynomials, Electronic Journal
of Differential Equations 2002 (2002), No. 64, 1-25.
4. H. Kemnitz, Polynomial ezpansions for solutions of D g u ( x , t ) = D t u ( x , t ) ,
t = 2 , 3 , 4 , .. ., SIAM J. Math. Anal. 13 (1982), 640-650.
5. P. C. Rosenbloom and D. V. Widder, Expansions in terms of heat polynomials
and associated functions, Trans. Amer. Math. SOC.92 (1959), 220-266.
6. D. V. Widder, Series expansions of solutions of the heat equation in n dimen-
sions, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. 55 (1961), 389-410.
7. D. V. Widder, Expansions in series of homogeneous temperature functions of
the first and second kinds, Duke Math. J. 36 (1969), 495-510.
8. D. V. Widder, The Heat Equation, Academic Press, New York, San Francisco,
London, 1975.
BLOW-UP, SHOCK FORMATION, AND ACCELERATION
WAVES IN HYPERELASTIC MEDIA
A. JEFFREY
Department of Engineering Mathematics, Universiiy of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
E-mail: alan.jef~ey@newcastle.ac. uk
This work starts by reviewing some fhdamental results concerning the development of
singularities in solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic equations and systems. First the propagation of
Lipschitz discontinuities and their blow-up into a shock wave is considered and then, in the case
of a system, the blow-up of the solution itself is demonstrated. An application of acceleration
wave propagation in an isotropic incompressible hyperelastic medium is then mentioned where
two types of wave can propagate, one to the left and the other to the right, though only one of
these can ever lead to shock formation. Wave propagation in a layered medium is also
mentioned.
in which case shock solutions are possible satisfylng the generalized Rankine
Hugoniot jump condition %[[u]]= [[A(u)]], where [[a]]is the jump in a across a
shock moving with speed % ,see for example''2.
It follows that u, = f '(A)/[I +a'( f (A))f '(A)t],so u, becomes infinite on
a Ca characteristic with equation x = A + aV(;l))t at some time t 2 0 if
192
7 93
a’(f(A))f’(A) c 0 for all A, but it will remain finite if dflA))f’(A) 2 0 for all 2.
So defining a critical time tc as
[
t, = sup(-u’(f(A))f’(A)]
a 20,
a necessary condition for u, to remain finite at time t is 0 I t < z I tc. This strip in
the (x, t)-plane defines the lifespan of a differentiable solution of the equation and, if
blow-up of u, occurs, this depends only on a(u) andfix) and not on any smoothness
properties of the initial data, even though as here this may be a Cmh c t i o n .
Consider a functionAx) with compact support, with fix) = 0 for Ix > xo, 1
then it is seen that u(x, t) also has compact support in x for all t, with the result that
u(x, t) = 0 for x < - xo + a(0)t or x > xo + a(0)t. However the condition that the
solution remains finite is simply that aV(A)) is a non-decreasing function of A,
because then the characteristics along which initial values of the solution are
propagated will be divergent, but as a(f(A))= a(0) for [ill
>xo this implies that aMA))
= a(0) for all A. If the equation is genuinely nonlinear in the sense of Lax (see’*3)
then a ’(0)# 0, and the condition a(@)) = a(0) can only hold iff= 0, showing that
then u(x, t) = 0.
Thus in a genuinely nonlinear equation all non-trivial solutions with compact
support must blow-up in a finite time tc. Conversely, if d(A)= 0 for some A(u(x,
0)), the solution cannot blow-up along that Ca characteristic. When d(A)= 0 for all
A(u(x, 0)) the solution is said to be exceptional with respect to the Cn characteristic
field, and it then follows that such a solution must remainJinite for all time t > 0.
Similar results can be established for nonlinear second order hyperbolic equations,
see for example ‘. To close this section we give an example of a system where the
blow-up is more dramatic, because it is the solution u(x, t) that becomes unbounded
after a finite time, and not just its spatial derivative. Consider the system
where
1
-cosh(2u,) 0 -sinh(2u,)
coshu, 0 sinhu, ,
sinh(2u,) 0 cosh(2u,)
u1=-
1 X
+--1,
I-tlah a h 1
u2=In1---,
:hi
u -----
1
3-l-tlah ah
X
1,
, j = 1,2,3.
PO 'xi
Considering the half space X I 2 0 and a plane deformation field for t > 0 we have x1
= X,,x2 = X2 + u2(Xl, t), x3 = X3 + u3(X1,t), where u, with s = 2, 3 is the
displacement of a particle in the X, direction caused by a wave propagating in the X I -
direction. Proceeding in this manner it can be shown (see for example [6]) that for
the hyperelastic medium under consideration the equations of motion become
aZu2
a2u2 - A22-+
-- A23-a2u3 a2u
-- 23
a2u2 a2u3
- A 2 2 7 + A 3 3 7
at2 ax,' ax12' at 3x1 ax,
where
00 -A2' -A23
00 -A23 -A33
U= and NU) =
- 1 0 0 0
0 - 1 0 0
Matrix A(U) has two invariant sub-spaces of order two, so for an energy
function with the property that A(U) has real eigenvalues, the system is hyperbolic,
and so describes wave propagation. The eigenvalues Ai and the eigenvectors I
satisfy I (A - Air) = 0. So partitioning A(U) gives
196
A(U) =[ 0
-I
-A
0
] where A=[::: :::]and I=[o1 0
l].
.(- 7 1
As a result the corresponding left eigenvectors may also be partitioned. The
eigenvalues of A(U) are g)= 2 d2C and *[
Ap)= --).
2 dC Clearly
Po d9 Po4 dq
these eigenvalues will be real when d ’Zldq2 > 0 and (l/q)&/dq > 0, with the plus
and minus signs indicating waves propagating to the right and left, respectively.
The left eigenvectors 1 are
1 +-( 2 ) = [ (
p z ’ T --
1’-p3
Po dq2
”); ( “”)I.
2 d2Z +3--
P2 Po d4
and the right eigenvectors r are defined in similar fashion. Following the arguments
in’*637,
and using generalized Riemann invariants, it is easily shown that waves
characterized by the eigenvalues 1) and A y are generalized simple waves in the
:
As the acceleration wave advances into a constant state, the characteristic along
which it propagates is a straight line starting from the origin, so if a shock wave
forms at the time tc, it will occur at a distance xc = from the plane face of the
medium. This argument extends to a layered medium, as indicated in the next
section.
A totally different, though completely equivalent way of studying the
development of an acceleration wave is to be found in the work of Chen' and the
references contained in its bibliography. It amounts to showing that the intensity of
an acceleration wave as it propagates along a ray is governed by a Bernoulli equation,
with one of its coefficient depending on both the state of the medium and the
geometry, while another depends only on the properties of the medium itself.
The equivalence of the approach by Chen, and the one developed in [l] and
subsequently used involving a system of linear equations and a nonlinear
coordinate transformation, was established by Boillat and Rugged'. A generalization
of the work by Chen, detailing precise conditions for the evolution and non-evolution
of shocks was found by Jeffrey, Menon and Sharma".
5 General remarks
References
A. KOVALEVSKY
Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Rosa Luxemburg St. 74, 83114
Donetsk, Ukraine
E-mail: kovalevskyOirnath.kieu.ua
F. NICOLOSI
Dipartimento di Maternatica e Informatica, Cittd Universitaria, Kale A . Dom'a
6, 95125 Catania, Italia
E-mail: fnicolosiOdmi.zlnict.it
1. Introduction
In this paper we consider a class of degenerate nonlinear elliptic high-order
equations with coefficientswhich satisfy a strengthened ellipticity condition.
Existence of solutions of Dirichlet problem for equations of the given class
in the case where these equations have L1-right-hand sides has been estab-
lished in 7. In the case where right-hand sides of the same equations belong
to Lebesgue spaces L' with T > 1 dependence of summability of solutions
of corresponding Dirichlet problem on T and other parameters involved has
been studied in 9 . In the present work supposing that right-hand sides of
the equations belong to a logarithmic class we prove existence of solutions
of Dirichlet problem under consideration with improved summability prop-
erties as compared with those described by the main result of 7. We note
that analogous results on improvement of summability of solutions have
already been obtained in for non-degenerate nonlinear elliptic second-
235,6
199
200
Let
Let
n-1 1
Let u be a number such that -n
+-
qt
< u < 1 and let
We denote by W1*q(v, 52) the set of all functions u E L'J(52)such that for
every n-dimensional multiindex a, la1 = 1, there exists the weak derivative
D"u and vID"uIq E L1(R). W1,q(v,52) is a Banach space with the norm
In it has been proved that there exist a W-solution u of problem (4) and
an increasing sequence { Z i } C N such that
2uli + u a.e. in 52 , (13)
In fact, let k E N. By using Lemma 3.1 of and (13), (15), (18)we establish
that
C vlD"xk(u)lq<
l+l
~k a.e. in 0 . (22)
Hence taking into account (16) and (18) we derive inequality (20). There-
fore, assertion (*I) holds.
Now let cy be an arbitrary n-dimensional multiindex of the length 1 and
let k,kl E N. Denote G = { IuI < kl, vl/qlDauI 2 k }. It is clear that
2 k%} I6 meas { IuI
meas { Y ~ / ~ ~ D 3 kl } + meas G . (24)
Due to (16) we have kq 6 4, in G and therefore, measG 6 k-qJn Fkl dx.
This inequality, assertion (*I) and (24) imply (21). Therefore, assertion
(*2) holds.
Analogously we establish that assertion (*3) holds.
We observe that by analogy with Lemma 3.3 of for every k,1 E N we
have
This result and ( l l ) , (13), (14), (17) imply that for every k E N,
(27)
By using Holder and Young inequalities and (23) we estimate the first
addend in the right-hand side of (27) as follows:
c6/ {IflQk-ll
If1 Ixk(u)I dx 6
9
/
n
Fk dx+
9 - 1 [ cc6(l + measQ)]q/(q-') k1/2 .
- (28)
9
Taking into account (17) and (9) for the second integral in the right-hand
side of (27) we obtain the next estimate:
205
By virtue of assertion (*4) we have J, Fk2 dx 6 c8k2 (In kZ)-". This in-
equality and assertion (*3) imply that
meas { ul/'IDau( 2 k } 6 c14kae (In k2)-"4/9 +c8K2k2( In k2)-" .
