ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) ENDOCRINE MIDTERMS PART 3/4

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Mechanisms of Hormone Action:
Properties:
 Controls longer term metabolic processes
 Shares functions with Nervous System
 Releases hormones (glands)
 chemicals
 change metabolism
 controlled by negative feedback
 act on target cells

Structure of Hormones:
 3 CHEMICAL FAMILIES:
a. aa derivatives
b. Peptides and CHON
 Chains of aa
c. Lipid derivatives
 Steroids (e.g., testosterone)

*Target Cells
 peripheral cells that can respond to a particular Key Note:
hormone Hormones control cells on a sustained basis. They
*Hormone receptor circulate in the blood and bind to specific receptors on or
 cell membrane, within the cytoplasm nucleus in target cells. They change membrane permeability,
activate or inactivate key enzymes, or change genetic
activity.
Role of Target Cell Receptors in Hormonal
Action: Hypothalamus and Endocrine Control:
 3 STEPS OF ACTION:
a. releases hormones
b. releases regulatory hormones (pituitary gland)
c. direct neural control of adrenal medullae

3 Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control

over Endocrine Organization:

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE) ENDOCRINE MIDTERMS PART 3/4

Pituitary Gland:
 also known as hypophysis
 9 important hormones

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

 Regulated by negative feedback control

Anterior Pituitary Hormones:

 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Triggers thyroid hormone release
 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
 Stimulates glucocorticoid release from adrenal
gland
 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
 Stimulates estrogen, egg production, sperm
production
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 Triggers ovulation, progestin production,
androgen Posterior Pituitary Gland:
 Prolactin (PRL)  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 Stimulates mammary gland development and  Reduces water loss in the urine
milk secretion
 Increases thirst
 Growth hormone (hGH)
 Oxytocin
 Stimulates cell growth
 Stimulates uterine contraction, milk delivery
 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
 prostate gland and smooth muscle

Negative Feedback Control of Endocrine

Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets:
Secretion: 1. ACTH- Adrenal medulla
2. TSH- Thyroid gland
3. GH- Liver
4. PRL- Mammary glands
5. FSH- Testes or Ovaries

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6. LH- Testes or Ovaries

7. MSH- Melanocytes
8. Oxytocin-
Male: Smooth muscle in the ductus deferens and prostate
gland
Female: Uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands
9. ADH- Kidneys

Key Note
Hypothalamic regulatory factors control the
anterior pituitary (source of seven hormones). Most of
these control other glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads). It
also produces growth hormone. The posterior pituitary
releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus,
ADH (restricts water loss) and oxytocin (stimulates
contractions in the mammary glands and uterus, and the
prostate gland).
The Thyroid Gland

Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland:

 Lies near thyroid cartilage of larynx
 Has a rich blood supply
 Contains numerous thyroid follicles
*TF: Produce, store, release thyroid hormones

Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones:

 Production requires adequate iodine in the diet
 2 forms:
a. thyroxine (T4)
b. triiodothyronine (T3)
 Increases metabolism and heat production
(calorigenic effect)
 Required for normal development

Function of Thyroid Gland:

 Secrete calcitonin
*Calcitonin- Lowers blood Ca2+ levels
 Increases urinary calcium loss
 Caused by high blood Ca2+ level

Parathyroid Glands: Adrenal Gland Anatomy:

 Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone  Lie along superior border of each kidney
 Low blood Ca2+ triggers secretion  Made of two parts
 PTH raises blood Ca2+ a. Adrenal cortex (outer)
b. Adrenal medulla (inner)
Key Note
The thyroid gland produces (1) hormones that Adrenal Cortex:
adjust tissue metabolic rates, and (2) a hormone that  Makes steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
usually plays a minor role in calcium ion homeostasis by  Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.  Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)
 Androgens (male hormone)

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Adrenal Medulla:
 Produces 2 related hormones
a. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
b. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
 Increases HR and force
 releases glucose, fatty acids into blood, opens
airways

Endocrine Tissues of Other Organs:

 Thymus
Key Note  Secretes thymosins that control immune system
The adrenal glands produce hormones that adjust defenses
metabolic activities at specific sites, affecting either the
pattern of nutrient utilization, mineral ion balance, or the
rate of energy consumption by active tissues. Patterns of Hormonal Interaction:

The Pineal Gland: HORMONES ARE NEEDED FOR NORMAL

 Produces melatonin GROWTH:
-Stops reproductive function  Growth Hormone
-Allows daily wake-sleep cycle  Thyroid Hormones
 Insulin
 Lies behind stomach and beneath liver
 Parathyroid Hormone
 Endocrine cells organized into islets of Langerhans
 Calcitriol
 Islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon  Reproductive Hormones

Endocrine Pancreas: HORMONES AND STRESS:

*Stress- Any condition that threatens homeostasis
What are the Actions of Insulin and Glucagon:
*Insulin- Lowers blood glucose concentration THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME:
*Glucagon- Raises blood glucose concentration

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 hGH, insulin release reduced

*Leads to loss of bone density, muscle mass

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR:

 Sex hormones
 Testosterone causes aggressiveness
 Estrogen causes sexual receptivity
 Thyroid hormones
 Excess leads to nervousness, restlessness
 Deficiency leads to sluggishness
 Antidiuretic hormone
 feeling of thirst, water intake

HORMONES AND AGING:

 Many hormones unaffected by age
 Reduced or absent reproductive hormones