NOTES ON IS 456:2000

IS 456 DEALS WITH PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE ONLY.

MATERIALS
Aggregates
Size of aggregate
Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits

Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate ≤¼ of the thickness of member

For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable.

Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger size may be
permitted.
In concrete elements with thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement or small cover,
consideration should be given to the use of 10 mm nominal maximum size.
Plums above 160 mm and up to any reasonable size may be used in plain concrete work up to a
maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete when specifically permitted by the
engineer-in-charge. The plums shall be distributed evenly and shall be not closer than 150 mm
from the surface.
For heavily reinforced concrete members as in the case of ribs of main beams, the nominal
maximum size of the aggregate should usually be restricted to 5 mm less than the minimum clear
distance between the main bars or 5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement
whichever is smaller.
Tensile Strength of Concrete

Flexural strength, fcr= 0.7√ f ck N/mm2

Where fck is the characteristic 28 days cube compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
The modulus of elasticity of concrete can be assumed as follows:

Ec= 5000 * √ f ck N/mm2

Actual measured values may differ by +/- 20 percent from the values obtained from the above
expression.

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Method of design
Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method
LOADS AND FORCES
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

The unit weights of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed
natural stone aggregate may be taken as 24 kN/m3 and 25 kN/m3 respectively.
In ordinary buildings, such as low rise dwellings whose lateral dimension do not exceed 45 m,
the effects due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage and creep can be ignored in &sign
calculations.
STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE
The stability of a structure as a whole against overturning shall be ensured so that the restoring
moment shall be
Restoring moment ¿ sum of 1.2 times the maximum overturning moment (dead load)
Restoring moment ¿ sum of 1.4 times the maximum overturning moment (imposed loads)
Restoring moment due to imposed loads shall be ignored.
Sliding
Factor against sliding not less than 1.4 times under most under adverse combination of forces.
Variation dead load
Wind and seismic load shall be treat as imposed load.
Lateral Sway
Under transient wind load
Lateral sway < H/500
Where H total height of building
For seismic load reference should be from IS 1893
FIRE RESISTANCE
General requirement of fire protection is given in IS 1641 and IS 1642
Analysis
Effective span
Simply supported beam or slab
Effective span=clear span effective + depth of slab or beam
Effective span = center to center distance of supports whichever is less
Continuous beam or slab
If width of support is < 1/12 of clear span than effective span as per simply supported beam or
slab
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

If width of supports is > 1/12 of clear span or 600 mm than effective span will be
1) End span with one fixed and other continuous or intermediate than
Effective span =clear span between supports
2) for End span one end free and other is continuous than
Effective span =clear span +1/2 the effective depth of beam or slab whichever is less
Effective span =clear span +1/2the width of discontinues supports
3) span with roller or rocket bearing
Effective span =distance between the canters of bearings
Cantilever beam or slab
Effective length = length of face to face distance + ½ effective depth
Arrangement of Imposed load

When imposed load does ¿ ¾ of the design load

The load arrangement may be design dead load and design imposed load on all the spans.
For lateral loads, simplified methods may be used to obtain the moments and shears for
structures that are symmetrical. For unsymmetrical or very tall structures, more rigorous methods
should be used.

Beams and Slabs over Free End Supports

Where a member is built into a masonry wall which develops only partial restraint, the member
shall be designed to resist a negative moment at the face of the support of WL2/24 where W is
the total design load and L is the effective span, or such other restraining moment as may be
shown to be applicable. For such condition shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the end support
may be increased by 0.05
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Control deflection

Final deflection should not more than 250/span

The deflection after erection of partitions and applications of finishes should not more than
350/span or 20 mm whichever less.

Vertical deflection limits

Span to depth ratio up to 10 m
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26

For span more than 10 m above values multiply by 10/span in m

For cantilever calculation are made
For tension reinforcement above values are multiply with modification factor in

Slenderness Limits for Beams

For simply supported and continuous beams

Clear distance between lateral restrains < 60b or 250b2 /d whichever is less
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

For cantilever
Clear distance between lateral restrains < 25b or 100b2/d whichever is less
.d – effective depth of beam
.b – breath of compression face

Solid Slab
Beam apply to slabs also
For slab spanning in two directions the shorter of the two spans should be used in span to
effective depth ratio.

For two way slab of shorter spans (up to 3.5 m) with mild steel
Simply supported slabs 35
Continuous slab 40

For high strength deformed bars the above values should multiply by 0.80.

Compression member (column)

Column or strut is compression member

Effective length > three times the least lateral dimension

Compression member consider short when Lex/D and Ley are less than 12.