(38)
We note that due to (36)
-
8-e ( In 8 = k-28 ( In 8 )-" . (39)
6 ~ 1 5 k - * ( In k )-@/(q-')
References
1. Ph. BBnilan, L. Boccardo, T. Gallouet, R. Gariepy, M. Pierre, J. L. Vazquez,
An L1-theory of existence and uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear elliptic
equations, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. 22 (1995), 241-273.
2. L. Boccardo, T. Gallouet, Nonlinear elliptic equations with right hand side
measures, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 17 (1992), 641-655.
3. A. Kovalevsky, Entropy solutions of Dirichlet problem for a class of nonlin-
ear elliptic fourth order equations with L1-data, Nonlinear Boundary Value
Problems 9 (1999), 46-54.
4. A. A. Kovalevsky, Entropy solutions of the Dirichlet problem for a class of non-
linear elliptic fourth- order equations with right-hand sides in L', Izvestiya:
Mathematics 65 (2001), 231-283.
5. A. A. Kovalevsky, Integrability of solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations with
right-hand sides from classes close to L1, Math. Notes 70 (2001), 337-346.
6. A. A. Kovalevsky, Summability of solutions of the Dirichlet problem for some
classes of nonlinear elliptic equations, Preprint Inst. Appl. Math. Mech., NAS
of Ukraine, no. 2002.02, Donetsk, 2002.
7. A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, Solvability of Dirichlet problem for a class of de-
generate nonlinear high- order equations with L1-data, Nonlinear Analysis,
Theory Methods Appl. 47 (2001), 435-446.
8. A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, Entropy solutions of Dirichlet problem for a class of
degenerate anisotropic fourth-order equations with L1-right-hand sides, Non-
linear Analysis, Theory Methods Appl. 50 (2002), 581-619.
9. A. Kovalevsky, F. Nicolosi, Summability of solutions of Dirichlet problem for
a class of degenerate nonlinear high-order equations, Applicable Analysis, to
appear.
ON ISOPHONIC SURFACES *
ROLAND0 MAGNANINI
Dipartimento di Matematica “U.Dini”
Universitd di Firenze
Viale Morgagna 67/A
50134 Firenze, Italy
E-mail: magnaninOmath.unifi.it
1. Introduction
In this note we will present some remarks on a conjecture that was posed
by L. Zalcman under the title Drums in the night.
Drums an the night A thin elastic membrane M of uniform ared
density u is stretched to a uniform tension T and held fixed at its
boundary r, a simple closed curve. The small transverse vibrations
of M can be modeled as solutions u(x,t)of the wave equation in
D , the region bounded by I’, which vanish on :
1
AU = p Utt x E D, t > 0, (1)
+t) =o x E r, t > 0. (2)
Here c = is the wave velocity and A is the Laplacian with
respect to x = ( x I , x ~ ) .
Suppose some solution u of (1) and (2) has the property that
Vu vanishes identically on a simple closed curve y c D U I?. Must
r be a circle?
In case I? is a circle (of radius R, say, about the origin), the func-
tion u(x, t ) = Jo(k 1x1) eickt will satisfy (1) and (2) if kR is a zero of
the Bessel function Jo. Since JA = -J1, Vu = - k J l ( k 1x1) eicktf$.
207
208
n= 1
where u,, n = 1 , 2 , . . . are the Dirichlet eigenfunctions of the Laplacian,
and A,, n = 1 , 2 , . . . the corresponding eigenvalues, that is, u, and A,
satisfy the problem:
A u + X u = O on D , u = O on I‘. (4)
If we require that the gradient of the function u defined in (3) vanishes
identically on y,
Vu(s,t)= 0 2 E y, t > 0, (5)
then we obtain that
Vu,(z) = 0 2 E y, n E N , (6)
where
N = { n E N : (a,, b,) # 0 ) . (7)
The set N can be finite or infinite. If R denotes the interior of y, then each
u,,n E N , satisfies Schifler’s overdetermined boundary value problem:
A u + A u = O in R,
u = constant on y, (8)
&OU = O on 7,
where v is the exterior normal unit vector to y.
It is well-known that if a non-trivial solution of problem (8) exists,
then the set R does not enjoys the Pompeiu property 7 , that is there exists
a function f : R2 + R, f not identically zero, such that
An old conjecture states that the only domain not enjoying the Pom-
peiu property is the disk. Although this conjecture has not been proved or
disproved up to now, a great variety of results are known on domains not
satisfying the Pompeiu property. Having established a connection between
the overdetermined problems (1)-(2)-(5) and (B), we can claim, for instance,
that, if u is a solution of (l), (2) satisfying (5), then y is a real analytic
curve, by invoking Williams’s result 6 .
Moreover, a symmetry result can be drawn.
Proposition 2.1. Let a solution u of ( I ) and (2) satisfy condition (5) and
suppose that y is a simple closed curve of class C2’e, E > 0.
If the set N defined in (7) is infinite, then D is a disk.
Proposition 2.2. A solution u of (1) and (2) satisfies condition (5) if and
only i f , for every positive number r with r < dist (y,I?), we have that
I
Iv-xl=r
u,(y) ( y - x ) dS, = 0 , for every x E y and n E N . (10)
h ( x , t )= c, u,(x) eCxnt,
nEN
J h(y, t ) ( y - x ) dS, = o for every o < r < dist ( x ,r) and t > 0. (13)
I,-Xl=T
Therefore, the assertion of Proposition 2.2 follows from (13) and the
definition (11) of h by the arbitrary choice of the en's. U
We recall that 0 satisfies the interior cone condition if for every x E y there
exists a finite right spherical cone K, with vertex at x such that K x c
and E n y = {z}.
Proof. If we extend u by -u(q - t ) for t < 0, then u satisfies (1) and
(2) in D x (--00, +m). The function defined for ( x ,t ) E D x (0,+m) by
h ( x , t ) = H ( t ) :=
=Lm
1 +O0 e-s2/4tU's
( ) ds X E y .
References
1. C.Berenstein, An inverse spectral theorem and its relation to the Pompeiu
problem, J. Analyse Math. 37, 128-144 (1980).
2. R.Magnanini and S. Sakaguchi, The spatial critical points not moving along
the heat flow, J . Analyse Math. 71,237-261 (1997).
3. R. Magnanini and S. Sakaguchi, Matzoh ball soup: heat conductors with a
stationary isothermic surface, Ann. Math., to appear.
4. D. Pompeiu, Sur certains systhmes d'hquations linhaires et sur une proprihtk
int4grale des fonctions de plusieurs variables, C. R. Acad. Sci. Par%s, 188,
1138-1 139 (1929).
5. S.A. Williams, A partial solution to the Pompeju problem, Math. Ann. 223,
183-190 (1976).
6. S.A. Williams, Analyticity of the boundary for Lipschitz domains without the
Pompeiu property, Indiana Univ. Math. J. 30,357-369 (1981).
7. N.B.. Willms and G.M.L. Gladwell, Saddle points and overdetermined prob-
lems for the Helmholtz equation, 2. Angew. Math. Phys. 45,1-26 (1994).
8. L. Zalcman, Some inverse problems in potential theory, Contemporary Math-
ematics 63,335-350 (1987).
A SURVEY OF POINTWISE INTERPOLATION
INEQUALITIES FOR INTEGER AND FRACTIONAL
DERIVATIVES
1. Introduction
The idea t o obtain information concerning intermediate derivatives us-
ing properties of a higher derivative and the function itself goes back to
Hadamard4 (1897), Kneserg (1897), and Hardy and Littlewood5 (1912). It
was developed in various directions by Kolmogorov'O (1938), Sdkefalvy-
~ ~ ~ ~ et aE. In its simplest form,
Nagy24 (1941), G a g l i a r d ~ - N i r e n b e r g(1959)
this idea is expressed by the Landau inequality on the real line'' (1913)
br(~)12
5 2 IIuIItm(~)IIu"II~,(~). (1)
Under the additional asumption u 2 0 on R, one can readily verify the
estimate
were treated by Maz'ya and Kufner in 14. They proved, in particular, the
following generalization of (2) with the sharp constant
212
213
Clearly, (2) can fail for some smooth functions u changing sign. How-
ever, one may ask whether it is possible t o replace the L,-norms in (1) by
values at the point x of certain operators acting on u. In what follows, we
describe different ways to give an affirmative answer to this question.
M ' u ( X )= i: I
fB,.(z) U(Y> - f B , , ( $ )W d + Y
M u ( x ) = sup
T >o f,, Iu
( ). (Y) Id
We introduce the mean value of the vector-valued function v : Rn + Rn
over the sphere a B T ( x )as follows:
-
v(x;r) = f aB,.(x;(Y)dSy'
(4)
We also set
D, (v;x) = sup
+
l2v(x)- w ( 5 r ) - W(X - .)I
,
r>O 24r)
Henceforth it is assumed that w is a continuous nondecreasing function
on [ O , c o ) such that w ( 0 ) = 0 and w(co) = co.
We formulate a new pointwise inequality involving the gradient Vu(x),
the maximal function M " u ( z ) ,and the function Du(Vu;x) and show that
this inequality is sharp. The extremal function, whose form is rather com-
plicated, was found by guess. There is no standard approach to such a
construction for the time being.
214
be strictly increasing on [0,CQ) and let R-' be the inverse function for O.
Further let
If one changes the definition of D,(v;z) replacing the mean value (4)
by
f BT(z)V(Y)dsy
one can arrive at another sharp inequality of type (8) (see 20).
c = (n + 1)-(f fa + l (n + .)(nan+ a + 1)
Inequality (11) becomes an equality for the function
where
(72
R = ( (a
+ .)(n + a + 1)
+ l)n(n+ 1) >-
t
and let
IVu(2) - vu(x; r)l
D1,,(Vu;x) = sup
O<r<l r"
Then, for any a > 0 , the inequality
(V~(z)lI(C(D1,a(Vu;r))m + (n+ l ) ( M ~ u ( z ) ) * ) ( M ; ) u ( x ) ) * (13)
holds with the best constants C defined by (12).
For the one-dimensional case we use the notation (6) and note that M"
is defined by
1 x+r
M " u ( z ) = sup -
II_, sign(y - x)u(y)dyl
r>o 2r
q ( t )= 1 t
Q-'(T)dT
216
0 ( t )= Jo' aw(at)da.
u(x)=
x(1- 1 1
w(0x)da) for 0 5 x 5 R
Set
and note that D,(u'; x) 5 D,(u'; x). Moreover, if u is odd, then D, (u';
0) =
D, (21'; 0). Therefore, Corollary 3 implies the following assertion.
