THREADING

CHAPTER 12
THREADING
Threads are used extensively on many different 2. Threads used on components, such as lead- CHAPTER
components, The two basic types of threads are as screws, to transmit power and motion. CONTENTS:
follows:
Many different forms and systems of threads are Nomenclature 12-1
1. Threads used on fasteners, such as screws, used for various applications; the more common
Symbols 12-7
bolts, studs, nuts, and inserts, to hold compo- ones are discussed here. Various methods of pro-
nents together. Some fasteners, such as ducing threads—with taps, dies, and chasers and Unified
tapping screws, cut or form a mating thread by single-point turning, milling, grinding, and Threads 12-8
when driven into holes. rolling—are described later in this chapter. Pipe Threads 12-22
Acme
Thraads 12-32
THREAD NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMS Metric

Threads 12-41
Knowledge of accepted terminology and sym- at the root but not at the crest (in taper pipe Single-Point
Threading 12-48
bols, as well as the various forms and systems, is threads this includes the so-called black crest
necessary to identify, specify, and manufacture threads), thus excluding the vanish thread. Thread
threads correctly. external thread A thread on a cylindrical or conical Chaaing 12-54
external surface. Thread
THREAD NOMENCLATURE incomplete thread A threaded profile having either Accuracy 12-66
The glossary of terms for American Standard crests or roots, or both crests and roots not fully
Percentage of
screw threads presented in this chapter is adapted formed, resulting from their intersection with Thread 12-69
from ANSI Standard B 1.71 with permission of the the cylindrical or end surface of the work or the
publisher, the American Society of Mechanical vanish cone. It may occur at either end of the Tapping
Machines 12-75
Engineers. thread.
The terms commonly applied to screw threads internal thread A thread on a cylindrical or conical Tapping
may be classified in four general groups, namely, internal surface. Attachments 12-78
those relating to(l) types of screw threads, (2) sizes lead-thread That portion of the incomplete thread Solid Taps 12-81
and fit of mechanical parts in general, (3) geometri- that is fully formed at root but not fully formed
cal elements of both stt-sight and taper screw at crest which occurs at the entering end of Tap Holdars 12-95
threads, and (4) dimensions of screw threads. either external or internal threads. Workholders 12-98
left-hand thread A thread is a left-hand thread if,
Terms Relating to Types of when viewed axially, it winds in a counter- Operating
Parameters 12-99
Screw Threads clockwise and receding direction. All left-hand
classes of threads Threads are distinguished from threads are designated LH. Sharpening
multiple-start thread A thread in which the lead is of Taps 12-103
each other by the amounts of tolerance or
tolerance and allowance specified. an integral multiple, other than one, of the Applications 2-103
complete thread The complete (full form) thread is pitch,
right-hand thread A thread is a right-hand thread Trouble-
that cross section of a threaded length having shooting 12-107
full form at crest and root. (See effective thread, if, when viewed axially, it winds in a clockwise
length of complete thread.) Note: Formerly in and receding direction. A thread is considered Solid Dias 12-107
pipe thread terminology this was referred to as to be right-hand unless specifically indicated Thread
“the perfect thread” but that term is no longer otherwise. Milling 12-108
considered desirable. screw thread A screw thread (herein referred to as a
Thread
effective thread The effective (or useful) thread thread), is a ridge, usually of uniform section
Grinding 12-114
includes the complete thread, and those portions and produced by forming a groove in the form
of the incomplete thread which are fully formed of a helix on the external or internal surface of a Thread
Rolling 12-126
Contributors of sections of this chapter are: Judith F. Enden, A ssociate Engineer, Sales Engineering Dept. ,
Teledyne Landis Machine: Arthur Fitzwater, Director of Marketing, Reed Rolled Thread Die Co. , Div. of Litton
Industries; Alan R. Hails, Manager of Sales/Service Engineering, Morse Cutting Tools Div., Gulf& Western Mfg.
Co.; A {tan S. Johnson,, President. Tapmatic Corp.; Speneer 1.Kanter, ,P.E. . Chief Engineer, The Hanson Whitney
Co.; Adolph V. Klancruk, Pres:dent, Unwersal-A utomattc Corp.; Dawd L. Lawis, V\ce President of Engineering.
Universal Engineering Div., Houdaille Industries, Inc.; Richard J, Miller, Cri-Dan Product Manager, H.E.S.
Machine Tool, Inc.; Ronald J. Sabatos, Manager, Product Design & Application Department-Threading Tools,
The Cleveland Twist Drill Co. , Div. of A cme-Cleveland Corp.; DavidL. Turner, Vice President-Marketing, Prutton
Corp.; Joseph B. Yuryan, P.E. , Chief Enginear, The Cleveland Tapping Machine Co.; Ra ymondJ. Zaman, Director
of Marketing, Normac Inc.
Reviewers of sections of this chapter are: D. N, Badgley, Senior Staff Standards Engineer, Corporate
Engineering Standards, Clark Equipment Co.; Bob Barnhardt. Field Sales, Carboloy SVstems Dept. , Generat
Electric Co.; Frank Bartiromo, Production Engineer, Ragal-Beloit Corp., John C. Bath, Presidant, John Bath&
Co. , Inc.; Richard B. Belford, Technical Director, Industrial Fasteners Institute; Robert W. Berry, Chief Engineer,
VR/ Wesson Div. , Fansteel, Inc.; John P. Boggess, Product Manager, Metalworking Products Group,
12-1
Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook Knowledge Base • Copyright © 1998 • Society of Manufacturing Engineers
CHAPTER 12
THREAD NOMENCLATURE
cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or example, maximum internal thread size, minimum external
internal surface of a cone or frustum of a cone. A screw thread size.
thread formed on a cylinder is known as a straight or parallel nominal size The designation which is used for the purpose of
thread, to distinguish it from a taper screw thread which is general identification.
formed on a cone or frustrum of a cone. reference dimension A dimension, usually without tolerance,
single-start thread A thread having the lead equal to the pitch. used for information purposes only. It does not govern
(See pitch, lead. and thread,) production or inspection operations, A reference dimension
thread A thread is a portion of a screw thread encompassed by is derived from other values shown on the drawing or on
one pitch. On a single-start tht-ead it is equal to one turn, related drawings.
(See threads per inch and turns per inch,) size A designation of magnitude. When a value is assigned to a
thread series Groups of diameter/ pitch combinations distin- dimension, it is referred to hereinafter as the size of that
guished from each other by the number of threads per inch dimension, Note: It is recognized that the words “dimension”
applied to specific diameters. and “size” are both used at times to convey the meaning of
total thread The complete and all of the incomplete thread, thus magnitude.
including the vanish thread and the lead thread. tolerance The total amount by which a specific dimension is
vanish thread (partial thread, washout thread, or thread permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between
runout) That portion of the incomplete thread which is not the maximum and minimum limits.
fully formed at root or at crest and root. It is produced by the tolerance limit The variation, positive or negative, by which a
chamfer at the starting end of the thread forming tool. (See size is permitted to depart from the design size.
vanish cone.)
Terms Relating to Geometrical

