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Departamento de Lingüística Aplicada, UCATECI
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Unit 5. Pharmacology
Lesson 1: Pharmacology, their sources, their properties.
Lesson 2: Medicines, drug families/groups.
Lesson 3: Indications of drugs.
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Grammatical content
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4
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Unit 1
Warm up
Le
sson 1. Parts of the body
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1.1 Vocabulary.
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The ear The arms & hands The neck and trunk
Ear (external)
Arm Neck
Ear (internal)
Armpit Nape
Ear canal
Elbow Shoulder
eardrum
Forearm Back
Wrist Chest
Hand Breast
Finger Nipple
nail
Waist
Navel
Hip
Anus
Buttocks
Groin
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skin - it covers almost the entire body and helps keep all the organs and muscles
in place.
ribs - these are the bones that protect the organs in your chest .
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1.2.2 Check your vocabulary. Match the vocabulary with the correct
definition and write a–j next to the numbers 1–10.
1. b_ You use this part of the body to hear. a. eye
3. J__ You have two of these. You use them to walk. c. head
6. C_ The part of your body with your hair, eyes, mouth, nose and ears on. f. fingers
7. e_ At the bottom of your leg, you have a ___. You wear a shoe on it. g. mouth
8. h__ You have one ___ in the middle of your face. You use it to smell. h. nose
9. d_ After your mouth, your food goes down your ___. i. arms
Sometimes this part of the body hurts when you are ill.
10. i__ You have two of these. They have your hands at the end. j. legs
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Marcus: Incredible, right? He was in a lot of pain, but because of his 9.7
score, Japan won the gold medal in gymnastics!
2.1.2 Part 2
Lisa: Yeah, she was in the 2012 Olympics, playing for Brazil. She’s my
hero.
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2.2.1 Listen and answer the questions. Use information from the chart to
answer.
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Adapted from Richards J. (2000) New Interchange: Intro. Cambridge University Press p.73
3.1.1 Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs have or
feel.
When you are finished, practice this conversation with a partner.
A: Hi Shirley. How are you?
B: I _feel _ terrible.
A: What’s the matter?
B: I _have ___ a headache and a sore throat.
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Statements
Subject Be (not) Going to Verb
I Am Exercise
You Are Make an
He Is (not) Going to appointment
They Are Call the doctor
Take medication
Yes / no Questions
Affirmative Negative
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Yes, they are. No they aren’t.
WH- Questions
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3.2.1 Exercises 1. Write questions and answers. Use the words in parentheses.
3.2.2 Exercise 2. Read about Maritza. Underline the verbs in the going to
future.
Maritza is at the dentist. This is her first visit in two years. Maritza has four cavities. The
doctor is filling two cavities today. He is going to fill two more cavities next week. Maritza
is going to take better care of her teeth. She isn’t going to drink soda with every meal. She
isn’t going to eat chocolate every day. She is going to floss her teeth every evening.
George went to the doctor with chest pains. Read the doctor’s advice. Do you
think George will follow his recommendations?
Doctor’s Advice
Change your diet. Stop smoking.
agree…
I don’t agree…
Example. George won’t change his diet. He loves fried food.
3.4 Reading.
Pre reading.
Discuss.
1. Where are your lungs? What do they do?
2. What do you know about asthma?
3. Does anyone in your family have asthma? What treatment is he/she
receiving?
4. What is the boy in the picture using? Why?
Asthma
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Ricky Garcia is going to play outside with his friends. He is taking out his inhaler
and taking two puffs. Five minutes later, he’s in the park with his friends, running
after a soccer ball. Ricky has asthma, but he knows how to control it.
Asthma is a lung disease. The airways of the lungs become swollen and inflamed,
making it difficult to breathe normally. A person with asthma may have wheezing,
coughing, a tight feeling in the chest, or shortness of breath. Serious breathing
problems are called asthma attacks. They can be mild or very serious, requiring
immediate medical attention.
Asthma can begin at any age. Childhood asthma, often beginning when a child is
younger than ten years old, is one of the most common childhood diseases.
Doctors report that the number of young people with asthma is increasing. Over
four million children have the disease and the number is growing. It is the number
one cause of absence from school. Asthma is often genetic. If a parent has
asthma, the children are more likely to develop the disease. Children with asthma
need to be under a doctor’s care. They and their parents can learn to understand
this disease and learn how to control it.
It is important to find out the triggers for asthma. In other words, what causes the
attack? The most common triggers are exercise, viral infections, stress, and
irritants like dust, pollen, or animals. Once a child learns the triggers, he can help
prevent future attacks.
There are two kinds of asthma medications – control drugs and quick-relief drugs.
Children take control drugs once or twice a day to help prevent asthma attacks. If a
child begins to have an asthma attack, he needs immediate help, so a quick-relief
drug is necessary. This is often an inhaler. School –aged children usually carry their
inhalers with them. This medication works quickly and children begin to breathe
more easily in a few minutes. If a child has a serious asthma attack, he may need
emergency care at a hospital or doctor’s office.
About half of all children outgrow asthma, and their asthma attacks stop when
they are teenagers. However, many people live with the disease into adulthood.
2. Asthma can begin when a child is two or three years old. True False
3. If a parent has asthma, all his/her children will have asthma. True False
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7. Parents must take the child to the hospital for every asthma attack. True False
8. Many children with asthma need to take medication every day. True False
Unit 2
Medical Specialists
Lesson 1: Lesson 2:
Ailments/injuries Lesson 3:
Different medical &
specialists Make suggestions
treatments/ remedies
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Vocabulary.
1.1 Medical specialists. Listen and repeat.
Surgeon
Obstetrician
Optometrist
Cardiologist
Dermatologist Advises
Psychologist
Call the doctor.
Ophthalmologist
Call the dentist.
Gynecologist
Drink some hot
Pediatrician
tea.
Allergist
Drink some
Family doctor
soda.
Psychiatrist
Put ice on it.
Neurologist
Stay in bed.
Urologist
Take aspirin.
Rheumatologist
Take ibuprofen.
Take some
medicine.
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pad.
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Diagnostic radiologist
Anesthesiologist
Gastroenterologist Hurt = ache Hurt= ache
Hematologist/ Oncologist Head hurts Ear hurts
Nephrologist Back hurts Feet hurts
Neurosurgeon Stomach hurts Tooth hurts
Oral and maxillofacial
surgeon
Otolaryngologist
Plastic surgeon
Pulmonary medicine
Physician
Endocrinologist
Health Problems
Ailments/Injuries
A cough
An allergy
Asthma
Chicken pox
Mump
Rubella
A headache
A backache
A rash
A toothache
A stomachache
An earache
A burn
A bad cold
A fever
A sore throat
A sneeze (she’s sneezing)
A broken bone Remedies /
Cut Treatment
Bites
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
An ice pack A
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heating pad
Lotion An
inhaler Painkiller
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Scratch
Itches
Poisoning
Nauseated
Chill
Bleed
Heart attack
Dizzy
Fell
Inflamed
Breathing problem
Ice pack
Cavity
Cholesterol
Blood pressure
Puffy eyes
A sprain
Insomnia
Sneeze
Measles
Faint
Swollen thumb
Shivering
Sunburn
Retching
Sore eyes
Ankle sprained
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8 _Treats patients with mental and emotional disorders. 12. Orthopaedic Surgeon
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2.2.2 Listen again and circle True, False, or NI (Not enough information)
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should / shouldn’t
Natasha Marshal went to her doctor for some advice.
