ABSTRACT

3D passwords which are more customizable and very interesting way of authentication.
Now the passwords are based on the fact of Human memory. Generally simple passwords are set
so as to quickly recall them. The human memory, in our scheme has to undergo the facts of
Recognition, Recalling, Biometrics or Token based authentication.

Once implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 3D password GUI opens up. This
is an additional textual password which the user can simply put. Once he goes through the first
authentication, a 3D virtual room will open on the screen

Existing systems of authentication are plagued by many weaknesses. Commonly, textual

passwords are used to secure data or user accounts. However these can be cracked by the
application of various brute-force algorithms as the maximum password length is fixed and
there are a finite number of possibilities which exist.

Presently existing graphical passwords have password space which is lesser than or
equal to the textual password space. The 3D password authentication scheme is based on a
combination of multiple sets of factors. A 3D virtual environment is presented to the user
where he navigates and interacts with a multitude of objects which are present.

The order in which actions and interactions are performed with respect to the objects
constitutes the user‟s 3D password. The 3D password key space is built on the basis of the
design of the 3D virtual environment and the nature of the objects selected. The advantage of
the 3D password is that it can combine many existing systems of authentication, providing an
extremely high degree of security to the user.

1
 Biometrics can be coupled with the 3D password to further increase the degree of
security, making it extremely secure and suitable for applications in which information security
is of essence. Several techniques like face recognition, fingerprint recognition, hand geometry,
iris recognition, and palm print, vascular pattern recognition can be used.

Pins and passwords may be forgotten and token based identification methods such as
passports and driver licenses may be forged, stolen, or lost. Thus the biometric system of
identification enjoys a new interest. It can even be applied in the most basic level such as for a
user on a home system as it is based on recall on recognition and is easy to use.

2
DEFINITION OF 3D PASSWORD

Users nowadays are provided with major password stereotypes such as textual passwords,
biometric scanning, tokens or cards (such as an ATM) etc .Mostly textual passwords follow an
encryption algorithm as mentioned above. Biometric scanning is your "natural" signature and
Cards or Tokens prove your validity.

But some people hate the fact to carry around their cards, some refuse to undergo strong
IR exposure to their retinas(Biometric scanning).Mostly textual passwords, nowadays, are kept
very simple say a word from the dictionary or their pet names, girlfriends etc. Years back Klein
performed such tests and he could crack 10-15 passwords per day. Now with the technology
change, fast processors and many tools on the Internet this has become a Child's Play.

3
INTRODUCTION

Normally the authentication scheme the user undergoes is particularly very lenient or
very strict. Throughout the years authentication has been a very interesting approach. With all
the means of technology developing, it can be very easy for 'others' to fabricate or to steal
identity or to hack someone’s password. Therefore many algorithms have come up each with an
interesting approach toward calculation of a secret key. The algorithms are such based to pick a
random number in the range of 10^6 and therefore the possibilities of the sane number coming is
rare.

Users nowadays are provided with major password stereotypes such as textual passwords,
biometric scanning, tokens or cards (such as an ATM) etc .Mostly textual passwords follow an
encryption algorithm as mentioned above. Biometric scanning is your "natural" signature and
Cards or Tokens prove your validity.

But some people hate the fact to carry around their cards, some refuse to undergo strong
IR exposure to their retinas(Biometric scanning).Mostly textual passwords, nowadays, are kept
very simple say a word from the dictionary or their pet names, girlfriends etc. Years back Klein
performed such tests and he could crack 10-15 passwords per day. Now with the technology
change, fast processors and many tools on the Internet this has become a Child's Play.

Therefore we present our idea, the 3D passwords which are more customizable and very
interesting way of authentication. Now the passwords are based on the fact of Human memory.
Generally simple passwords are set so as to quickly recall them. The human memory, in our

4
scheme has to undergo the facts of Recognition, Recalling, Biometrics or Token based
authentication. Once implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 3D password GUI opens
up. This is an additional textual password which the user can simply put. Once he goes through
the first authentication, a 3D virtual room will open on the screen.

In our case, let’s say a virtual garage. Now in a day to day garage one will find all sorts of
tools, equipments, etc.each of them having unique properties. The user will then interact with
these properties accordingly. Each object in the 3D space, can be moved around in an (x,y,z)
plane. That’s the moving attribute of each object. This property is common to all the objects in
the space. Suppose a user logs in and enters the garage.

