B2 Batch Report PDF

Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belagavi Karnataka, 590-018
Internship Report on
“HESCOM: Hubballi Electricity Supply Company”
Submitted By
Name USN
SAHANA KULKARNI 2KE16EE027
SAHANA SANGAM 2KE16EE028
SANJAY HIREMATH 2KE16EE033
SHASHIKALA. S. K 2KE16EE039
SHWETA. D 2KE16EE043
SHWETHA. S. BALIGAR 2KE16EE044
SPOORTI JADAV 2KE16EE045
SRINIDHI JOSHI 2KE16EE046
SUSHMA. K 2KE16EE049
TRUPTI. M 2KE16EE050
Under the Guidance of
External Guide Internal Guide

Er. Raghavendra Vishwakarma Prof.Kumar Swamy V
AEE, HESCOM Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Subject Code:15EE84
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

K.L.EINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,
Hubballi - 580030 Academic
YeaR2019-2020
K.L.E. SOCIETY’S
K.L.E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Gokul, Hubballi-580 030
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the work of Internship a bonafide work carried out at HESCOM by
SAHANA KULKARNI(2KE16EE027), SAHANA SANGAM(2KE16EE028), SANJAY
HIREMATH(2KE16EE033), SHASHIKALA S K(2KE16EE039), SHWETA D(2KE16EE043),
SHWETHA S BALIGAR((2KE16EE044), SPOORTI JADHAV(2KE16EE045), SRINIDHI
JOSHI(2KE16EE046), SUSHMA K(2KE16EE049), TRUPTI M(2KE16EE050)of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering KLEIT, Hubballi during the Academic year 2019-20. The report has
reached the standard, fulfilling the requirements.
Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
(Prof. Kumar Swamy V) (Dr. Vinoda S) (Dr. B. S. Anami)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the successful completion of this internship work, We would like to acknowledge

and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following people who supported me to complete
the internship.
To my beloved principal Dr. B. S. Anami, for providing an ideal atmosphere to pursue

my objectives under his able administration.
We are also thankful to Dr. Sharad G Joshi, Dean Academics, for creating right kind
of milieu and giving moral support.
We are also thankful to Dr. Vinoda S., Head of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department, who has given valuable suggestions during the work and her moral support
and encouragement.
We are very much thankful to Hon’ble MD, HESCOM, for providing an opportunity to
carry out our internship in your esteemed organization.
We are thankful for Mr. Jagadeesh Belagali, GM (Technical) HESCOM, for your
guidance to allot an internship.
We are thankful for Mr. S. Rangaraju, Executive Engineer, DSM and R&D section,
HESCOM, for providing regular input, guidance and also monitoring the work flow.
We are thankful for Mr. Raghavendra Vishwakarma, AEE(Ele), HRD section,

HESCOM, for guiding to take internship and constant support for attending the calls in-
spite of busy schedule.
We are also thankful for all the supporting staff of HESCOM who contributed directly
or indirectly for completion of the internship
We are also thankful to my guide Prof. Kumar Swamy V, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering for his encouragement, effective guidance and valuable
suggestions right from the beginning of the seminar till its completion, without which
this internship work would not have been accomplished. We are greatly indebted to him.
We would like to express my heart full thanks to all the teaching faculty and staff
members of the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for constructive
suggestion and constant encouragement.
We also thank to my parents and all my friends wholeheartedly who have rendered their
help, motivation and support to accomplish this work.
ABSTRACT
This report describes the work carried in HESCOM, Hubballi. HESCOM is the Hubli
electricity supply company. The various activities of the HESCOM viz., different
substation , electrical stores, Billing section and other major work has been studied with
respect to energy. This report also covers the fundamental aspects of power requirement
towards the consumer. The main objective of this report is to present a systematic flow of
different machineries involved in substations , maintenance of transformer and overall
functioning the distributing company HESCOM, Hubli.
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Page No.
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background of HESCOM 1

1.2 Vision 1
1.3 Distribution Sectors of HESCOM 2
1.4 Day wise report of work carried out during
internship at HESCOM 4
2. Substation and its Components 5

2.1 Layout of Substation 5
2.2 Various components of substation and function 5
3. Distribution system Components 18

3.1 Conductors 18
3.2 Insulators 20
3.3 Types of Insulators 20
3.4 Underground cables 25
4. 33KV/11KV Substation at Industrial Estate 29
5. 220/110/33/11KV Substation at Sharavati Station 31
6. Transformer and its Components 33

6.1 Basic components of Transformer 33
6.2 Transformer ratings observed at SRS and industrial
Estate Substations 42
6.3 Transformer Oil 44
6.4 Maintenance of Substation 46
7. Meter Testing Division 50

7.1 Types of meters and their uses 51
7.2 Types of Energy meter 52
7.3 Backlogs in This System 54
7.4 New Improvements Made By Prepaid System 55
7.5 Testing Of Meters 55
7.6 Tampering Of Energy Meter and Their Remedies 56
8. LT (Low Tension) Installations and Tariffs 59

8.1 The category-wise tariff as existing, as proposed by
HESCOM and as approved by the Commission 59
9. Conclusion 71
10. References 72
List of Figures
Fig No Fig Name Page No
1 Layout of Substation 5
2 Lightning Arrester of rating 5
1.5kA
3 Circuit Breaker of rating 420kV 6
4 Bus bars of rating 33kV 7
5 CVT 8
6 Wave Trap 9
7 Instrument Transformer 10
8 Current Transformer of 80:1 ratio 10
9 Potential Transformer of rating 11
25/5A
10 Power Transformer of rating 12
33KV, 20MVA
11 Isolator of rating 40A 13
12 Control and Relay Panel 14
13 Protective Relays 15
14 DC Battery and Charger 16
15 Conductors 18
15(a) ASCR Coyote Conductor 19
15(b) ACSR Rabbit Conductor 19
15(c) ASCR Wheasel Conductor 19
16 Insulators 20
17 Pin Type Insulator 21
18 Suspension Type Insulator of 21
11kV
19 Cemented cap type 22
20 Hewlett type 22
21 Strain Type Insulator 23
22 Shackle Insulator 24
23 Underground cable 25
24 SLD of 33/11kv substation 29
25 SLD of 220/110/33/11kv 31
substation
26 Transformer 33
27 Laminated Core 34
28 Windings 34
29 Insulating Material 36
30 Conservator tank 37
31 Breather 38
32 Tap Changer 39
33 Cooling Tubes 40
34 Buchholz Relay 40
35 Explosion Vent 41
36 CSD-3 ,33/11 kV substation 43
37 details of 5 MVA transformer 44
38 Digital Energy meter 49
39 Different types of Energy meters 51
High and Low Tension
40 Analog Energy Meter at 52
HESCOM
41 Modern Digital Billing Unit 53
42 Tests conducted on Meters in MT 55
lab at HESCOM
43 PT testing device 56
44 CT testing device 56
HESCOM: Hubballi Electricity Supply Company
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of HESCOM:
Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM) is a power distribution company in
the state of Karnataka serving seven districts. It was formed in the year 2002 under the Companies Act
1956. HESCOM has the sole responsibility for power distribution in Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot,
Uttar Kannada, Haveri and Belgaum districts of Karnataka.
The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the
sole electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka. Its origin was in Karnataka
Electricity Board (KEB). Until 2002, the Karnataka Electricity Board handled electricity transmission and
distribution across the state. It was then broken up, with Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd
(KPTCL) established to manage the transmission business. This electricity transmission and distribution
entity was corporatized to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to the people of Karnataka
state. HESCOM covers an area of 54513 Sq. Km. serving a population of over 14 millions.
1.2 Vision:
To provide 24 Hours Power Supply to all the consumers by the year 2020
 Committed to make Karnataka Self Reliant

 Improving the efficiency of Electricity Companies
 Encouraging development of Renewable Energy
 Implementing Energy Conservation Measures
1.3 As a part of the reforms, the distribution sector was further divided into 5
companies viz.
 Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited – GESCOM
 Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited – BESCOM
 Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited – HESCOM
 Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited – MESCOM
Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 1

 Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited – CESCOM
 The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the sole
electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka. Its origin was in Karnataka
Electricity Board. Until 2002, the Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) handled electricity transmission
and distribution across the state. It was then broken up, with Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Ltd (KPTCL) established to manage the transmission business. This electricity
transmission and distribution entity was corporatized to provide efficient and reliable electric power
supply to the people of Karnataka state. Company is governed under the purview of Ministry of
Energy. KPTCL buys power from power generating companies like Karnataka Power Corporation
Limited (KPCL) and other IPPs (Independent Power Producers) like GMR, Jindal, Lanco (UPCL) etc.,
and sell them to their respective ESCOMS.
 GESCOM – Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

distribution in 6 districts of Karnataka, namely, Bidar, Bellary ,Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur and Yadgir.
GESCOM covers an area of 43,861 Sq.Kms. with a population of over 1.13 crores. The company has
2 operating zones- Gulbarga and Bellary, 5 circle and 16 divisions.
Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited (GESCOM) has taken over the responsibility from
KPTCL for the distribution of electricity in 6 districts and commenced its operation from 1 st June
2002.
 BESCOM– Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

distribution in 8 districts of Karnataka, namely, Bangalore Urban/Rural, Kolar, Tumkur, Ramanagar,
Chikkaballapura, Chitradurga and Davanagere. BESCOM covers an area of 41,092 Sq.Kms. with a
population of over 207 Lakhs. The company has 4 operating zones –Bangalore Metropolitan Area
Zone (North), Bangalore Metropolitan Area Zone (South), Bangalore Rural Area Zone and
Chitradurga Zone, 9 Circles, 32 Divisions, 136 Sub-divisions and 510 Section Offices.
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) has taken over the responsibility from
KPTCL for the distribution of electricity in 8 districts and commenced its operations from 1st June
2002.