‘Doctor, I’ve read that by making the right health choices for
diet and life style, people can live for longer. What should I do to live long and
healthily? Can you give me some suggestions?’
‘Certainly, Miss Marshal!’ replied the doctor. ‘Well firstly, you should only eat
fresh fruit and vegetables. You shouldn’t eat any meat, salt, cheese or butter.
You shouldn’t drink any alcohol and you shouldn’t smoke. You should drink lots
of natural mineral water, but not too cold.
‘OK,’ said Natasha, writing all this down in her notebook. ‘And should I change
anything else about my lifestyle?’
‘You shouldn’t go out to bars or big cities,’ the doctor told her, because the
crowds and the noise can be stressful. You should get up very early in the morning
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‘Well, I don’t know, answered the doctor. ‘But it will certainly feel like it.
4. If you are always tired in the morning, you _should ___try to relax
more.
6. If you know that cigarettes are bad for your health, you
__shouldn’t__ smoke.
Must= It is necessary.
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Directions:
Adult Dose:
2 tsp. Every 4 hours
2. Adults must/ must not take four teaspoons every two hours.
Directions
Adults:
Take 2 capsules every 4-6 hours.
4. An adult must/must not take this medicine every four to six hours.
5. Parents must/must not give this medicine to children.
6. A patient must/ must not drink alcohol and take this medicine.
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Directions
Take 1 capsule once a day.
3.3. Reading.
Diabetes
When Carla went for her regular physical checkup, she told her doctor that felt
tired and that she was always thirsty. Her doctor suggested a blood test for diabetes. The
results came back positive. Carla had Type 2 diabetes.
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Over 17 million people in the United States suffer from Type 2 diabetes. In the
beginning, the symptoms are often mild. People with diabetes report that they feel tired,
are often thirsty, and need to urinate frequently.
Carla had many of the common risk factors, too. She was over 45 and had high
blood pressure. Carla was 60 pounds overweight, and she did not exercise. Carla is
Hispanic, and diabetes is especially high in minority populations, including the African-
American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American communities.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body
does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin effectively. People with diabetes
need to watch their blood-sugar levels carefully. In time, diabetes can damage the
circulatory system, the nervous system, and major organs of the body. It can cause
blindness, kidney disease, and heart disease.
Type 2 diabetes is easy to diagnose with a blood test. It can often be controlled by
proper diet and regular exercise. People with diabetes must usually reduce fats and
carbohydrates and control their sugar intake.
At first, Carla needed to take diabetes medication. She began to walk and now
walks four miles a day. Over the past year, she lost 50 pounds. Her diabetes is now under
control, and she no longer needs to take medication for the disease.
3.3.1 Read the statements and circle T for True or F for False.
1. Many people with diabetes don’t know that they have this disease. T F
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Unit 3
Emergencies and accidents
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Accident undesirable or unfortunate happening that occurs u
nintentionally and usually
results in harm, injury, damage, or loss; casualty; mishap:
1.1 Vocabulary
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The Essentials
Personal drinking water
Saline or water for eye/wound flushing (sport-top bottle)
Gloves (non-latex nitrile or plastic)L
Gauze (sterile or clean 4x4s or 3x3s)
Band-aids
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Flashlight or headlamp
Matches or lighter
Goggles
Emergen-C
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Lynn, Tony, Oscar, and Amy are at the local clinic. They all returned sick from
the festival. Look at the picture. Then listen as you read the conversation.
Lynn: I hope we don’t have to wait too long. I really feel sick. Tony, don’t
scratch!
Pair: Have you ever tried a home remedy to cure a simple ailment? What did you use? Did it
work? Tell your partner about this home remedy.
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1. Have you ever had any of the illnesses mentioned in the conversation?
Which one(s)?
2. When was the last time you were sick? What did you or your family
do?
Dr. Nicholson: Take some vitamin C, (7) __drink lots of water, and get some sleep. Relax
– don’t (8) too hard or you’re going to get worse.
Takeshi: Ok.
Dr. Nicholson: Here. (9)__take this cold medicine for the headache and fever. And (10)
___don’t drive when you take this. It’s going to make you sleepy.
Takeshi: Ok.
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Dr. Nicholson: (11) __call me in one week if you’re still sick, ok?
Takeshi: I will, doctor. Uh! I don’t have time to be sick!
Dr. Nicholson: Come on, Takeshi. Don’t (12) __worry You’re going to be fine.
Conversation 2
5. What is Mr. Jackson’s cholesterol level?
275
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3.1.1 Grammar exercise. Complete these present real conditional form (If –
will)
Example. I have high blood pressure.
If I Have high blood pressure, I’ll visit a cardiologist.
1. I have difficulty reading at night.
If I have difficulty reading at night, I’’ll visit an ophthalmologist.
2. I feel tired and I am always thirsty.
If I feel tired and I am always thirsty, I’ll visit a hematologist.
3. I can’t concentrate in my work. I’m thinking about my economic problems all
time.
If I can’t concentrate in my work. I will visit a psychologist / psychiatrist
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4. I have a really bad sore throat and a cough. It’s about the worst sore throat
I’ve ever had. If I have a really bad sore throat and a cough, I will visit an
otolaryngologist
I I’d
He He’d
She She’d
If We Had more money, We’d Buy the medicine.
You You’d
They You’d
They’d
Examples:
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3.3. Reading.
The accident
Look out, Irene! Don't dash across the road. Let's use the overhead bridge."
"Aiyah, it's so troublesome. The traffic is quite light now. Can't we just make a dash for it?"
"Huh! That's what you think. Look, there's a car just rounding the corner. You won't be
talking to us now if you had just simply dashed across," retorted Suzanna. "Do you know
that according to statistics collected by the World Health Organization, half a million
people in the world are killed in road accidents each year? The injured accounted for
some fifteen million people, a great number paralyzed for life. The report stated that most
of these victims were young men, women and children who should be contributing to the
building of the nations."
"Oh! Yes. I read that article in the papers too. It appears that traffic accidents may soon be
the world's third leading cause of death after heart disease and strokes," added Jasmine,
holding her brother's hand tightly as they climbed the bridge.