Terms Relating to Size and Fit of Elements of Screw Threads
Mechanical Parts axis of thread The axis of a thread is coincident with the axis of
actual size A measured size, its pitch cylinder or cone.
allowance The prescribed difference between the design size and base The base of a thread section is that which coincides with
the basic size of a thread. the cylindrical or conical surface from which the thread
basic size That size from which the limits of size are derived by projects,
the application of allowances and tolerances. basic form of thread The permanent reference profile, from
design size The basic size with allowance applied, from which which the design forms for both external and internal
the limits of size are derived by the application of tolerances. threads are developed.
If there is no allowance, the design size is the same as the blunt start (blunt end) thread “Blunt start” (“blunt end”)
basic size, designates the removal of the incomplete thread at the end of
dimension A numerical value expressed in appropriate units of the thread. This is a feature of threaded parts that are
measure and indicated on a drawing along with lines, repeatedly assembled by hand, such as hose couplings and
symbols, and notes to define the geometrical characteristic thread plug gages, to prevent cutting of hands and crossing
of an object. of threads, and which was formerly known as a Higbee cut.
fitThe general term used to signify range of tightness or (See Fig. 12- I.)
looseness which results from application of a specific clearance flank The flank which does not take the externally
combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts. applied axial load in an assembly.
limits of size The applicable maximum and minimum sizes. crest The surface of the thread which joins the flanks of the
maximum material condition (M MC) The condition where a thread and is farthest from the cylinder or cone from which
feature of size contains the maximum amount of material the thread projects,
within the stated limits of size. For example, minimum design thread form The design thread form is the maximum
internal thread size, maximum external thread size, material form permitted for the external or internal thread.
minimum material condition (least material condition, LMC) In practice. unless otherwise specified, the form of root is an
The condition where a feature of size contains the least indeterminate contour not encroaching on the maximum
amount of material within the stated limits of size. For material form of the mating thread when assembled.
Reviewers. cont.: Kennametal inc.: Charles Book, Hartford Special Machinery; R. A. Brezler, Product Manager, Machines and Rolling
Development, Engineering Dept. , Teledyne Landis Machine; Richard J. Browning, Southern Gage Co..’ Edward F. Caliendo, Sales
Manager, Jarvis Products Corp.; Robert Coleman, A PI Engineer. Valenite Div., Valeron Corp.; Robert H. Cowan, Vice President/Marketing,
Snow Manufacturing Co.; John L. Crist, Manager of Estimating, Ettco Tool & Machine Co, , Inc.; Michael J. D’Eugenio, Manager of
Technical Services, Geometric Tool, United. Green field Div. , TRW Inc.; Mark J. Dieterle, Manager of Engineering, Detroit Tap &
Tool Co.; Arthur S. Dinsmore, Manager- Technical Services, Seneca Falls Machine Co. , Div. of SFM Corp.; C. A. Duffany, Universal
Machine Co.; Dino J, EmanuelIi, CME, Manager, Product Engineering, Green field Tap & Die Div. , TRW Inc.; Arthur Fitzwater, Director of
Marketing, Reed Rolled Thread Die Co. , Div. of Litton Industries; Dennis J. Giera, Supervisor&Analyst, Threading Tools, Cleveland Twist
Drill Co.; Donald J. Gochenauer, Manager Multiple Spindle Head Engineering, Ettco Tool & Machine Co. , Inc.; C. R. Gutshall, Product
Manager, Small Tools, Engineering Dept. , Teledyne Landis Machine; Alan R. Hails, Manager of Sales/Service Engineering, Morse
Cutting Tools Div , Gulf& Western Mfg. Co.; William Helfrick, Teledyne Landis Machine; Dr. W. E. Handerer, Manager, Metallurgical Lab,
Research, Vermont Tap and Die Co. , A Div. of Vermont American Corp.; Terry Henebry, Systems Engineer, Carbolo y Systems Dept, ,
General Electric Co.; Thomas Hollis, Jr. , President. The O.K. Tool Co. , Inc..’ David Huddle, API Engineering Manager, Valenite Div. ,
Valeron Corp.; Alan S. Johnson, President, Tapmatic Corp.; Brian J. Johnston, Manager Machine Engineering, Ettco Tool & Machine Co, , Inc.
12-2
CHAPTER 12
THREAD NOMENCLATURE
pitch cone The pitch cone is one of such apex angle and location
of its vertex and axis that its surface would pass through a
taper thread in such a manner as to make the widths of the
thread ridge and the thread groove equal and, therefore, is
located equidistantly between the sharp major and minor
cones of a given thread form. On a theoretically perfect taper
thread these widths are equal to one-half of the basic pitch,
(See axis of thread and pitch diameter.)
pitch cylinder A cylinder of such diameter and location of its
axis that its surface would pass through a straight thread in
such a manner as to make the widths of the thread ridge and
the thread groove equal and, therefore, is located equi-
distantly between the sharp major and minor cylinders of a
given thread form. On a theoretically perfect thread these
widths are equal to one-half of the basic pitch. (See axis of
thread and pitch diameter.)
Coupllnq Npde pitch line A generator of the cylinder or cone specified in the
definitions of pitch cylinder and pitch cone.
plane of vanish point l-he plane of vanish point of an external
Fig. 12-1 Blunt start designates the removal of the incomplete thread at thread is Lhe intersection of generators of the vanish cone
the end of the thread.’ -
with generators of the cylinder of the largest major diameter
of the thread (See Fig. 12-2. )
flank The flank (or side) of a thread is either surface connecting root The surface of the thread which joins the flanks of adjacent
the crest with the root. The flank-surface intersection with thread forms and is immediately adjacent to the cylinder or
an axial plane istheoretically a straight line. cone from which the thread projects,
following flank The following (trailing) flank of a thread is the sharp crest (crest apex) The apex formed by the intersection of
one that is opposite to the leading flank. the flanks of a thread when extended, if necessary, beyond
form of thread The form of a thread is its profile in an axial the crest.
plane for a length of one pitch of the complete thread. sharp major cylinder A cylinder the surface of which would
fundamental triangle The triangle whose corners coincide wiih bound the sharp crests of an external straight thread or the
three consecutive intersections of the extended flanks of the sharp roots of an internal straight thread.
basic form. sharp major cone A cone baving an apex angle equal to that of
leading flank The flank which, when the thread is about to be the pitch cone, the surface of which would bound the sharp
assembled with a mating thread, faces the mating thread. crests of an external taper thread or the sharp roots of an
load flank That flank which takes the externally applied axial internal taper thread.
load in an assembly. The term is used particularly in relation sharp minor cylinder A cylinder the surface of which would
to buttress, square, acme, and stub acme threads. bound the sharp roots of an external straight thread or the
major cone A cone that would bound the crests of an external sharp crests of an internal straight thread.
taper thread or the roots of an internal taper thread. sharp minor cone A cone having an apex angle equal to that of
major cylinder A cylinder that would bound the crests of an the pitch cone, the surfzace of which would bound the sharp
external straight thread or the roots of an internal straight roots of an external taper thread or the sharp crests of an
thread. internal taper thread.
minor cone A cone that would bound the roots of an external sharp root (root apex) The apex formed by the intersection of
taper thread or the crests of an internal taper thread. adjacent flanks of adjacent threads when extended, if
minor cylinder A cylinder that would bound the roots of an necessary, beyond the root.
external straight thread or the crests of an internal straight vanish cone A cone the surface of which would botrnd the roots
thread. of the vanish thread formed by the lead or chamfer of the
Reviewers, cont.: Spencer 1. Kanter, P.E. , Chief Engineer. The Hanson Whitney Co.; John C. King, Senior Design Engineer, Detroit Tap
& Tool Co.; A dolph V. Klancnik. President, Universal-Automatic Corp.; A. Kushigian, P. E., President, Normac Inc.; Earl A. Link, Chief
Engineer, United States Drill Head Co.; Raymond Luke. Plant Manager, Tapmatic Corp.; Kenneth L. March. President, Ettco Tool &
Machine Co. , Inc.; Kenji Matsumoto, Office Manager, OSG Tap and Die, Inc.; Joseph P. Merritt, Vice President, Sales, Hartford Special
Machinery Co.; Joseph Morin, Product Manager-Taps, Dies, and Rethreading Tools, Union/Butterfield Div. , Litton Industrial Products;
Norman F. Nau, Manager, Product Design, Union/ Butterfield Div. , Litton Industries; J. H. Nymberg, Vice President & General Manager,
United States Drill Head Co.; Carl J. Oxford, Jr. , Vice President-Technology, National Twist Drill, A Div. of Lear Siegler Inc.; Edward B.
Palm, President, Detroit Tap & Tool Co.; Phil Pastore, Chief Enginaer, Regal- Beloit Corp.; Donald L. Scheirer, Engineering Projects
Manager, Planetary Milling Machine Div. . Universal Machine Co.; Tom W. Shoecraft, Product Manager -OilfieldandAPl Tooling, Valenite
Div. , Valeron Corp.; D. F. Smith, President, T. M. Smith Tool International Corp.; A. H. Stoner, Product Manager, Perishable Tools,
Engineering Dept. , Teledyne Landis Machine; DanielJ. Sullivan, General Manager, Chaso ToolDiv. , Lear Siegler, Inc.; Dean Tesker, Vice
President, Tesker Manufacturing Corp.; Donald Tesker, Tesker Manufacturing Corp.; Donald L. Turner, Vice President-Marketing &
Engineering, Prutton Corp.; John W. Turton, Manager-Research & Development, Industrial Tools Div. , The Bendix Corp.; Lee Walker,
Manager, Gear Machinery Div. . Elliott Buffalo Machine Tool, Inc.; Joseph B. Yuryan, P.E. , Chief Engineer, The Cleveland Tapping Machine
Co,; Frank G. Zagar, President, Zagar. Inc.
12-3
CHAPTER 12
------- .. -. .-. .. . . . ... -
lHt!kAD NUMkNLLATUHE
flank angle The angles between the individual flanks and the
perpendicular to the axis of the thread, measured in an axial
plane. A flank angle of a symmetrical thread is commonly
termed the half-angle of thread.
form diameter The diameter at the point nearest the root from
which the flank is required to be straight.
Plane of the end of the pipe
at wrench-tight engagement
f
Iiilll!
Reference plane zero
IF
L:L
nk
S
J_
Fitting (internal thread)
.r- k
:=1 –- -m Plone af hand -tight engagement
:=5— - Plane af camplete thread length