 HESCOM – Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power distribution in
7 districts of Karnataka, namely, Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Uttar Kannada, Haveri and
Belgaum. HESCOM covers an area of 54513 Sq.Kms. with a population of over 1.66 Crores. The
company has 2 operating zones – Hubli and Belgaum, 7 Circles, 16 Divisions.Hubli Electricity Supply
Company Limited (HESCOM) has taken over the responsibility from KPTCL for the distribution of
electricity in 7 districts and commenced its operation from 1 st June 2002.
 MESCOM– Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

distribution in 4 districts of Karnataka, namely, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Shimogga, Chikamaglur.
MESCOM covers an area of 26,222 Sq.Kms. with a population of over 58 Lakhs. The company has 1
operating zone – Mangalore, 4 Circles, 13 Divisions.
Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (MESCOM) has taken over the responsibility from
KPTCL for the distribution of electricity in 4 districts and commenced its operation from 1 st June
2002.
 CESCOM- Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for power

distribution in 5 districts of Karnataka, namely, Mysore, Chamarajnagar, Mandya, Hassan, Kodagu.
CESC covers an area of 27,858 Sq.Kms. In the year 2005, Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply
Corporation Limited (CESC) carved out of MESCOM and is managing distribution of electric power
for the five districts. CESC is functional from 01.04.2005 having its headquarters at Mysore.
1.4 Day wise report of work carried out during internship at HESCOM:
1. 15/07/2019 to 18/07/2019
At the starting 4days of our internship we had been to 33kv/11kv Substation at Industrial Estate.
We learnt about the various components installed at the substation and their function.
2.19/07/2019 to 20/07/2019
Next we had been to 220/110/33/11kv Substation at Sharavati Receiving Station (SRS).There we
Witnessed method of monitoring the station and its control by SCADA technology. We were also
given knowledge about various Acts on Electricity, KERC rules and regulations, theft of electricity
etc. We came to know about material inspection, different types of conductors, insulators etc.
3.22/07/2019 to 24/07/2019
Later we had been to City sub-division-3 at Industrial Estate Hubballi. The AEE of subdivision office
Explained about various wings involved in the functioning of the company like Corporate Office,
Revenue section, Technical, Accounts etc. We also learnt about the billing of electricity, HT
installation process etc.
4.25/07/2019 to 31/07/2019
Later we had been to Rural and Urban Sub-division at Tabib land, Hubballi. With the permission of
AEE of this division we had been to Anchatageri village to attend awareness program on the usage of
electricity organized to the people of that village. Later we learnt about the effective means to install
transformers at different site locations like at layouts, apartments, commercial buildings etc. Also
understood the lying of underground and overhead cables.
5. 01/08/2019 to 03/08/2019
Later we had been to Meter and Relay Testing Division at SRS. We studied various sub-divisions
Functioning for testing division such as LT rating sub-division, HT rating sub-division, Breakdown
sub-division, Laboratory sub-division etc. Also learnt about Electro-mechanical meters and their
protection.

2. SUBSTATION AND ITS COMPONENTS:

2.1 Layout of Substation:
Fig 1: Layout of Substation
2.2 Various components of substation and their function:

2.2.1 Lightning Arrester: The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations
against travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter.
Fig 2: Lightning Arrester of rating 1.5kA
Lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity
of supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be protected at
the substation.When a travelling wave reaches the arrestor, its sparks over at a certain prefixed voltage as
shown in Fig1. The arrestor provides a conducting path to the waves of relatively low impedance between
the line and the ground. The surge impedance of the line restricts the amplitude of current flowing to
ground. The lightning arrester provides a path of low impedance only when the travelling surge reaches the surge
diverter, neither before it nor after it.
2.2.2 Circuit Breaker: A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current.
It is a mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in additions performs
the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for closing or opening of an electrical
circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.
Fig 3: Circuit Breaker of rating 420kV
Circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts are touching each other
and carrying the current under normal conditions when the circuit is closed. When the circuit breaker is
closed, the current carrying contacts, called the electrodes, engaged each other under the pressure of a
spring. The figure of circuit breaker is as shown in Fig 3.Whenever a fault occurs on any part of the system,
the trip coil of the breaker gets energized and the moving contacts are getting apart from each other by
some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
2.2.3 Bus bar: In electric power distribution, a bus bar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed
inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way enclosures for local high current power distribution.

Fig 4: Bus bars of rating 33kV
The above Fig4 shows the typical diagram of bus bars. They are also used to connect high voltage
equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally non-
insulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow
sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the bus bar determine the maximum amount of
current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 square
millimeters (0.016 sq in), but electrical substations may use metal tubes 50 millimeters (2.0 in) in diameter
(20 square millimeters (0.031 sq in)) or more as bus bars. An aluminium smelter will have very large bus
bars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from
molten salts.
2.2.4 Capacitor Voltage Transformer(CVT):A Capacitor Voltage Transformer is a transformer used in

power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or
operating a protective relay.

Fig 5: CVT
In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency as shown in
the Fig 5. A voltage transformer is used to isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices
or protective relay.
The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to
changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.[1] The device has at least four
terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary
terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay.
Capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large
voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2. As the majority of the voltage drop
is on C1, this reduces the required insulation level of the voltage transformer.
2.2.5 Wave Trap: Wave trap is used to create high impedance to the carrier wave high
frequency communication entering in to unwanted destinations typically substation. Carrier
wave communication uses up to 150 kHz to 800 kHz frequency to send the all the communication. These
high frequency damages the power system components which are designed to operate 50 or 60 Hz.

Fig 6: Wave Trap
Wave traps are also called as line traps. It consists of an inductor coil which is connected in
series with the high voltage power system as shown in Fig 6.
Main Coil is nothing but an outer part of the wave trap circuits and which is made from
stranded aluminum cable. If the application of more than one layer is necessary, separation between layers
is required to provide a cooling duct between them to avoid overheating. The cooling duct is created with
spacer bars made out of epoxy resin and fiberglass. The coil carries rated continuous power
frequency currents, therefore this is the power inductor in this system. It provides a low impedance path
for the electricity flow. The total current carrying capacity of the transmission system will be calculated,
and the trap coil are designed according to that. That’s why the coil become bigger size as you can see in
High voltage transmission.
2.2.6 Instrument Transformer: Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used
to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to
operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is connected
to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit as
shown in Fig 7.

Fig 7: Instrument Transformer
These are further classified into two types which are discussed below.
a. Current Transformers
b. Potential Transformers
A. Current Transformer: a typical Current Transformer is shown in Fig 8. A Current Transformer (CT)
is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an C (AC). It produces a current in its secondary
which is proportional to the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or potential
transformers are instrument transformers.
Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized values
that are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers
isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system.
Fig 8: Current Transformer of 80:1 ratio

A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current
flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit. Current
transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at generating stations,
electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power distribution.
B. Potential Transformer: A typical Potential Transformer is shown in Fig 9. Potential transformer is a
voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower level for the
purpose of measurement. These are connected across or parallel to the line which is to be monitored.
Fig 9: Potential Transformer of rating 25/5A
Compared to the conventional transformer, potential transformers or PTs use larger conductor sizes and
core. PTs designed for ensuring the greater accuracy and hence, at the time of designing economy of the
material are not considered as main aspect. PTs are made with special high quality core operating at lower
flux densities in order to have small magnetizing current so that no load losses are minimized. Both core
and shell type constructions are preferred for PTs. For high voltages, core type PTs are used while shell
type is preferred for low voltages
2.2.7 Transformer

Fig 10: Power Transformer of rating 33KV, 20MVA

There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at the
same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used. While in case of lower
KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used.
The above Fig10 the depicts the power transformer. The transformer is transported on trailer to
substation site and as far as possible directly unloaded on the plinth. Transformer tanks up to 25 MVA
capacity are generally oil filled, and those of higher capacity are transported with N2 gas filled in them
positive pressure of N2 is maintained in transformer tank to avoid the ingress of moisture. This pressure
should be maintained during storage, if necessary by filling N2 Bushings - generally transported in wooden
cases in horizontal position and should be stored in that position. There being more of fragile material,
care should be taken while handling them. Radiators – These should be stored with ends duly blanked
with gaskets and end plates to avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and any foreign materials inside. The care
should be taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading and storage to avoid further oil leakages.
The radiators should be stored on raised ground keeping the fins intact.
The Oil piping should also be blanked at the ends with gasket and blanking plates to avoid in gross
of moisture, dust, and foreign All other accessories like temperature meters, oil flow indicators, PRVs,

buchholz relay; oil surge relays; gasket ‘ O ‘ rings etc. should be properly packed and stored indoor in
store shed. Oil is received in sealed oil barrels. The oil barrels should be stored in horizontal position with
the lids on either side in horizontal position to maintain oil pressure on them from inside and subsequently
avoiding moisture and water ingress into oil. The transformers are received on site with loose accessories
hence the materials should be checked as per bills of materials.
2.2.8 Isolator: The isolator is one type of switching device, and the main function of this is to make sure
that a circuit is totally not triggered in order to perform the preservation. These are also recognizable like
isolation switches to isolate the circuits as shown in Fig 11. These switches are applicable in industrial,
distribution of electrical power, etc. High voltage type isolation switches are utilized in substations for
permitting isolation of equipment like transformers, circuit breakers. Usually, the disconnector switch is
not proposed for circuit control but it is for isolation. Isolators are activated either automatically or
manually.
Fig 11: Isolator of rating 40A
The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate a fraction of
the electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches are used for opening an electrical circuit in the
no-load condition. It is not proposed to be opened while current flows through the line. Generally, these
are employed on circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can be done easily without
any risk.
2.2.9 Control and Relay Panel: The Fig 12 shows control and relay panel employed in substations.
Control and Relay panel is most important equipment of the substation as it works as shield guard for all

substation equipments and electrical network. Moreover, these panels are useful to control the flow of
electricity as per the Voltage class and detect the faults in transmission lines.
Fig 12: Control and Relay Panel

In this panel, varieties of numerical & electromechanical relays are installed to provide damage protection
to equipments. Meters, Semaphore indicators, Control Switches, Indicating lamps, Push Buttons,
Annunciator, Test Blocks and Test Plugs are among of major equipments installed as per designing
requirements.
The Control & relay panels are designed & manufactured as per voltage class of substations like
11KV, 33KV, 66KV, 132KV, 220KV and 400KV etc. However DC voltage or supply voltage may differ
according to the panel requirement such as 30V DC, 110V DC, 220V DC etc. Use of Control & relay
panel is not only limited in Substations owned and operated by electrical utilities, but also essential in
industrial and commercial sector where power consumption is very high.
Modern Control & Relay panels are widely being manufactured as per international standards and
strictly following IEC -61850 communication protocol, which is well compatible to SCADA application.
2.2.10 Protective Relays: Fig 13 shows the protective relays. In electrical engineering, a protective relay
is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The first protective relays were
electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal

operating conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and under-
frequency.
Fig 13: Protective Relays
Microprocessor-based digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as
providing types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays.
Electromechanical relays provide only rudimentary indication of the location and origin of a fault. In many
cases a single microprocessor relay provides functions that would take two or more electromechanical
devices. By combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and
maintenance cost over electromechanical relays. However, due to their very long life span, tens of
thousands of these "silent sentinels" are still protecting transmission lines and electrical apparatus all over
the world. Important transmission lines and generators have cubicles dedicated to protection, with many
individual electromechanical devices, or one or two microprocessor relays.
Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic induction.