He sees and picks a screw-driver (initial position in xyz coordinates (5, 5, 5)) and moves
it 5 places to his right (in XY plane i.e. (10, 5, 5).That can be identified as an authentication.
Only the true user understands and recognizes the object which he has to choose among many.
This is the Recall and Recognition part of human memory coming into play. Interestingly, a
password can be set as approaching a radio and setting its frequency to number only the user
knows. Security can be enhanced by the fact of including Cards and Biometric scanner as input.
There can be levels of authentication a user can undergo.

5
AUTHENTICATION:

The authentication service is concerned with assuring that a communication is authentic.

In the case of a single message, such as a warning or alarm signal, the function of the
authentication service is to assure the recipient that the message is from the source that it claims
to be from. In the case of an ongoing interaction, such as the connection of a terminal to a host,
two aspects are involved.

First, at the time of connection initiation, the service assures that the two entities are
authentic, that is, that each is the entity that it claims to be. Second, the service must assure that
the connection is not interfered with in such a way that a third party can masquerade as one of
the two legitimate parties for the purposes of unauthorized transmission or reception. Two
specific authentication services are defined in X.800:

• Peer entity authentication:

Provides for the corroboration of the identity of a peer entity in an association. Two
entities are considered peers if they implement to same protocol in different systems; e.g., two
TCP modules in two communicating systems.

Peer entity authentication is provided for use at the establishment of, or at times during
the data transfer phase of, a connection. It attempts to provide confidence that an entity is not
performing either a masquerade or an unauthorized replay of a previous connection.

6
• Data origin authentication:

Provides for the corroboration of the source of a data unit. It does not provide protection against
the duplication or modification of data units. This type of service supports applications like
electronic mail, where there are no prior interactions between the communicating entities.

Access Control

In the context of network security, access control is the ability to limit and control the access to
host systems and applications via communications links. To achieve this, each entity trying to
gain access must first be identified, or authenticated, so that access rights can be tailored to the
individual.

Data Confidentiality

Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. With respect to
the content of a data transmission, several levels of protection can be identified. The broadest
service protects all user data transmitted between two users over a period of time.

For example, when a TCP connection is set up between two systems, this broad
protection prevents the release of any user data transmitted over the TCP connection. Narrower
forms of this service can also be defined, including the protection of a single message or even
specific fields within a message. These refinements are less useful than the broad approach and
may even be more complex and expensive to implement.

The other aspect of confidentiality is the protection of traffic flow from analysis. This
requires that an attacker not be able to observe the source and destination, frequency, length, or
other characteristics of the traffic on a communications facility.

7
Data Integrity

As with confidentiality, integrity can apply to a stream of messages, a single message, or

selected fields within a message. Again, the most useful and straightforward approach is total
stream protection. A connection-oriented integrity service, one that deals with a stream of
messages, assures that messages are received as sent with no duplication, insertion, modification,
reordering, or replays.

The destruction of data is also covered under this service. Thus, the connection-oriented
integrity service addresses both message stream modification and denial of service. On the other
hand, a connectionless integrity service, one that deals with individual messages without regard
to any larger context, generally provides protection against message modification only.

We can make a distinction between service with and without recovery. Because the
integrity service relates to active attacks, we are concerned with detection rather than prevention.
If a violation of integrity is detected, then the service may simply report this violation, and some
other portion of software or human intervention is required to recover from the violation.
Alternatively, there are mechanisms available to recover from the loss of integrity of data, as we
will review subsequently. The incorporation of automated recovery mechanisms is, in general,
the more attractive alternative.

Nonrepudiation

Nonrepudiation prevents either sender or receiver from denying a transmitted message.

Thus, when a message is sent, the receiver can prove that the alleged sender in fact sent the
message. Similarly, when a message is received, the sender can prove that the alleged receiver in
fact received the message.

8
Availability Service

Both X.800 and RFC 2828 define availability to be the property of a system or a system
resource being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system entity, according to
performance specifications for the system (i.e., a system is available if it provides services
according to the system design whenever users request them).