Corollary 4. Let u E G1(R). Then
follows from (17). Inequality (17) and even (19) becomes an equality for the
odd function u whose values for x 2 0 are given b y
+
(a l ) x - X"+l for o 5 2 5 (q)'/"
a + 2 '/"
-x)"+' for ( ~ > 1 / "< x < 2 ( ~ > ' / "(20)
(2(-)
for x 2 2 ( 9 ) ' / "
For a = 1, (19) implies the sharp estimate
8
1u1(x)125 3 M * u ( x ) IIU"IIL,(R)* (21)
IVku(x)I 5 c ( D ~ , ~ u ( (xM) V
) ~, U ( X ) ) ~
for almost all x E R".
(iii) Let k be integer and let l , m be noninteger, 0 < 1 < k < m. Then
l V k ~ ( x )5
I ~ ( D ~ , l u ( (xD)p), m
~ u(x))S
for almost all x E Rn.
(iv) Let 0 < s < 1 < 1 and let p 2 1. Then
5 c(MIu - u(x)Ip)
(Dp,8u)(x) (D,,lu(x))'
218
c( /
R"
( ( M u ( x )s(l-k'm)
) (DP,"U(Z)) ek'mdx)l I s
lim RPk
R-t,
f B,R(aR)
lu(z)ldx = 0 , where a E Rn and T > 0,
219
MVbu(x) I(M(u(x)- P ( z ) ) ) F ( M V p ( x ) ) J .
In l 7 we obtained inequalities of a similar structure for Riesz and Bessel
potentials.
Let z be a complex number with 0 < Rz < n and let f be a complex
valued function in L1(Rn). By I,f we denote the Riesz potential of order
z:
Izf(x) = F;f,lSl-”Fx+&),
where F is the Fourier transform and F-’ is its inverse.
M ( k * u) I2n+111kIILI(R-)MU,
where k(lx1) is a nonnegative and nonincreasing function. This estimate
refines that given in 23, Th. 2, Ch.3, Sect. 2.2:
k*u IcIlkll~~(~-)Mu.
An assertion analogous to Theorem 3 holds for Bessel potentials. Let z
be a complex number. The Bessel potential J, is defined by J, = (-A +
I ) - ” / ~i.e.
,
where
Jzf(x) = c
s, G& - !/)f(Y)dY,
G,(x) = c Izl(”-n)/2K(n-,)/2(1ZI),
K , is the modified Bessel function of the third kind.
220
Then
I--Rz/RC
I f IIL , (R" 5 c I IISf IIszz/sJz~
112 L , (Rn IIf l I L , ( R n1 .
References
1. B. Bojarski, P. Hajlasz, Pointwise inequalities for Sobolev functions, Studia
Math. 106 (1993), 77-92.
2. C.Fefferman, E. Stein, Hp-spaces of several variables, Acta Mathernatica, 129
(1972), 137-193.
3. E. Gagliardo, Ulteriori proprieti di alcune classi di funzioni in pi^ variabili,
Ric. Mat. 8 (1959), 24-51.
4. J. Hadamard, Sur certaines propriCtCs des trajectoires en dynamique, J. Math.
Se'r. 5,3 (1897), 331-387.
5. G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood, Contributions to the arithmetic theory of series,
Proc. London Math. SOC.Ser. 2, 11 (1912-1913), 411-478.
6. A. Kalamajska, Pointwise interpolative inequalities and Nirenberg type esti-
mates in weighted Sobolev spaces, Studia Math. 108 (1994), 275-290.
7. Y.Kannai, Hypoellipticity of certain degenerate elliptic boundary value prob-
lems, Trans. Amer. Math. SOC.217 (1976), 311-328.
8. Y.Kato, Mixed type boundary conditions for second order elliptic differential
equations, J. Math. SOC.Japan 26 (1974), 405-432.
9. A. Kneser, Studien uber die Bewegungsvorgiinge in der Umgebung instabiler
Gleichgewichtslagen, J. fur die reane und angew. Math. 118 (1897), 186-223.
10. A.N. Kolmogorov, Une g6nCralisation de l'inCgalit6 de M. J. Hadamard entre
les bornes superieures des d6rivCes successives d'une fonction, C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 207 (1938), 764-765.
11. E. Landau, Einige Ungleichungen fur zweimal differenzierbare Funktionen,
Proc. London Math. SOC.13 (1913), 43-49.
12. P.D. Lax, L. Nirenberg, On solvability of difference schemes, a sharp form of
Girding's inequality, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 19 (1966), 473-492.
22 1
13. V. Maz’ya, The degenerate problem with an oblique derivative, Mat. Sb. 87
(1972), 417-454.
14. V. Maz’ya, A. Kufner, Variations on the theme of the inequality (f’)2 5
2fsup[f”(, Manuscripta Math. 56 (1986), 89-104.
15. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, On pointwise interpolation inequalities for
derivatives, Mathematica Bohemica 124 (1999), 131-148.
16. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, Maximal algebra of multipliers between
fractional Sobolev spaces, Proceedings of Analysis and Geometry, S.K.
Vodop’yanov (Ed.), Sobolev Institute Press, Novosibirsk, 2000, pp. 387-400.
17. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, Pointwise interpolation inequalities for Riesz
and Bessel potentials, Analytical and Computational Methods in Scattering
and Applied Mathematics, Chapman and Hall, London, 2000, pp.217-229.
18. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, Maximal Banach algebra of multipliers be-
tween Bessel potential spaces, Problems and Methods in Mathematical Physics,
The Siegfried Prossdorf Memorial Volume, J. Elschner, I. Gohberg, B. Sil-
bermann (Eds.), Operator Theory: Advances and Application, Vol. 121,
Birkhauser, Basel, 2001, pp. 352-365.
19. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, An elementary proof of the Brezis and
Mironescu theorem on the composition operator in fractional Sobolev spaces,
J . Evol. Equat. 2 (2002), 113-125.
20. V. Maz’ya, T. Shaposhnikova, Sharp pointwise interpolation inequalities for
derivatives, Functional Analysis and its Applications, 36 (2002) , 30-48.
21. L. Nirenberg, On elliptic partial diffrential equations: Lecture 2, Ann. Sc.
Norm. Sup. Pisa, Ser. 3 13 (1959), 115-162.
22. L. Nirenberg, F. TrBves, Solvability of the first order linear partial differential
equation, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 16 (1963), 331-351.
23. E.M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1970.
24. B. Szokefalvy-Nagy,Uber Integralungleichungen zwischen einer Funktion und
ihrer Ableitung, Acta Sci. Math. Szeged 10 (1941), 64-74.
NON-UNIQUENESS IN CONNECTION WITH METHODS FOR THE
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SHAPE OF CYLINDRICAL BODIES FROM
ACOUSTIC SCATTERING DATA
It is shown that the combined use of: 1) data relating to the response, on a circle
circumscribing the object in its cross-section plane, to two monochromatic probe plane
waves having different frequencies, 2) the intersecting canonical body approximation
(ICBA) of the wave-object interaction, and 3) an asymptotic analysis of cost fhctionals of
the discrepancy between the data and the ICBA estimation thereof, enables a substantial
reduction of the ambiguity of the identificationof the boundary of the scattering body.
1 Introduction
222
223
the total field in response to u'(x;o) , R the subdomain of xOy occcupied by the
sound-hard cylindrical object in its cross-section (xOy) plane, and r I asZ the trace
in xOy of the boundary of the object, assumed to be representable by the parametric
equation r = p ( 8 ) ( p = p ( 8 ) a continuous, single-valued h c t i o n of 8 ). u'(x;o)
and u(x;o)satisfy:
wherein c is the sound speed in the medium outside of the object, 8' the angle of
incidence, p I dp(8)ldO and s = (lj2 + p 2 ) " .
and r ;
Theforwardscattering (measurement)probIem is : given o ,c, u'(x;o)
determine u(x;w) at all points on the circumscribing circle r, of radius
b>p=Maxp.
eE[o.zn[
wherein pa is assumed to be a known positive real constant (as is b). Note that in the
inverse problem u(x;w) is unknown everywhere except on r, .
3 A method for the reconstruction of the shape of the body using the ICBA as
the estimator
' p ( 8 ) , 8~
~ a , ( p ( 8 ) . 8 ) W ~ " ( k r ) e ;' r" 2 [0,2n], (6)
"=-I.
224
wherein
HA') is the n-th order Hankel function of the first kind, J , the n-th order Bessel
function, and Z,(s) = dZn(s)/ds. The ICBA furnishes the exact solution for
p(8) = a ) provided L + .
Let ti', Zi"
-
scattering from a sound-hard circular cylinder of radius a and center 0 (i.e., the case
(8)
wherein it is observed, with the help of (6)-(7),that the m-th equation depends only
on the m-th trial boundary shape parameter z(8,). Although these equations are
uncoupled in terms of {z(Om); m = 1,2,...,M } , each one is nonlinear because each
member of the set { a,, (z(8,) } is a nonlinear function of z(em).
We assume that
225
where a, d and E are positive real constants, f(8) has the same functional
properties as z(8) , g(8) has the same hctional properties as p ( 8 ) , If(8 ] I 1,
lg(e)l 1, and
ks<<l . (10)
whereas the ICBA representation of the estimated scattered field takes the same form
with d replacing a, so that the continuous form of (8) yields:
wherein If:"(<) = J,(<) + i<(<) I An obvious solution of (12) is d=a, which is the
correct solution to order (kE)' for the shape function, since z(8) = d and p(8) = a
to zeroth order in k&,but this doesn't mean that it is the only solution.
1.1
First consider the subset of the equations (12) for which and << ka . Making
use of the asymptotic forms of the Bessel and Hankel functions :
-
gives rise (via ( 1 2)) to sin(kd - ku) 0 ; Vlnl<< kd,ka, whose solutions are
d=a+- I€Z .
k '
This shows that there exist an infinite number of solutions of (12) in the asymptotic
regime In1 << kd,ka , but this, by itself, does not mean that this set of equations does
not possess a unique solution.
1.1
To pursue this question, let us turn to the case In1 = kd, = ka . As written
previously, an obvious solution of (12) is then d=a ,but this probably is not the only
226
solution in this regime. What this means is, that for some or all of the values of n in
this regime, we may find a set { df' } of roots of (12) such that d;'' = a .