Unlike switching type electromechanical relays with fixed and usually ill-defined operating voltage
thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-established, selectable, and adjustable time and
current (or other operating parameter) operating characteristics. Protection relays may use arrays of
induction disks, shaded-pole, magnets, operating and restraint coils, solenoid-type operators, telephone-
relay contacts, and phase-shifting networks.

Protective relays can also be classified by the type of measurement they make. A protective relay may
respond to the magnitude of a quantity such as voltage or current. Induction relays can respond to the
product of two quantities in two field coils, which could for example represent the power in a circuit.
It is not practical to make a relay that develops a torque equal to the quotient of two AC quantities.
This however is not important; the only significant condition for a relay is its setting and the setting can
be made to correspond to a ratio regardless of the component values over a wide range.
Several operating coils can be used to provide "bias" to the relay, allowing the sensitivity of response in
one circuit to be controlled by another. Various combinations of "operate torque" and "restraint torque"
can be produced in the relay.
By use of a permanent magnet in the magnetic circuit, a relay can be made to respond to current in
one direction differently from in another. Such polarized relays are used on direct-current circuits to detect,
for example, reverse current into a generator. These relays can be made bistable, maintaining a contact
closed with no coil current and requiring reverse current to reset. For AC circuits, the principle is extended
with a polarizing winding connected to a reference voltage source.
2.2.11 DC Battery and Charger: All but the smallest substations include auxiliary power supplies. AC
power is required for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation, some
communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anti-condensation heaters and motors.
Fig 14: DC Battery and Charger

The above Fig 14 shows the DC battery set used to control substation. DC power is used to feed
essential services such as circuit breaker trip coils and associated relays, Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) and communications equipment. This describes how these auxiliary supplies are
derived and explains how to specify such equipment. It has Single 100% battery and 100% charger, Low
capital cost, No standby DC System outage for maintenance. Need to isolate battery/charger combination
from load under boost charge conditions in order to prevent high boost voltages.
Battery and Charger configurations

Capital cost and reliability objectives must first be considered before defining the battery and battery
charger combination to be used for a specific installation.

3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.1 Conductors
Fig 15: Conductors

Conductors are the materials or substances which allow electricity to flow through them. They are
able to conduct electricity because they allow electrons to flow inside them very easily. Conductors have this
property of allowing the transition of heat or light from one source to another. An electrical conductor is a
substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the
application of voltage. Conductivity, in general, is the capacity to transmit something, such as electricity
or heat. There are four major types of overhead conductors used for electrical transmission and
distribution:
 AAC - All Aluminum Conductor
 AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
 ACSR - Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
 ACAR - Aluminum Conductor Aluminum-Alloy Reinforced
There are quite a few different aluminium conductor steel reinforced cables. There was a table
generated back in the 1970s that describes every aspect of their construction. They have given all of them
code words, such as popular ACSR coyote conductor, ACSR dog conductor and so on. They are still used
today, making it easier to place orders when you are making a purchase. When you are going to buy coyote
wire, you can ask if the supplier can provide ACSR coyote conductor free samples. That can help you to
know if they are meet your requirements. Each of the tables will discuss different aspects of the cable

including nominal copper and aluminium in the cables themselves. They will discuss the different types
of conductors, which would be aluminium or steel, as well as the diameter and approximate weight of
these cables per a certain lengthwise measurement. These conductors are also called size AWG. The
diameter of the aluminium and steel wires are identical. It uses in 18 to 1 stranding arrangement, and they
are extremely efficient when it comes to longevity and the delivery of electricity. They can have a
maximum length of the thousand feet. Once you have evaluated the different companies that sell ACSR
osprey conductors, you will likely find that huadong is the best. On the one hand, our products are in line
with the international standards. On the other hand, Huadong ASTM osprey conductor price is very
reasonable.
Fig 15(a): ASCR Coyote Conductor Fig 15(b): ACSR Rabbit Conductor
Fig 15(c): ASCR Wheasel Conductor

3.2 Insulators: Electrical Insulator must be used in electrical system to prevent unwanted flow of
current to the earth from its supporting points. The insulator plays a vital role in electrical system.
Fig 16: Insulators

Insulators are shown in Fig 16. Electrical Insulator is a very high resistive path through which
practically no current can flow. In transmission and distribution system, the overhead conductors are
generally supported by supporting towers or poles. The towers and poles both are properly grounded. So
there must be insulator between tower or pole body and current carrying conductors to prevent the flow
of current from conductor to earth through the grounded supporting towers or poles.
Insulating Material
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is flash over, occurs in between line and earth during
abnormal over voltage in the system. During this flash over, the huge heat produced by arcing, causes
puncher in insulator body. Viewing this phenomenon the materials used for electrical insulator, has to
posses some specific properties.
The materials generally used for insulating purpose is called insulating material. For successful utilization,
this material should have some specific properties as listed below-
1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High Voltage system.
3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
3.3 Types of Insulators

3.3.1 Pin type Insulators: As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the
pole. These conductors are shown in Fig 17. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing
the conductor. The conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same
material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power
at voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and
hence uneconomical.

Fig 17: Pin Type Insulator

Insulators are required to withstand both mechanical and electrical stresses. The latter type
is primarily due to line voltage and may cause the breakdown of the insulator. The electrical
breakdown of the insulator can occur either by flash-over or puncture. In flashover, an arc occurs
between the line conductor and insulator pin (i.e., earth) and the discharge jumps across the air gaps,
following shortest distance. In case of puncture, the discharge occurs from conductor to pin through
the body of the insulator. When such breakdown is involved, the insulator is permanently destroyed
due to excessive heat. In practice, sufficient thickness of porcelain is provided in the insulator to avoid
puncture by the line voltage.
Pin insulators have become collectible items. All glass pin insulators are assigned a
Consolidated Design (CD) number, a system first implemented by hobbyist N.R. Woodward in 1954.
Each CD number corresponds to a specific glass style, shape or manufacturer. Also, CD numbers are
only hobby-specific for collectors, and are not used or recognized by insulator manufacturers.
3.3.2 Suspension type Insulator: As the voltage level increases, pin type insulators become very
bulky and their cost also increases rapidly. Hence the most popular insulators used for very high
voltage transmission lines are suspension type insulators which are suspended as shown in Fig 18.

Fig 18: Suspension Type Insulator of 11kV

These insulators have number of porcelain disc units. These units are connected to one
another in series with the help of metal links. This forms a string of porcelain discs. The top most
insulator unit is connected to the cross arm of the tower while the lowest insulator is made to hold the
conductor along the conductor shoe. Each unit is designed for the low voltage for say 11 kv but a
string of such units give us the proper insulation against very high voltage levels. The cemented cap
type is the most commonly used suspension type insulator.
The two important types of suspension type insulators are,
1. Cemented cap type
2. Hewlett or inter-linking type.
Fig 19: Cemented cap type Fig 20: Hewlett type

In the cemented cap type there is a metal cap at the top and a metal pin underneath as shown in Fig
19. To form a string, the cap is so recessed that it can take the pin of another unit. The upper surfaces
of all types of insulators are so shaped that water will drop down from the surface easily.
In the Hewlett type of design each disc has two curved tunnels lying in planes at right angles
to each other as shown in Fig 20. Steel U-shaped links covered with lead are threaded into these
tunnels. They are fastened to similar links to other discs in the string. The Hewlett type insulator is
more reliable than the cemented cap type, but the porcelain in this case is subjected to higher
electrostatic stress and hence liable to puncture more than the cemented cap type.
3.3.3 Strain type Insulator: A strain insulator is an electrical insulator that is designed to work in
mechanical tension (strain), to withstand the pull of a suspended electrical wire or cable. They are
used in overhead electrical wiring, to support radio antennas and overhead power lines. A strain
insulator may be inserted between two lengths of wire to isolate them electrically from each other
while maintaining a mechanical connection, or where a wire attaches to a pole or tower, to transmit
the pull of the wire to the support while insulating it electrically. Strain insulators were first used in
telegraph systems in the mid 19th century.
Fig 21: Strain Type Insulator

A typical strain insulator is a piece of glass, porcelain, or fiberglass that is shaped to accommodate
two cables or a cable shoe and the supporting hardware on the support structure as shown in Fig 21
(hook eye, or eyelet on a steel pole/tower). The shape of the insulator maximizes the distance between
the cables while also maximizing the load-bearing transfer capacity of the insulator. 3.3.4 Shackle
Insulator: Shackle Insulators are used in low voltage distribution lines. They are otherwise known

as spool insulators. Shackle Insulators are used at the end of distribution lines or at sharpturns where
there is excessive tensile load on the lines. These insulators can be mounted either in the vertical or
horizontal position as shown in Fig 22. The Shackle Insulator is mounted axially. The loading is on
circumferential grooves in the insulator. The conductor is secured in the groves by means of soft-
bending wires. The insulators are bolted to the cross-arm of the pole.
Fig 22: Shackle Insulator

The use of such insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground cable for
distribution purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and
minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle
insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire.
This kind of insulator is used in electrical system to prevent unwanted flow of electrical current
to the earth from the conductors. Electrical insulator is very important in power system, it has high
resistance to electrical current, so that no current can through the insulator. In shackle insulator always
on distribution systems, the overhead conductors are generally supported by supporting tower or poles.
Both poles and tower are properly grounded, so the insulator is between tower and conductors to play
an important role, so that, we can know the main function of an insulator is support and insulate.