"I think most of the traffic accidents that occur are caused by careless and inconsiderate
drivers who refuse to give way to others. The other day, I witnessed an accident involving
a motor-cyclist and a taxi-driver. The taxi had the right of way but the motor-cyclist
swerved into its path and was hit. I don't know how badly he was injured but I saw him
being flung off his motor-cycle. He would be lucky to be alive."
"You know, Suzanna, all this talk about road accidents is really scary. Shall we change to
another topic, please?" Irene interrupted.
"Well, it was for you that we started this in the first place - Lazy pedestrians who not only
endanger their lives but others as well."
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3.3.1 Reading comprehension. Choose the best response about the text
above.
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(A) She was ashamed for not observing safety rules.
(B) She was afraid that she would lose her friends.
(C) She was tired of talking about traffic accidents.
(D) She wanted to tell her friends about road safety.
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Unit 4
Are you going to need an operation
Lesson 1 : Lesson 2:
Diagnostic &
Lesson 3 :
Lab tests and x-rays Laboratory Illnesses / sickness
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Vocabulary
1.1 List below are all the top level lab supply and laboratory equipment categories.
Beakers Bottles
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eighi
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1.1.1 Exercise about vocabulary. Assign each expression from the box to its
definition.
Condenser Laboratory apron graduated dropper burner
1. A piece of clothing worn as a protection for the front of the body. Laboratory apron.
2. A conic, hollow structure with a narrow opening at the apex, such as the vessels used in
chemistry and pharmacy for filtering and other purposes. Funnel
3. A container, usually cylindrical, made from glass that is resistant to heat. Crucible
4. A porous material made from wood that is used as a device for the straining of water or
other liquids. Filter paper
5. A graduated glass tube used in volumetric chemistry to deliver a measured amount of
liquid. Pipette
6. A vessel or apparatus for condensing gasses or vapours. Condenser
7. A tube of thin glass closed at one end, used for various procedures in chemistry and for
observing the growth of bacterial cultures. Test tube
10. A loose flowing robe worn especially by a professional or academic person when acting in
an official capacity. Gown
13. A framework or a stand holding a tube of thin glass. Test tube rack
14. The part of a lamp, stove, or furnace from which the flame issues. Burner
16. A glass or transparent plastic tube used in measuring or transferring small quantities of
liquid or gas. Burette
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Doctor: Good evening. You look pale and your voice is out of tune.
Patient: Yes doctor. I’m running a temperature and have a sore throat.
Patient: This thermometer is very different from the one you used the last time. (Unlike the
earlier one which was placed below the tongue, this one snapped around one of the fingers.)
Doctor: Yes, this is a new introduction by the medical equipment companies. It’s much
more convenient, as it doesn’t require cleaning after every use.
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Patient: Not sweating, but I feel somewhat cold when I sit under a fan.
Doctor: OK. You’ve few symptoms of malaria. I would suggest you undergo blood test.
Nothing to worry about. In most cases, the tests come out to be negative. It’s just
precautionary, as there have been spurt in malaria cases in the last month or so.
(He then proceeds to write the prescription.)
Doctor: I’m prescribing three medicines and a syrup. The number of dots in front of each
tells you how many times in the day you’ve to take them. For example, the two dots here
mean you’ve to take the medicine twice in the day, once in the morning and once post-
dinner.
5. Doctor says that patient’s throat looks bit scruffy. True False
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What do these people say about being sick? Listen to the interview and
circle the correct answers.
1. When Agnes gets sick, she usually takes / doesn’t take medications.
2. When Daniel has the flu, he gets a stuffy nose and a headache / sore throat.
3. When Alyssa feels sick, she drinks orange juice / water and takes cough medicine.
5. When Dayanne’s back hurts, she takes a hot bath / goes to a yoga class.
You will hear these words in the interviews about “Staying healthy”. Use
the words to complete the sentences.
Lesson 3. Illnesses/sickness
3.1 Grammar. Simple past (Regular verbs)
Subject Verb Example sentence
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Did He go to work?
Short answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes, I did No, I didn’t.
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How many – When – How much – How long – How high – What kind of – Which.
1._How long______did you stay in the hospital?
2._How many _stitches did you have on the leg?
3. __What kind of _____specialist did she visit?
4._Which _vaccines did he need to travel?
5. __How much_did it cost?
6.__How high____was his temperature?
7. _When____did your father arrive at home?
3.3 Reading.
Chemical Laboratory
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General laboratory safety rulers. Fill the following words into the blanks.
Containers - forbidden - hygiene - smoking - permitted - washing- smell - horseplay - contact
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13. It is forbidden to store and/ or prepare food in the same equipment used for
laboratory operations (e.g. refrigerators and microwaves).
14. Spills must be cleaned up immediately and disposed of properly.
15. Contact lenses are not illegible to be worn in laboratories.
16. Never smell or taste a chemical to identify it.
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Unit 5
Pharmacology
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considered pharmaceuticals..
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1.1.2 Discuss. One student interview another one in front of the class.
Conversations.
B: There are various choices of blood pressure medication that we can try.
A: What is available?
B: Really, there are not many side effects. You need to drink a lot of water when you take
this pill.
B: It might be, but for a while I also want you to take an ACE inhibitor, Lisinopril.
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B: You may have a little bit of a dry cough, but you will feel much better.
2.2 Conversation II
Situation: Jane is unwell and visits the doctor.
2.3 Exercise. Fill in the blanks in the following conversation using the
options provided in the 5 question below.
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Doctor: Good morning Ms. Smith. I have your test results here.
Lucy: Good. I hope that everything is alright.
Doctor: Yes everything is ok. There are no major problems. I would suggest that you try
not to eat too much food with a lot of cholesterol in it.
Lucy: Oh dear. Is my cholesterol level too high?
Doctor: It is quite high and you should try to stop it getting any higher.
Lucy: Ok. _Can you prescribe me some medicine_____ (4) to help reduce the
cholesterol?
Doctor: No. It isn’t too high so it would be better for you to lead a healthier lifestyle rather
than take medicine.
Lucy: Ok doctor I will try.
Doctor: Ok that will be good Lucy: Thank you doctor. I’ll make another appointment
____If I want to see a specialist about this_____ (5)
2.3.1 Doctors Conversation. Choose the best option (A-D) in the following
five questions to fill in the blanks in the doctor’ s conversation given above.
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B) If you need to come and make a house call to see me.
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7. Changes in eating habits can lower high blood pressure. True False
Tag questions are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the
statement and the appropriate subject.
Jack is from Spain, isn't he?
Mary can speak English, can't she?
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They aren't funny, are they?
He shouldn't say things like that, should he?
The tag question uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this
is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the
auxiliary verb.
If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the tag
question uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.
If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the tag questions
uses the same modal verb.