=2– -m 1? Plane of effective thread length
❑4 Plane of vanish paint
thread]
l+%+---’-+
_ Plane of
vanish pain
>external
Z222ZX////A
threod>
Thread with on
ollowance
T
lrPo
(360°)
L EEF ‘0
“Unralled”
4 bLeod
pitch cyllnder
Lead ond helix angles
Leod angle, A
Helix
Helix ongle, ~
Fig. 12-2 Pipe and pipe thread symbols (see Table 12-2).
threading tool or, in the case employing a cam-actuated INTERNAL THREAD

single-to~l process (frequently referred ~o as the Cridan
process) or similar type of equipment, which is formed by the
tool withdrawal pattern. (See Fig. 12-3.)
Terms Relating to Dimensions

of Screw Threads
addendum The addendum of an external thread is the radial
distance between the major and pitch cylinders or cones,
respectively. The addendum of an internal thread is the
radial distance between the minor and pitch cylinders or
cones, respectively. (This term applies to those threads
having a recognized pitch diameter or pitch cone.)
crest truncation The crest truncation of a thread is the radial
distance between the sharp crest (crest apex) and the cylinder
or cone that would bound the crest.
cumulative pitch The distance measured parallel to the axis of
the thread between corresponding points on any two threads
whether or not they are in the same axial plane.
dedendum The dedendum of an external thread is the radial
distance between the pitch and minor cylinders or cones,
respectively. The dedendum of an internal thread is the
radial distance between the major and pitch cylinders or
cones, respectively. (This term applies to those threads
having a recognized PD or pitch cone.)
depth of thread engagement The depth (or height) of thread
engagement between two coaxially assembled mating threads Fig. 12-3 General screw thread symbols (see Table 12-1). These
is the radial distance by which their thread forms overlap diagrams are not intended to show s~andard thread forms, but only to
each other. illustrate the application of symbols.
12-4
CHAPTER 12
THREAD NOMENCLATURE
functional diameter “l’he functional diameter of an external or practice may exceed the product limits and which may be
internal thread is the pitch diameter of the enveloping thread included within the length of complete thread. However,
of perfect pitch, lead, and flank angles, having full depth of when the application is such as to require a minimum or
engagement but clear at crests and roots, and of a specified maximum number, or length, of complete threads, the
length of engagement. It may be derived by adding to the specification shall so state. Similar specification is
pitch diameter in the case of an external thread, or subtract- required for a definite length of engagement.
ing from the pitch diameter in the case of an internal thread, length of thread engagement The length of thread engagement
the cumulative effects of deviations from specified profile, of two mating threads is the axial distance over which two
including variations in lead and flank angle over a specified mating threads are designed to contact. (See length of
length of engagement. The effects of taper, out-of-roundness, complete thread.)
and surface defects may be positive or negative on either major diameter On a straight thread the major diameter is that
external or internal threads. A perfect internal or external of the major cylinder. On a taper thread the major diameter
thread gage having a pitch diameter equal to that of the at a given position on the thread axis is that of the major
spccifled material limit and having clearance at crest and cone at that position. (See major cylinder and major cone.)
root, is the enveloping thread corresponding to that limit. minor diameter On a straight thread the minor diameter is that
Note: Also called the virtual diameter, effective size, or of the minor cylinder. On a taper thread the minor diameter
virtual effective diameter. at a given position on the thread axis is that of the minor
height of fundamental triangle The height of the fundamental cone at that position. (See minor cylinder and minor cone. )
triangle of a thread, that is, the height of a sharp-V thread, is pitch The pitch of a thread having uniform spacing is the
the distance, measured radially, between the sharp major distance, measured parallel to its axis, between corre-
oand minor cylinders or cones, respectively. sponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial
height of thread The height (or depth) of thread is the distance, plane and on the same side of the axis. Pitch is equal to the
measured radially between the major and minor cylinders or lead divided by the number of thread starts.
cones, respectively. pitch diameter On a straight thread the pitch diameter is the
helix angle Ona straight thread, the helix angle is the angle diameter of the pitch cylinder. On a taper thread, the pitch
made by the helix of the thread and its relation to the thread diameter at a given position on the thread axis is the
axis. On a taper thread, the helix angle at a given axial diameter of the pitch cone at that position. Note: When the
position is the angle made by the conical spiral of the thread crest of a thread is truncated beyond the pitch line, the pitch
with the axis of the thread. The helix angle is the complement diameter, pitch cylinder, or pitch cone would be based on a
of the lead angle. (See Fig. 12-3.) theoretical extension of the thread flanks.
helix variation Any deviation from true helical advancement. root truncation The radial distance between the sharp root
The “helical path” includes the heiix with its superimposed (root apex) and the cylinder or cone that would bound the
variations and is medsured either as the maximum deviation root.
from the true helix or as the “cumulative pitch. ” standoff The axial distance between specified reference points
included angle The included angle of a thread (or angle of on external and internal taper threaded members or gages,
thread) is the angle between the flanks of the thread when assembled with a specified torque or under other
measured in an axial plane. specified conditions.
lead When a threaded part is rotated about its axis with respect thread groove diameter On a straight thread the thread groove
to a fixed mating thread, the lead is the axial distance moved diameter is the diameter of a cylinder, the surface of which
by the part in relation to the amount of angular rotation. The would pass through the thread profiles at such points as to
basic lead is commonly specified as the distance to be moved make the width of the thread groove equal to one-half of the
in one complete rotation, It is necessary to distinguish basic pitch (pitch cylinder on a theoretically perfect thread).
measurement of lead from measurement of pitch, as uni- It is the diameter yielded by measuring over or under
formity of pitch measurements does not assure uniformity of cylinders (wires) or spheres (balls) inserted in the thread
lead. (Variations in either lead or pitch cause the functional groove on opposite sides of the axis and computing the
diameter of thread to differ from the pitch diameter.) thread groove diameter as thus defined.
lead angle On a straight thread, the lead angle is the angle made On a taper thread the thread groove diameter is the
by the helix of the thread at the pitch line with a plane diameter at a given position on the thread axis of a cone, the
perpendicular to the axis. On a taper thread, the lead angle at surface of which would pass through the thread profiles at
a given axial position is the angle made by the conical spiral such points as to make the width of the thread groove
of the thread, with the plane perpendicular to the axis, at the (measured parallel to the axis) equal to one-half of the basic
pitch line. (See Fig, 12-3.) pitch (pitch cone on a theoretically perfect thread). lt is the
length of complete thread The axial length of a part where the diameter yielded by measuring over or under cylinders
thread section has full form at both crest and root; that is, the (wires) or spheres (balls) inserted in the thread groove on
vanish threads are not included. However, on commercial opposite sides of the axis and computing the thread groove
fasteners where there are unfilled crests at the start of rolled diameter as thus defined.
threads or a chamfer at the start of a thread, not exceeding thread groove width The distance between the flanks of
two pitches in length, this is traditionally included in the adjacent thread ridges normally measured parallel to the
specified thread length. (See complete thread, lead thread, axis at the specified pitch radius. The width of thread groove
and effective thread. ) may be specified and measured parallel to the axis at any
Note: When designing threaded products, it is necessary other specified radius.
to take cognizance of (1) such permissible length of thread ridge diameter On a straight thread the thread ridge
chamfer and (2) the first threads which by virtue of gaging diameter is the diameter of a cylinder, the surface of which
12-5
CHAPTER 12
LETTER SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATION
TABLE 12-1
General Symbols for Screw Thread Dimensions (See Fig. 12-3)1
Symbols Dimensions Remarks Symbols Dimensions Remarks