Finally turn to the case 1.1 >> kd, 1 . 1 >> ka . It suffices to look at what
happens for n 2 0. We make use of of the following asymptotic forms
1.1 --
to find ( m ) - ' [ ( d / a ) "- ( d l a ) - " I - 0; + , the only solution of which, for
positive real d and a, is d=a, so that if L = ,we would have to conclude that the
only solution satisfylng (12) for all n E 2 is d = a , which happens to be the right
zeroth-order perturbation solution for the inverse problem. The value of L used in
the ICBA is more like L<-kd and L < - h (imitating what is done for scattering by
-
the canonical circular cylinder; it may be that the ICBA partial wave series even
diverges for L = at certain points on or outside a body of arbitrary shape), so that
it is inappropriate to use the result of uniqueness of the solution d=a in the regime
In(>> kd 1.1 >> ka simply because this regime is impossible to attain with the
indicated (finite) values of L. The conclusion of this is that if L+kd and L<-ka,
then the solution for d is not unique since it is given by (1 3) plus other eventual
1.1
solutions of (12) corresponding to the regime = kd , 1.1
= ka .
Instead of actually solving (i.e.7looking for the roots o f ) each member of the set in
(8), we can rather search for the set of shape parameters {z(Om); m = 42,...,M } by
minimizing the L2 cost functionals
and again apply the perturbation method to zeroth order in k& so as to find
227
wherein L is the finite subset of Z for which d is within the bounds of p written in
(5). We hypothesize (admittedly encouraged by the results of numerical
experiments3) that if the perturbation analysis were carried out to higher order it
would give rise to a relation of the sort
This relation signifies that the inversion process should lead to a series of nearly-
homothetic reconstructed bodies, one of which (i.e., the one for which 4 = 0) is
nearly the real bcdy. Thus, we are faced with the problem of eliminating or at least
reducing the non-uniqueness expressed by (15).
Let us term the curves for which l! # 0 (( artifacts D. Eq. (15) tells us that the
curves relative to the artifacts, contrary to the one relative to the boundary of the real
body, depend on the wavenumber of the probe radiation. This suggests that the
boundav we are looking for is the only one that doesn 't change when thefiequency
of the probe radiation is changed. It is then a relatively simple matter to devise a
scheme that filters out the artifacts from two sets of data obtained at two
frequencies4.
The data we employed was both synthetic (computed by a boundary element
method) and real (obtained at audio frequencies 14 kHz and 16 kHz for a monostatic
arrangement 8 , = 8' = 0 ; Vm E [1,M] with a rotating (about its axis) cylindrical
body in an anechoic chamber). A representative result is depicted in Fig.1.
228
Figure 1. Real data case. Top: polar plot of the minima of the cost functionals J at the two fkequencies
14 lcHz (circles) and 16 !dIz (points).Bottom:filtered reconstruction (squares) of the shape function of a
hexagonal cylinder (continuous curve). The reconstruction (not shown) is less ambiguous with synthetic
data.
References
1. Wirgin A. and Scotti T., Wide-band approximation of the sound field scattered by
an impenetrable body of arbitrary shape . JSound Vibr. 194 (1996) pp. 537-572.
2. Scotti T. and Wirgin A., Shape reconstruction using diffracted waves and
canonical solutions. Inverse Probs. 11 (1995) 1097-1111.
3. Ogam E., Scotti T. and Wirgin A., Non-ambiguous boundary identification of a
cylindrical object by acoustic waves. C.R.Acad.Sci.IIb 329 (2001) pp. 61-66.
DISPERSION IDENTIFICATION USING THE FOURIER ANALYSIS OF
RESONANCES IN ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC RODS
R. H. BLANC
Trans Waves, 150 le Corbusier, 13008, Marseille. France.
A new method for identifylng the dispersion relation in elastic and viscoelastic rods is
presented. It relies on the multiple resonance of a strain measurement. The wave velocity is
related to the resonance position whereas the damping is related to the resonance bandwidth.
Applied to an aluminum bar, the method provides wave dispersion for kequencies up to 60
kHZ.
1 Introduction
Wave dispersion in rods is due to geometric and (or) viscoelastic reasons. When the
cross-section is circular the dispersion relation is governed by the Pochhammer-
Chree e q ~ a t i o n ~ . which
~ " ~ , was extended to viscoelastic rods by Zhao & Gary 15. In
the Split Hopkinson bar apparatus (SHB), experimental results are improved when
wave dispersion is taken into ac~ount~'~-'. Wave dispersion in rods is also used to
investigate the viscoelasticproperties of materials*"'.
Dispersion may be experimentally determined by comparing the wave Fourier
components measured at two points on the rod129 Recently, Hillstrom & a1.I'
developed a multi-point method using least squares. In the present paper, a one-point
method is developed using a spectral analysis of the resonant frequencies of the rod.
2 Theory
We consider a finite rod of length L (see Figure 1). E denotes the longitudinal strain.
A perturbation is generated at the left end of the rod. The right end of the bar is kept
free from stress.
Henceforth, we assume that only the first longitudinal mode of propagation is
excited5-'. In this case, the Fourier transform of the strain can be expressed by :
E(a,o)= A(o)e-"(")"+ B(w)e'*'"'", (1)
229
230
where
<(a)=k(@)+ ia(w)=m/c(w)+ia(w) , (2)
<(o)is the complex wave number of the first mode of propagation and it takes
account of geometric effects and (or) viscoelastic effects, c(w) is the phase velocity
and a(@) the attenuation.
The Fourier components of the strain at the left side (striker side, abscissa -L) of
the bar are denoted by O(w).Considering the boundary conditions, i.e. E ( 0 , o ) = 0
and E(- L , o ) = 8 ( o ) , it follows that:
Introducing (3) into (1) enables the strain to be expressed as a function of the
complex wave number and of the boundaw conditions at the left side of the rod
In a first step, wave attenuation is neglected (ia(w] << 1). With low damping
materials, this hypothesis is valid for most experimental applications. A correction
must be made for high damping materials.
Denoting by S (a,w ) the strain spectrum, (4) and (5) yield :
(5 1
The spectrum denominator becomes zero for the frequencies onsuch that I3,l4:
k ( o n ) = na / L, (6)
where n is a relative integer. For each n , unless the angular frequency onnullifies
the numerator as well as the denominator, a resonance occurs. The corresponding
resonant frequencies are associated with the local maxima of the spectrum, so they
are easily assessed. Therefore, when
8( w n ) #0 and V p E Z N , a / L # p / n , (7)
the wave velocity is given by :
C(O, ) = w nL / n z , (8)
Henceforth, we reconsider (4). The numerator and the denominator are developed as
follows :
(e
sin (w)x) = sin (k(w)x)cos (ia(w)x) + cos (k (w)x )sin (ia(w).) . (9)
We develop the sine and cosine to the second order of a (w )x :
231
Let 60, be half the bandwidth at the half-height. A development to the second order,
with respect to &on ,yields a simple expression for the wave damping coefficient:
a; =a'(o,)=p:6w: . (13)
Since the waves attenuate as they advance, damping is negativel3.l4:
an= -p",6wn. (14)
3 Experimental validation
......................................................... ............. X .O
...........................................................................................................................
" "
: *
Figure 1. Simplified sketch of the experimental set-up.
232
-
2?
5100r
5000
E 4900 -
Y
0)
(D
m
7
c
a4800 -
se
v)
-
.-P 4700
'
" 4 ~
4x10
20
I
30
frequence (kHr)
I
40
f
I 6C
.n MS
6.04 1 , I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
f r q U 8 R C e (kHs)
3.3 Methodprecision
In this section, the quality of the dispersion relation determined in the above section
is evaluated. The first incident wave of the measured strain (the first 0.06 ms, see
Fig. 4) was extracted from the complete signal. The strain, after N round-trip in the
bar, was then reconstructed, by transportation of the first incident wave, using the
following equation :
First incident wave First incident wave
N-I N-I
3 ( N ) (x, = $‘1 (x , -tit (+L - $) (x, j -tic (a)((k+ 1 )L+X1
k=O k=O
Incident wave afer N round-tips Rejlected w a w ajer N round-trips
This equation is easily derived by developing the fraction in (4). The measured and
the rebuilt strains are then synchronised. The ascendant and descendant fronts start at
the same time. The tail oscillations also appear as synchronised (Fig. 5). The phase
difference between the two signals is very small. The wave celerity is therefore of a
high accuracy. Damping is less accurate. The amplitude of the re&nstructed strain is
slightly greater than the amplitude of the measured one. However, the results are still
satisfactory. The maximum relative error is less than 3.3% after the five wave round-
trip in the bar (i.e. after 30 m shifting). This approach is then sufficient for classical
SHPB applications where waves are shifted less than a length of the bar.
234
1 I
0 1 2 8 4 5 6 7
temps (s) XlbJ
4 Conclusion
References
4. Chree, C. The equations of an isotropic elastic solid in polar and cylindrical co-
ordinates, their solutions and applications. Cambridge Phil. SOC. Trans. 14
(1889) pp. 250-369.
5. Davies, R.M. A critical study of the Hopkinson pressure bar. Philos. Trans. A
240 (1948) pp. 375-457.
6. Follansbee, P. S. & Frantz, C. Wave Propagation in the Split Hopkinson
Pressure Bar. J. Engng. Muter. Tech. 105 (1983) pp. 61-66.
7. Gong, J.C. Malvem, L.E. & Jenkins, D. A. Dispersion investigation in the split
Hopkinson pressure bar. J. Engng. Muter. Tech. 112 (1990) pp. 309-314.
8. Gorham, D. A. A numerical method for the correction of dispersion in pressure
bar signals. J. Phys. E :Sci. Instrum. 16 (1983) pp. 477-179.
9. Gorham, D. A. & Wu, X. J. An empirical method for correcting dispersion in
pressure bar measurements of impact stress. Meas. Sci. Technol., 7 (1996) pp.
1227-1233.
10. Hillstrom, L. Mossberg, M. & Lundberg, B. Identification of complex modulus
from measured strains on an axially impacted bar using least squares. J. Sound
Vibration 230 (2000) pp. 689-707.
11. Lundberg, B. & Blanc, R. H. Determination of mechanical material properties
from the two-point response of an impacted linearly viscoelastic rod specimen.
.ISound Vibration 126 (1988) pp. 97-108.