A variety of attacks can result in the loss of or reduction in availability. Some of these
attacks are amenable to automated countermeasures, such as authentication and encryption,
whereas others require some sort of physical action to prevent or recover from loss of availability
of elements of a distributed system.

X.800 treats availability as a property to be associated with various security services. However, it
makes sense to call out specifically an availability service.An availability service is one that
protects a system to ensure its availability.This service addresses the security concerns raised by
denial-of-service attacks. It depends on proper management and control of system resources and
thus depends on access control service and other security services.

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 EXISTING SYSTEM

Current authentication systems suffer from many weaknesses. Textual passwords are
commonly used. Users tend to choose meaningful words from dictionaries, which make textual
passwords easy to break and vulnerable to dictionary or brute force attacks. Many available
graphical passwords have a password space that is less than or equal to the textual password
space. Smart cards or tokens can be stolen.

Many biometric authentications have been proposed. However, users tend to resist using
biometrics because of their intrusiveness and the effect on their privacy. Moreover, biometrics
cannot be revoked. The 3Dpassword is a multi factor authentication scheme. The design of the
3D virtual environment and the type of objects selected determine the 3D password key space.
User have freedom to select whether the 3D password will be solely recall, recognition, or token
based, or combination of two schemes or more.

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 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the benefits
of various authentication schemes. Users have the freedom to select whether the 3D password
will be solely recall, biometrics, recognition, or token based, or a combination of two schemes or
more. This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different
requirements. Therefore, to ensure high user acceptability, the user’s freedom of selection is
important.

The following requirements are satisfied in the proposed scheme

1. The new scheme provide secrets that are easy to remember and very difficult for intruders
to guess.

2. The new scheme provides secrets that are not easy to write down on paper. Moreover, the
scheme secrets should be difficult to share with others.

3. The new scheme provides secrets that can be easily revoked or changed.

Proposed authentication scheme is combination of many other authentication schemes together.

3D password is combination of both recall-based (i.e. textual password, etc) & recognition based
(i.e. graphical password, biometrics, etc). so that 3D password is multifactor & multi password
authentication scheme. Refer fig.1

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 Fig. 1 Multifactor authentication scheme

For authentication with 3D password a new virtual environment is introduced called as

3D virtual environment where user navigate , moving in 3D virtual environment to create a
password which is based on both the schemes. We don‘t use biometric scheme because biometric
having some major drawbacks (like h/w cost is more).

So that we have not included biometric authentication in our 3D password scheme.

Because biometric authentication is efficient over shoulder surfing attacks. But other attacks are
venerable & easy on biometric authentication. Also inclusion of biometric may leads to
increasing the cost of scheme & more hardware parts needed.

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 (a)

(b)

(c)

Fig 2 (a) snapshot of Art Gallery, (b) snapshot of study room, (c) snapshot of weather forecasting

13
office

Fig. 2 shows some snapshots of 3D Virtual Environment of different real time scenarios created
in virtual environment like art gallery, office, and study room, etc. These virtual environments
are interactive virtual environment. Because user can interact with these environment & creates
his/her own 3D password easily.

A. OBJECTIVE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

To provide more secure authentication technique than existing one.

To design & develop more user friendly & easier authentication scheme and giving user to
freedom of selecting more than one password scheme as single system.

To overcome the drawbacks & limitations of previously existing systems (textual password,
graphical password.etc).

New scheme should be combination of recall-, recognition -, biometrics-, and token based
authentication schemes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM

14
 The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme. It can combine all existing
authentication schemes into a single 3D virtual environment .This 3D virtual environment
contains several objects or items with which the user can interact. The user is presented with this
3D virtual environment where the user navigates and interacts with various objects.

The sequence of actions and interactions toward the objects inside the 3D environment
constructs the user’s 3D password. The 3D password can combine most existing authentication
schemes such as textual passwords, graphical passwords, and various types of biometrics into a
3D virtual environment. The choice of what authentication schemes will be part of the user's 3D
password reflects the user's preferences and requirements.

A user who prefers to remember and recall a password might choose textual and
graphical password as part of their 3D password. On the other hand users who have more
difficulty with memory or recall might prefer to choose smart cards or biometrics as part of their
3D password. Moreover user who prefers to keep any kind of biometric data private might not
interact with object that requires biometric information.

