PRELIM – ALGEBRA x1 + x2 = --B/A

b) Product of Roots
I. EXPONENTS x1 x2 = C/A
1. xm(xn) = xm+n 4. Discriminant:
2. xm/ xn = xm—n B2 – 4AC
3. (xm)n = xmn a) When B2 = 4AC, the roots are equal
4. (xy)n = xn yn b) When B2 > 4AC, the roots are real &
5. (xm)1/n = xm/n unequal
6. (x/y)n = xn/ yn c) When B2 < 4AC, the roots are imaginary
7. x0 = 1 V. BINOMIAL THEOREM
8. x—n = 1/xn 1. Pascals Triangle
9. xn y—n = xm/yn Note: These numbers indicate the coefficients
10. 2x + 1 = 2x * 2 of each term of a binomial expansion
11. 3x – 1 = 3x * 3—1 = 3x/3 (x+y)0 1
1
12. (83)x = 83x (x+y) 1 1
2
II. LAWS OF RADICALS (x+y) 1 2 1
1. √n xy=√n x √n y (x+y)3 1 3 3 1
2. √n x / y=√n x /√n y (x+y)4 1 4 6 4 1
3. yn = x, (x+y)51 5 10 10 5 1
y = x1/n, 2. The rth term of a binomial expansion:
y=√ n
x n ! x n−r +1 y r −1
n m
4. xm/n = √ ( n−r + 1 ) ! ( r −1 ) !
x
n 3. Sum of Exponents
5. xm/n = (√ x )m S = (n+1) n
m n mn
6. √√x = √x VI. MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE
7. √ ab = √ a √ b VII. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
III. PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM 1. Spheres:
A. Common Logarithm/Brigssian Logarithm a) With an equilateral triangle base,
1. log xy = log x + log y n(n+1)(n+2)
S=
2. log x/y = log x – log y 6
3. log x2 = 2log x b) With a square base,
4. logb N = y, n(n+1)(2 n+1)
N = by S=
6
5. logb a = log a/log b c) With a rectangle base,
6. loga b = 1/ logb a n(n+1)(3 m−n+ 1)
B. Natural Logarithm/Napierean Logarithm S=
6
1. ln xy = ln x + ln y m = longer side
2. ln x/y = ln x – lny n = shorter side
3. ln ex = x VIII. SIGMA NOTATION
4. ln xn = n ln x n
5. eln x = x ∑ ai=a1 +¿ a2 +…+ an ¿
I=1
6. ln e = 1
IV. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
IX. THEORY OF EQUATIONS
1. Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
1. Remainder Theorem:
2. Quadratic Formula:
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – r, until a
−B ± √ B2 −4 AC
x= remainder free of x is obtained, the resulting
2A remainder is equal to f(r).
3. Properties of Roots:
2. Factor Theorem:
a) Sum of Roots
 If r is a root of the polynomial equation f(x) = 0, XVI. MIXTURE PROBLEMS
then x–r is a factor of f(x) and conversely if x–r is XVII. CLOCK PROBLEMS
a factor of f(x), then r is a root of the equation. 1. One space of the clock is equivalent to 5
X. PROPORTION & VARIATION minutes
1. In any proportion the product of the means is 2. If the minute hand moves a distance x, the hour
equal to the product of the extremes: hand only moves a distance of x/12
a/x = x/b 3. One space in the clock is equivalent to 30
a:x=x:b degrees of arc
x = mean proportional to “a” and “b” XVIII. INVESTMENT PROBLEMS
“a” and “b” are called as the extremes XIX. ROMAN NUMERALS
x2 = ab
10 X 40 XL 500 D
x = √ ab (mean proportional of two numbers “a” and
“b” 20 XX 50 L 1000 M
2. If a/b = c/d, then a/c = b/d
30 XXX 100 C
3. If a/b = c/d, then b/a = d/c
a+b c+ d XX. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
4. If a/b = c/d, then =
b d 1. Terms:
a−b c−d 1 2 3 4 5=n
5. If a/b = c/d, then =
b d a a+d a+2d a+3d a+4d
a+b c +d an = a + (n – 1)d
6. If a/b = c/d, then =
a−b c−d 2. Relation between terms:
7. If y varies directly as x, y = kx 3rd/2nd = 2nd/1st
8. If y varies inversely as x, y = k/x 3. The nth term:
XI. WORK PROBLEMS an = a + (n – 1)d
1. If a man could finish a job in x days, then in one 4. The sum of all terms:
day he could finish only 1/x of the job S = n/2 [2a + (n – 1) d]
2. If both x and y are the number of days each S = n/2 [a+an]
man work alone, then if they work together XXI. HARMONIC PROGRESSION
they could finish it in “t” days.
1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8
1/x + 1/y = 1/t
XII. DIGIT PROBLEMS The reciprocal is in A.P.
1. u = units digit
1. 2nd – 1st = 3rd – 2nd
2. t = ten’s digit
2. an = a + (n – 1)d
3. h = hundred’s digit
3. S = n/2 [2a + (n – 1) d]
4. 100h + 10t + u = the number
XXII. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
5. 100u + 10t + h = reversed number
1. Common Ratio:
XIII. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
a) Rule 1: Zeroes between significant numbers are
2nd/1st = 3rd/2nd = 4th/3rd
also significant
2. The nth term:
b) Rule 2: Zeroes immediately to the right of the
1 2 3 4 n
decimal are not significant.
a ar ar2 ar3 arn—1
c) Rule 3: Zeroes at the end of the decimal are
3. Sum of all terms:
significant.
a) r < 1,
XIV. RATE PROBLEMS
1. D = vt a(1−r n)
S=
XV. AGE PROBLEMS 1−r
1. x = present age an r−a
S=
2. x – 10 = age 10 years ago r−1
3. x + 5 = age 5 years from now or 5 years hence b) r > 1,
 a(r n−1) 4 -2 0 0
S=
r−1 -3 6 1 0
1−a n r 1 2 3 4
S= A = 2(-2)(1)(4)
1−r
A= -16
a) Upper Triangle (square matrix)
3 1 6 4
XXIII. INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
0 2 4 3
a
1. S = 0 0 5 1
1−r
0 0 0 2
XXIV. DETERMINANTS
A = 3(2)(5)(2)
1. Determinant of a 2x2 matrix:
A= 60
A= [ 23 45] = 2(5) – 3(4) = -2
7. Properties of determinant:
2. Determinant of a 3x3 matrix (Expansion of a) Three zeroes on one row, d = 0
minors):
0 0 0