12. Pochhammer, L. Uber die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeiten kleiner
Schwingung in einem ubegrenzten isotropen Kreiscylinder. J. f i r die Reine und
Angewande Mathematik 81 (1876) pp. 324-336.
13. Othman, R., Blanc, R. H., Bussac, M. N., Collet, P. & Gary, G. A spectral
method for wave dispersion analysis. Application to an aluminium rod.
Proceedings of the 4Ih International Symposium of Impact Engineering, Vol. I ,
A. Chiba & S. Tanimura (2001) pp. 71-76.
14. Othman, R. R., Blanc, R. H., Bussac, M. N., Collet, P. & Gary, G. Identification
de la relation de la dispersion dans les barres. C. R. Acad. Sci. Strie IIb (2002)
accepted for publication.
15. Zhao, H. & Gary, G. A three dimensional analytical solution
on of the longitudinal wave propagation in an infinite linear viscoelastic
cylindrical bar, application to experimental techniques. J. Mech. Phys. Soli& 43
(1995) pp. 1335-1348.
APPLICATION OF THE LIKELIHOOD METHOD TO THE ANALYSIS OF
WAVES IN ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC RODS
In this paper, we are interested in separating waves in elastic and viscoelastic rods
propagating in opposite direction. N strain and P velocity measurements are taken into
account. This application of the likelihood method gives a solution in the fiequency domain.
Using the inverse Fourier transform, one can recover the strain, stress, displacement and
velocity at any section of the rod. In experimental conditions, the results are stable against
noise when N + D 2 and NP # 0.
1 Introduction
In the classical configuration, the loading time in the SHB (Split Hopkinson Bar)
system is limited by the length of the bars together with the maximum measured
strain in the specimen, because of the need to separate opposite waves propagating in
the bar. Hence, for many materials, it is of no interest to carry out tests with the SHB
apparatus at medium strain-rates. As mechanical testing machines are limited at
much lower strain rates because of sensor oscillations,-alternative solutions have
been already investigated, in particular the wave separation technique. They are
based on a two strain measurement and they take account of wave dispersion', 7-8 or
not3". Bussac and a1.2 showed that the noise is amplified on the reconstructed
signals when using only two measurements. In this paper, a new separation method
using N strain and P velocity measurements is presented. It is based on the Maximum
of Likelihood p r i n ~ i p l e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
2 Theory
Let us consider an L-long elastic or viscoelastic bar. In the case of single mode
propagating longitudinal waves, the Fourier transform of stress, strain, displacement
and velocity are expressed as follows :
~ ( x , m ) =A(m)e-i"m'x+ B(o)ei'(a)x,
a ( x , m ) = E * (m) (A(m)e-t'(m)x+ B(m)eit(m)z),
236
237
5 (4
where A(@) and B(w) are the Fourier components of the ascendant and descendant
waves at origin, respectively. E * ( w ) is the complex Young's modulus and
t(o)= k(w)+ ia(o) is the complex wave number. The two parameters E * (0) and
< (0) are only related to the bar properties (geometry and material). In the following,
it is assumed that they are known.
From strain and/or speed measurements, we want to recover A ( o ) and B(w) so
that strain, stress, displacement and velocity can be calculated at any point of the bar,
in particular at both ends.
We perform N strain and P velocity measurements on the bar. The corresponding
record is modelled as the superposition of the exact measurement and a Gaussian
white noise:
z,(t)= ~(x,,t)+ W, (t), J = l,.., N ,
$ K ( t ) = v ( x J , t ) + W J(t), J = N + l , . . , N + P .
The N + P white noises are supposed to be two-by-two independent. The
amplitudes of the noise concerning strain and velocity are denoted 1 I a: and 1 I a; ,
respectively.
In order to estimate the two hnctions A(@) and B(w) , the Maximum Likelihood
Method is used2.
We denote X,, J =1,.., N + P and K = 1,.., M , the random variable
corresponding to the noise stored on the measurement made at the station J at the
time t = K/f,,* , where M is the maximum measured points and f,,, is the
sampling frequency.
The likelihood function is given by :
K = I , ...M
where v, = 11a, is the standard deviation and p J is the mean of the noise W, .
This method consists in writing that what is measured corresponds to the most
probable event (a particular application is the least-square method). This leads to
maximize the function V(2, ( t ) ; , ( t ) ~ ( w ) , B ( w )which
) is equivalent to minimizing
the following function:
where:
3 Numerical simulation
In this section we propose to validate the method with a numerical test. The bar
simulated is elastic. It is 3m long and 40 mm in diameter. The Young’s modulus is
E , = 70GPa, the Poisson’s ratio is v = 0.34, and volumic mass is p = 2800kg/m3 . A
I .2m long striker, having the same chracteristic as the bar, is launched at one end of
the bar ( x = 0) at a speed V , = 12 m / s . Five strain measurements at sections
x, = 0 . 5 ~ 1 , x, = 1 . 0 2 ~ 1 , X, = 1.4~1, x, = 1.78~~1,X, = 2.2m and two velocity
measurements at sections X, = 0.8m, X, = 1.4m are simulated.
Gaussian noise with amplitude 2 % of the maximum strain or the maximum
velocity is added to each measurement. We suppose also that the mean of each noise
on strain measurements is not zero and equals 5 %o of the maximum strain.
We compare results provided by the method developed in section 2. to exact
simulated signals. We denote med the maximum relative error on strain and meu the
maximum relative error of reconstructed displacements. Figs. 1 and 2 compare the
error on strain and displacement for different values of Net P . The results show that
it is sufficient to use three strain and one velocity measurement to have good
accuracy on reconstruct strain and displacement. For experimental application we
choose this solution (Tab. 1).
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
rmllpe (61
x TO*
P O % o
-1 -1 -1
-2
0 0.02 O W 0 0 6 0.06
+-wan (.)
-‘ -2
Figure 1. Error on strain (a) N=2 and P=O - (b) N=3 and P= 1 -
-
(c) N=3 and P=2 -(d) N=3 and P=O (e) N=4 and P=O - fi N=5 and P=O
240
a0
B
-0 1
-0 2
-0.3
a0
'd
-0 1
-0 2
-0.3
Pigure2. Error on displacement(a) N=2 and P=O - (b) N=3 and P=l -
(c) N=3 and P=2 -(d) N=3 and P=O - (e) N=4 and P=O - If) N=5 and P=O
The validity of the method is checked using a nylon bar. A nylon striker is launched
at the left end of the bar at a speed of 3.03 mh.The right end is free. Three strain and
one-velocity measurements are recorded on the bar. We use the method developed in
section 2. to reconstruct the stress at two ends of the bar and the displacement at the
free end.
24 1
+shsrss at strikerside
dirtctly neasureddisplacement
0 10 30 0 10 30 thetm)
stress displacement
Figure 3. Reconstructed stresses at the ends of the bar and displacement at the free end (The stress at
the free end has been shifted down by 0.2 MPa to make the figure more readable).
The stress at the left end was almost zero as expected. At the right end, the stress
became almost zero after the first incident wave. Compared to the amplitude of the
impact stress, the error on the reconstructed stress was less than 3.5% (Fig 3). The
reconstructed displacement was similar to the directly measured one. The relative
error was less than 2.5% (Fig 3).
5 Conclusion
medium strain rates in a test range in between that of mechanical testing machines
and that of Hopkinson bars.
References
J.-P. ZOLESIO
INRIA
2004, route des Lucioles, B.P. 93,
06902 Sophia-Antipolis cedex, fiance
E-mad: jean-pauE.zolesioQsophia.inria.fr
243
244
(2)
In the above Green functions GOTand Goowith source point and obser- <
vation point 2 are used, index o standing for a point in the search domain
D and index r for a point in the measurement domain M ; the wave number
contrast q reads as q = a
of the host medium D is ko(w), and the scatterer is of wave number k ( w ) ;
- 1= $
- 1, where co and c are the velocities
of the pressure wave insicfe the host medium and the scatterer, respectively,
both media being fluid and with unit density.
When the contrast q is known, the problem comes down to an optimal
shape design problem in some pseudo-time t (in the discrete model, the
number of iterations), with the associated objective functional
1
JW = ,Ilus(fl) - <11i2(M). (3)
dJ
dt = %e (ki 1, qu(i')p(J)c(i').ii(i')dZ) , (4)
4)
the saddle-point (u, ii, $, of which is verified to be unique by considering
the change of variable, VZ E 52,
da
247
3. Numerical examples
Using proper derivatives (4), (15), (17), (18) and (19), various algorithms
can be devised by choosing the order and the accuracy of each optimization
procedure g. Requiring a minimal value of the cost functional separately
in the search of shape 17 and in the one of contrast x, and alternating one
search of each kind is the option taken from now.
For simplicity, only the case of lossless media will be considered, which
means that only the derivative with respect to a is considered. Let us
consider for example the configuration sketched in Table 1.
Table 1.
Incident waves 36 line sources, in circle, radius 3 mm
Frequencies 500,1000, 1500, 2000 kHz
Receivers 64, on a circle of radius 2.5 mm
Domain D 2 x 2 mm2, co = 1470 m.s-'
Defect 2 rectangles, c = 1800 m.s-l
10
0.1
0.01
0.001 '
0 20 40 60 80
I
100
2800
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 1. Top: evolution of the cost functional as a function of the number of iterations;
bottom: corresponding evolution of the scatterer velocity c using the approximated
calculation of the derivative with respect to the contrast (-) and the full one (- -).
4. Conclusion
Results shown so far are still provisional. Complementary experiments
are needed, with the help of both approximated and full evaluation of the
derivatives of the cost functional with respect to the contrast, for more
complicated configurations (such as an object confined within a layer of
a stratified space or lossy media), but proper retrieval of both shape and
contrast with a level set method is certainly promising.
References
1. S. Osher and J. A. Sethian, J. Comput. Phys., 79, 12-49 (1988).
2. J. A. Sethian, Levelset Methods and Fast Marching Methods, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 2nd edition (1999).
3. A. Litman, D. Lesselier, and F. Santosa, Inverse Problems, 14,658-706 (1998).
4. 0.Dorn, E. L. Miller, and C. M. Rappaport, Inverse Problems, 16,1119-1156
(2000).
250
I - - -
‘4,;
/
, / - - -
‘4.
’f\
I - - -
‘., /
/ - - -
‘4,,
, /
\
I I
I
I
/
/
--.