With ‘I am’
Be careful with tag questions with sentences that start ‘I am’. The tag
question for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’
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Intonation
Tag questions can either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the
answer or simply asking for agreement when we already know the answer.
1.__________________________________________
2.___________________________________________
3.___________________________________________
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4.___________________________________________
5.___________________________________________
6.___________________________________________
3.2 Reading
Reading and Understanding Medical Texts. Reading comprehension
exercise
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce
inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue. Some of these diseases are infectious
and primarily affect younger people. Rheumatic fever, for example, is a bacterial infection
that occurs mostly in children or teenagers. Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes
women between 20 and 60.
Besides osteoarthritis, many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the
elderly. Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that
the bones become less dense, more porous, and more brittle) often leads to fractures,
especially of the hipbone.
Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly. Cataracts are
created when the lens of the eye – or a portion of it – becomes opaque and sometimes
swells or shrinks and interferes with vision. Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes
the characteristic old-age hearing loss, most severe in the high-pitched tones.
The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age.
3.2.1 About the reading. Answer True or False to the following statements.
1. Rheumatic fever is a viral infection. _False
2. Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease. _False
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3. Elderly people’s senses are less acute than when they were younger. _True
4. Cataracts are transparent. _False
5. Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense, porous and brittle.
__True
3.2.2 Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct
term (s):
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To start, let’s talk about the different ways drugs can be administered.
You’re probably familiar with injections and pills that you swallow, but
medications can be given in many other ways as well.
Route Explanation
Infused injected into a vein with an IV line and slowly dripped in over time
Intramuscula
injected into muscle with a syringe
r
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Unit 6
The human brain
Lesson1:
Lesson 2: Lesson 3:
Right hemisphere/
Language and emotions The cognition
Left hemisphere
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VOCABULARY
Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Corpus callosum
Frontal lobe
Broca área
Motor strip
Sensory strip
Parietal lobe
Wernicke area
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Gyrus
Sulcus
Gray matter
1.1 Vocabulary White matter
Motor cortex
Pons
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Hippocampus
Spinal cord
Amygdala
Thalamus
Putamen
Lateral ventricles
Corpus
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7. The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into
lobes. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: __Occipital lobes____, frontal
lobe____, __parietal lobe___and _temporal lobe___.
10. The surface of the cerebrum is called the _cortex__. It has a folded
appearance with hills and valleys. It contains 16 billion neurons (the
cerebellum has 70 billion = 86 billion total) that are arranged in specific
layers.
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1) Which part of the brain is responsible for short and long-term memory?
A: Brainstem
B: Cerebrum
C: Cerebellum
D: Pituitary gland
2) The normally healthy man was having trouble balancing himself as he walked down the
street. Which of the following parts of the brain may not have been functioning properly?
A: Cerebellum
B: Cerebrum
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C: Hypothalamus
D: Amygdala
3) The talented artist became famous not only for her paintings, but also for her poetry.
Which part of her brain was most likely functioning very well?
A: Arm
B: Leg
C: Finger
D: Heart
5) Which of the following pars of the brain is like a pipeline which sends the messages
back and forth between the body and brain?
A: Pituitary gland
B: Cerebellum
C: Amygdala
D: Brainstem
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6) Which parts of the brain may not have been working properly when the boy in the
hospital stopped growing and did not sweat even in hot temperatures?
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Question
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(She, he, it) has walked (She, he, it) hasn’t Has (she, he, it)
walked walked?
We have walked
We haven’t walked Have we walked?
You have walked
You haven’t walked Have you walked?
They have walked
They haven’t walked Have they walked?
Write these phrases in present perfect. (affirmative, negative or question forms). For
irregular verbs use the list in the dictionary part at the end of this book. Use personal
pronouns.
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Examples:
Has she eaten breakfast yet?
I have already finished work.
Has she eaten breakfast already?
You have just woken up.
They haven’t eaten lunch yet?
B: Yes. I’ve just/ yet spoken with her. She’s finally going to take off my braces.
2. A: Has the teacher already/ just told us about today’s homework?
B: Yes, he has. He told us about it this morning.
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The brain is the most complicated organ in our bodies. Our thinking,
remembering, and communicating abilities originate in this small organ. It is
difficult to imagine that this small gray organ, which weighs less than 2.2 pounds (1
kilo), is so important, but scientists have shown this to be a fact.
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Scientists have not been able to solve all the mysteries of the brain. They
still have not discovered exactly how learning takes place. However, they have
made some progress. They have already found that certain parts of the brain are
responsible for learning, memory, and language.
Recent studies indicate that the two halves of the brain- the right hemisphere and
the left hemisphere-play extremely important roles in learning and
communicating. The left hemisphere deals with rules, lists of information, and
short- term memory. Short-term memory is what we use to remember a telephone
number long enough to call someone after we look it up. In contrast, the right
hemisphere deals with feelings colors, and long term memory. Long-term memory
is what we use when we drive a car each day or remember how to get to work.
Scientists recognize the importance of both hemispheres in learning of all sorts,
including language learning.
Scientists now relate the left and right hemispheres to the way different
individuals learn languages. They believe that some learners use one half of their
brains more than the other half. Left brained learners usually concentrate on
memorizing rulers and lists. They use logic, definition, and repetition to learn. Right
brained learners look for a general pictures and concentrate on relating new
information to what they already know. They use associations and intuition to
learn. Most people fall into one of these types. If teachers know whether their
students are left brained or right brained, they can help them learn better.
3.3.1 Exercise. Meaning from context. These words are from the
reading. Use the context to match each word with its meaning.
F__ 1. originate a. connect, associate
f. start, begin
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Unit 7
Vaccines/ Immunizations
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A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles
a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or
killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The
agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as
foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can
more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it
later encounters.
1.1 Vocabulary
Vaccine Prophylactic Haemophilus influenza
Vaccination Therapeutic Influenza
Pathogen Cancer Yellow fever
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1.
Aluminium salts used in vaccines as _adjuvants can occasionally cause a sterile
abscess at the injection site.
2 The effectiveness of some live attenuated vaccines can be maintained during
storage by the addition of stabilizers___.
3. The addition of trace amounts of ___antibiotics prevents bacterial
contamination of tissue culture cells in which vaccine are grown.
4. Thiomersal is the most common of the __preservatives used to prevent
bacterial and fungal growth in multidose vaccines.
5. The polioviruses used in manufacturing IPV are inactivated by treatment with
formaldehyde
6. The immune response to some vaccines is enhanced by the addition of
adjuvants.
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Doctor: Yes, they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some
people should talk to their health care provider before receiving them,
such as people with weakened immune systems, long-term health
problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant.
Also, they need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means
they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators.