D Major diameter Exception: B is used for Radial distance from apex of
basic major diameter when fundamental triangle to:
this differs from the nomi- .L Flat at crest of external
nal major diameter. thread
Subscriptss or n, indicating A Flat at root of external
external and internal thread
thread, respectively, may “L Flat at crest of interrml
be used if necessary. thread
E Pitch diameter Subscriptss or n, indicating $. Flat at root of internal
K Minor diameter } external and internal thread
thread, respectively, may Width of
be used if necessary. F Flat (general)
P Pitch Equals 1/n F,, Flat at crest of external
L Lead Equals 1/N thread
n Number of threads (pitches) Equals 1/p F,, Flat at root of external
per unit of length (per thread
inch) (tpi) F,” Flat at crest of internal
N Number of turns per unit of Equals 1IL thread
length (per inch) F,. Flat at root of internal
H Height of fundamental thread
triangle G Allowance at major, pitch,
h Height (or depth) of thread Subscriptss or n, indicating and minor diameters of
external and internal external thread
thread, respectively, may L,. Length of complete external
be used if necessary, thread
ha Addendum L,. Length of complete internal
hd Dedendum thread including chamfer
h, Height of symmetrical For 6(Y Unified thread this L, Length of thread engage-
thread equals 3H/4 = 100TG ment
thread height. w Diameter of measuring
h, Depth of thread engagement wires
a Half angle of symmetrical M.) Measurement over wires
thread T Measurement under wires
a, Angle between leading c Correction to measurement E= MB, -C-c
flank of thread and nor- over wires to give pitch { C=w(l +cOsecrr)-
mal to axis of thread diameter (cot a)/2n
clz Angle between following Correction to measurement E= T+ P-c
flank of thread and normal under wires to give pitch { P= (p cots)/2=
to axis of thread diameter (cosec 0- l)w
A Lead angle tan A=-&- A’ Wire angle
c Wire-angle correction See ANSI B1.2, B1.5,
and BI.9.
‘? Helix angle cot w.* Prefix
symbol Deviation in any dimension Examples: Deviation in pitch
Radius of rounding at: with 6 &J; deviation in half angle
r<. Crest of external thread fSaor 8W
r,, Root of external thread A Ea Pitch-diameter equivalent of
r.. Crest of internal thread deviations in flank angles
r,. Root of internal thread A EP Pitch-diameter equivalent of
Radial distance from apex of deviation in pitch
fundamental triangle to:
s<. Rounded crest of external
thread
s,, Rounded root of external
thread
S.. Rounded crest of internal
thread
s,. Rounded root of internal
thread
12-6
CHAPTER 12
LETTER SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATION
would pass through the thread profiles at such points as to letter symbols for designating dimensions of screw threads and
make the thickness of the thread ridge equal to one-half of threaded products and (2) abbreviations used as designations
the basic pitch (pitch cylinder on a theoretically perfect for various standard thread forms, thread series, and feature
thread). On a taper thread the thread ridge diameter is a designations for use on drawings.
diameter at a given position on the thread axis of the cone,
the surface of which would pass through the thread profiles Dimensional Symbols
at such points as to make the thickness of the thread ridge Standard letter symbols to designate the dimensions of screw
(measured parallel to the axis) equal to one-half of the basic threads in text and formulas are given in Tables 12-1 and 12-2.
pitch (pitch cone on a theoretically perfect thread). General symbols are given in Table 12-1, and pipe-thread
thread ridge thickness The distance between the flanks of one symbols in Table 12-2. The application of general symbols is
thread ridge, normally measured parallel to the axis at the illustrated in Fig. 12-3, and the application of pipe-thread
specified pitch radius. The thickness of thread ridge may be symbols in Fig. 12-2.
specified and measured parallel to the axis at any other
specified radius. Thread Designations
threads per inch The number of threads per inch is the Thread series designations are capital letter abbreviations of
reciprocal of the pitch in inches. names used on drawings, in tables, and otherwise to designate
turns per inch The number of turns per inch is the reciprocal of various forms of thread and thread series; they commonly
the lead in inches. consist of combinations of such abbreviations. The names and
abbreviations now in use are assembled in Table 12-3, together
LEITER SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS with references to standards in which they occur, for various
Symbols associated with screw threads are of two kinds: (1) standard threads.
TABLE 12-2
Pipe-Thread Symbols (See Fig. 12-2)1
Symbols Dimensions Symbols Dimensions