L. W. SCHWARTZ
Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Math Sciences,
University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
E-mail: schwartzOudel. edu
The motion of liquids is of pervasive importance throughout the natural and in-
dustrial worlds. Of particular interest is the motion of liquids in thin layers, with
obvious application t o paints and other liquid coatings, but also to manufactur-
ing operations. The thinness of the liquid layers can be exploited t o simplify the
mathematical description of these motions and allow inclusion of other important
effects, icluding Marangoni forces associated with surfactants and variable com-
position, non-Newtonian rheology and gravitational and centrifugal body forces.
Foci of our work include the construction of detailed process models which may be
used, for example, to better understand the causes of observed defects in industrial
coating processes and their remediation, and also fundamental studies which may
lead t o new applications of the model.
1. Introduction
Over the past two decades we have had collaborations with a number of
industrial groups. Our most important affiliation has been with ICI, espe-
cially their Paints Division. With the flow behavior of paints as our central
interest, we have also treated related slow-flow problems including the be-
havior of soap films, foams, and lava. Much of our published work can
be downloaded from www. coats'ng.udel.eduwhere numerical algorithms, not
discussed here, can also be found.
Virtually all manufactured products require coating, for both decorative
and protective reasons. Because the industry is fragmented, it is difficult
t o assign t o it a precise yearly value, but it is surely several hundred billion
dollars worldwide. Most commonly, coatings are applied as liquids; these
liquids continue to flow until the coating is fully dry. Thus fluid mechanics
modeling is potentially of great benefit in helping to improve the flow per-
formance of these thin liquid films. Our mathematical models employ the
low-speed, small-surfaceslope approximation, referred t o commonly as the
lubrication approximation. Here we discuss several of our recent projects.
251
252
vp = pv2v (la)
and the incompressible continuity equation
V*V=Q
within the liquid region. In addition to the neslip condition V = 0 on solid
surfaces (“substrates”) we have stress and kinematic conditions on the free
surface. With II,s, and n signifying the stress tensor and unit tangent and
normal vectors, respectively, these are
rI-n.n=utc, (1c)
and
n-(V-k)=O
where k is the surface velocity. Here p ,p , u,and tc represent pressure, vis-
cosity, surface tension and surface curvature, respectively. The surfactant,
assumed to be insoluble in the bulk of the fluid, is conserved; thus
aC
-
at
+ V,-(CU) = DViC
Here u is particle velocity on the surface, D is a surface diffusion coefficient
and 0, = (I - nn)V is the surface gradient operator. c is assumed to be
dimensionless without loss of generality. The surface tension changes due
to changes in surface concentration c. The simplest assumption is the linear
law
0 = go + r ( i - c) (2)
where uo and I’ are constants.
The lubrication approximation is obtained by a systematic expansion
in the assumed small parameter hok where ho is the average liquid depth
and k is a typical wave number for free-surface undulations. For a t w e
dimensional problem, for example, the equation for surface concentration
becomes
Ct + (u(’)c), = A c,, +O ( h ~ k ) ~ , (3)
253
Figure 2.1. Calculated shape of a “crater” defect in a paint layer. Rendered graphics
of the numerical solution is used here.
The model system (3)-(6)has been applied t o the problem of the leveling
of surface ripples in the presence of surfactant ’.
Since a painted surface
requires a very smooth coating, one depends on surface tension t o contract
the surface to produce the necessary leveling. Since atmospheric dust acts
as a surfactant, and surfactants lower surface tension, it is standard wisdom
that painting must be done in a very clean environment. While this is
true in general, we found the surprising result that there is a significant
parameter regime in which leveling can be accelerated by adding, rather
than removing, surfactant. This surprising conclusion is validated in three
different ways: (i) by linearly perturbing an almost flat surface, (ii) by
solving the coupled system (3)-(6)numerically, and (iii) by solving the
unapproximated Stokes flow problem numerically. Details may be found in
the original paper l .
An important industrial application is the identification and remediation
of contaminant-induced paint defects. One common defect is the so-called
254
II=B [(a)”-(+)“I
F’rumkin and Deryaguin 3 . We use the two-term model
.
B and the exponents n and m are positive constants with n > m > 1. h,
is a very thin “precursor” film thickness that permits contact-line motion.
In dynamic simulations h, plays the role of a “slip coefficient” allowing
motion of the apparent contact lines where a thick coating layer meets a
“dry” portion of the substrate. It may be shown that
(n - l ) ( m - 1) (n - l)(m - 1)
B= - case,) M d,Z. (11)
h,(n - m) 2h,(n - rn)
255
The final form of the evolution equation for the coating thickness, including
capillarity, substrate energetics, and evaporation, is found by combining
equations (7) t o (11).
Figure 3.1. Dewetting and liquid beading up on surface; experiment (left) and simula-
tion (right) are compared. the bottom row pictures are taken about 3 sec after the top
row pictures. The letters refer to certain features seen in both the experiments and the
simulations, such as (A) nucleated holes and (B) liquid filaments.
4. Spin Coating
Spin coating is a technique for producing a thin uniform layer of a liquid
on a substrate. It finds wide application in the electronics industry where
uniform layers of solidified coating are needed in the fabrication of various
devices. We develop an approximate mathematical model for the three-
dimensional time-dependent flow of a viscous liquid as it is spun upon a
flat substrate. The initial liquid configuration is an almost symmetric sessile
drop of liquid that is positioned near the axis of rotation. The drop is then
driven outward by centrifugal force.
256
Within the model, the evolving shapes of spinning drops depend pri-
marily on three independent dimensionless parameters
as well as the level of “noise” in the system. The spin speed parameter S
is seen t o depend on the density p and surface tension u of the liquid, the
rotation rate w , and the initial radius & and volume V of the drop. The
Bond number Bo measures the relative importance of gravity and surface
tension on a horizontal substrate while 8, is the equilibrium or static contact
angle. A dimensionless evolution equation for the surface profile h(z,y, t )
is
ah
- = -V
at
-
[h3(VV2h- BO V h + A VlI(h;h,))]
+a
(h3x) - (h3y)].
aY
Here (2, y) = (0,O) is the center of rotation. The parameter A is propor-
tional t o 82. Figure 4.1 shows a numerical result and an experimentally-
derived profile 5.
other mixture constituents (see Fig. 5.1). The coupled governing equations
include Marangoni and disjoining effects 6t7.
Figure 5.1. Four adjacent bubbles in a periodic two-dimensional foam at early and late
times. Thin liquid films separate the almost-hexagonal gas bubbles on the right. These
pictures are constructed from reflections and repetitions of a “unit-cell.”
Acknowledgments
Portions of this work were supported by The NASA Microgravity Program,
the ICI Strategic Research Fund, and the State of Delaware.
References
1. L. W. Schwaxtz, R. A. Cairncross and D. E. Weidner, Physics of Fluids 8,
1693 (1996).
2. P. L. Evans, L. W. Schwartz and R. V. Roy, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 227,191
(2000).
3. N.V. Churaev, V. D. and Sobolev, Adu. Colloid Interf. Sci. 61,1 (1995).
4. L. W. Schwaxtz, R. V. Roy, R. R. Eley and S. Petrash, J. Colloid Interf. Sci.
234,363 (2001).
5. R. Haze and J. Lammers, Philips Report UR 819/99, (1999).
6. L. W. Schwartz and R. V. Roy, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 218,309 (1999).
7. L. W. Schwartz and R. V. Roy, A mathematical model for an expanding foam,
J . Colloid Interf. Sci. (submitted), (2002).
SEISMIC RESPONSE IN A CITY
Extremely large effects in terms of intensity and duration characterized the recent tremors in
cities of Mexico, Japan and Turkey. Studying the responses of complex substratum models,
while considering the ground to be flat, is the traditional approach in the analysis of such
earthquakes. However, these models ignore buildingkoilbuildmg interactions. Evidence
exists that explicitly integrating the buildings into the theoretical models will lead to a better
understanding and prediction of the tremor's causes and effects. Such a model is considered
in this paper wherein the response of a simplified city with ten buildings, non-equally sized
and spaced, located on a substratum with a low velocity layer, is studied. Our results display
very strong responses, both inside the buildings and on the ground, which qualitatively
match the responses observed in the above-mentioned cities.
1 Introduction
258
259
Our 2D configuration is depicted in Fig. 1. The buildings, which extend into the
substratum, are connected to the latter by an interface on which we impose the
continuity of displacement and normal stress. These conditions are implicit when the
heterogeneous medium, constituted by the half-space underneath the ground, is
considered to be a continuum.
260
Figure 1. Sagittal plane view of the 2D city The thick black curve is the stress-free boundary. The grey
regions are (from top to bottom): the buildings with foundations, a surficial soft layer and the bedrock.
The dashed black lines are the foundation boundaries.
The governing equations, with or without the buildings, are those of linear
elastodynamics for a heterogeneous, isotropic medium with upper stress-free
boundary. When buildings are present, the formerly-flat ground becomes the portions
of the ground in between the buildings plus the boundaries of the buildings in contact
with the air. The city is considered to be invariant in the y-direction with x, y, z
being the Cartesian coordinates, and z increasing with depth. The seismic source is a
line in the y-direction, radiating a Ricker pulse cylindncal shear-horizontal (SH)
displacement field. Thus, only the y-component of this field is non-vanishing and
invariant with respect to y. The total field underneath and on the free surface is also
SH-polarized and invariant with respect toy. In Fig. 1 we denote by h, w and d, the
height, width and space interval between buildings. Contrary to what is assumed in
the computations of 9910 we consider that these parameters are different from one
building to another. The half-space underneath the irregular stress-free surface is
occupied by a linear, isotropic, heterogeneous medium, characterized by mass
density p ( x ) and shear modulus ,u(x), x = ( x , z ) . Both p(x) and p(x) are
considered to be positive real, piecewise constant, time-invariant functions. In
addition, no intrinsic medium losses are taken into account and the buildings are
considered to be homogeneous. The impact of these simplifications on the overall
response will be evaluated in the near future. Based on previous studies', it can be
anticipated that incorporating realistic values of material losses in the model, will
result in a reduction of the intensity and duration of our predicted motion by a factor
of about 1.5. In", 2D models are considered to underestimate the intensity of
shaking. If this rule is adopted herein, our model should provide a lower estimate of
the seismic response of real 3D cities, devoid of attenuation (note that our
computational method is applicable to 3D cities). Nevertheless, in order to establish
the applicability of our results to real cities, it will be necessary to carry out a
statistical analysis, which will evaluate the influence on the response of various
distributions of building sizes, aspect ratios and separations, as well as of source
26 1
types and locations. This has been done, to some extent, in a recent paper12, although
with a non-rigorous interaction model, and leads to conclusions similar to ours.