A= 3 5
2 1 4

[ ] 6 =2
7 8 9
5 6
8 9
–1
3 6
7 9 [ ] [ ]
+4
[ ] 5 6 8 =0
1 7 9
b) Three zeroes on one column, d = 0
3 5 0 2 4
[ ]
7 8
3. Sign Patterns of any matrix system:
[ ] 0 6 8 =0
0 7 9
c) Two columns of determinant are
a) 3x3 matrix identical, d = 0
¿
2 2 4
4. Cramer’s Rule for a 3x3 matrix:
2x + 3y + 4z = 10
5x + 6y + 8z = 12
[ ] 3
4
3 8 =0
4 9
d) Corresponding elements of two columns
X + 7y + 9z = 14
are proportional, d = 0
2 3 4

[ ]
D= 5 6 8
1 7 9 [
2
−3
6
9
5
4 =0
−4 −12 3 ]
2 3 4 2 3

[ ][ ]
D= 5 6 8 5 6
1 7 9 1 7
e) If the elements of a column or row of a
determinant are multiplied by “k”, the
value the determinant is multiplied by
10 3 4 10 3

[ ][ ]
Dx = 12 6 8 12 6
14 7 9 14 7
k.

[
10 15 25 2 3 5

] [ ]
0 2 1 =5 0 2 1
2 10 4 2 10 0 4 7 0 4 7
[ ][ ]
Dy = 5 12
1 14
8 5 12
9 1 14
XXV. MATRICES

Matrix = a rectangular array of real numbers

2 3 10 2 3

[ ][ ]
Dz = 5 6 12 5 6
1 7 14 1 7
x = Dx/D, y = Dy/D, z = Dz/D
Square matrix = a matrix with the same number of rows
and columns
1. Relation between System Linear Equations,
Coefficient Matrix, and Augmented Matrix
5. Determinants of a triangular matrix:
System:
6. Lower Triangle (square matrix)
2x + 4y + 2z = 6
2 0 0 0
 x + 3y + 5z = 8 4. Angle between vectors:
3x + 5y + 6z = 9 A∗B
cos θ =
Coefficient Matrix: AB
A = √ A x + A 2y + A 2z
2
2 4 2

[ ]
1 3 5
3 5 6
Augmented Matrix:
B = B 2x +B 2y +B 2z
√
XXVIII. VENN DIAGRAM
2 4 2 :6
1 3 5 :8
3 5 6 :9
Augmented Matrix = a matrix derived from a system of
linear equations each written in standard form with the
constant term on the right side.
Coefficient matrix = a matrix derived from a system of
linear equations written in standard form which does
not include constant terms.

XXVI. COMPLEX NUMBERS

A. Natural Logarithm of a Complex Number
1. ln 1 = 0
2. ln (-1) = π i
3. ln (-4) = ln(4)(-1) = ln (4) + ln (-1)
4. ln i = π i/2
5. ln 4i = ln 4 ln i = ln 4 + π i/2
6. ln (-4i) = ln 4 – π i/2
7. ln (3 – 4i) = ln r – iθ
8. ln (-1 + i) = ln √ 2 + i(3 π /4)
9. ln i (-1 + i) = ln √ 2 + i(-3 π /4)
i = √ −1
i2 = -1
i3 = i2 * i = -i
i4 = (i2 )2 = 1
i5 = i4 * i = (1)*i = i
i6 = i4 * i2 = (1)*(-1) = -1
i7 = i4 * i2 * i = (1)*(-1)*(i) = -i
XXVII. VECTORS, FOURIER SERIES
1. Scalar product or dot product of a rectangular
coordinate system:
A*B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) * (Bxi + Byj + Bzk)
A*B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
2. Vector product or cross product of a rectangular
coordinate system:
i j k
AxB= A
[
x A
Bx By Bz
y A z
]
3. Vectors which are perpendicular:
A*B = 0
AxBx + AyBy + AzBz = 0