Unsupported length
In flat slab clear distance between floor and drop panel or slab whichever is less

In beam and slab

In flat slab clear distance between floor and underside of shallower beam

Slenderness limit for column

Unsupported length should not exceed 60 times least lateral dimension of column

If one end is unrestrained or unsupported length should not be exceed 100b2 /D

B width and D-depth of cross section

Minimum Eccentricity (column)

Mini eccentricity = L/500 + LLD/30 or 20 mm

L unsupported length and LLD least lateral dimension

Requirement Governing Reinforcement and Details

 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Reinforcing steel should be of same type and same grade

Use of two different of grade and types for main and secondary steel respectively is permissible.

Bars may arrange in singly, pairs in contact, or group 0f 3 or 4 bar bundles in contact.
Bundled bars enclosed in stirrups or ties.
Bar larger than 32mm shall not be bundled except in column.

Development Length of bars

Anchoring of reinforcing bars

In tension
Development length is sufficient in deformed bars there is no need of anchorages
Hooks provided in plain bars
Bends
Minimum 4 times the dia of bar
Maximum 16 times the dia of bar

In Compression
Length of anchorages = development length

Anchoring shear reinforcement

Stirrups
Development Length = 8 times the dia of baar when bar bent through an angle of 90o
Development Length = 6 times the dia of baar when bar bent through an angle of 135o
Development Length = 4 times the dia of baar when bar bent through an angle of 180o
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Curtailments of tension reinforcement

For curtailment
Reinforcement extended beyond pt not required to resist flexure
Curtailment = effective depth of member or 12 times the dia of bar whichever is greater

Flexural reinforcement shall not be terminated in tension zone unless

Excess area of stirrup to be provided along each terminated bar.

Excess area should not be less than 0.4*b*s/fy
Breath of beam-b, spacing-s

Spacing>d/8*βb βb ratio of area of cutoff bar to total area of bar and d effective depth

Positive moment in reinforcement

At least
1/3 positive moment reinforcement in simple member
1/4 positive moment reinforcement in continuous member
To
Ld/3 Ld -development length

Negative moment reinforcement

At least
1/3 of total reinforcement provided for negative reinforcement shall be extended not <effective
depth of member 12ϕ or 1/16 of clear span whichever is greater

Curtailment of bundled bars

Bars in bundled shall terminate at different points at spaced no less than 40 times the dia of bar
except bundled stopping at support.

Reinforcing Splices

Splices are provided in reinforcing bar and shall be as far as possible from section of maximum
stress.
Splices should not be in flexural member where bending moment is more than moment of
resistance.
Where more than ½ of bars are spliced or where at maximum stress point than special precaution
must be taken such as increasing length of lap, closely spaced stirrups or using spirals.

Lap splices
Lap splices shall not be used for bar larger than 36 mm
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Bar larger than 36 mm may be welded, in cases where welding is not permissible than lapping is
permitted.

For bars in flexural tension

Lap splices = development length Ld or 30 times dia of bar whichever is greater.

For direct tension

Lap splices = 2 Ld or 30 times dia of bar whichever is greatest

1) If minimum cover of top section < 2 times the dia of bar lapped bar than lap length is
increased by 1.4 times

2) Minimum cover to either face < twice the diameter of lap bar or clear distance between
adjacent bar is less than 75mm or 6 times the dia of bar whichever is greatest.

If both conditions are satisfy than lap length increased by 2.0.

Spacing of reinforcement

Minimum distance between individual bars

1) Diameter of bar if they are equal
2) Diameter of larger bar if unequal
3) When needle vibrators are used horizontal distance between the bars reduced to 2/3
nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
4) When 2 or 3 rows of bar is used than minimum vertical distance bars shall be 15 mm or
maximum size of aggregate whichever is greater.

Slabs

Spacing ¿ 3times effective depth or 300 mm smaller one

In consideration of shrinkage and temperature five times the effective depth of slab or 450 mm.

Nominal cover to Reinforcement

It should not be less than diameter of bar.

Nominal cover for column is 40 mm or less than the diameter of bar used.
In case the minimum dimension of column is less or equal to 200 mm than cover should be 25
mm and size of bar does not exceed 12 mm.
For footing cover shall be 50 mm.

Requirement of Reinforcement for Structural member

 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Beams

Tension reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement

As 0.85
=
bd Fy
As Minimum area of tension reinforcement,

.b breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam,

.d effective depth, and
Fy characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm 2.