D Outside diameter of pipe L Length from centerline of coupling, face of
d Inside diameter of pipe flange, or bottom of internal thread chamber
1 Wall thickness of pipe of face of fitting
D, Major diameter* b Width of bearing face on coupling
E, Pitch diameter* T (tau) Angle of chamfer at bottom of recess or
K. Minor diameter* counterbore measured from the axis
L. Length of thread from plane of pipe end to plane E (epsilon) Half apex angle of vanish cone
containing basic diameter D,, E., or K. J Length from centerline of coupling, face of
Length of vanish cone (washout) threads flange, or bottom of internal thread chamber
~(beta) Half apex angle of pitch cone of taper thread to end of pipe, wrenched engagement
A (gamma) Angle of chamfer at end of pipe measured from L, (1) Length of straight full thread
a plane normal to the axis (see Table 12-1)
A Hand-tight standoff of face of coupling from (2) Length from plane of hand-tight
plane containing vanish point on pipe engagement to small end of full internal
M Length from plane of hand-tight engagement to taper thread
the face of coupling on internally threaded Q Diameter of recess or counter bore in fitting
member 9 Depth of recess or counterbore in fitting
s Distance of gaging step of plug gage from face w Outside diameter of coupling or hub of fitting
of ring gage for hand-tight engagement.
Standoff
Definitions of planes denoted by subscript x: T
~zo Plane of pipe end Plane in coupling reached by end of pipe in
X=1 Plane of hand-tight engagement or plane at wrenched condition (L3 is measured from plane
mouth of coupling (excluding recess, if containing pipe end in position of hand-tight
present). On British pipe threads this is desig- engagement.)
nated the “gauge plane” and the major diam- X.4 Plane containing vanish point of thread on pipe
eter in this plane is designated the “gauge X.5 Plane at which major-diameter cone of thread
diameter.” intersects outside diameter of pipe
X.2 Plane at which vanish threads on pipe commence
* Subscript x denotes plane containing the diameter. Subscriptss and n designating external and internal threads, respectively, may
also be used if necessary.
T Additional special subscripts areas follows: Plane x = 6 is the plane of the pipe end for railing joints. Plane x = 7 is the plane of the
API gage point at a specified length from the plane of vanish point. Plane x = 8 is the plane of the large end of the “L8 thread ring
gage” for the National Gas Taper (compressed-gas cylinder-valve inlet connection) thread. Plane x=9 is the plane of the small end of
the “L thread plug gage” for the National Gas Taper (compressed-gas cylinder inlet) thread.
12-7
CHAPTER 12
LETTER SYMBOLS AhlD DESIGNATION
TABLE 12-3
Thread Series Designations
References References
American American
National National
Designations Thread Series Standards Designations Thread Series Standards
ACME-C Acme threads, centralizing B1.5 M Metric screw threads, M profile BI.13M
ACM E-G Acme threads, general purpose B1.5 MJ Metric screw threads, MJ B1.21M
(See also STUB ACME) profile
AMO American Standard microscope B1.11 BUTT National Buttress threads B1.9
objective threads NGO National gas outlet threads** B57, 1
ANPT Aeronautical National Form --- NGS National gas straight threads B57. 1
taper pipe threads* NGT National gas taper threads (See B57,1
F-PTF Dryseal fine taper pipe thread B1.20.3 also SGT)
series NH American National hose B2.4
coupling and firehose
Class 5 interference fit B1.12
coupling threads
External Threads
NPSC American Standard straight B1.20.
NC5 H F — For driving in hard ferrous pipe threads in pipe couplings
material of hardness over NPSF Dryseal American Standard BI.20.
160 Bhn fuel internal straight pipe
NC5 CSF — For driving in copper alloy threads
and soft ferrous material of NPSH American Standard straight B2.4
160 Bhn or less pipe threads for loose-fitting
NC5 ONF — For driving in other non- mechanical joints for hose
ferrous material (nonferrous couplings
materials other than copper NPS1 Dryseal American Standard B ,20.3
alloys), any hardness intermediate internal straight
pipe threads
Class 5 interference fit B1.12 NPSL American Standard straight B ,20,1
Internal Threads pipe threads for loose-fitting
NC5 IF — Entire ferrous material range mechanical joints with
NC5 INF — Entire nonferrous material B1.13M locknuts
range
Thread element designations are capital letter abbreviations published American National standard threads. The essential
based on names of various thread dimensions in thread features of the Unified thread form are shown in Fig. 12-4. UNR
designations. Such abbreviations are for use on drawings and applies only to external threads, and the difference between UN
are shown in Table 12-4. and UNR threads (in addition to designation) is that a flat or
optional rounded root contour is specified for UN threads,
UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS while only a rounded root contour is specified for UNR threads.
in use today in American industry are two screw-thread
systems—the older American National, a standard originally Standard Series
developed for the United States which has become obsolete The various diameter-pitch combinations for the eleven
since the development of the Unified Standard, an international series in the Unified standard are shown in Table 12-5.
standard created by the United States, the United Kingdom,
and Canada. In 1948 the United States reached an accord with Thread Classes
Britain and Canada on Unified thread specifications. Included Thread classes are distinguished from each other by the
were the form of thread, the pitches, and the tolerances in the amounts of tolerance and allowance. Classes 1A, 2A, and 3A
coarse, fine, and special threads to be designated by UNC, apply to external threads only, and classes IB, 2B, and 3B apply
UNF, and UNS, respectively (the equivalent American National to internal threads only. Classes 2A and 2B are the most
thread designations were NC, NF, and NS). Specifications for commonly used thread standards for general applications,
Unified screw threads are presented in ANSI Standard B 1. I including production of bolts, screws, nuts, and similar threaded
published by ASME.2 The form adopted for Unified thread is fasteners. Classes 3A and 3B may he used for applications
similar to the 60° American National form, and threads of both requiring tolerances closer than 2A and 2B. Classes 1A and 1B
standards having the same diameter and pitch are mechanically are used on threaded components where quick and easy
interchangeable. The principal differences between these assembly is necessary and where a liberal tolerance is required
standards relate to the application of allowances and differences to permit ready assembly, even with bruised or dirty threads.
in tolerances, as well as the differences in designations. The Any combination of external-thread class and internal-thread
Unified standard threads generally supersede the previously class may be based on assembly requirements. For example, a
12-8
CHAPTER 12
UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS
TABLE 12-3 -Continued

Thread Series Designations
References References
American American
National National
Designations Thread Series Standards Designations Thread Series Standards
NPSM American Standard straight BI.20. I UNJ Unified constant-pitch thread BI,15
pipe threads for free-fitting series with a O.1501 lp to
mechanical joints for fixtures O.18042p controlled root
N PT American Standard taper pipe BI.20. I radiusl
threads for general use UNJC Unified coarse thread series BI.15
NPTF Dryseal American Standard BI.20,3 with a 0.1501 Ip to O.18042p
taper pipe threads controlled root radiusl
NPTR American Standard taper pipe B] .20.1 UNJEF Unified extra-fine thread series B1,15
threads for railing joints with a 0.1501 1p to O.18042p
PTF-SAE Dryseal SAE short taper pipe B1.20.3 controlled root radiust
SHORT threads UNJF Unified fine thread series with a BI.15
PTF-SPL Dryseal special short taper pipe BI.20.3 0.1501 Ip to O. 18042p con-
SHORT threads trolled root radiusi”
PTF-S PL Dryseal special extra short B1.20.3 UNR Unified constant-pitch thread B1.1
EXTRA taper pipe threads (See also series with a O.108p to O.144p
SHORT SPL-PTF) controlled root radius
s ISO Miniature screw threads --- UNRC Unified coarse thread series B1.1
0.25 to 1.4 mm inc. with a O.108p to O.144p cxm-
SGT Special gas taper threads B57. 1 tl-oiled root ]-adius
SPL-PTF Dryseal special taper pipe BI.20.3 UNRF Unified fine thread series with a B1.1
threads O.108p to O.144p controlled
STUB ACME Stub Acme threads B1.8 root radius
UN Unified constant-pitch thread B1.1 UNREF Unified extra-fine thread series B1.1
series with a O.108p to O.144p con-
UNC Unified coarse thread series B1.1 trolled root radius
UNEF Unified extra-fine thread series B1.1 UNM Unified miniature thread series BI.10
UNF Unified fine thread series B1.1 UNS Unified threads of special diam- B1.1
eters, pitches, or iengths of
Note: Methods of designating multiple threads are shown in ANSI Standard B1 .5, Acme Screw Thl-cads.
* As published in Military Specification M IL-P-7105,
** All threads, except NGO, are right hand, unless otherwise designated. For NGO threads, designations RH or LF are required.
t As published in Military Specification M IL-S-8879, and 1S0 Draft Proposal—by ANSI Standard B 1, June 1970.
class 2A external thread may be used with a class 1B, 2B, or 3B TABLE 12-4
internal thread. Heature Designations for Use on Drawingsl
Limits of Size Designation Feature