_True___
4. After a vaccine, the body take some time to completely fight off these
germs. _True
5. Vaccines stimulate an immune response by the body that will fight off
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Experimenting on Animals
1. According to the passage, ----.
C) experimental animals are first put to sleep and then used for research
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___Edward Jenner_________________
2. What was the name of the deadly disease at the time?
__________Smallpox_________________
3. What was Jenner’s idea to stop the deadly disease?
Jenner noticed that milkmaids who caught the harmless infection cowpox
from their milking cows did not die from smallpox. Jenner took pus from
the hand of a woman who had cow pox and infected a boy called James
Phipps. The boy got infected with cowpox but soon recovered.
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You have been living You haven’t been living Have you been living?
He, she, it has been living He hasn’t been living Has she been living?
You have been living You haven’t been living Have you been living?
They have been living They haven’t been living Have they been living?
3.1.1
3.1.1
3.1.1 Grammar exercise. Complete with the present continuous form.
Example. I have been suffering of headache for a long time.
She has been working in a hospital for 3 years.
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3.1.2 Grammar exercise. Story. Who are they? What have they been doing? Where have
they been going?
Answer the following questions. Use the present perfect continuous tense.
o How long have Ruth and Martha been spending time together? For how many
years have they been walking together to the post office?
Ruth and Martha have been spending time together since they were young girls.
They have been walking to the post office for 10 years.
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o For how long has Ruth been visiting Martha and bringing her mail?
She has bringing her mail every morning for 2 weeks.
3.2 Reading.
Vaccines
When people are experiencing good health, it is due to an effective and working immune
system. The immune system is responsible for keeping the body safe from invading germs
that try to attack it. The immune involves the different organs of the body, and works
together with the circulatory system, which controls the flow of blood throughout the
body. The immune system defends the body against attacks by germs and bacteria, from
other people, or in foods. The immune system is made up of cells just like the rest of the
body.
However, the immune system may need some outside assistance to help keep the body
safe and immune from many sicknesses and diseases. Vaccines are used to prevent
sickness and disease from affecting the body.
Cells reproduce, and just like cells, disease germs can enter the body and reproduce.
Often, the germs are recognized by the immune system and antibodies are produced to
destroy the germs that make a person sick. They do not always prevent a person from
getting sick, but the antibodies will 'remember' the next time the same germs decide to
invade the same body. The immune system then becomes stronger. The germs will
immediately be destroyed before they have a chance to cause the sickness or a disease.
The entire process is called immunity or natural immunity.
Nevertheless, the body can receive outside help from vaccines. A vaccine is a shot or
immunization containing weakened or dead bacteria, or a virus, to increase protection
against a disease. A vaccine develops the immunity for a person's body against the disease
or sickness.
Vaccines are made from some of the same, or parts of, germs that cause the disease. For
example, a polio vaccine is made from a weak or dead polio virus. A body is tricked into
thinking it is the real virus and the antibodies are made to protect you from polio for the
rest of your life. The weak virus is injected into the body for the immune system to fight
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against. The weak virus has been changed so a person does not get sick from it. If the real
disease or virus tries to attack, the antibodies that were produced against the weak virus
will then destroy the real virus.
There are several types of vaccines used to help fight germs and disease. Three of the
most common include vaccines for chickenpox, mumps, and measles. Before every winter
season, the influenza (flu) vaccine become available to combat two types of flu viruses:
Type A and B. A new vaccine is needed every year. Flu activity increases between
December and February and deaths due to the flu can range from 3,000 to 49,000 each
year. The flu vaccine prevents many people from suffering the effects of a flu such as
fever, chills, sore throat, cough, body aches, headaches, and more.
There are many other vaccines for other diseases and sicknesses as well such as for
Hepatitis A and B, which is a liver infection; HIV, affecting the immune system; malaria,
causing organ failure or death; TB or tuberculosis, infection of a person's lungs, with 1/3 of
the people in the world affected; and many others.
Every person in the world does not need to receive a shot for every vaccine. Some
vaccines are needed in certain parts of the world, or some are for older people or younger
people only. The more people who get a vaccine will decrease the chances of a sickness or
disease from spreading. Vaccines are safe and effective, and every vaccine goes through
rigorous testing and review by experts such as scientists, doctors, and other organizations.
A: Circulatory system
B: Skeletal system
C: Nervous system
D: Digestive system
B: A disease that is injected into a body to protect it from another disease.
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C: A chemical used to prevent diseases and other sicknesses from spreading.
D: A germ used to help people of all ages throughout the world as protection against
sicknesses.
3) Which of the following is made by your body following the injection of a vaccine for a
disease?
A: Bacteria
B: Germs
C: Antibodies
D: Viruses
4) Which of the following is an example of a sickness that can be prevented by a
vaccine?
A: Measles
B: Mumps
C: Polio
A: Germs
B: Virus
C: Both A and B
D: Neither A or B
B: Vaccines are used by many different people to help prevent several diseases.
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Unit 8
A healthy lifestyle
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1.1 Vocabulary
1.1.1 Exercise to practice the vocabulary. Complete the chart with words
from the vocabulary.
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Others
Health dinner
Appointment tissues
Weight physician
Body cigarette
Schedule snackLose weight
Breakfast lunch
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Naturalist doctor: Let me see… (The doctor take the bad with the
Plants and says) This is garlic, it is used as an
Ingredient in food all over the world. It may lower blood
pressure and cholesterol and thin the blood. Some research
shows that garlic may help to treat stomach ulcers.
Naturalist doctor: Yes, people all around the world eat oranges because is a
source of vitamin C. Our skin and other tissues need vitamin
C to stay healthy. Vitamin C-rich foods protect us from cold
germs.
Patient: Doctor, look at here! This is green tea. It is good?
Naturalist doctor: Ohhhh. Tea is one of the most popular drinks around the
world. Some people drink it for indigestion. In Japan, green
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Patient: Waoo, that’s great! And what about this chili peppers?
Naturalist doctor: Chili peppers are very popular in many countries, such as
Mexico, Colombia, India and Thailand, where chilies make a
variety of foods spicy. Chilies are used as remedies for flu and
headaches. They may also slow the development of some
types of cancer.
Patient: Thanks, doctor west. Now I know what plants can I use to
maintain my family healthy.
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Smoking can become an addiction. That means it’s hard to stop smoking, even if
You want to. Here are some tips:
Find a new ___activity to do whenever you want to smoke .
Starting an exercise program can help.
Put the money you usually spend on cigarettes in a box . You will be
surprised how much money you can save by not buying cigarettes.
Spend the money on something you have wanted for a long time.
Practice saying, “No thank you. I don’t smoke” and say it every time
someone offers you a cigarette.
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Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two
things. The two basic ways to compare are using as .. as or than.
Examples of each are shown below:
When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change. When
comparing with than, however, some changes are necessary, depending
on the number of syllables the adjective has:
She's looking happier today.