3.4 Underground Cables
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is impractical, difficult, or dangerous to
use the overhead lines. They are widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even
to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
Figure below shows the underground cables
Fig23: Underground cable
Types of Underground Cables:
Classification by Voltage:
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
Classification by Construction:
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
Classification by Insulation:

Various insulating materials used in cable construction are Rubber, Paper, PVC, XLPE (Cross linked
Polyethene) etc. Such classification is based upon operating temperature limitations. Following are
some insulating materials used and their maximum operating temperatures.
Insulation material Max. operating temperature
PVC TYPE A 75°C
PVC TYPE B 85°C
PVC TYPE C 85°C
XLPE 90°C
RUBBER 90°C
RUBBER – EPR IE-2, EPR IE-3, EPR IE-4, SILICON IE-5 150°C
Low and Medium Voltage Cable

Belted Cables: The cores in the belted underground cables are not circular and are insulated by
impregnated paper. The cores are generally stranded and may be of non-circular shape to make better
use of available space. In a 3 phase cable, the three cores are grouped together and then belted with
the paper belt.
The gaps between the conductors and the paper insulation are filled with fibrous material such as the
jute. This makes the cable to have a circular cross-sectional shape.
A lead sheath is used to cover the belt hence protect it from moisture and provide mechanical strength.
The lead sheath is then covered with a single or multiple layers of an armoring material and finally
an outer cover.
The weakening of the insulation may lead to the formation of air spaces in the insulation. Under high
voltages the air may be ionized and cause deterioration and breakdown of insulation. For this reason,
the belted cables are only suitable for voltages up to 11KVa and not higher.

The Screened Cables

There are two types of screened cables; the H type and the S.L type.
H Type Cables: In a typical 3-core cable, each of the three cores is insulated by impregnated paper
and covered by perforated aluminum foil or other metallic screen. The arrangement of the cores is
designed to allow each of the three metallic screens to make contact with each other. The three cores
are then wrapped around using a conduction belt made of copper woven fabric tape.
The H-type screened cable does not have an insulating belt; however, it has the lead sheath, followed
by bedding, armoring and a then a serving. The core screens in the cable are all electrically connected
to both the conducting belt and the lead sheath.
Advantages of H-type cables

Metallic screens improve the heat dissipation of the cable
No formation of air pockets and voids in the dielectric, hence a high breakdown strength and less
dielectric losses
Disadvantages H-type cables:

The cables are only suitable for low and medium voltages of up to 33KV, but can reach 66KVA at
times.
S.L Type Screened Cable: The S.L type cables construction is almost like that of the H-type,
however, each of the insulated cores is covered separately with its own lead sheath. Unlike the H-
type, the S.L screened cable does not have an overall sheath, however it has the armoring and serving.
Advantages of S.L type Screened cables:

The use of separate sheaths reduces chances of core-to-core breakdown
Easy to bend the cable
Disadvantages of S.L type Screened cables

Thinner lead sheaths are used hence need for greater care in manufacturing and handling
Only suitable for low and medium voltages of up to 33KV

Pressure Cables: These are high power cables used for voltages above 66KV. The cable construction
is different from the above two and majority uses a cooling gas or oil.
Benefits of using underground cables:
1. Suitable for congested urban areas where overhead lines may be difficult or impossible to install
2. Low maintenance
3. Small voltage drops
4. Fewer faults
5. Not susceptible to shaking and shorting due to vibrations, wind, accidents, etc.
6. Not easy to steal, make illegal connections or sabotage
7. Possess no danger to wildlife or low flying aircraft.
Disadvantages of underground cables
1. More expensive.
2. Difficult in identifying and repairing broken cables Damage to cables or electrocution may occur
to people digging the ground and if they are unaware of the cable’s existence.
3. Difficulty in finding the actual location of underground buried cables.
4. Unwanted digging can cause environmental pollution.

4. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 33/11KV SUBSTATION AT

INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
Fig 24: SLD of 33/11kv substation
The Fig 24 shows the single line diagram of 33/11kv substation at Industrial Estate. Industrial Estate
has 33/11Kv Master Unit Substation (MUSS).The Substation has two incoming lines from Tarihal
and Sharavati Receiving Station (SRS), and has seven outgoing feeders which supply power to nearby
industrial estate areas. The substation has one 5MVA Transformer and 11Kv/440V Distribution
Transformer. The battery charging set has total 55 batteries of 2V capacity each.

Components Specifications Functions
Transformer 33/11KV – 2 It converts 33KV to 11 KV
Circuit Breaker 33KV and 11KV Protects from over currents or over load due to
5 SF6 33kv, short circuit
9 vacuum 11kv
Bus Bars 33KV and 11KV To distribute electric power from supply point to
2 33kv, 111kv output circuits
Lightning Arrester 1.5 KA - 13 metal Protects from high voltage

oxide LA
Current 150-75/5A - 14 Protection from low current

Transformer wound type CT
Isolators 40A Isolates the faulty section
Insulators To 11KV feeders - Flow of leakage current from conductors to

pin type ground.

5. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220/110/33/11KV SRS
Fig 25: SLD of 220/110/33/11kv substation
The Fig 25 shows the single line diagram of 220/110/33/11kv substation at SRS. Sharavati Receiving
Station consist of 220/110/33/11Kv Substation. It has 9 incoming lines that is 3 from Nagjari, 2 from
Narendra,2 from Bidnal and 2 from Sirsi and has 9 outgoing lines supplying power to Anand Nagar,
Industrial Estate, Saunshi and other areas. The battery charging set has total 110 batteries of 2V
capacity each.

Components Specification Function

Transformer 100MVA-3,20MVA-2,10MVA-2 Step up and Step
down The voltage.
Circuit breaker 2-11KV,4-33KV,2-220KV To protect an
6- SF6 33KV electrical circuit
from damage caused
By Excess current.
Bus Bars Current carrying capacity Collecting electrical
=1200Amps energy and for
supplying.
Lightning Arrester 10KA,5KA,2.5KA,1.5KA,1KA Used on power
system to protect the
insulation.
Conductor ACSR for 33KV ,11KV It allows electric
DEER for 220KV charge to move .
Current Transformer 2-100/5,3-800/1 It is used to reduce
or multiply an
alternating current.
Insulators 3-33KV,2-220KV,3-110KV Used to support and
separate electrical
conductors.

6. TRANSFORMER AND ITS COMPONENTS
Fig 26: Transformer
6.1 Basic components of Transformer
6.1.1 Laminated Core: The laminated core is as shown in the Fig27. Eddy current losses within a
transformer core cannot be eliminated completely, but they can be greatly reduced and controlled by
reducing the thickness of the steel core. Instead of having one big solid iron core as the magnetic core
material of the transformer or coil, the magnetic path is split up into many thin pressed steel shapes
called “laminations”. The laminations used in a transformer construction are very thin strips of
insulated metal joined together to produce a solid but laminated core as we saw above. These
laminations are insulated from each other by a coat of varnish or paper to increase the effective
resistivity of the core thereby increasing the overall resistance to limit the flow of the eddy currents.

Fig 27: Laminated Core
The result of all this insulation is that the unwanted induced eddy current power-loss in
the core is greatly reduced, and it is for this reason why the magnetic iron circuit of every transformer
and other electro-magnetic machines are all laminated. Using laminations in a transformer
construction reduces eddy current losses.
6.1.2 Windings: There are different types of windings used for different kinds of applications and
arrangements. Windings are the conductors wrapped in various forms like helical, disc, cylindrical,
crossover which generates mmf that is carried by the core to other windings for having the different
level of voltages. Windings are wounded as shown in Fig 28.
Fig 28: Windings

In core type, we wrap the primary, and the secondary winding on the outside limbs and in shell type
we place the primary and secondary windings on the inner limbs. Concentric type windings are used
in core type transformer. Low voltage winding is placed near to the core. However, to reduce leakage
reactance, windings can be interlaced. Winding for core type depends on many factors like current
rating, short circuit withstand capacity, limit of temperature rise, impedance, surge voltage, transport
facilities, etc.
There are different types of Windings:
 Cylindrical windings are layered type and uses rectangular or round conductor. The
conductors are wound on flat sides and wound on the rib side. Cylindrical windings are low
voltage windings used up to 6.6 kV for kVA up to 600-750, and current rating between 10 to
600A.
 We use helical windings low voltage, high capacity transformers, where current is higher, at
the same time windings turns are lesser. The output of transformer varies from 160 – 1000
kVA from 0.23-15 kV. To secure adequate mechanical strength the cross-sectional area of the
strip not made less than 75-100 mm square. The maximum number of strips used in parallel
to make up a conductor is 16.
 Single Helical Windings consist of winding in an axial direction along a screw line with an
inclination. There is only one layer of turns in each winding. The advantage of Double Helical
Winding is that it reduces eddy current loss in conductors. This is on account of the reduced
number of parallel conductors situated in the radial direction.
 In Disc-Helical Windings, the parallel connected strips are placed side by side in a radial
direction to occupy total radial depth of winding.
 Multi layer helical winding is used for high voltage ratings for 110 kV and above. These types
of winding consist of several cylindrical layers concentrically wound and connected in series.
 Cross over windings for high voltage windings of small transformers. The conductors are
paper covered round wires or strips. The windings are divided into a number of coils in order
to reduce voltage between adjacent layers.
6.1.3 Insulating Materials: Thermal insulating materials, materials or material complexes

apparently resistant to thermal currents, are the general name for thermal preserving and

heat insulating materials. Thermal preservation is to prevent heat from spreading or losing, whereas
heat insulation is to prevent external heat from entering. According to chemical composition, thermal
insulating materials are classified to inorganic, organic and composite. Inorganic thermal insulating
materials adopt minerals as raw materials, usually in fibrous form and porous form, and can be
produced into panels, sheets, coils or pipe shells. Organic insulating materials are made of organic
raw materials (kinds of resins, corks, wood-wools and wood chips etc.).
Fig 29: Insulating Material