Therefore it is the user's choice and decision to construct the desired and preferred 3D
password.

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 SYSTEM IMPLIMENTATION

The 3D password is a multi factor authentication scheme. The 3D password presents a

3D virtual environment containing various virtual objects. The user navigates through this
environment and interacts with the objects. The 3D password is simply the combination and the
sequence of user interactions that occur in the 3D virtual environment.

The 3D password can combine recognition, recall, token, and biometrics based systems
into one authentication scheme. This can be done by designing a 3D virtual environment that
contains objects that request information to be recalled, information to be recognized, tokens to
be presented, and biometric data to be verified.

For example, the user can enter the virtual environment and type something on a
computer that exists in (x1 , y1 , z1 ) position, then enter a room that has a fingerprint
recognition device that exists in a position (x2 , y2 , z2 ) and provide his/her fingerprint. Then,
the user can go to the virtual garage, open the car door, and turn on the radio to a specific
channel. The combination and the sequence of the previous actions toward the specific objects
construct the user’s 3D password.

Virtual objects can be any object that we encounter in real life. Any obvious actions and
interactions toward the real life objects can be done in the virtual 3D environment toward the
virtual objects. Moreover, any user input (such as speaking in a specific location) in the virtual
3D environment can be considered as a part of the 3D password.

We can have the following objects:

1) A computer with which the user can type;

2) A fingerprint reader that requires the user’s fingerprint;

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 3) A biometric recognition device;

4) A paper or a white board that a user can write, sign, or draw on;

5) An automated teller machine (ATM) that requests a token;

6) A light that can be switched on/off;

7) A television or radio where channels can be selected;

8) A staple that can be punched;

9) A car that can be driven;

10) A book that can be moved from one place to another;

11) Any graphical password scheme;

12) Any real life object;

13) Any upcoming authentication scheme.

The action toward an object (assume a fingerprint recognition device) that exists in
location (x1, y1 , z1 ) is different from the actions toward a similar object (another fingerprint

17
recognition device) that exists in location (x2 , y2 , z2 ), where x1 = x2 , y1 = y2 , and z1 = z2 .
Therefore, to perform the legitimate 3D password, the user must follow the same scenario
performed by the legitimate user. This means interacting with the same objects that reside at the
exact locations and perform the exact actions in the proper sequence.

3D PASSWORD SELECTION AND INPUT

18
 Let us consider a 3D virtual environment space of size G ×G × G. The 3D
environment space is represented by the coordinates (x, y, z) ∈ [1, . . . , G] ×[1, . . . ,
G] ×[1, . . . , G]. The objects are distributed in the 3D virtual environment with unique
(x, y, z) coordinates. We assume that the user can navigate into the 3D virtual
environment and interact with the objects using any input device such as a mouse, key
board, fingerprint scanner, iris scanner, stylus, card reader, and microphone. We
consider the sequence of those actions and interactions using the previous input
devices as the user’s 3D password.

For example, consider a user who navigates through the 3D virtual environment that
consists of an office and a meeting room. Let us assume that the user is in the virtual office and
the user turns around to the door located in (10, 24, 91) and opens it. Then, the user closes the
door. The user then finds a computer to the left, which exists in the position (4, 34, 18), and the
user types “FALCON.” Then, the user walks to the meeting room and picks up a pen located at
(10, 24, 80) and draws only one dot in a paper located in (1, 18, 30), which is the dot (x, y)
coordinate relative to the paper space is (330, 130). The user then presses the login button. The
initial representation of user actions in the 3Dvirtual environment can be recorded as follows:

(10, 24, 91) Action = Open the office door;

(10, 24, 91) Action = Close the office door;

(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “F”;

(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “A”;

(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “L”;

(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “C”;

(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “O”;

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(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “N”;

Fig 1: 3d password selection and inputs

3D PASSWORD SELECTION AND INPUT

20
Let us consider a 3D virtual environment space of size G ×G × G. The 3D environment space is

represented by the coordinates (x, y, z) ∈ [1, . . . , G]

×[1, . . . , G] ×[1, . . . , G]. The objects are distributed in the 3D virtual environment with unique
(x, y, z) coordinates. We assume that the user can navigate into the 3D virtual environment and
interact with the objects using any input device such as a mouse, key board, fingerprint scanner,
iris scanner, stylus, card reader, and microphone. We consider the sequence of those actions and
interactions using the previous input devices as the user’s 3D password.