Maximum reinforcement

Maximum reinforcement < 0.04bD or 4% of cross section area

Compression reinforcement

Maximum reinforcement < 0.04bD or 4% of cross section area

Minimum reinforcement may equal to zero.

Side face reinforcement

Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along the two faces.

.dw > 750mm

Total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever
is less.
Minimum spacing of shear reinforcement

Maximum spacing of stirrups

If vertical stirrups than 0.75 times of d
For inclined stirrups at 45o d effective depth of section
In no case spacing should > 300 mm.

Minimum spacing of shear reinforcement

 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Asv 0.4
≥
b∗sv .087∗Fy

Asv -Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear,

Sv - Stirrup spacing along the length of the member,
.b - Breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam, and
Fy - Characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2.

Slabs

Minimum reinforcement

High strength deformed bar or welded wire fabric not ¿ 0.12 of total cross section area

Maximum diameter

Diameter of bar ¿ 1/8 of total thickness.

Columns

Longitudinal reinforcement

Minimum cross section of longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8 percent of c/s area of
column.

Maximum cross section of longitudinal reinforcement not less than 6 percent of c/s area of
column.
If bars are lapped than 4 percent of c/s area of column.

Minimum number of bar is 4 in rectangular column and 6 in circular column.

Minimum size of bar is 12 mm.
Spacing of longitudinal bar shall not exceed 300 mm.
In case of pedestal nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15 of c/s area.

Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three times the least
lateral dimension.

Arrangement of transverse reinforcement

If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side, transverse reinforcement need
only to go round comer and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective lateral supports.
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the tie are
effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in one
direction by open ties

No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the
largest bar in the inner row.

Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped than the diameter of such transverse
reinforcement need not, however, exceed 20 mm.

Pitch and diameter of lateral ties

Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances:

1) The least lateral dimension of the compression members

2) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar
3) 300 mm
Diameter-The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one- fourth of
the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
Helical reinforcement
Pitch-Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced
evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly.
The pitch of helical turns shall be not more than 75 mm, nor more than one-sixth of the core
diameter of the column, nor less than 25 mm, nor less than three times the diameter of the steel
bar forming the helix.
EXPANSION JOINTS
Normally structures exceeding 45 m in length are designed with one nor more expansion joints.
IS 3414 gives the design considerations, which need to be examined and provided for.
DEEP BEAMS
Deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall depth, l/D ratio is less than:
1) 2.0 for a simply supported beam; and
2) 2.5 for a continuous beam.

Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
The tensile reinforcement required to resist positive bending moment in any span of a deep beam
shall:
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

1 Extend without curtailment between supports;

2 be embedded beyond the face of each support, so that at the face of the support it shall have a
development length not less than 0.8 Ld; where Ld is the development length
3 be placed within a zone of depth equal to 0.25 D – 0.05 1 adjacent to the tension face of the
beam where D is the overall depth and 1 is the effective span.

Negative Reinforcement
Termination of reinforcement - For tensile reinforcement required to resist negative bending
moment over a support of a deep beam:
1 It shall be permissible to terminate not more than half of the reinforcement at a distance of 0.5
D from the face of the support and
2 The remainder shall extend over the full span.
Distribution-When ratio of clear span to overall depth is in the range 1.0 to 2.5, tensile
reinforcement over a support of a deep beam shall be placed in two zones comprising:
1) a zone of depth 0.2 D, adjacent to the tension face, which shall contain a proportion of the
tension steel given by
l
0.5( −0.5)
D
where ,1 = clear span, and D = overall depth.
2) A zone measuring 0.3 D on either side of the mid-depth of the beam, which shall contain the
remainder of the tension steel, evenly distributed. For span to depth ratios less than unity, the
steel shall be evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D measured from the tension face.

FLAT SLABS
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported generally
without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads .

Thickness of Flat Slab

Thickness of slab
Span to depth ratio not more than the up to 10 m span.
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

For span more than 10 m above values multiply by 10/span in m.

The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125 mm.

Drop
The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan
Drop length in each direction not less than one- third of the panel length in that direction.
For exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to the non- continuous edge and measured
from the center-line of the columns shall be equal to one-half the width of drop for interior
panels.
Column Heads
Where column heads are provided, that portion of a column head which lies within the largest
right circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 900 and can be included entirely within
the outlines of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purposes.

Bending Moments in Panels with Marginal Beams or Walls

Where the slab is supported by a marginal beam with a depth greater than 1.5 times the thickness
of the slab, or by a wall, then:
a) the total load to be carried by the beam or wall shall comprise those loads directly on the
wall or beam plus a uniformly distributed load-equal to one-quarter of the total load on
the slab, and
b) The bending moments on the half column strip adjacent to the beam or wall shall be one-
quarter of the bending moments for the first interior column strip.