The above Fig 29 shows the insulating material. Among sound-absorbing materials, hard and
smooth materials with dense structure have weaker sound-absorption capacity but stronger reflecting
power, e.g. terrazzo-concrete, marble, concrete and cement-rendering walls etc.; porous materials that
are coarse, loose and soft, and with interpenetrated micro pores have better sound-absorption capacity
but weaker reflecting power, such as glass wool, mineral wool, foam plastic, wood wool boards, semi-
perforated decorative acoustic fiberboards and micro porous tiles etc. Factors affecting the sound-
absorbing performance of a porous material; internal perforation rate and pore features of the material;
thickness of the material; air layer on the backside of the material; temperature and humidity
influences.
Materials able to weaken or block the spread of sound wave are called sound insulating
materials. To insulate air-borne sound, dense, solid and heavy materials (such as clay tiles, steel panels
and reinforce concrete etc.) should be taken as sound insulating materials; whereas materials with
good sound-absorbing performance are commonly light and loose porous, which are not suitable to
serve as sound insulating materials. To insulate solid-borne sound, the most effective measure is to
cut off the delivering route of the sound wave.

Following are the different insulating materials:

 Fiberglass
 Mineral wool
 Cellulose
 Natural fibers
 Polystyrene
 Polyisocyanurate
 Polyurethane
 Vermiculite and perlite
 Urea-formaldehyde foam
 Cementitious foam
 Phenolic foam
 Insulation facings
6.1.4 Conservator: This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the
transformer main tank as shown in Fig 30. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to
provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer.
Fig 30: Conservator tank

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil inside
transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to this expanded
transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

6.1.5 Breather: The breather is shown in Fig 31. Silica gel Breather is cylindrical type container
which is fitted to the conservator tank through a pipe line which is totally filled with silica gel crystals
used for absorbing any moisture present in the air during breathing action of transformer due to
expansion and contraction of transformer oil in the transformer. The size of Breather depends on the
volume of transformer main tank as well as quantity of transformer oil in the transformer. A oil pot
is connected under the breather.
When the Silica gel breather is first installed, the crystals have a blue tint, and after a period of
operation, the color of the tinted crystals gradually changes to pink , this is an indication that the silica
gel is becoming saturated and losing its absorbent properties. When there is a preponderance of pink
crystals the silica gel should be changed or reactivated.
Fig 31: Breather

Silica gel may be reactivated by heating in a thin pan at a temperature of 150 0C to 2000C for
two to three hours when the crystals should have regained their original blue tint.
Before filling the container with silica gel, clean and dry all parts of the breather. Verify that the oil
level in the oil cup is correct or not correct.
6.1.6 Tap Changer: The purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of a transformer.
It does this by altering the number of turns in one winding and thereby changing the turn’s ratio of
the transformer. There are two types of transformer tap changers: an on-load tap changer (OLTC) and
a de-energized tap changer (DETC). Note that not all transformers have tap changers. Fig 32 shows
a tap changer.

Fig 32: Tap Changer
An OLTC varies the transformer ratio while the transformer is energized and carrying
load. The switching principle uses the “make before break” contact concept. An adjacent tap is
bridged before breaking contact with the load carrying tap for the purpose of transferring load from
one tap to the other without interrupting or appreciably changing the load current. While in a bridging
position (i.e., contact is made with two taps), some form of impedance (resistive or reactive) is present
to limit circulating current. A high speed resistive type OLTC uses a resistor pair to absorb energy
and does not use the bridging position as a service position. A reactive type OLTC uses a reactor that
is designed for continuous loading, e.g., a preventative autotransformer, and therefore uses the
bridging position as a service position.
6.1.7 Cooling Tubes: Cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. They are as shown in Fig
33. The transformer oil is circulated through the cooling tubes. The circulation of the oil may either
be natural or forced. In natural circulation, when the temperature of the oil rises the hot oil naturally
rises to the top and the cold oil sinks downward. Thus the oil naturally circulates through the tubes.
In forced circulation, an external pump is used to circulate the oil.

Fig 33: Cooling Tubes

If the temperature of the transformer will continue to increase rapidly, it will result in the
degradation of the insulation used in the transformer resulting in the damaging of the various parts
and hence the failure of the transformer. Thus, proper removal or treatment of heat is necessary for
the efficient working, longer life and higher efficiency of the transformer. The various coolant used
for the cooling purpose of the transformer are air, synthetic oils, mineral oils, gas, water.
6.1.8 Buchholz Relay: Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe
from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float.
The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil
level in the Buchholz relay Container. Buchholz relay is shown in Fig 34.
Fig 34: Buchholz Relay
One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of the mercury switch hence depends upon
the position of the float. The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate
is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such

a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate
along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
6.1.9 Explosion Vent: An explosion vent or rupture panel is a safety device to protect equipment or
buildings against excessive internal, explosion-incurred pressures, by means of pressure relief. An
explosion vent will relieve pressure from the instant its opening (or activation) pressure has been
exceeded.
Several explosion vent panels can be installed on the same process vessel to be protected.
Explosion vents are available in the versions self-destructive, non-self-re-closing and re-usable, self-
re-closing.
Fig 35: Explosion Vent
Fig 35 shows the diagram of explosion vent. Explosion vent construction must balance the
contradictory requirements "low inertia" and "high strength". Inertia negatively affects an explosion
vent's efficiency. High strength is required to endure the considerable forces that move the vent's
venting element in order to open the venting orifice. Unintended disintegration must not cause
disintegrating parts turning into a missile.
6.2 Transformer ratings observed at SRS and industrial Estate
Substations .

Different rating transformers observed in Sharavati Receiving Station, Karwar road

Hubballi are as follows:
 100 MVA - 3 (in no.)

 20 MVA - 2 (in no.)
 10 MVA - 2 (in no.)
There are 9 incoming lines to 220/110/33/11 kV substation as follows:
Nagjari- 3
Narendra - 2
Bidnal - 2
Sirsi - 2
SRS has 9 outgoing lines :Ramanakoppa,Bidnal 1,Bidnal 2,P H compound (These are from 110 kV
lines).Kalaghatagi,Kadanakoppa,Anandnagar/Akshaya colony,Tarihal 1 and Tarihal 2 (These are
from 33 kV lines).
11 kV line is connected to 10 feeders
 F1 - Anchatageri
 F2 - Auxillary 1
 F3 - Siddharudha
 F4 - Kalaghatagi
 F5 - ESI
 F6 -Auxillary 2
 F7 - M R T
 F8 - Giriyal
 F9 - Hubli city
 F10 - Kundagol

Parameters 100 MVA 10 MVA 20 MVA

Rated voltage (HV) 220 kV 110 kV 110 kV
Rated voltage (LV) 110 kV 11 kV 33 kV
Load (max) 99.5 MW +/- 10% 9.5 MW +/- 10% 19.5 MW +/- 10%
Frequency in Hz 50 +/- 5% 50 +/- 5% 50 +/- 5%
Number of phases 3 3 3
Type of connection Delta Delta Delta
(HV)
Type of connection Star (Neutral being Star (Neutral being Star (Neutral
(LV) grounded) grounded) being grounded)
Type of cooling ONAN ONAN ONAN
System voltage (max) 222 kV 112 kV 112 kV
5 MVA Transformer details from 33/11 kV substation, CSD – 3, Industrial area Hubballi.
33/11 kV substation has 2 incoming lines : SRS, Tarihal.
Fig36:CSD-3 ,33/11 kv substation
Rated KVA 5000

Rated voltage (HV) 33000
Rated voltage (LV) 11000
Rated current (HV) 87.4
Rated current (LV) 262.4
Frequency in Hz 50
Type of cooling ONAN

Impedance voltage in % MAX.TAP NOM.TAP LOW.TAP

7.05 7.15 7.50
Name plate details of 5 MVA Transformer
Fig 37: details of 5 MVA transformer
Minimum load Minimum Maximum Maximum

in load in load in load in
A MW A MW
Transformer 1 20 1 84 4.2
Bank 1 70 1.2 260 4.4
Feeder F1, I2 series 30 0.5 100 1.7
Feeder F2, Y3 series 20 0.3 120 2
Feeder F3, Z trunk 5 0.08 70 1.2

Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum

load in load in load in load in
A MW A MW
Transformer 2 4 0.2 30 0.5
Bank 2 40 0.7 100 1.7
Feeder F4, C5 series 3 0.05 5 0.08
Feeder F5, E1 series 30 0.3 70 1.2
Feeder F6, X3 trunk 10 0.2 50 0.8
6.3 Transformer Oil

Transformer Oil or insulating oilis oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent
electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of high-voltage
capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high-voltage switches and circuit breakers.
Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona discharge and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.
Testing and oil quality: Transformer oils are subject to electrical and mechanical stresses while a
transformer is in operation. In addition there is contamination caused by chemical interactions with
windings and other solid insulation, catalyzed by high operating temperature. The original chemical
properties of transformer oil change gradually, rendering it ineffective for its intended purpose after
many years.[11] Oil in large transformers and electrical apparatus is periodically tested for its
electrical and chemical properties, to make sure it is suitable for further use. Sometimes oil condition
can be improved by filtration and treatment. Tests can be divided into:
1. Dissolved gas analysis
2. Furan analysis
3. PCB analysis
4. General electrical & physical tests:
 Color & Appearance
 Breakdown Voltage
 Water Content
 Acidity (Neutralization Value)
 Dielectric Dissipation Factor
 Resistivity
 Sediments & Sludge
 Flash Point