For example, consider a user who navigates through the 3D virtual environment that consists of
an office and a meeting room. Let us assume that the user is in the virtual office and the user
turns around to the door located in (10, 24, 91) and opens it. Then, the user closes the door. The
user then finds a computer to the left, which exists in the position (4, 34, 18), and the user types
“FALCON.” Then, the user walks to the meeting room and picks up a pen located at (10, 24, 80)
and draws only one dot in a paper located in (1, 18, 30), which is the dot (x, y)

21
Fig: Working of 3D Scheme

22
3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

In this multi-factor authentication scheme the basic building block used is 3D virtual
environment. 3D virtual environment is created inside a 2D screen, refer fig.5. 3D environment
is a real time scenario seen by peoples in day to day life which is created virtually in 3d virtual
environment. We can use any real time object as a environment like any room or village but for
simplicity we suggest to use small environment like room.

For selecting the sequence of objects (i.e. points) we have used a very simple, easy & efficient
algorithm called as convex hull algorithm. The 3d quick hull algorithm is used. & also the points
selected are stored in the form of 3d co-ordinate(x, y, z) in a simple text file. Some design
guidelines related to 3d environment such

23
 Virtual environment selected in such a way so that it is similar to real life object.
Every object is unique & distinct from other.

Virtual environment size should be considered [1].

complexities, set theory etc. this section of paper will explain almost all the mathematical
concepts applied while creating 3D password schemes.

A. Time Complexity
For calculating the time complexity of 3D password scheme let‘s assume A be the virtual 3d
environment plotting, & B is algorithmic processing. From this data available we have come to
time complexity of system. Equation (1) gives the time complexity of proposed system.

Time Complexity=A(m)= B(n)-------->(1).Where m is time required to communicate with

system, & n is time required to process each algorithm in 3d environment.

B. Space Complexity

This system include 3D virtual environment, so that each point in this environment will having 3
co-ordinate values. Any point from 3D virtual environment is represented in the form of (X, Y,
Z).Where X, Y & Z are the coordinate values stored for particular point. We are storing three co-
ordinate values of each point such as (x1, y1, z1). There for space complexity of proposed
system is n3.

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 C. Class of problem
When solving problems we have to decide the difficulty level of our problem. There are three
types of classes provided for that. These are as follows:

1)P Class

2)NP-hard Class

3)NP-Complete Class

A decision problem is in P if there is a known polynomial-time algorithm to get that

answer. A decision problem is in NP if there is a known polynomial-time algorithm for a non-
deterministic machine to get the answer. Problems known to be in P are trivially in NP — the
nondeterministic machine just never troubles itself to fork another process, and acts just like a
deterministic one.

But there are some problems which are known to be in NP for which no poly-time
deterministic algorithm is known; in other words, we know they‘re in NP, but don‘t know if
they‘re in P.A problem is NP-complete if you can prove that (1) it‘s in NP, and (2) show that it‘s
poly-time reducible to a problem already known to be NP- complete. A problem is NP-hard if
and only if it‘s ―at least as‖ hard as an NP-complete problem. The more conventional Traveling
Salesman Problem of finding the shortest route is NP-hard, not strictly NP-complete. We know
that time complexity & space complexity of this system. So that 3D password produces feasible
solution, hence this system is feasible & is in NP-Complete type.

25
Encryption:

In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding messages or information in such

a way that only authorized parties can read it. Encryption does not of itself prevent interception,
but denies the message content to the interceptor. In an encryption scheme, the message or
information, referred to as plaintext, is encrypted using an encryption algorithm,
generating cipher text that can only be read if decrypted. For technical reasons, an encryption
scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm.

It is in principle possible to decrypt the message without possessing the key, but, for a
well-designed encryption scheme, large computational resources and skill are required. An
authorized recipient can easily decrypt the message with the key provided by the originator to
recipients, but not to unauthorised interceptors.

TYPES:

In symmetric-key schemes, the encryption and decryption keys are the same. Thus

communicating parties must have the same key before they can achieve secret communication.