3 Methods
10m and the soft layer thickness 50m. The building widths, heights and separations
ranged over 30-60m, 50-70m and 60-1OOm respectively. These parameters are based
ons, and are fairly representative of typical buildings and the substratum at sites such
as Mexico City. The computational domain was a 3500mx3500m square
discretized by a gnd of 351 nodes in each dimension. This domain was surrounded
by a PML layer 30 nodes thick, and 465 nodes where placed on the free surface.
To give a measure of the probability of destruction of the n-th building we
introduce a so-called vulnerability index R, . Let T be the time interval of significant
shaking (in the computations this was 240 sec). We then define Rn as the ratio of
the integral over T of the modulus squared particle velocity at the center of the
summit of the n-th building and the integral over T of the same quantity measured on
the ground in absence of all buildings. The subsurface configuration and excitation
are the same with or without the buildings in this computation.
4 Results
It can be observed in the left and right columns of Fig. 2 that the duration of the
shaking inside the buildings is much longer than the ground motion in the no-
building configuration (termed 1D configuration here after). This is also true for the
duration of the shaking on the ground between successive buildings (see middle
columns of Fig. 2). This behavior on the ground and in the buildings is in agreement
with what was found ins312,and of the same nature as what was observed in various
sites in Mexico City. From Fig.2 we can also infer the following: i) strong
buildinghoivbuilding interaction results in very large duration of shaking (-3min)
even for a short input pulse, ii) a beating phenomenon occurs, similar to the one
observed in time records of Mexico City, iii) the peak amplitude of building and
ground response is larger in the configuration with buildings than the peak response
on the ground in the 1D configuration, iv) the response at the top of the buildings
varies significantly from one building to another, corresponding to vulnerability
indices ranging from -5 to -50 for the ten-building set which suggests that the
probability of destruction of some of the buildings of this set is large, v) the response
on the ground between the buildings is generally less than the response inside the
buildings and vi) the various Rq are quite different regarding intensity and duration,
which indicates considerable spatial variability of ground response. All of these
features are in qualitative agreement with what was observed during earthquakes in
cities such as Kobe and Mexico City’”2.
263
IS! I I
Figure 2. Time records of response of a 'city' with ten buildings. Each row of the figure depicts
the particle velocity (in d s e c ) : at the center of the top of the j-th building (left), the center of the
ground segment between thej-th and (j+l)-th building (middle) and the (j+l)-th building (right).
Here j ranges &om 6 to 9 (top to bottom). The solid curves in all the subfigures represent the
particle velocity at ground level in the absence of buildings. The vulnerability indices Rj at the top
of the j-th building and Rq on the ground between the i-th andj-th buildings, are indicated at the top
of each subfigure. The abscissas designate time, and range fiom 0 to 250 sec. The scales of the
ordinates vary fiom one subfigure to another.
264
References
1. Singh S.K., Mori A., Mena E., Kriiger F. and Kind R., Evidence for anomalous
body-wave radiation between 0.3 and 0.7 Hz from the 1985 September 19
Michoacan, Mexico earthquake, Geophys.J.Znt. 101 (1990) pp. 37-48.
2. Chavez-Garcia F.J. and Bard P.-Y., Site effects in Mexico City eight years after
the September 1985 Michoacan earthquakes, Soil Dyn.Earthqu. Engrg. 13
(1994) pp. 229-247.
3. Campillo M., Sanchez-Sesma F.J. and Aki K., Influence of small lateral
variations of a soft surficial layer on seismic ground motion, Soil Dyn.
Earthqu. Engrg. 9 (1 990) pp. 284-287.
4. Bard P.-Y., Eeri M., Campillo M., Chavez-Garcia F.J. and Sanchez-Sesma F.J.,
The Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985-a theoretical investigation of
large-and small-scale amplification effects in the Mexico City valley,
EarthquaSpectra 4 (1988) pp. 609-633.
5. Bard P.-Y, and Bouchon M., The two-dimensional resonance of sediment-filled
valleys, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am. 75 (1985) pp. 519-541.
6. Olsen K.B., Site Amplification in the Los Angeles basin from three-dimensional
modeling of ground motion, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am. 90 (2000) pp. 77 - 94.
7. Wong H.L. and Trifunac M.D., Two-dimensional, antiplane, building-soil-
building interaction for two or more buildings and for incident plane SH waves,
Bull.Seism.Soc.Am. 65 (1975) pp. 1863-1885.
8. Wirgin A. and Bard P.-Y., Effects of buildings on the duration and amplitude
of ground motion in Mexico City, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am. 86 (1996) pp. 914-920.
9. Clouteau D. and Aubry D., Modifications of the ground motion in dense urban
areas. J.Comput.Acoust. 9 (2001) pp. 1659-1675.
10. Hill N.R. and Levander A.R., Resonances of low-velocity layers with lateral
variations, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,74 (1984) pp. 521-537.
11. Wolf J.P., Vibration Analysis Using Simple Physical Models (Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, 1994).
12. Gueguen P., Bard P.-Y. and Chavez-Garcia F. J., Site-city seismic interaction in
Mexico City like environments : an analytic study, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,92
(2002) pp. 794-804
13. Btcache E., Joly P. and Tsogka C., Application of the fictitious domain method
to 2D linear elastodynamic problems, J.Comput.Acoust. 9 (2001) pp.1175-1202
14. Collino F. and Tsogka C., Application of the PML absorbing layer model to the
linear elastodynamic problem in anisotropic heterogeneous media, Geophys. 66
(2001) pp. 294-307.
15. BCcache E., Joly P. and Tsogka C., An analysis of new mixed finite elements for
the approximation of wave propagation problems, SIAM J Numer.Ana1. 37
(20001 00.1053-1084.
Acoustics, Mechanics, and the
Related Topics of Mathematical Analysis
Editor: A. Wigin
Errata to
Seismic Response In A City
C. Tsogka and A. Wigin (pp. 258-264)
Replace “...the excess pressure p of the fluid is associated with the y-component of
the displacement u of the solid and the adiabatic bulk modulus IC of the fluid is
associated with the shear modulus ,u of the solid.” by
“...the excess pressure p of the fluid is associated with the y-component of the
displacement u of the solid, IC-I with the density of the solid, and p-’ with the shear
modulus of the solid.”.
On p. 263, Figure 2:
YONGZHI XU
Department of Mathematics
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Chatanooga, TN 37403, USA
E-mail: yxu@cecasun.ut c. edu
1. Introduction
Ultrasonic techniques for the non-invasive detection of osteoporosis have
received considerable attention. The clinical assessment of bones by ultra-
sound is based on measurement of the attenuation and speed of sound. So
far, this technique is basically empirical. Its accuracy is questionable due to
its inability to measure directly bone properties. To alleviate these prob-
lems, a propagation model for ultrasound in bone is necessary, together
with the development of mathematical tools and the implementation of
numerical simulations. In this paper we summarize some results of our
ongoing research on the reflection and transmission of ultrasonic waves in
cancellous bone. More details may be found in and ’.
Bone tissues can be classified into two types. Bones with a low vol-
ume fraction of solid (less than 70%) are called cancellous bones. Bones
with above 70% solid are called cortical bones. Cancellous bone is a two-
component material consisting of a calcified bone matrix with fatty mar-
row in the pores. Hence, the mathematical models of poroelastic media are
*Research supported in part by NSF grant BES9820813 and grants from UC Foundation
and CECA of University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
aThis paper contains joint work with J. Buchanan, R. Gilbert, W. Lin and A. Wirgin.
265
266
applicable4 9.
3 I ’
3
dU
e=- c=-
ax .
dX’
We assume that d l parameters in (1) are constants. Equation (1) is equiv-
alent to (for 0 < x < L)
There are seven parameters in the one dimensional Biot model. The com-
plex frame shear modulus p is not included. The other parameters are
calculated from the measured or estimated values. p11 and p22 are density
parameters for the solid and fluid, p12 is a density coupling parameter, and
b is a dissipation parameter which depends on the wave frequency.
In the water, (x < 0 or x > L ) let po be the acoustic pressure and Uo
the displacement. If the transducer is located at x = x, < 0 with waveform
267
f(t), then
(3)
-
dP0
= Po-
a2uo (4)
dX dt2 .
At the interface (20 = 0 or xo = L ) , the specific flux in bone
&(,!?U(x, +
t ) (1- p)u(x,t ) )equals the corresponding quantity in the fluid
where ,!? = 1, &Uo(x,t), and the normal stress and the pore stress in the
bone are equal to the acoustic pressure in the fluid. Therefore, the displace-
ments, pressure and stresses satisfy:
d d a
dt
--uo(xo) = P,,U(Z,+) + (1 - 8 ) $ 4 x , + ) , (5)
-w po - Co-
2d2P0 ,.
= f b ( X - xs),
622
- - - -pow260.
dX
In the bone, (0 < x < L ) , from (2)
d2
622
-[XG + QU] = -w2(p11G + + i ~ b ( G- 6 )
~ 1 2 6 ) (10)
d2
-[QG
dX2
+ RU] = -w2(p12G + ~ 2 2 0 -) i d ( G - 0).
On the interface, (xo = 0 or xo = L ) , from (5)-(7), and recalling that
+
oxx= Xe QE,e = g, g,
E = we have
Uo(X,) = --(xo
as0 -
+
) = p6(x,+) (1 - p)qxo+), (11)
dX
dG 86
lio(x0) = + Q)G(x$) + (Q + R ) K ( X $ ) , (12)
268
transmitted wave:
[,
t>= l o o c4(x,w)e-iwx/c0eiwtb , x > L . (15)
J -,
If the transmitted wave received at x = x , > L is p* (x,, t , p), then
and
then Fl, F2,and F3 are analytic functions of ,8 with at most a finite number
of isolated singularities. If Po > 0 is a zero of Fi(P) (i = 1,2,3), then it
must be an isolated zero. Hence, we have
Proposition 1: (1) For a specimen of bone with porosity PO > 0,
if po(z,t;Po)is the corresponding transmitted wave defined by (16), and
6 , ~, Ox,U, are the corresponding quantities, then
Fi(P)= 0, for i = 1 , 2 or 3.