 Pour Point
 Density
 Kinematic Viscosity
The details of conducting these tests are available in standards released by IEC, ASTM, IS, BS, and
testing can be done by any of the methods. The Furan and DGA tests are specifically not for
determining the quality of transformer oil, but for determining any abnormalities in the internal
windings of the transformer or the paper insulation of the transformer, which cannot be otherwise
detected without a complete overhaul of the transformer. Suggested intervals for these test are:
 General and physical tests - bi-yearly
 Dissolved gas analysis - yearly
 Furan testing - once every 2 years, subject to the transformer being in operation for min 5
years.
6.4 Maintenance of Substation
A substation contains a number of electrical devices and equipment. It is essentially made of power
transformers, switchgear, protective and measuring instruments. The Substation equipment must
receive a high standard of maintenance in terms of quality and not quantity. The current practices of
substation maintenance are basically following the principle of time-based preventive maintenance
(TBPM), which is doing routine checks and inspections at fixed intervals.To improve the reliability
of electric supply it is important to reduce the time needed for the restoration of the ability of
supplying power after failure of components or due to general maintenance work.Therefore,
substations must operate effectively while minimizing and reducing costly maintenance.With a well-
organized preventive Maintenance (PM) program, potential hazards that can cause failures of
equipment or interruptions of electrical services can be discovered and corrected.The goal of the
substation PM program is to ensure that the entire substation’s equipment will function properly when
called upon to operate.
6.4.1 Tests carried on power transformer on substation:
Substation has many components, among which power transformer is chief. The maintenance of
power transformer is carried out by conducting various tests.
The following tests and inspections were considered for the power transformer.
i. Oil quality test

ii. Overall power factor test
iii. Megger test
iv. Excitation currents test
v. Power factor test to bushings
vi. Dissolved gas in oil analysis test (DGA test)
vii. Calibration of oil temperature indicators of the transformer
viii. Calibration of oil temperature indicators switch settings
ix. Calibration of winding temperature indicators of the transformer
x. Calibration of winding temperature indicators switch settings
xi. Dielectric breakdown test of the insulating oil (at field)
xii. Main tank Buchholz relay test
xiii. Transformer pressure relief valve test
xiv. Insulation resistance test
xv. General Inspection and Checks which include: cleaning the bushings, checking or replacing silica
gel, checking any oil leakage, checking fans and pumps motors, checking the control circuits, and
others where applicable.
6.4.2 Function of associated system in substation:
The other maintenance systems used in the substation and their functions are given below:
Sl.no System Function
Substation Earthing system: To provide an earth mat for connecting neutral

points, equipment body, support structures to earth.
1. Earth mat, Earthing spikes, For safety of personnel and for enabling earth fault
Earthing risers. protection. To provide the path for discharging the
earth currents from neutrals, faults, Surge
Arresters, overheads shielding wires etc. with safe
step potential and touch potential.

2. Overhead earth wire shielding To protect the outdoor substation equipment from
or Lightning masts. lightning strokes.
3. Illumination system (lighting)- To provide proper illumination to substation yard.

for switchyard - buildings -
roads etc.
4. Protection system - protection To provide alarm or automatic tripping of faulty

relay panels - control cables - part from healthy part and also to minimize damage
circuit breakers - CTs, VTs etc to faulty equipment and associated system
5. Control cable For Protective circuits, control circuits, metering

circuits, communication circuits
6. Power cable To provide supply path to various auxiliary

equipment and machines.
7. PLCC system power line For communication, telemetry, tele-control,

carrier communication system power line carrier protection etc.
8. Telephone, telex, microwave, For internal and external communication.

OPF
9. Auxiliary standby power For supplying starting power, standby power for
system. auxiliaries.
10. Fire Fighting system - Sensors, To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to
detection system - water spray initiate water spray, to disconnect power supply to
system - fire port, panels, alarm affected region to pinpoint location of fire by
System. - water tank and spray indication in control room.
system.

7. METER TESTING DIVISION

During the internship course we visited to the meter testing division which is located in the vicinity
of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. Karwar Road, Near Toll Gate, Vidhyuth Nagar,
Hubli. We were briefed after LT and HT meters, their types, tests carried out on them on them, we
were also briefed about Current and Potential Transformers and tests carried out on them.
The role of the meter Testing Division is very important to enhance revenue and also to reduce the
commercial losses of the distribution company. It is necessary that the testing, maintenance,
rectification of faults, periodical checking of the meters and metering equipments shall be carried out
and recorded in proper formats so as to know the history of their performance and hence the follow
up actions.
Metering is to be done very accurately so that there is no revenue loss. This applies to not only meters
but also to instrument current and potential transformers. Most of the meters used in high value
consumer installations are tri-vector meters measuring three vital parameters for assessing the cost of
energy.
Today Energy accountability is important than ever before hence the importance of the Energy meter.
Hence its time "not to ask what a meter cost", "ask what is the cost not to meter".
Fig 38: Digital Energy meter (Low Tension)

Figure 38 shows a modern energy meter.
 Energy Meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by residence or
commercial unit over a period of time.
 Energy=Power *Time.
 The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour, which is
equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or
36,00,000 Joules.
7.1 Types of meters and their uses
As per the tariff adopted by the KERC at present, the following types of meter are in use for
record/billing purpose
1. Single Phase 2 wire

2. Three Phase 4 wire
3. Three Phase 3 wire
 Single phase meters and three phase four wire meters are used for measuring energy in single
phase and three phase loads of LT(low tension), HT(high tension) and EHT consumers with balanced
and unbalanced loads, while three phase three wire meters are used in consumer installations with
balanced loads. The potential transformers used in HT consumers are rated for 110volts on secondary.
Railways are exceptional HT consumer with two phase HT supply for their electrification works.
Single phase supply is availed by the domestic, commercial and small power consumers while three
phase supply either LT or HT is availed by major consumers for industrial, agricultural and other
purposes.
 Single phase and three phase whole current meters are connected directly to the supply voltage.
Three phase three wire & three phase four wire meters are generally connected with CTs or
combination of CTs &PTs. Current Transformers are used to limit the flow of load current directly
through the meter when the line currents are high and to reduce the terminal losses. PTs are used for
metering purpose, when the supply voltages are more than 400volts.

 This is to ensure the safety because of the insulation problem. The single and poly phase meters
provide energy value in kWh maximum demand values in kVA or kW with integration period of 15
or 30 minutes. The energy meters installed at consumer terminal provide a basis for the billing of the
energy consumed. The Meter reading helps in the computation of energy loss in the distribution
system. Measurement of error means loss of revenue. The monetary loss by way of replacement of
defective meters and metering equipments, short billing of energy based on the consumption shown
by the defective metering is generally high.
The defects or faults in the energy meters and metering equipments arise due to improper design,
unscientific practices in manufacturing process, improper installation & commissioning, in adequacy
of proper testing, improper maintenance and operational exigencies etc. The tamper practices in the
metering system accounts to substantial loss of revenue.
7.2 Types of Energy meter

Figure 39 shows different types of Energy Meters. There are two types of Energy Meter which are
as follows:
i. Electromechanical meter
ii. Electronic Energy meter
Fig 39: Different types of Energy meters High and Low Tension

i. Electromechanical meter
Figure 40 shows a typical Electromechanical type Energy Meter.
 It consists of an aluminium disc positioned between two electromagnets, one of whose coils is
connected to the load and is the current coil and the coil of another electromagnet is connected to
the supply voltage
 The interaction of the fluxes between the two coils is responsible for providing a torque to the
disc, which starts rotating, with the revolutions proportional to the load current.
 The counter records the number of revolutions and displays them, which indicates the energy
consumed.
Fig 40: Analog Energy Meter at HESCOM
ii. Electronic/Digital meters
Figure 41 shows a typical electronic meter
 It consists of current and voltage sensors which sense the amount of current and voltage consumed
and this analogue signal is sampled and digitized using ADCs.
 The digital signals are then processed using a DSP or a Microcontroller, which then displays the
amount of energy consumed on an LCD or a LED display. Even though after replacement of

digital meters has not changed the system. A person from the electricity department goes to one
and every house and reads the wattage consumed and gives a printed slip of electricity bill. It is
not even get ended here, for the payment consumer has to stand in a line at the municipal offices
for hours.
Fig 41: Modern Digital Billing Unit
7.3 Backlogs in This System

 Time consuming process.
 Errors introduced at every stage are fond of errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors
while noting down the meter reading, and errors while processing the paid bills and the due bills.
 No control of usage from the consumer’s side.
 It is a headache for the government to collect debts due electricity usage from every customer.
 Problem of power thefts leading to unbalanced billing causes loss of economy.
 Even people feel it burden to stand in a queue every month for the payment of bill.
7.4 New Improvements Made By Prepaid System
 Pay before use

 Keep customers on supply
 Recover money owed (debt)
 No need to chase payments

 No further actions such as disconnections

 Load and demand side management
 Show true cost of consumption and money left
 Reduce waste – conserve energy
 No billing errors
 Reduces deployment of manpower for taking meter readings.
Cost efficient and can reduce problems associated with billing like No bill production, No bill
distribution.
7.5 Testing Of Meters
Tests to Be Performed On Meters
 No LOAD(CREEP) TEST
 Starting TEST
 Repeatability ERROR TEST
 Earth (Ground) Test
 Dial Test
 Routine Test
1. at 5% of marked current with unity power factor
2. at 100% or 200% of marked current unity power factor
3. at marked current and 0.5lagging power factor
Figure 39 shows the tests carried out on energy meters at HESCOM

Fig42: Tests conducted on Meters in MT lab at HESCOM
7.6 Tampering Of Energy Meter and Their Remedies
 A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter.
These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current
from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer. But
modern electronic energy meter has sensor that can report magnetic anomalies.
 Rectified DC loads because mechanical rotating coils of meters to under-register. But electronic
meter does not have a rotating part so it measures the accurate reading
 Connecting the neutral terminal from source to load inside the meter, make the meter to stop for
taking the readings. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect it and bill it at standard
rate. Now electronics energy meter can also be tampered by placing a 35KV EHT inside the meter
thus reducing the speed of rotation of the disc. But model digital meter immediately records this
type of tampering by sensors placed inside the modern digital meter.