Public key encryption

Illustration of how a file or document is sent using Public key encryption.

In public-key encryption schemes, the encryption key is published for anyone to use and encrypt
messages. However, only the receiving party has access to the decryption key that enables
messages to be read. Public-key encryption was first described in a secret document in 1973
before then all encryption schemes were symmetric-key (also called private-key).

26
A publicly available public key encryption application called Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) was
written in 1991 by Phil Zimmermann, and distributed free of charge with source code; it was
purchased by Symantec in 2010 and is regularly updated.

Encryption has long been used by militaries and governments to facilitate secret
communication. It is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of
civilian systems. For example, the Computer Security Institute reported that in 2007, 71% of
companies surveyed utilized encryption for some of their data in transit, and 53% utilized
encryption for some of their data in storage. Encryption can be used to protect data "at rest", such
as files on computers and storage devices (e.g. USB flash drives).

In recent years there have been numerous reports of confidential data such as customers'
personal records being exposed through loss or theft of laptops or backup drives. Encrypting
such files at rest helps protect them should physical security measures fail. Digital rights
management systems, which prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material
and protect software against reverse engineering (see also copy protection), is another somewhat
different example of using encryption on data at rest.

27
 Encryption is also used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred
via networks (e.g. the Internet, e-commerce), mobile telephones, wireless microphones, wireless
intercom systems, Bluetooth devices and bank automatic teller machines. There have been
numerous reports of data in transit being intercepted in recent years. Encrypting data in transit
also helps to secure it as it is often difficult to physically secure all access to networks.

Message verification

Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still
needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of
a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature. Standards for cryptographic
software and hardware to perform encryption are widely available, but successfully using
encryption to ensure security may be a challenging problem. A single error in system design or
execution can allow successful attacks. Sometimes an adversary can obtain unencrypted
information without directly undoing the encryption. See, e.g., traffic analysis, TEMPEST,
or Trojan horse.

28
 Digital signature and encryption must be applied to the ciphertext when it is created
(typically on the same device used to compose the message) to avoid tampering; otherwise any
node between the sender and the encryption agent could potentially tamper with it. Encrypting at
the time of creation is only secure if the encryption device itself has not been tampered with.

Many symmetric block encryption algorithms in current use are based on a structure
referred to as a Feistel block cipher [FEIS73]. For that reason, it is important to examine the
design principles of the Feistel cipher.We begin with a comparison of stream ciphers and block
ciphers. Then we discuss the motivation for the Feistel block cipher structure. Finally, we discuss
some of its implications.

29
Stream Ciphers and Block Ciphers

A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byte at a time.
Examples of classical stream ciphers are the autokeyed Vigenère cipher and the Vernam cipher.
In the ideal case, a one-time pad version of the Vernam cipher would be used in which the
keystream is as long as the plaintext bit stream . If the cryptographic keystream is random, then
this cipher is unbreakable by any means other than acquiring the keystream. However, the
keystream must be provided to both users in advance via some independent and secure channel.

This introduces insurmountable logistical problems if the intended data traffic is very
large. Accordingly, for practical reasons, the bit-stream generator must be implemented as an
algorithmic procedure, so that the cryptographic bit stream can be produced by both users. In this
approach (Figure 3.1a), the bit-stream generator is a key-controlled algorithm and must produce
a bit stream that is cryptographically strong.Now, the two users need only share the generating
key, and each can produce the key stream.

30
 A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to
produce a ciphertext block of equal length. Typically, a block size of 64 or 128 bits is used. As
with a stream cipher, the two users share a symmetric encryption key Using some of the modes
of operation explained in Chapter 6, a block cipher can be used to achieve the same effect as a
stream cipher. Far more effort has gone into analyzing block ciphers. In general, they seem
applicable to a broader range of applications than stream ciphers.The vast majority of network-
based symmetric cryptographic applications make use of block ciphers. Accordingly, the concern
in this chapter, and in our discussions throughout the book of symmetric encryption, will
primarily focus on block ciphers.

31
IV. MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO 3D PASSWORD SCHEME

3D password is a authentication technique which can be implemented in 3D virtual environment.