This grammar topic is easier than the last one.
Why is everyone else luckier than me? †
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4-Irregular adjectives.
Following are common irregular comparative adjective forms:
4. She is not sick now, so, she is ___happier ____ (happy) than me.
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Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in -y form
their superlative with the words the most. Example: Of all the people I know my father
drives the most quickly (quickliest).
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4-Irregular adjectives.
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Meliha and her children live in St. Paul. She is from Somalia. She came to the U.S. five
years ago. Many things are different in America. American food is very different from
Somali food. You can buy junk food with fat, sugar, and oil. Americans don’t walk as much
as people in Somalia.
You can drive a car or take the bus. Meliha sees many overweight people in America.
Meliha’s children like junk food. They like to eat hamburgers and French fries. She does
too. She notices that she gains weight in America. Her children like to watch T.V. They do
her children like to watch T.V.
They do not go outside to play. Meliha doesn’t walk very much because she has a car.
Meliha goes to the doctor. The doctor says she has to eat more fruits and vegetables. He
says that too much junk food like chips, fries, and sugar is bad for her health. He tells her
that she needs to get more exercise. He says that too much fat and not enough exercise is
bad for her. It is bad for her children, too. Meliha doesn’t know if the doctor is right or
wrong.
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Discussion questions:
2. What kinds of foods can she eat that are good for her?
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Unit 1.
2.2 Listening exercises.
Mrs. Rios and her daughter, Julia, are in the office, too. Julia’s
crying because she has a bad burn on her finger. She burned her
finger on the stove. Mr. Patel is holding his head. His head hurts. He
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Mr. Henderson is talking to his son, Andy. Andy cut his arm and he
needs a tetanus shot. He’s nervous and scared because he doesn’t
like shots.
Unit 2.
2.2 Listening exercises.
The accident
Luis is lying by the side of the road. His arm is cut very badly.
One emergency medical worker is applying a pressure bandage to
stop the bleeding. The other technician is talking to him and taking his
blood pressure. She's telling Luis that the bleeding is under control.
Soon they are going to take him to the hospital. Luis is going to need
30 or more stitches in his arm.
Unit 3.
2.2 Listening exercises
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Dr. Nicholson: The man says to the doctor, “What’s wrong with me? It hurts
when I touch my arm, my hand, my chest, my stomach, my leg, my knee, and
my ankle.”
2.2.2. Listen to each conversation. Then answer the questions.
Conversation 1
A: By looking at the best results on your arm, we can tell what you are
allergic to.
B: I think I’m allergic to cats.
A: Definitely, You’re allergic to both cats and dogs.
B: What else?
A: Well, you’re allergic to dust and ragweed.
B: Any foods?
A: Just strawberries. None of these reactions are strong, except for animals.
Do you have any pets?
B: No, but my children want a dog.
A: I don’t recommend that. I can give you a prescription to take now because
ragweed is a problem in late summer. And don’t eat any strawberries.
Conversation 2
A: Mr. Jackson, your blood pressure is very high – 140 over 90. You’re going
to need medication to lower that.
B: I’m not surprised. My mother and father both had high blood pressure.
A: Your cholesterol is too high, also. It’s 275. At your age, it shouldn’t be over
200.
B: I don’t watch my diet very carefully.
A: I’d like you to have a stress test, too. You’re only 37 and these test results
are troubling. Do you do any exercise, Mr. Jackson?
B: I don’t have any time to exercise. I work 10 hours a day.
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A: I’m afraid that’s one of the reasons for these high numbers. I’m going to
give you a prescription for your blood pressure. I’m also going to put you on a
low-fat diet to help you lower your cholesterol. Talk to the nurse at the front
desk and she’ll help you schedule a time for the stress test.
Unit 4.
2.2 Listening exercises.
2.2.1 Health Problems.
Agnes: When I get sick, I usually get headaches and a stuffy nose and
My body aches and usually I don’t take medications. I just drink
a lot of tea with lemon. Tea with lemon is a very good home
remedy for a cold.
Daniel: When I have the flu I have a stuffy nose, a sore throat, my . eyes
water. I usually take an aspirin and some rest, and… a day or two
I’m fine.
Alyssa: Usually when I feel sick I try to get lots of sleep. I also drink water
and I take cough medicine.
Jonathan: I have very bad allergies. My nose is always stuffed and I get a
headache. It’s very bad. Usually, I take my allergy medicine but it
doesn’t always work and it makes me kind of drowsy.
Dayanne: Sometimes my back hurts and when this happens I go to my
yoga class to stretch.
2.2.1 Staying healthy.
Kumiko: I’m a very healthy person. I have asthma, but I hardly ever get
sick. To stay healthy- don’t smoke. You should exercise every
day, I don’t do exercise, but you really should exercise every day.
Jennifer: I go to the gym, I exercise, and I try to eat good foods.
Dave: To stay healthy you must drink a lot of orange juice, wash your
hands, and eat right.
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Daniel: Drink a lot of fluids, get a good night’s rest, and exercise
regularly.
Dayanne: Don’t smoke, eat well, and exercise.
Unit 5.
2.3 Listening exercises. What’s hypertension?
High blood pressure is categorized into two major types: Primary and
secondary. According to statistics, about 90 - 95% of cases are primary
hypertension. This type is defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific
lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include
excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use.
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The brain is the main part of the body's nervous system constantly
sending signals to the body. The brain has several different parts
working together to help a person live their life each day. The five main
parts of the brain include the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem,
pituitary gland, and hypothalamus.
The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, making up about 85%
of the brain's weight. The cerebrum allows a person to think and
control voluntary muscles, which a person is able to control. A person
can kick a ball, walk down, the street, or jump in the air because they
control the muscles and movements.
The cerebrum is active when a person is thinking during a test,
making decisions, or playing a video game. Memory is a part of the
cerebrum, including short-term memory, recalling a morning event,
or long-term, a memory from several years ago.
The cerebrum has two halves, one on each side of the head. The
right half helps a person think about abstract things like art, music,
colors, shapes, and other parts of the imagination. The left half is
more analytical, which helps a person speak, make logical decisions,
do math problems, and reason. Scientists are unsure about which half
of the brain controls the left or right side of the body.
The cerebellum controls a person's balance, movement, and
coordination. This includes how a person stands, moves, and
balances. The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain under the
cerebrum, but it is only about one-eighth the size of the cerebrum,
though it is a vital part of the brain. Without the cerebellum a person
would not have very little ability to move.
The brain stem, also small, is responsible for all of the functions of
the body for a person to remain alive, including breathing, food
digestion, and blood circulation. Located below the cerebrum, in front
of the cerebellum, it connects the rest of the brain to a person's spinal
cord. The brain stem controls involuntary muscles, working on their
own without the help or thought. The muscles are located in the heart,
stomach or other parts of the body. It tells the heart to pump blood to
the body, and stomach muscles to break food down. The brain stem is
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also the pipeline sending and receiving millions of messages back and
forth between the brain and the body.