The below figure shows the current transformers testing device and potential transformer testing
device
Fig43 PT testing device
Fig.44: CT testing device

The below information shows the CT test report details.

8. LT (LOW TENSION) INSTALLATIONS AND TARIFFS
The visit to Hubli Urban and Hubli Rural Division in Tabib land, Hubli during internship briefed us
about the low tension installations and tariffs sections proposed for different electric installations.
8.1 The category-wise tariff as existing, as proposed by HESCOM and

as approved by the Commission are as follows:
1. LT-1 Bhagyajyothi
The existing tariff and the tariff proposed are given below:
Sl. Details Proposed by

No HESCOM
Energy Charges Nil*
1 (including recovery
towards service main Fully subsidized by
Charges) the GOK
Commission’s Views/ Decision
The GOK, as a policy, has extended free power to all BJ/KJ consumers, whose consumption is not
more than 18 units per month. The tariff payable by these consumers is revised to Rs.5.52 per
unit. Further, the ESCOMs have to claim subsidy for only those consumers who consume 18 units
or less per month per installation. If the consumption exceeds 18 units per month or any BJ/KJ
installation is found to have more than one out let, it shall be billed as per the Tariff Schedule LT
2(a).
The Commission determines the tariff (CDT) in respect of BJ / KJ installations as follows:
LT – 1 Approved Tariff for BJ / KJ installations
Commission determined Tariff Retail Supply Tariff determined by

the Commission in 2019
552 paisa per unit, Subject to a -Nil-
monthly minimum of Rs. 30 per Fully subsidized by GOK
installation per month.

Since GOK is meeting the full cost of supply to BJ / KJ, the Tariff payable by these Consumers
is shown as nil. However, if the GOK does not release the subsidy in advance, a Tariff of Rs.5.52
per unit subject to monthly minimum of Rs. 30/- per Installation per month shall be demanded
and collected from these Consumers.
Note: If the consumption exceeds 18 units per month or any BJ/KJ installation is found to have
more than one light point being used, it shall be billed as per Tariff Schedule LT 2(a)
2. LT2 (a) (i) Domestic Consumers:

The details of the existing and proposed tariff under this category are given in the Table below:
Applicable to areas coming under City Municipal Corporations and all areas under Urban Local
Bodies
Details Existing as per 2014 Tariff Proposed by HESCOM

Order
Fixed Charges per Month For the first KW Rs.25 For the first KW Rs.60
For every additional KW For every additional KW
Rs.35 Rs.70
Energy Charges 0-30 units ( life 0 to 30 units:270 paise/unit 0 to 30 units:370 paise /unit
line Consumption )
Energy Charges exceeding 30 31 to 100 units:400paise/unit 31 to 100 units:520 paise /

Units per month 101 to 200 units: 525 paise unit
/unit 101 to 200 units: 675 paise
Above 200 units:625 paise /unit
/unit Above 200 units:800 paise
/unit
LT-2(a)(ii) Domestic Consumers Category
Applicable to Areas under Village Panchayats

Order
Fixed Charges per Month For the first KW Rs.15 For the first KW Rs.45
For every additional KW For every additional KW
Rs.25 Rs.60
Energy Charges 0-30 units ( lifeline
Consumption) 0 to 30 units: 260 paise /unit 0 to 30 units:360 paise
/unit

Energy Charges exceeding 30 Units 31 to 100 units: 370 paise / 31 to 100 units:490 paise
per month unit / unit
101 to 200 units:495 paise 101 to 200 units: 645
/unit paise /unit
Above 200 units: 575 paise Above 200 units: 730
/unit paise /unit
The Commission has decided to continue the two tier tariff in respect of the domestic consumers
as shown below:
(i) Areas coming under city Municipal Corporations and all Urban Local Bodies
(ii) Areas under Village Panchayats.
The Commission approves the tariff for this category as follows:
Approved Tariff for LT 2 (a) (i) Domestic Consumers Category:

Applicable to Areas coming under City Municipal Corporations and all areas under Urban Local
Bodies
Details Tariff approved by the

Commission
Fixed Charges per Month For the first KW Rs.60
For every additional KW Rs.70
Energy Charges up to 30 Units per month (0- Upto 30 units: 370 paise/unit
30 Units)-life line consumption.
Energy Charges in case the Consumption 31 to 100 units: 520 paise/unit
exceeds 30 Units per month 101 to 200 units: 675 paise/unit Above
200 units: 800 paise/unit
LT-2(a) (ii) Domestic Consumers Category:

Applicable to Areas under Village Panchayats
Details Tariff approved by the

Commission
Fixed Charges per Month For the first KW Rs.45/-
For every additional KW Rs.60/-

Energy Charges up to 30 Units per Month (0- Upto 30 units: 360 paise/unit
30 Units)-
Lifeline Consumption
Energy Charges in case the Consumption 31 to 100 units: 490 paise/unit
exceeds 30 units per month
Energy Charges 101 to 200 units: 675 paise/unit
Above 200 units: 730 paise/unit
LT2 (b) Private Professional and other Private Educational Institutions, Private Hospitals
and Nursing Homes.
The details of the existing and the proposed tariff under this category are given in the Table below:
LT 2 (b) (i) Private Professional Educational Institutions& Private Hospitals and Nursing
Homes.
Applicable to all areas coming under Urban Local Bodies including Municipal Corporations
Details Existing tariff as per 2014 Tariff Proposed by HESCOM

Order
Fixed Charges Rs.35 per KW subject to a minimum Rs.75 per KW subject to a minimum
per Month of Rs.65 per month of Rs.100 per month
Energy For the first 200 units 600 paise per For the first 200 units 690 paise per
Charges unit unit
For the balance units 720 paise per For the balance units 815 paise per
unit unit
LT 2 (b) (ii) Private Professional Educational Institutions &Private Hospitals and Nursing
Homes.
Applicable in Areas under Village Panchayats
Details Existing as per 2014 Tariff Order Proposed by HESCOM

Fixed Charges per Rs.25 per KW subject to a minimum Rs.65 per KW subject to a minimum
Month of Rs.50 per Month of Rs.85 per Month
Energy Charges For the first 200 units: 550 paise per For the first 200 units:635 paise per
unit unit
For the balance units: 670 paise per For the balance units:760 paise per
unit unit

Commission’s decision
As in the previous Tariff Order dated 12th May 2014, the Commission decides to continue the tariff
at two levels i.e.
(i) Municipal Corporation Areas and Areas coming under Urban Local bodies.
(ii) Areas under Village Panchayats.
Approved Tariff for LT 2 (b) (i) Private Professional and other Private EducationalInstitutions,
Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes
Applicable to areas coming under City Municipal Corporations and all areas under urban
Local Bodies.
Details Tariff approved by the Commission
Fixed Charges per Month Rs.75per KW subject to a minimum of Rs.100 per Month.
Energy Charges 0-200 units: 690paise/unit

Approved Tariff for LT 2 (b) (ii) Private Professional and other Private Educational
Institutions, Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes.
Applicable in Areas under Village Panchayats
Details Tariff approved by the Commission

Fixed Charges per Month Rs.65 per KW subject to a minimum of Rs.85per Month
Energy Charges 0-200 units: 6350 paise/unit

3. LT3- Commercial Lighting, Heating and Motive Power

LT- 3 (i) Commercial Lighting, Heating& Motive Power
Applicable in areas under all Urban Local Bodies including City Municipal Corporations

Fixed Charges Rs.40 per KW Rs. 80 per KW

per Month
Energy Charges For the first 50 units:675 paise per For the first 50 units:800 paise
unit per unit
For the balance units: 775 paise per For the balance units:900 paise
unit per unit
Demand based tariff (optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 KW but below 50 KW

Fixed Charges Rs. 55 per KW Rs. 95 per KW
Energy Charges For the first 50 units:675 paise per unit For the first 50 units: 800 paise per unit
For the balance units:775 paise per unit For the balance units:900 paise per unit
LT-3 (ii) Commercial Lighting, Heating& Motive Power
Applicable in areas under village Panchayats
Fixed Charges per Rs. 30 per KW Rs.70 per KW

Month
Energy Charges For the first 50 units:625 paise per For the first 50 units:750 paise
unit per unit
For the balance units: 725 paise per For the balance units: 850
unit paise per unit
Demand based tariff (optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 KW but below 50 KW

Order
Fixed Charges per Rs. 45 per KW Rs. 85 per KW
Month
Energy Charges For the first 50 units: 625 paise per For the first 50 units:750 paise per
unit unit
For the balance units:725 paise per For the balance units:850paise per
unit unit

Commission’s decision
As in the previous Tariff Order dated 12th May 2014, the Commission decides to continue tariffs
at two levels i.e.
(i) Municipal Corporation and areas coming under other urban local bodies
(ii) Areas under Village Panchayats
LT- 3 (i) Commercial Lighting, Heating& Motive Power
Applicable to areas under all Urban Local Bodies including Municipal Corporations
Details Approved by the Commission

Fixed Charges per Month Rs 80 per KW
Energy Charges For the first 50 units: 800 paise/ unit
For the balance units: 900 paise/unit
Demand based tariff (Optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 kW but below 50 kW.