Total Design Moment for a Span

The absolute sum of the positive and average negative bending moments in each direction shall
be taken as:
Wln
M0 =
8
M0 - Total moment;
W - Design load on an area 11 andl2
.ln -clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls, but not less
than 0.65 1,;
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

L1 - Length of span in the direction of M0 and

L2 - length of span transverse to 11.
Circular supports shall be treated as square supports having the same area

Negative and Positive Design Moments

In an interior span, the total design moment M0 , shall be distributed in the following
proportions:
Negative design moment 0.65
Positive design moment 0.35
In an end span, the total design moment M0 shall be distributed in the following proportions:
Interior negative design moment:
0.10
0.75 - 1+
1
αc
Positive design moment:
0.28
0.63 - 1+
1
αc
Exterior negative design moment:
0.65
1
1+
αc

Shear in flat Slab

The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the column/capital/
drop panel, perpendicular to the plane of the slab where d is the effective depth of the section.
Calculation of Shear Stress

τ
The shear stress v , shall be the value calculated as
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

The nominal shear stress in flat slabs shall be taken as V / b0 d where V is the shear force due to
design load, b0 is the periphery of the critical section and d is the effective depth.
Permissible Shear Stress
When shear reinforcement is not provided the calculated shear stress at the critical section shall
not exceed ks c.τ
where,

ks= (0.5 + βc) but not greater than 1, βc being the ratio of short side to long side of the column/
capital; and

τc= 0.25√ fck in limit state method of design, and 0.16 & in working stress method of design.

When the shear stress at the critical section exceeds the permissible shear stress value, but less
than 1.5 τc , shear reinforcement shall be provided. If the shear stress exceeds 1.5 τc the flat slab
shall be redesigned.
Slab Reinforcement
The spacing of bars in a flat slab, shall not exceed 2 times the slab thickness, except where a slab
is of cellular or ribbed construction.
Area of reinforcement
When drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for determination of area of
reinforcement shall be the lesser of the following:
a) Thickness of drop, and
b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of capital.

WALLS

The minimum thickness of walls shall be 100 mm.

Eccentricity of Vertical Load
The design of a wall shall take account of the actual eccentricity of the vertical force subject to a
minimum value of 0.05 t.

Maximum Effective Height to Thickness Ratio

The ratio of effective height to thickness, Hw / t ,shall not exceed 30.

Effective Height
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

The effective height of a braced wall shall be taken as follows:

a) Where restrained against rotation at both ends by

1) Floors 0.75 Hw

2) Intersecting walls or similar members 0.75L1 whichever is the lesser.

b) Where not restrained against rotation at both ends by
1) Floors 1.0 Hw or
2) intersecting walls or similar-members 1.0 L1 Whichever is the lesser

Where Hw = the unsupported height of the wall. L1 = the horizontal distance between centers of

lateral restraint.

Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls

The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below:

The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:

1) 0.001 2 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic strength of 4 15

N/mm* or greater.

2) 0.001 5 for other types of bars.

3) 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mm in diameter

Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 mm.

For walls having thickness more than 200 mm, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be provided in

two grids, one near each face of the wall.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMIT STATE METHOD)

Limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it
throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection and cracking.
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called
a ‘limit state’
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Limit State of Collapse

The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture
of one or more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability overturning.
Limit States of Serviceability
Deflection
Final deflection should not more than 250/span
The deflection after erection of partitions and applications of finishes should not more than
350/span or 20 mm whichever less.

Cracking
The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in members where
cracking is not harmful and does not have any serious adverse effects upon the preservation of
reinforcing steel nor upon the durability of the structures.
In members where cracking in the tensile zone is harmful either because they are exposed to the
effects of the weather or continuously exposed to moisture or in contact soil or ground water, an
upper limit of 0.2 mm is suggested for the maximum width of cracks.
For particularly aggressive environment, such as the ‘severe’ category assessed surface width of
cracks should not in general, exceed 0.1 mm.

Design Values
Materials
The design strength of-the materials, fd is given by
fck
fd = γm
fck - characteristic strength of the material , and
γm -partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being considered.
Load
The design load, Fd , is given by
Fd =F γf
where F= characteristic load as per IS 875
γf = partial safety factor appropriate to the nature of loading and the limit state being considered.
Partial Safety Factors
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Partial Safety Factor γm for Material Strength

When assessing the strength of a structure or structural member for the limit state of collapse, the
values of partial safety factor, γm should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: FLEXURE

Design for the limit state of collapse in flexure shall be based on the assumptions given below:
Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as 0.003 5 in
bending.
For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be
0.67 times the characteristic strength fck N /mm2. The partial safety factor is 1.5.
The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than:
fy
+ 0.002
1.15 Es
For design purposes the partial safety factor γm, equal to 1.15 shall be applied.