Another possibility is to determine PO by minimizing a cost function, such
as
For a focused ultrasonic wave incident from one side of the bone, the
propagating field is symmetric about the axis along the incident wave
direction. In this case, it is appropriate to work in cylindrical coor-
dinates and suppress the dependence upon the angular variable whence
the displacement vectors are now denoted as u ( r ,z ) = (u,(r, z), uz(r,z ) ) ,
U ( r ,z ) = (Ur(r,z), U,(r, z ) ) . Assume the z direction is the incident wave
direction. Then in the bone, (T > 0,O < z < L ) , the relevant constitutive
equations and strain-displacement relations are
and
1
e = V - u = (ar+ -)u,+ &u,,
r
1
E =V * u = (ar + -)Ur
r
+ azu,.
In the fluid, (T > 0 , z < 0 or T > 0 , z > L ) let the density po be
constant. The differential equations for the acoustic pressure Po(r,z ) and
displacement in the z direction, Uo,(r,z), are then given by
wa2 Po - ~ v ’ P=, f ( r , t ) ~ (-z zo) (26)
a z p o =Po%. (27)
On the interface between the bone and the fluid ( r > 0,zo = 0 or
r > 0, zo = L ) , the aggregate normal stress IS,^ +
IS and the pore fluid
271
( T , 2),' = 0. (31)
In the above equations, z0 = 0- or L+, and z$ = O+ or L-, respectively.
A t r = 0, it follows from continuity that = 0, = 0, and = 0.
Using this model we construct the transmitted waves and conduct nu-
merical simulations of evaluation of osteoporosis. The details are presented
in 6 .
References
1. Biot, M. A., Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous
solid. I. Low-frequency range, J.Acoust.Soc.Arn. 28, 168-178 (1956).
2. Biot, M. A., Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous
solid. I. Higher-frequency range, J.Acoust.Soc.Am. 28, 179-191 (1956).
3. Biot, M. A., General theory of acoustic propagation in porous dissipative
media, J.Acoust.Soc.Am. 34, 1254-1264 (1962).
4. Buchanan, J.L., R. P. Gilbert and K. Khashanah, Determination of the param-
eters of cancellous bone using low frequency acoustic measurements, preprint ,
(2001).
5. Buchanan, J.L., R. P. Gilbert, A. Wirgin and Y. Xu, Transient reflection and
transmission of ultrasonic wave in cancellous bone, to appear in Mathematical
and Computer Modelling, (2002).
6. Gilbert, R. P., W. Lin and Y . Xu, Focused ultrasonic waves in submerged
cancellous bone, preprint, (2002).
7. Hosokawa, A. and T. Otani, Ultrasonic wave propagation in bovine cancellous
bone, J.Awust.Soc.Am. 101, 558-562 (1997).
8. McKelvie, T.J. and S.B.Palmer, The interaction of ultrasound with cancellous
bone, Phys.Med.Bio1. 36, 1331-1340 (1991).
9. Williams, J.L. Ultrasonic wave propagation in cancellous and cortical bone:
prediction of some experimental results by Biot's theory, J.Acoust.Soc.Am.
91, 1106-1112 (1992).
HADAMARD SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR
THE STOKES PROBLEM AND HERMITE WAVELETS
In this paper, we apply the wavelet-Galerkin method to solve the natural boundary
integral equations of the Stokes equation in the interior circular domain. The
simple computational formulae of entries in the stiffness matrix are obtained and
+
only 2 J f 3 J 7 elements need to be computed for a 2 J + 3 x 2 J + 3 stiffness matrix.
Error estimates for the approximate solutions are established and two numerical
examples are provided.
1. Introduction
Many boundary value problems (BVP) connected with partial differential
equations (PDE) can be reduced to boundary integral equations (BIE).
The main advantage of this method is that the dimensionality of the prob-
lem is reduced by one. The Cauchy singular integral equation is a kind of
BIE. In 1956, J. Hadamard introduced the concept of the finite part for
the divergent integral with high order singularity and discussed the corre-
sponding strongly-singular integral equations which are the generalization
of the Cauchy singular integral equation and has many special advantages
in the research on BVP. Only few researchers worked on this subject be-
cause of the difficulty of the strong singularity. The method of natural
boundary elements (NBE) applied in this paper was first introduced by
Kang Feng. The main idea of NBE is that the BVP of PDE can be con-
verted, via Green’s functions and Green’s formula, into equivalent strongly-
singular BIE and the corresponding equivalent variational problem can then
be solved by using some discrete techniques. The natural boundary inte-
gral equation is determined uniquely from the original BVP regardless of
the choice of conversion technique: Green’s function, Fourier series method
or complex analysis etc. The method of NBE can keep the energy func-
tional unchanged and the many useful properties of the PDE, such as the
symmetry and coerciveness of the bilinear form etc., are preserved, so that
272
273
the unique existence and stability of the solution of the natural integral
equation (NIE) are obtained in straightforward manner. From the point
of view of numerical computation, the NBE method has many advantages,
such as the symmetry and positive definiteness of the stiffness matrix, the
stability of the approximate solutions and high accuracy of the solution in
unbounded or crack domains. In a disk, the corresponding stiffness matri-
ces of the NIE are circulant so that we only need to calculate about one
half of the row entries of the stiffness matrices. The NBE method also has
obvious limitations since it is difficult to find the Green’s function for the
general domain, similar to what occurs with other methods of obtaining
NIE. In recent years, wavelet methods have been applied extensively to the
numerical anaIysis of PDE and integral In this paper, we use
the Hermite wavelets introduced by Quak to study the NIE of the second
boundary problem for Stokes’ equations in interior circular domains (the
problem in the exterior domain of unit disk was investigated in 3). In gen-
eral, the singularity of NIE is of high order and the integ-rals are of the
Hadamard finite part type. We reduce this kind of integral to a lower order
singular integral by expanding the strongly-singular kernel into an infinite
series in the sense of generalized functions.
j=-1 j=-1
(MRA) of Hermite type in L2[0,2 ~ 1 .
Definition 2.2 (wavelet functions) For j E NO, the wavelet functions
+;,o(6), +j,o(6) are defined as:
275
3. Wavelet-Galerkin methods
Consider the second boundary value problem in a plane domain R with
smooth boundary r:
-qAii+ gradq = 0, in R
divii = 0, in 0 (6)
{+ t = g, on
where the unknown function vector ii = (u1,u2) and unknown function
q are flow velocity and pressure respectively, 3 is a given function on the
boundary, q > 0 is the dynamic viscosity coefficient of the flow and
Eij(G)
1 aui
=-
2
(-axj + 2)
, i, j = 1, 2 (7)
{ f i ( ~ ~ , i~y~~) ~ ) , v d8 ~( q 2
find Go E H4(l?)2 s.t.
= E
(11)
where a(iio, v;) = s,'" 80 . tciiOdt9, $'(GO) = s,""ij- God0 and the natural
operator td0is defined as (10).
Let V ( r )= {80E VJ x VJI s,'" 80 . n'ds = 0). We consider the approxi-
mate variational problem:
s,'" gi(e)de = 0, i = i , 2 ,
( s,"" [g2(8)cos 8 - g1(8) sin Old8 = 0.
From the base BJ of VJ we get a base of VJ x VJ
i=l ,j=J-l
u
i=o,j=o
Ik
{(~~,,(8),0),(O,$j,,(8))10 I 2j+l - 1)
i= 1
u u{('p;,k(w),
i=O
(o?cp;,kw)P = 0,1).
v m = wan{ u
i=o,j=o
{(@j,k(@), O), (0, $,k(e>>lo I k I 2j+l - 1)
u{(cp:;,, 1
- p ) k sine), ( -1p Y = 071)).
COS~,cp~,k)lk
-
where Ij =
j = -1 and $fl,,(8) = cp;,,(O),p,k = 0 , l . Sub-
where
278
then we have
(ii)OO (ii)ll (ii)OO (ii)ll
Aii = diW(AJ-1 7 AJ-1 7 AJ-2 7 AJ-2 7.. . A0( i i ) O O , A(/)ll
, 7
(ii)OO
A_, ,A(i";)"}.
Theorem 3.2. A12 = and A21 =
(12)pq (21)PP are sparse
matrices with only the following nonzero elements
Furthermore A12 and A21 are symmetric with respect to the whole stiffness
matrix.
1 2T
$(O) . iidO = 0
so that using the projection of $ ( O ) on VJ x V J ,we get
From the above results for the stiffness matrix, we find that the ap-
plication of the properties of the Hermite trigonometric wavelets properly
results in the extremely simple computation of the elements of the stiffness
matrix. In addition, in solving the numerical solution, we can improve the
accuracy and convergence by using fully the symmetry, circulant property
and sparsity of the matrix elements.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by NSF of China and NSF of Guangdong.
References
1. R.P.Gi1bert and W. Lin, J.Cornput.Acoust. l(1) (1993).
2. J. C. Xu and W. C. Shann, Numer.Math.Ana1. 24 (1993).
3. Wensheng Chen and Wei Lin, in Proc. of The International Conference on
Wavelet Analysas and its Applications, AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Math-
ematics, 25, International Press (2002).
4. E.Quak, Math.Comput. 65 (1996).
5. Dehao Yu, Mathematical Theory of Natural Boundary Element Methods, Sci-
ence Press (in Chinese), Beijing (1993).
6. Wensheng Chen and Wei Lin, Applied Math. and Cornput. 121 (2001).
281
Taroudakis
I
about a Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality
for fractional Sobolev norms
On the use of the parabolic approximation taroud@iacm.fo&.g
M.I. and for time domain solutions of the acoustic
Makrakis G.N. equation in shallow water
Tsogka C. and Seismic response of a series of buildings tsoekaQIma.cnrs-mrs.fr
Wirgin A. (city) anchored in soft soil
xu Y. Transmission of ultrasonic wave in yxuQcecasu n.utc.edu
I
cancellous bone and evaluation of I I
I osteoporosis
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Author Index
285
Shaposhnikova, T. 2 12 Xu, Y. 265
Stanoyevitch, A. 185 Yashina, N.P. 85
Stepanyants, Y.A. 55 Zhu,L. 272
Tsogka, C. 14,258 Zolesio, J.-P. 243
Wang,G. 92 Zrelli, N. 171
Wirgin, A. v, 4,222, 258
286