The pituitary gland controls the growth of a person's body by
producing and releasing hormones into the body. The gland is only the
size of a pea, but without it properly functioning, a person's body would
not go through its changes as they get older. The gland also controls
sugars and water in the body, as well as keeping the metabolism of
the body going, which is related to the body's use of energy.
The final part of the brain is the hypothalamus, which basically
controls the temperature of the body. When the body is too hot, this
part of the brain tells the body to sweat; too cold, and it tells the body to
shiver.
The five parts of the brain connect with the body's nervous system,
made up of thousands of nerves that communicate information to and
from the brain. The more messages sent to the brain, the stronger the
connections become. This is how good, and bad, habits or skills are
learned. The brain also is the control center for feelings. On each side
of the brain there are a groups of cells called amygdala, which is
responsible for emotions.
In conclusion, the brain is the control center of the body, and it must
be treated well by eating healthy, being safe, and avoiding alcohol,
drugs, and tobacco, but it's also important to challenge your mind.
Unit 7. Listening exercise.
Exercise 1. Experimenting on Animals
Life processes are similar in all animals with backbones. So physiologists can
find out a lot about the human body by studying animals such as frogs, rats
and rabbits. Sometimes research involves the death of these animals. But
physiologists take great care not to hurt the animals. The animals are usually
put to sleep during the experiments so they do not feel pain. Many people
think animals should not be used for experiments. But it is only by
physiological research that medicine has been able to advance. Polio is a
disease that attacks the nerves. Millions of people have been protected from
polio by a fluid called a vaccine. Tissue from monkeys is used to make the
vaccine.
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Jenner then took some pus from someone with the dangerous disease,
smallpox, and scratched this into James’ arm. James developed a
scab but did not develop smallpox, Jenner guessed correctly. Jenner's
discovery came to be known as vaccination from the Latin word for a
cow: vaca. Jenner went on to vaccinate all the local children with the
cowpox to stop them from getting the more dangerous smallpox
disease.
Unit 8. Listening exercise
Because smoking damages your lungs, if makes it harder to breathe when you do
exercise. And exercise is important for your health. Smoking can also affect your
social life. For one thing, it makes you, your clothes, and your hair smell like
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Smoking can become an addiction. That means it’s hard to stop smoking, even if
You want to. Here are some tips:
Find a new activity to do whenever you want to smoke. Starting an exercise
program can help.
Keep healthy snacks nearby and eat them instead of smoking a cigarette.
Find a “quitting buddy” – a friend who wants to stop smoking, too. Remind
each other not to smoke.
Put the money you usually spend on cigarettes in a box. You will be surprised
how much money you can save by not buying cigarettes. Spend the money on
something you have wanted for a long time.
Practice saying, “No thank you. I don’t smoke” and say it every time someone
offers you a cigarette.
Vocabularies
Unit 1. Warm up
Parts of the body
The Head
la cabeza - head
el pelo, el cabello hair
la frente - forehead
la sien - temple
la mejilla, el cachete - cheek
la mandíbula - jaw
The Eyes
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el ojo - eye
la esclerótica - sclera
el iris - iris
la pupila - pupil
la conjuntiva - conjunctiva
el conducto lacrimal/lagrimal - tear duct
la ceja - eyebrow
el párpado - eyelid
las pestañas - eyelashes
The Nose
la nariz - nose
la ventana nasal - nostril
The Mouth
la boca - mouth
la lengua - tongue
los dientes - teeth
la encía - gum
el paladar - palate
las amígdalas, las anginas - tonsils
los labios - lips
la barbilla, mentón – chin
la garganta - throat
la úvula, campanilla – uvula
The Ear
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el brazo - arm
la axila - armpit
el codo - elbow
el antebrazo - forearm
la muñeca - wrist
la mano - hand
el dedo (de la mano) - finger
la uña - nail
el cuello - neck
la nuca - nape
el hombro - shoulder
la espalda, lomo - back
el pecho - chest
el seno, el pecho, el busto - breast
el pezón - nipple
la cintura - waist
el estómago, el vientre - abdomen stomach
el ombligo - navel
la cadera - hip
el ano - anus
el coxis - coccyx
los glúteos, las nalgas - buttocks
la ingle – groin
Corazon- heart
Pulmones - lungs
Venas - veins
Cerebro - brain
Garganta- throat
Higado - liver
Estomago - stomach
Riñones - kidneys
Esqueleto - skeleton
ribs -
Huesos- bones
Piel - skin
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Cuello - neck
Lengua - tongue
Arrugas - wrinkles
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Anesthesiologist - treats chronic pain syndromes; administers anesthesia and monitors the
patient during surgery.
Internal Medicine Physician - treats diseases and disorders of internal structures of the
body.
Gynecologist - treats diseases of the female reproductive system and genital tract.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon - surgically treats diseases, injuries, and defects of the hard
and soft tissues of the face, mouth, and jaws.
Orthopaedic Surgeon - preserves and restores the function of the musculoskeletal system.
Otolaryngologist (Head and Neck Surgeon) - treats diseases of the ear, nose, and
throat,and some diseases of the head and neck, including facial plastic surgery.
Pathologist - diagnoses and treats the study of the changes in body tissues and organs
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Plastic Surgeon - restores, reconstructs, corrects or improves in the shape and appearance
of damaged body structures, especially the face.
Radiation Onconlogist - diagnoses and treats disorders with the use of diagnostic imaging,
including X-rays, sound waves, radioactive substances, and magnetic fields.
Diagnostic Radiologist - diagnoses and medically treats diseases and disorders of internal
structures of the body.
Urologist - diagnoses and treats the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive
system
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Centrifuge = centrifuga
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Clocks = Relojes
Colposcope = Colposcopio
Stethoscopes = Estetoscopios
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Telephones = Teléfonos
Televisions = televisores
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Sugar (cake icing tube, glucose gel, or honey) for diabetics = Tubo de
glaseado de pastel, gel de glucose o miel) para diabéticos.
Rehydration drink mix (e.g., dilute Gatorade, miso) Mezcla de bebida
de rehidratacion (por ejemplo, diluir Gatorade.
Suncreen (alcohol-based) protector solar (basado en alcohol)
Tampons or pads = Tampones o almohadillas.
Notebook & marker = Libreta & marcador.
Duct tape = Cinta adhesiva
Safety pins= pines de seguridad
Paper and plastic bags = Bolsas de papel y plástico.