Fixed Charges per Rs 95 per KW
Month
Energy Charges For the first 50 units: 800paise /unit For the balance units: 900
paise/unit
LT-3 (ii) Commercial Lighting Heating& Motive Power Applicable to areas under Village
Panchayats

Fixed Charges per Month Rs. 70per KW
Energy Charges For the first 50 units: 850 paise per unit
For the balance units: 750 paise per unit
Demand based tariff (Optional) where sanctioned load is above 5 kW but below 50 kW

Fixed Charges per Rs. 85per KW
Month

Energy Charges For the first 50 units: 750 paise

per unit
For the balance units: 850 paise
per unit
4. LT4-Irrigation Pump Sets:

LT-4 (a) Irrigation Pump Sets
Applicable to IP Sets Upto and inclusive of 10 HP
Details Existing as per Proposed by HESCOM

2014 Tariff
Order
Fixed Free (In case GoK does not release the subsidy
Charges per Nil in advance, CDT of 565 paise per unit will be
Month demanded and collected from consumers)
Energy CDT 485 paise

Charges per unit
The Government of Karnataka has extended free supply of power to farmers as per Government
Order No. EN 55 PSR 2008 dated 04.09.2008. As per this policy of GoK, the entire cost of supply
to IP sets Upto and inclusive of 10 HP is being borne by the GoK through tariff subsidy. In view
of this all the categories under the existing LT-4a tariff are covered under free supply of power.
Considering the cross subsidy contribution from categories other than IP Sets & BJ/KJ Categories,
the Commission determines the tariff for IP Set under LT4(a) category as follows:
Approved CDT for IP Sets for FY16
Particulars HESCOM
Approved ARR in Rs. Crores 5319.38
Revenue from other than IP & BJ/KJ in Rs. Crores 2573.65
Amount to be recovered from IP & BJ/KJ in Rs. Crores 2558.71
Regulatory Asset Rs. Crores 95.82
Approved Sales to BJ/KJs in MU 87.28
Revenue from BJ/KJ at Average Cost of supply in Rs. Crores 48.18

Amount to be recovered from IP Sets category in Rs. Crores 2510.52

Approved Sale to IP Sets in MU 4941.99
Commission Determined Tariff (CDT) for IP Set Category for FY16 in Rs/unit 5.08
Accordingly, the Commission decides to approve tariff of Rs.5.08 per unit as CDT for FY16 for
IP Set category under LT4(a). In case the GOK does not release the subsidy in advance, a tariff
of Rs.5.08 per unit shall be demanded and collected from these consumers.
LT-4 (a) Irrigation Pump Sets
Applicable to IP Sets Upto and inclusive of 10 HP

Fixed charges per Month Free
Energy charges
CDT (Commission Determined Tariff): 508 paise per unit
LT4 (b) Irrigation Pump Sets above 10 HP:
Applicable to IP Sets above 10 HP

Fixed Charges per Month Rs. 30 per HP Rs. 70 per HP
Energy Charges 215 paise per unit 350 paise per unit
LT-4 (c) (i) Irrigation Pump Sets:
Applicable to Private Horticultural Nurseries, Coffee and Tea plantations up to & inclusive of 10
HP

LT-4 (c) (ii) Irrigation Pump Sets:
Applicable to Private Horticultural Nurseries, Coffee and Tea plantations above 10 HP.


5. LT5 Installations-LT Industries:

LT-5 LT Industries: Applicable to all areas under HESCOM
i) Fixed charges

Order
Fixed i) Rs. 25 per HP for 5 HP & below i) Rs. 55 per HP for 5 HP & below
Charges per ii) Rs. 30 per HP for above 5 HP ii) Rs. 60 per HP for above 5 HP &
Month & below 40 HP below 40 HP
iii) Rs. 35 per HP for 40 HP & iii) Rs. 80 per HP for 40 HP &
above but below 67 HP above but below 67 HP
iv) Rs. 100 per HP for 67 HP & iv) Rs. 140 per HP for 67 HP &
above above
ii) Demand based Tariff (optional)
Details Description Existing Tariff as per Proposed by

2014 Tariff Order HESCOM
Fixed Charges Above 5 HP and less Rs. 45 per KW of billing Rs. 75 per KW of
per Month than 40 HP demand billing demand
40 HP and above but Rs. 60 per KW of billing Rs. 105 per KW of
less than 67 HP demand billing demand
67 HP and above Rs. 150 per KW of billing Rs. 190 per KW of
demand billing demand
iii) Energy Charges
Details Approved tariff

For the first 500 units 545 paise/ unit
For the next 500 units 645 paise/ unit
For the balance units 675 paise/unit
Approved ToD Tariff for LT5: At the option of the consumer
TOD Tariff

Time of Day Increase (+ )/ reduction (-) in energy charges over the

normal tariff applicable
22.00 Hrs to 06.00 Hrs (-)100 paise per unit
06.00 Hrs to 18.00 hrs 0
18.00 Hrs to 22.00 Hrs (+)100 paise per unit
6. LT6 Water Supply Installations and Street Lights

LT-6(a): Water Supply
Fixed Charges per Month Rs. 35/HP/month Rs. 75/HP/month
Energy Charges 330 paise/unit 460 paise/unit
LT-6 (b): Public Lighting

Order
Fixed Charges per Month Rs. 50/HP/month Rs. 90/KW/month
Energy Charges 485 paise/unit 625paise/unit
Commission’s Decision:
The Commission decided to include surveillance cameras at traffic locations belonging to

Government under LT6 (b) Tariff schedule.
7. LT 7- Temporary Installations and Advertising Hoardings:

a) Less Energy charge at 900 paise per unit subject Energy charge at 1060 paise per unit
than 67 to a weekly minimum of Rs. 160 per KW subject to a weekly minimum of Rs.
HP: of the sanctioned load. 210 per KW of the sanctioned load.
Commission’s Decision:

As decided in the previous Tariff Order dated 12th May 2014, the tariff specified for
installations with sanctioned load / contract demand above 67 HP is covered under the HT
temporary tariff category under HT5.
Further, the Commission decides to bifurcate the existing LT7 tariff schedule applicable to
both for temporary and permanent connection basis into two levels of tariff category under LT7
(a) applicable to temporary power supply for all purposes and LT7 (b) power supply on permanent
connection basis.
The Commission decides to approve the tariff for LT-7 category as follows:
Approved tariff schedule LT-7(A)
Applicable to temporary Power Supply for all purposes.
LT 7(a) Details Approved Tariff

Temporary Power Less than Energy charge at 1060 paise / unit subject to a
Supply for all purposes. 67 HP: weekly minimum of Rs.210 per KW of the
sanctioned load.
Approved tariff schedule lt-7(b)
Applicable to Hoardings & Advertisement boards, Bus Shelters with Advertising Boards, Private
Advertising Posts / Sign boards in the interest of Public such as Police Canopy Direction boards,
and other sign boards sponsored by Private Advertising Agencies / firms on permanent .
Connection basis.
LT 7(b) Details Approved Tariff

Power supply on Less than Fixed Charges at Rs 85 per KW /month Energy
permanent connection 67 HP charges at 1060 paise / unit
basis

9. CONCLUSION
On the whole the internship was useful experience. We have gained knowledge, skill by achieving
several of our learning goals; we got insight into professional practices currently advocated in the
HESCOM. We learned the different facts of working within a well established company. Related to
our study we learned more about the distribution system of electricity. Being able to visit each of the
electrical supply components in HESCOM, I gained better understanding and further knowledge on
electrical systems and how they work. The internship programme was not one sided, but it was a way
of sharing knowledge, ideas and opinions. This helped us to define what skills and knowledge we
have to improve in the upcoming days. We can confidently assert that the knowledge we gained
through this internship is sufficient to contribute towards our future endeavors. At last this internship
has given us new insights and motivation to pursue a career in core electrical departments.
The educational objective of outcome of the internship carried out at “HESCOM” HUBBALLI-
DHARWAD was met by taking active participation. I was able to apply electrical engineering and
academic background to their practical and personal endeavors and could adopt evolving job
responsibilities. Through this I was able to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.
It helped me to analyze the connection between the GENERATION,TRANSMISSION and
DISTRIBUTION of POWER.

REFERENCES
[1] "Joint Consultation Paper: Western Metropolitan Melbourne Transmission Connection and
Subtransmission Capacity" (PDF). Jemena. Powercor Australia, Jemena, Australian Energy Market
Operator. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
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Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belagavi Karnataka, 590-018

“HESCOM: Hubballi Electricity Supply Company”

Under the Guidance of

External Guide Internal Guide

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

K.L.E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

(Prof. Kumar Swamy V) (Dr. Vinoda S) (Dr. B. S. Anami)

On the successful completion of this internship work, We would like to acknowledge

To my beloved principal Dr. B. S. Anami, for providing an ideal atmosphere to pursue

We are thankful for Mr. Raghavendra Vishwakarma, AEE(Ele), HRD section,

1.1 Background of HESCOM 1

2. Substation and its Components 5

3. Distribution system Components 18

4. 33KV/11KV Substation at Industrial Estate 29

5. 220/110/33/11KV Substation at Sharavati Station 31

6. Transformer and its Components 33

7. Meter Testing Division 50

8. LT (Low Tension) Installations and Tariffs 59

 Committed to make Karnataka Self Reliant

 Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited – GESCOM

 Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited – BESCOM

 Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited – HESCOM

 Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited – MESCOM

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 1

 Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited – CESCOM

 GESCOM – Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

 BESCOM– Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 2

 MESCOM– Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for power

 CESCOM- Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for power

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 4

2. SUBSTATION AND ITS COMPONENTS:

Fig 1: Layout of Substation

2.2 Various components of substation and their function:

Fig 2: Lightning Arrester of rating 1.5kA

Fig 3: Circuit Breaker of rating 420kV

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 6

Fig 4: Bus bars of rating 33kV

2.2.4 Capacitor Voltage Transformer(CVT):A Capacitor Voltage Transformer is a transformer used in

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 7

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 8

Fig 6: Wave Trap

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 9

Fig 7: Instrument Transformer

Fig 8: Current Transformer of 80:1 ratio

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 10

Fig 9: Potential Transformer of rating 25/5A

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 11

Fig 10: Power Transformer of rating 33KV, 20MVA

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 12

Fig 11: Isolator of rating 40A

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 13

Fig 12: Control and Relay Panel

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 14

Fig 13: Protective Relays

Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic induction.

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 15

Fig 14: DC Battery and Charger

Dept. of EEE, KLEIT, Hubballi Page 16

Battery and Charger configurations