As every project having problem statement which is relation with mathematical concepts like
feasibility study,

3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES

32
 The design of the 3 D virtual environments affects the usability, effectiveness,
acceptability of 3D password. The first step in building a 3D password system is to design a 3D
environment that reflects the administration needs and the security requirements. The design of
3D virtual environments should follow these guidelines.

1. Real Life Similarity The prospective 3D virtual environment should reflect what people
are used to seeing in real life. Objects used in virtual environments should be relatively
similar in size to real objects (sized to scale). Possible actions and interactions toward
virtual objects should reflect real life situations. Object responses should be realistic. The
target should have a 3D virtual environment that users can interact

2. Object uniqueness and distinction every virtual object or item in the 3D virtual
environment is different from any other virtual object. The uniqueness comes from the
fact that every virtual object has its own attributes such as position. Thus, the prospective
interaction with object 1 is not equal to the interaction with object 2. How ever, having
similar objects such as 20 computers in one place might confuse the user. Therefore, the
design of the 3D virtual environment should consider that every object should be
distinguishable from other objects. Similarly, in designing a 3D virtual environment, it
should be easy for users to navigate through and to distinguish between objects. The
distinguishing factor increases the user’s recognition of objects. Therefore, it improves
the system usability.

3. Three Dimensional Virtual Environment Size A 3D virtual environment can depict a city

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 or even the world. On the other hand, it can depict a space as focused as a single room or
office. A large 3D virtual environment will increase the time required by the user to
perform a 3D password. Moreover, a large 3D virtual environment can contain a large
number of virtual objects. Therefore, the probable 3D password space broadens.
However, a small 3D virtual environment usually contains only a few objects, and thus,
performing a 3D password will take less time.

4. Number of objects and their types Part of designing a 3D virtual environment is

determining the types of objects and how many objects should be placed in the
environment. The types of objects reflect what kind of responses the object will have.
For simplicity, we can consider requesting a textual password or a fingerprint as an object
response type. Selecting the right object response types and the number of objects affects
the probable password space of a 3D password.

5. System Importance The 3D virtual environment should consider what systems will be
protected by a 3D password The number of objects and the types of objects that Have
been used in the 3D virtual environment should reflect the importance of the protected
system.

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 3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

The 3D password can have a password space that is very large compared to other
authentication schemes, so the 3D password’s main application domains are protecting critical
systems and resources.

1. Critical server many large organizations have critical servers that are usually protected
by a textual password. A 3D password authentication proposes a sound replacement for a
textual password.

2. Nuclear and military facilities such facilities should be protected by the most

Powerful authentication systems. The 3D password has a very large probable password
space, and since it can contain token, biometrics, recognition and knowledge based

Authentications in a single authentication system, it is a sound choice for high level

security locations.

3. Airplanes and jet fighters Because of the possible threat of misusing airplanes

and jet fighters for religion, political agendas, usage of such airplanes should be protected
by a powerful authentication system.

In addition, 3D passwords can be used in less critical systems because the

3D virtual environment can be designed to fit to any system needs. A small virtual environment
can be used in the following systems like

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 1. ATM

2. Personal Digital Assistance

3. Desktop Computers & laptop logins

4. Web Authentication

5. Security Analysis

Fig 2:3d man secure login with administrator ID and password

To analyze and study how secure a system is, we have to consider,

• How hard it is for the attacker to break such a system

▪ A possible measurement is based on the information content of a password space. It is

important to have a scheme that has a very large possible password space which
increases the work required by the attacker to break the authentication system.

▪ Find a scheme that has no previous or existing knowledge of the most probable user

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password selection.

STATE DIAGRAM OF A 3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

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 SECURITY ANALYSIS

Security analysis is the analysis of tradeable financial instruments called securities. These can

be classified into debt securities,equities, or some hybrid of the two. More broadly, futures
contracts and tradeable credit derivatives are sometimes included. Security analysis is typically
divided into fundamental analysis, which relies upon the examination of fundamental business
factors such asfinancial statements, and technical analysis, which focuses upon price trends and
momentum. Quantitative analysis may use indicators from both areas

3D Password space size

To determine the password space, we have to count all possible 3D passwords that have a
certain number of actions, interactions, and inputs towards all objects that exist in the 3D virtual
environments.