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Injured = lesionado
Ailments = dolencias
Overhead bridge = Puente elevado
Path = camino
Hit = golpear
Flung of = arrojado
Scary = temeroso, con miedo
Endanger = poner en peligro
Wholeheartedly = con entusiasmo
Gleefully = alegremente
Ashamed = avergonzado
Shame = verguenza
Blood pressure = presion sanguinea
Nauseated = nauseas
Sweats = sudores
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Flasks = frascos
Forceps & tweezers = Pinzas y pinzas
Funnels = embudos
Gloves =Guantes
Histology supplies = suministros de histología
Hydrometers = hidrómetros
Ice buckets = cubos de hielo
Indicator paper = papel indicador
Inoculating = inoculador
Spreaders = esparcidores
Jointed laboratory = laboratorio articulado
Glassware = cristalería
Autoclave= autoclave
Lab.utensils = utensilios de laboratorio
Laboratory sealing = sellado de laboratorio
Labware sets = conjuntos de material de laboratorio
Magnetic stir = agitación magnética
Measurement = medida
Microscope= microscopio
Slide storage = almacenamiento de diapositivas
Microscope slides = portaobjetos de microscopio
Cover glasses = cubre vidrios
Notebooks = cuadernos
Pipettes = pipetas
Racks & boxes = bastidores y cajas
Safety supplies = suministros de seguridad
Sample collection tools = herramientas de recolección de
muestras
Scalpels = escalpelos
Scissors = Tijeras
Spot plates = placas de punto
Streak plates = placas de rayas
Stands & supports = soportes y soportes
Sterilization indicators = indicaciones de esterilización
Stoppers & corks = Tapones y tapones
Storage organizers = Organizadores de almacenamiento
Swabs & applicators = Hisopos y aplicadores
Syringes& needles = Jeringas y agujas
Tape & Labels = Cinta y etiquetas
Thermometers = termometros
Timers & controlle = temporizadores y control
Trays & pans = bandejas y sartenes
Tubes = tubos
Tubing & accessories = tubos y accessorios
Vials = viales
Weighing dishes = platos de pesaje
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Alkaline =alcalina
Bilirubin = bilirrubina
Unit 5. Pharmacology.
Vocabulary
Pharmacology = Farmacologia
Biology = Biologia
Endogenous = Endógenos
Exogenous = Exógenos
Pharmaceuticals = Productos farmacéuticos
Pharmacodynamic = Farmacodinamica
Pharmacokinetic =Farmacocinética
Toxicology = Toxicología
Chemical = Químico
Cardiovascular = Cardiovascular
Neuropharmacology = Neurofarmacologia
Psychopharmacology = Psicofarmacologia
Narcotics = Narcoticos
Anabolic = Anabolico
Steroids = Esteroides
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Pharmacogenomics = Farmacogenomica
Posology = Posologia
Environmental–pharmacology = Farmacologia ambiental
Dental-pharmacology = Farmacologia dental
Experimental-pharmacology = Farmacologia experimental
Genetic = Genetico
Diuretics = Diureticos
Types of drugs
Pharmacogenomics
Posology
Environmental–pharmacology.
Dental-pharmacology.
Experimental-pharmacology
Genetic = Genetico
Diuretics = Diureticos
Types of drugs = Tipos de drogas / Medicamentos
8. Stimulants = Estimulantes
9. Depressants =Depresores
10.Hallucinogens = Alucinogenos
11.Dissociatives = Disociativos
12.Opioids = Opioides
13.Inhalants = Inhalantes
14. Cannabis = Cannabis
Others.
Inflammatory-substances = Sustancias inflamatorias
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Sulcus = Sulcus
Gray matter = Materia gris
White matter = Materia blanca
Motor cortex = Corteza motora
Pons = Puente de varolio
Hyppothalamus = Hipotalamo
Medulla = medula espinal
Amygdala = Amigdala
Thalamus = Thalamus
Putamen = Putamen
Lateral ventricles = Ventriculos laterales
Corpus = Cuerpo
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Therapeutic = terapeutico
Cancer = cancer
Meningitis = meningitis
pneumonia = neumonia
cholera =colera
plague= plaga
typhoid= tifoidea
tuberculosis =tuberculosis
microorganism = microorganismo
stimulate = estimular
diphtheria =difteria
tetanus = tetanos
Haemophilus influenza type b= haemophilis influenza tipo B
Yellow fever = fiebre amarilla
Pneumococcal = neumococo
Encephalitis = encefalitis
Typhus = tifus
tularemia microbe = microbio tularema
chicken pox = varicela
hepatitis A = hepatitis A
hepatitis B = hepatitis B
Measles = Sarampion
Mumps = paperas
Anthrax = Antrax
Typhoid = tifoidea
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Salad = ensalada
Vegetables =vegetales
Exercise = ejercicio
Gluten = gluten
Physician = medico
Food = comida
Breakfast = desayuno
Lunch = almuerzo
Dinner = cena
Blood glucose = glucose en sangre
Snack = bocadillo
Iron = hierro
Frying food = alimentos fritos
Grease = grasa
Weigh gain = pesar ganancia
Drinks = bebidas
Depressed = deprimido
Whole grains = granos enteros
Low-fat milk = leche baja en grasa
Nuts = nueces
Cigarette = cigarrillo
Smoking = fumar
Tissues = tejidos
Vitamin = vitamina
Cholesterol = colesterol
Health = salud
Ginger = jengibre
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Recursos Informacionales
Mgr. Ilona Havlickova. Mgr.Sarka Dostalova. Mgr.Zuzana Katerova. English
for pharmacy and medical bioanalytics. Charles University in
Prague. Karolinum Press (2014).
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Action 3. U.S.A
Joan Saslow & Allen Ascher. (2015) Oxford University Press. Teen 2 Teen
Four. United Kingdom.
Steven J. Molinsky & Bill Bliss. Side by Side, Second Edition. Book 4 (1989)
Prentice Hall Regents. USA.
Rob Jenkins & Staci Johnson. Stand out Grammar Challenge, second
edition (2008) Boston, USA.
Online Resources
http://www.cambridge.org/us/esl/venturesadulted/venturesarcade/
www.usalearns.org
http://www.reepworld.org/englishpractice/teacher_resources/Meds_voc.d
oc
http://www.queenslibrary.org/services/health-info/english-for-your-health
Familydoctor.org
www.woodwardenenglish.com
www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglishteens
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http://lemongra.com/wp-content/uploads/
www.onip.ca/reading-and-understanding-medical-texts- reading-comprehension-exercise/
www.softschools.com/language-arts/reading-comprehension/science/64/the-brain/
www.suberingles.com.ar/lists/irregular-verbs.html
www.really-learn-english.com
www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/present-perfect-continuous/
www.softschools.com/language-arts/reading-comprehension/science/138/vaccines/
www.who.int/vaccine-safety/initiative/tech-support/part-2.pdf
http:/www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/healthy-lifestyle
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