Limiting values based on assumptions as follows

Fy Xu max /d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: COMPRESSION
The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compression and bending and when to there is no tension on the section shall be 0.003 5
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement
Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression The member shall be designed by considering
the assumptions given in 39.1 and the minimum eccentricity. When the minimum eccentricity as
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

does not exceed 0.05 times the lateral dimension, the members may be designed by the following
equation:
Minimum ecc = l/500 + lld/30 or 20 mm
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Pu Axial load on the member,
Fck Characteristic compressive strength of the concrete,
Ac Area of concrete,
Fy Characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement, and
Asc Area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.
Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement
The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less than
0.36(Ag/Ac -1)fck/fy
Where
Ag Gross area of the section,
Ac Area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter
of the helix,
Fck characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, and
Fy Characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement but not exceeding 415 N/mm2.

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: SHEAR

Nominal Shear Stress The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by
the following equation:

Vu
τv = bd
Vu - shear force due to design loads
.b - breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of the web
.d - effective depth
Beams of Varying Depth
In the case of beams of varying depth the equation shall be modified as:
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Mu
Vu+ tan β
τv = d
bd
Mu- bending moment at the section
.β - angle between top and bottom edge of beam.

Design Shear Strength of Concrete

The design shear strength of concrete in beams without shear reinforcement is given in Table 19.
Page no 73

For solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be τc*k has the values given below:

1) When τv , is less than τc, given in Table 19

Minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided
2) When τv , more than τc, given in Table 19
Shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the following forms:
Vertical stirrups,
Bent-up bars along with stirrups
Inclined stirrups,
Where bent-up bars are provided, their contribution towards shear resistance shall not be
more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.
1) For vertical stirrups

0.87 fy Asv d
Vus =
Sv
Where
Asv Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance Sv
Sv .Spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member,
.τv Nominal shear stress,
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

.Τc Design shear strength of the concrete,

.b Breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as the breadth of the web by,
Fy Characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall not be taken greater
than 415 N/mm2,
.d Effective depth.
Compression Members
Cracks due to bending in a compression member subjected to a design axial load greater than
0.2fck, Ac, where fck, is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete and Ac is the area of
the gross section of the member, need not be checked. A member subjected to lesser load than
0.2fck Ac: may be considered as flexural member for the purpose of crack control

RESTRAINED SLABS
Maximum bending moment
Mx= α x* w* l2 x
My= α y *w* l2 x
α x and α y are taken from table 26
SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLABS
Mx= α x* w* l2 x
My= α y *w* l2 x
α x and α y are taken from table 27

Moment of resistance of rectangular section

Section without compression reinforcement
Depth of neutral axis

Xu 0.87∗Fy∗Ast
=
d 0.36 F . ck∗b∗d
Xu Xu .max
If < (Under reinforced)
d d
Ast∗Fy
Mu=0.87*Fy*Ast*d*(1- )
b∗d∗Fck
Xu Xu .max
If =
d d
 NOTES ON IS 456:2000

Balance section
Xu .max Xu .max
Mu.lim=0.36* *(1-0.42 )b*d2 *Fck
d d
Xu Xu .max
If > (over reinforced)
d d
Than section should be redesign.
Xu-depth of neutral axis
d- effective depth
Fy- strength of reinforcement
Ast- area of tension reinforcement
Fck compressive strength of concrete
b- width of compression face
Mu.lim- moment of resistance of section without compression reinforcement
Xu.max-limiting value of Xu

Section with compression reinforcement

Mu – Mu.lim =Fsc*Asc(d-d’)
Where
Ast∗Fy
Mu=0.87*Fy*Ast*d*(1- )
b∗d∗Fck
Xu .max Xu .max
Mu.lim=0.36* *(1-0.42 )b*d2 *Fck
d d
(Xu . max−d ')
Fsc=0.0035*
Xumax
Xu.lim- limiting value of Xu
Asc- area of compression reinforcement
d’- depth of compression reinforcement from compression face
Total area of tension reinforcement
Ast=Ast1+Ast2
Ast1-area of singly reinforcment section from Mu.lim
Ast2-=Asc*Fsc/ 0.87*Fy