The disposition of tolerances and crest clearances for various
classes of thread is illustrated in Figs. 12-5 and 12-6. The limits CR Crest radius
of size for both external and internal threads for sizes through I DR Differential reading
1/ 2“ in the standard series of Unified threads are listed in Table FD Functional diameter
12-6. For sizes larger than 1 I / 2“ and special sizes not listed, G Allowance
ANSI Standard BI. 1 should be referenced. The pitch-diameter L Lead
tolerances specified in Table 12-6 for all classes of the UNC and LE Length of thread engagement
UNF series are based on a length of engagement equal to the P Pitch
basic major (nominal) diameter and are applicable for lengths PD Pitch diameter
of engagement from 5 pitches up to 1 1/ 2 diameters. For the 4 RR Root radius
UN, 6 UN, and 8 UN series, the pitch-diameter tolerances T Tolerance
.,.GD
specified for classes 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B are based on a length of Thread groove diameter
engagement equal to the basic major (nominal) diameter and TGW Thread groove width
are applicable for lengths of engagement up to 1 1/ 2 diameters. TP1 Thread per inch
The pitch-diameter tolerances specified for all classes of the TRD Thread ridge diameter
UNEF, 12 UN, 16 UN, 20 UN, 28 UN, and 32 UN series are TRT Thread ridt.x thickness
based on a length of engagement of9 threads and are applicable
12-9
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-5
Standard Series Threads (UN/ UNR)2
Threads per Inch

Series with
Graded Pitches
Basic Extra-
Sizes Major fine Series with Constant Pitches*
Coarse Fine
Primary Secondary Diameter UNC Uh’F UNEF 4UN 6UN 8UN 12UN 16UN 20UN 28UN 32UN Sizes
o 0.0600 80 — u
1 0.0730 64 72 1
2 0.0860 56 64 2
3 0.0990 48 56 3
4 0.1120 40 48 — 4
5 0.1250 40 44 5
6 0.1380 32 40 UNC 6
8 0.1640 32 36 UNC 8
10 0.[900 24 32 UNF 10
12 0.2160 24 28 32 UNF UNEF 12
1,/4 0.2500 20 28 32 UNC UNF UNEF 1/4

5/]6 0.3125 18 24 32 20 28 UNEF 5/16
3/8 0.3750 16 24 32 UNC 20 28 UNEF 3/8
7/16 0.4375 14 20 28 16 UNF UNEF 32 7/16
1/2 0.5000 13 20 28 16 UNF UNEF 32 1/2
9/ 16 0.5625 12 18 24 UNC 16 20 28 32 9/ 16
5/8 0,6250 II 18 24 12 16 20 28 32 5/8
11/16 0.6875 24 12 16 20 28 32 11/16
3/4 0,7500 10 16 20 [2 UN’F UNEF 28 32 3/4
13/ 16 0.8125 20 —. [2 16 UNEF 28 32 13/ 16
7/8 0.8750 9 14 20 12 16 UNEF 28 32 7/8
15/ 16 0.9375 20 12 16 UNEF 28 32 15/16
1 1.0000 8 12 20 UNC UNF 16 UNEF 28 32 I
I 1/16 1.0625 18 8 12 16 20 28 — i 1,116
I 1/8 [.1250 7 12 18 8 UNF 16 20 28 1 1/8
1 3/16 1.1875 . 18 8 12 16 20 28 [ 3/16
1 1/4 1.2500 7 12 18 8 (JNF 16 20 28 I 1/4
1 5/16 1.3125 18 8 12 16 20 28 I 516
1 3/’8 1.3750 6 12 18 UNC 8 UNF 16 20 28 — 1 3/8
1 7/16 1.4375 18 6 8 12 16 20 28 1 7/16
1 1/2 1.5000 6 12 18 UNC 8 UNF 16 20 28 1 1/2
[ 9,i16 1.5625 18 6 8 12 16 20 — 1 9/16
I 5/8 1.6250 18 6 8 12 16 20 — I 5/8
111/16 1.6875 18 6 8 [2 16 20 111/16
1 3/4 1.7500 5 6 8 12 16 20 1 3/4
1 13/16 1.8125 — 6 8 12 16 20 I 13/16
1 7/8 1.8750 6 8 12 16 20 1 7/8
1 15/16 1.9375 — 6 8 12 16 20 — 1 15/16
2 2.0000 4 1/2 6 8 12 16 20 2
211’8 2.1250 6 8 12 16 20 21/8
2 [/4 2.2500 411’2 6 8 12 16 20 2 1/’4
23/8 2.3750 6 8 12 16 20 — — 2 3/8
2 1/2 2.5000 4 UNC 6 8 12 16 20 2 1/2
25/8 2.6250 4 6 8 12 16 20 — 2 5/8
2 3/4 2.7500 4 UNC 6 8 12 [6 20 2 3/4
27/8 2.8750 — 4 6 8 12 16 20 27/8
3 3.0000 4 UNC 6 8 12 16 20 — 3
3 l/18 3.1250 4 6 8 12 16 31/8
31/4 3.2500 4 UNC 6 8 12 16 3 1/4
33/8 3,3750 4 6 8 12 16 3 3/8
3 1/2 3.5000 4 Uxc 6 8 12 16 31/2
3 5/8 3.6250 4 6 8 [2 16 3 5/8
3 3/4 3.7500 4 UNC 6 8 12 16 3 3/4
37/8 3.8750 — 4 6 8 12 16 3 7,i8
12-10
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-5-Continued
Threads per Inch

Series with
Graded Pitches
Basic Extra-
Sizes Major Series with Constant Pitches*
Coarse Fine fine
Primary Secondary Diameter UNC UNF UNEF 4UN 6UN 8UN 12UN 16UN 20UN 28UN 32UN Swes
4 4.0000 4 UNC 6 8 12 16 4
4 1/8 4.1250 4 6 8 12 16 — 411’8
41/4 4.2500 4 6 8 12 16 41/4
43/8 4.3750 4 6 8 12 16 43/8
41/2 4.5000 4 6 8 12 16 41/2
45/8 4.6250 4 6 8 12 16 45/8
43/4 4.7500 4 6 8 12 16 43/4
47/8 4.8750 4 6 8 12 16 47/8
5 5.0000 4 6 8 12 16 5
5 11’8 5.1250 4 6 8 12 16 51/8
5 1/4 5.2500 4 6 8 12 16 5 1/4
53/8 5.3750 4 6 8 12 [6 53/8
51/2 5.5000 4 6 8 12 16 51/2
55,i8 5.6250 4 6 8 12 16 55,i8
53/4 5.7500 4 6 8 12 16 53/4
57/8 5,8750 4 6 8 12 16 57/8
6 6.0000 4 6 8 12 16 6
* Series designation shown indicates the UN thread form; however, the UNR thread form may be specified by substituting UNR in
place of UN in all designations for external use only.
10125P
Internal o 125t
b$n malor dcmwter
threod
(nt) A
O 125H
0.375H
Pitch Ikne O 625H
.— -
50” 0725P - -
0.25H H
() ~p
0.25H ‘s, ,z’ O 2.5H Fl&ks to be stro,ghi L

1 @?!!!!!i+ Max design
“1’” beyond 0.25H from sharp mnor dlarneter
I
—-9od-p-
J apex
~,AxIs of mierna’ thread