3D password distribution knowledge

Users tend to use meaningful words for textual passwords. Therefore finding these
different words from dictionary is a relatively simple task which yields a high success rate for
breaking textual passwords. Pass faces users tend to choose faces that reflect their own taste on
facial attractiveness, race, and gender.

Every user has different requirements and preferences when selecting the appropriate 3D
Password. This fact will increase the effort required to find a pattern of user’s highly selected 3D
password. In addition, since the 3D password combines several authentication schemes into a
single authentication environment, the attacker has to study every single authentication scheme
and has to discover what the most probable selected secrets are. Since every 3D password system
can be designed according to the protected system requirements, the attacker has to separately

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study every 3D password system. Therefore, more effort is required to build the knowledge of
most probable 3D passwords.

Attacks and Countermeasures

To realize and understand how far an authentication scheme is secure, we have to
consider all possible attack methods. We have to study whether the authentication scheme
proposed is immune against such attacks or not. Moreover, if the proposed authentication
scheme is not immune, we then have to find the countermeasures that prevent such attacks. In
this section, we try to cover most possible attacks and whether the attack is valid or not.
Moreover, we try to propose countermeasures for such attacks.

1) Brute Force Attack: The attacker has to try all possible 3D passwords. This kind of
attack is very difficult for the following reasons.

a. Time required to login The total time needed for a legitimate user
to login may vary depending on the number of interactions and
actions, the size of the 3D virtual environment, and the type of
actions and interactions. Therefore, a brute force attack on a 3D
password is very difficult and time consuming

b. Cost of attacks the 3D virtual environment contains biometric

recognition objects and token based objects. The attacker has to
forge all possible biometric information and forge all the required
tokens. The cost of forging such information is very high, therefore
cracking the 3D password is more challenging. The high number
of possible 3D password spaces leaves the attacker with almost no
chance of breaking the 3D password.

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 2)Well-Studied Attack : The attacker tries to find the highest probable distribution of 3D
passwords. In order to launch such an attack, the attacker has to acquire knowledge of the most
probable 3D password distributions. This is very difficult because the attacker has to study all the
existing authentication schemes that are used in the 3D environment.

It requires a study of the user’s selection of objects for the 3D password. Moreover, a well
studied attack is very hard to accomplish since the attacker has to perform a customized attack
for every different 3D virtual environment design. This environment has a number of objects and
types of object responses that differ from any other 3D virtual environment. Therefore, a
carefully customized study is required to initialize an effective attack.

3)Shoulder Surfing Attack :An attacker uses a camera to record the user’s 3D password or tries
to watch the legitimate user while the 3D password is being performed. This attack is the most
successful type of attack against 3D passwords and some other graphical passwords. However,
the user’s 3D password may contain biometric data or textual passwords that cannot be seen
from behind. Therefore, we assume that the 3D password should be performed in a secure place
where a shoulder surfing attack cannot be performed.

4) Timing Attack: In this attack, the attacker observes how long it takes the legitimate user to
perform a correct sign in using the 3D password. This observation gives the attacker an
indication of the legitimate user’s 3D password length. However, this kind of attack alone cannot
be very successful since it gives the attacker mere hints. Therefore, it would probably be
launched as part of a well studied or brute force attack. Timing attacks can be very effective if
the 3D virtual environment is poorly designed.

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 CONCLUSION

The 3D password is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the various
authentication schemes into a single 3D virtual environment. The virtual environment can
contain any existing authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication scheme or even
any upcoming authentication schemes by adding it as a response to actions performed on an
object. Therefore the resulting password space becomes very large compared to any existing
authentication schemes.

The design of the 3D virtual environment the selection of objects inside the environment
and the object's type reflect the resulted password space. It is the task of the system administrator
to design the environment and to select the appropriate object that reflects the protected system
requirements. Designing a simple and easy to use 3D virtual environment is a factor that leads to
a higher user acceptability of a 3D password system. The choice of what authentication scheme
will be part of user's 3D password reflects the user's preferences and requirements.

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[3] NBC news, ATM Fraud: Banking on Your Money, Dateline Hidden Cameras Show
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[5] BBC news, Cash Machine Fraud up, Say Banks, Nov. 4, 2006.

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