?0” ~(form
of root
dfameter) 1 Ro.rded root opt,mal
.—. —-—-—- — & -~ AXIS d Wer”al thread
Internal UN screw thread External UNR screw threaj
Fl&nks to be strmght L Max desgn
J
90” I
beyond 0.25H from sharp
apex of root
(forrr dlcrmeter)
minor dmmeter
\ O 14434p R~d[us root

+ ~ AXIS of ex!emal thread
External UN screw thread
Fig. 12-4 Design profiles for Unified Inch Screw Threads.z
12-11
CHAPTER 12
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b-lb-l
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*- am
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0000 00 0 0“
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12-12
CHAPTER 12
12-13
CHAPTER 12
M
12-14
CHAPTER 12
12-15
CHAPTER 12
12-16
CHAPTER 12
Uln
r-m
00
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mm
am
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m?
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12-17
CHAPTER 12
r-- mm
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cc
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m m
m
‘ar-
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06 -.
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we
r-r-
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CHAPTER 12
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m
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mm
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W,
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l-o
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00
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12-19
CHAPTER 12
.-
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CHAPTER 12
000
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—.... -
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CHAPTER 12
~ poll,,,.
/.
7
T
112 Toercmce on ma[or dlom
of screw
~ In pracke, crests rmoy be pcIMly or

Jlly rounded
$. a 112 PD toleronce on nut

‘ I/2 Allowance (screw only) j
fiIIZ pD tOleronce On screw ~
Basic
form
,
For UN R threads, this root IS
defined as a contln~ous rounded
contour with o radius not less
than O.10875p For UN threrds
this root may be flot
Fig. 12-5 Disposition of diametral tolerances, allowances, and crest clearances for Unified Screw Thread Classes 1A, 2A, lB, and 2B.’
for lengths of engagement from 5-15 threads. For special The pipe thread joints which are to be made up using a sealing
applications, the required length of engagement might be the compound consist of external-taper and internal-taper or
determining factor in the proper selection of thread tolerances. straight pipe threads having the same truncation tolerance at
ANSI Standard B 1.3, “Screw Thread Gaging Systems for the crests and roots of external and internal threads. This results
Dimensional Acceptability,” and ANSI Standard B 1.2, “Gages in interference or clearance between the crest and root of
and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads, ” cover thread internal and external threads when the joint is made up wrench-
gaging systems and provide the essential specifications for the tight (see Fig. 12-7). Unless this clearance is sealed, a spiral leak
gages required. will result when the joint is subjected to fluid or vapor pressure.
Complete details on all pipe threads except Dryseal maybe
found in ANSI Standard B2. 1. A new standard for general-
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD purpose pipe threads, ANSI Standard B 1.20.1, is being prepared
PIPE THREADS and will be published by ASME.
The American National Standard pipe thread is intended for
use where the assembled product, made up using a sealing American National Standard Taper
compound, is satisfactory for pressure-tight joints or where a Pipe Threads (N PT)
sealer is not functionally objectionable. One of the present taper pipe thread forms that has been
12-22
CHAPTER 12
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS
o.041667p
11--
%/ Internal thread
/ 112 Tolerance on malordmm

of screw
y
In prodce, cre+smay bepatiiallyor
~ till. rounded.
~, ~ lj2PDtoleronce on nut
z 112pDt01erance 0”~crew
4.
F_ /
4
Basic
form
For UNR threads, this root IS

defined as a contl.uous rounded
contour w(th a radius not Ikss
than O.10825p. For Unthreads
th[sroct may be f[at.
Fig. 12-6 Disp@ition ofdiametral tolerances andcrest clearances for Unified inch Screw lhread Classes 3Aand3B.’
adopted in the United States for pipe fittings and other

applications is the NPT form shown in Fig. 12-8. The limits on
crest and root truncation of NPT taper pipe threads are
Internal thread tabulated in Table 12-7. The basic dimensions of NPT taper
pipe threads for both the external and internal threads are
shown in Table 12-8. Most commercial pipe fittings and valves
incorporate the NPT thread series. The external thread is
e
always tapered; and for high-pressure service, the internal
thread is also tapered. For low-pressure commercial products,
the internal thread in couplings maybe straight N PSC type.
Internal Straight Threads in Pipe

Couplings (NPSC)
External thread
The American National Standard Coupling Straight Pipe
Thread is for internal threading only. Low pressure-tight joints,
when assembled wrench-tight with NPT external taper threads,
Fig.12-7 American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads, General can only be obtained when using a sealer. The dimensions for
Purpose, NI’T. When threaded joints are made up wrench-tight with internal straight threads in pipe coupling (NPSC) are shown in
Iuhricantor sealer, itisintended that the flanks shall beincontact.~ Table 12-9.
12-23
CHAPTER 12
Internal thread
External thread
TABLE 12-7
Limits on Crest and Root Truncation of American National Standard
External and Internal Taper Pipe Threads, NPTJ
Height of Truncation,f’ Equivalent Width of Flat. F

Threads Sharp V Height of Thread,
h Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
per Inch, Thread,
n H Maximum Minimum Formula Inch Formula Inch Tolerance Formula Inch Formula Inch Tolerance
27 0.03208 0.02963 0.02496 o.033p 0.0012 0.096p 0.0036 0,0024 o.038p 0.0014 O.lllp 0.0041 0.0027
18 0,04811 0,04444 0.03833 o.033p 0.0018 0,088p 0.0049 0,0031 0.038p 0.0021 0. lo2p 0.0057 0.0036
14 0,06186 0.05714 0.05071 o.033p 0,0024 0.078p 0.0056 0.0032 o.038p 0.0027 0.090p 0.0064 0,0037
11.5 0,07531 0.06957 0,06261 o.033p 0,0029 0.073p 0.0063 0.0034 0.038P 0.0033 0.084P 0.0073 0,0040
8 0.10825 0.10000 0.09275 o.033p 0.0041 0.062P 0.0078 0.0037 0.038p 0.0048 0.072P 0.0090 0.0Q42
Note: The basic dimensions of the American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread are given in inches to four and five decimal places.
While this implies a greater degree of precision than is ordinarily attained, these dimensions are so expressed for the purpose of
eliminating errors in computations.
12-24
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-8
Basic Dimensions of American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread, NPT3
Outside Handtight Engagement Effective ”Ihread, External

Pitch Diameter
Diameter of Threads per Pitch of at Beginning Length, ‘ L, Length, c L~
Nominal Pipe, inch, Thread, of External Diam, b Diam,
Pipe Size D n P Thread, & In. Threads E, In. Threads E>
l/16 0.3125 27 0.03704 0.27118 0.160 4.32 0.28118 0.2611 7.05 0.28750
1/8 0,405 27 0.03704 0.36351 0.1615 4.36 0.37360 0.2639 7.12 0.38000
1/4 0.540 IS 0.05556 0.47739 0.2278 4.10 0.49163 0.4018 7.23 0.50250
3/8 0.675 18 0.05556 0.61201 0.240 4.32 0.62701 0.4078 7.34 0,63750
1/2 0.840 14 0.07143 0.75843 0.320 4.48 0.77843 0.5337 7.47 0.79179
3/4 1.050 14 0.07143 0.96768 0.339 4.75 0.98887 0.5457 7.64 1.00179
1 1.315 11.5 0.08696 1.21363 0.400 4,60 1.23863 0.6828 7.85 1.25630
1 1/4 I.660 11.5 0.08696 1.55713 0.420 4.83 1.58338 0.7068 8.13 1.60130
1 1/2 1.900 11.5 0.08696 1.79609 0.420 4.83 1.82234 0.7235 8.32 1.84130
2 2.375 11.5 0.08696 2.26902 0.436 5.01 2.29627 0.7565 8.70 2.31630
21/2 2.875 8 0.12500 2,71953 0.682 5.46 2.76216 1.1375 9.10 2.79062
3 3.500 8 0.12500 3.34062 0.766 6.13 3.38850 1.2000 9.60 3.41562
31/2 4.000 8 0.12500 3.83750 0.821 6.57 3.88881 1.2500 10.00 3.91562
4 4.500 8 0.12500 4.33438 0.844 6.75 4.38712 1.3000 10.40 4.41562
5 5.563 8 0.12500 5.39073 0.937 7.50 5.44929 1.4063 11.25 5.47862
6 6.625 8 0.12500 6.44609 0,958 7.66 6.50597 1.5125 12.10 6.54062
8 8.625 8 0.12500 8.43359 1.063 8,50 8.50003 1.7125 13.70 8.54062
10 10.750 8 0.12500 10,54531 1.210 9.68 10.62094 1.9250 15.40 10.66562
12 12.750 8 0.12500 12.53281 1.360 10.88 12.6178[ 2.1250 17.00 12.66562
14 OD 14.000 8 0.12500 I3.77500 1.562 12.50 13,87262 2.2500 18.00 13.91562

160D 16.000 8 0.12500 15.76250 1.812 14.50 15.87575 2,4500 [9.60 15.91562
180D 18.000 8 0.12500 17.75000 2.000 [6.00 17.87500 2.6500 21.20 17.91562
20 OD 20.000 8 0.12500 19.73750 2.125 17.00 19.87031 2.8500 22.80 19.91562
24 OD 24.000 8 0.12500 23,71250 2.375 19.00 23.86094 3.2500 26.00 23.91562
12-25
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-8—Continued
Basicg
Length. LI Plane increase Minor
Wrench Makeup Length for Overalle Nominal Complete Height
to La Plane in Diam Diam
Internal Thread
Nominal External Thread, Vanish Thread, ~!t~~~~l External Threadsf of per at Small
Pipe L2 - L, Length, L3 v Thread, Length. Diam, Thread, Thread, End of
Diam,d
Size In. Threads In. Threads E3 [n. Threads 4 L5 E5 h 0.0625/n Pipe, %
1/16 O.1OI1 2.73 0.1111 3 0.26424 0.1285 3.47 0.3896 0.1870 0.28287 0.02963 0.0023 I 0.2416
1/8 0.1024 2.76 0.1111 3 0.35656 0.1285 3.47 0.3924 0.1898 0.37537 0.02963 0.00231 0.3339
1/4 0.1740 3.13 0,1667 3 0.46697 0.1928 3.47 0.5946 0.2907 0.49556 0.04444 0.00347 0.4329
3/8 0.1678 3.02 0.1667 3 0.60160 0.1928 3.47 0.6006 0.2967 0.63056 0.04444 0.00347 0.5676
1/2 0.2137 2.99 0.2143 3 0.74504 0.2478 3.47 0.7815 0.3909 0,78286 0,05714 0.00446 0.7013
3/4 0,2067 2.89 0.2143 3 0.95429 0.2478 3.47 0.7935 0.4029 0.99286 0,05714 0.00446 0.9105
1 0,2828 3.25 0.2609 3 1.19733 0.3017 3.47 0.9845 0.5089 1.24543 0.06957 0.00543 1.1441
I lj4 0.2868 3.30 0.2609 3 1.54083 0.3017 3.47 1.0085 0.5329 1.59043 0.06957 0.00543 1,4876
1 1/2 0.3035 3.49 0.2609 3 1.77978 0.3017 3.47 1.0252 0.5496 1.83043 0.06957 0.00543 1.7265
2 0.3205 3.69 0.2609 3 2.25272 0.3017 3.47 1.0582 0,5826 2.30543 0.06957 0.00543 2,1995
2 1/2 0.4555 3.64 0.250@ 2 2.7039[ 0.4337 3.47 1.5712 0.8875 2.77500 0.100000 0.00781 2,6195
3 0.4340 3.47 0.250G@ 2 3.32500 0.4337 3.47 1.6337 0.9500 3.40000 0.looooo 0.0078 I 3,2406
3 1~2 0.4290 3.43 0.2500 2 3.82188 0.4337 3.47 1.6837 1,0000 3.90000 0.100000 0,00781 3.7375
4 0.4560 3.65 0,2500 2 4.31875 0.4337 3,47 1.7337 1.0500 4.40000 0.looooo 0.0078 I 4,2344
5 0.4693 3.75 0.2500 2 5.375[1 0.4337 3,47 1.8400 1.1563 5.46300 0.100000 0.0078 I 5.2907
6 0.5545 4.44 0.2500 2 6.43047 0.4337 3.47 1.9462 1.2625 6.52500 0.100000 0.0078 I 6.3461
8 0,6495 5.20 0.2500 2 8.41797 0.4337 3.47 2.1462 1.4625 8.52500 0.100000 0.00781 8.3336
10 0.7150 5.72 0.2500 2 10.52969 0.4337 3.47 2.3587 [.6750 10,65000 0.100000 0.00781 10.4453
12 0,7650 6.12 0.2500 2 12.51719 0.4337 3.47 2.5587 1.8750 12.65000 0.100000 0.00781 12.4328
140D 0.6880 5.50 0.2500 2 13.75938 0.4337 3.47 2.6837 2.0000 13.90000 0.looooo 0.00781 13,6750
160D 0.6380 5.10 0.2500 2 15.74688 0.4337 3.47 2.8837 2,2000 15.90000 0.100000 0.00781 15,6625
180D 0.6500 5.20 0.2500 2 17.73438 0.4337 3.47 3.0837 2,4000 17.90000 0.looooo 0,0078 I 17.6500
200D 0.7250 5.80 0.2500 2 19.72188 0,4337 3.47 3.2837 2.6000 19.90000 0.100000 0,0078 i 19.6375
240D 0.8750 7.00 0.2500 2 23.69688 0,4337 3.47 3.6837 3.0000 23.90000 0.100000 0.0078 i 23.6125
Note: The basic dimensions of the American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread are given in inches to four or five decimal
places. While this implies a greater degree of precision than is ordinarily attained, these dimensions are tbe basis of gage dimensions
and are so expressed for the purpose of eliminating erors in computations.
Also Iengtb of thin ring gage and length from gaging notch to small end of plug gage.
Also pitch diameter at gaging notch (hand-tight plane).
Also length of plug gage.
Military Specification M lL-P-7105 gives the wrench makeup as three threads for sizes 3 and smaller. The E3 dimensions areas
follows: Nominal pipe size 2 1/2 ❑ 2.60609 and size 3 = 3.31719; sizes 1 and smaller same as above.
Reference dimension.
The length, L5, from the end of the pipe determines the plane beyond which the thread form is incomplete at the crest. The next
two threads are complete at the root, At this plane the cone formed by the crest of the thread intersects the cylinder forming the
external surface of the pipe. f,j ❑ & - 2p.
Given as information for use in selecting tap drills.
12-26
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-9
Dimensions, Internal Straight Threads in Pipe Couplings, NPSC
(Pressuretight Joints With Lubricant or Sealant)’
Outside Diameter Threads

Nominal Pipe of Pipe, per Inch, Minor Diameter, Pitch Diameter*
Size D n Min Min Max
1/8 0.405 27 0.340 0.3701 0.3771
1/4 0.540 18 0.442 0.4864 0.4968
3]8 0.675 18 0.577 0.6218 0.6322
1/2 0.840 4 0.715 0.7717 0.7851
3/4 1.050 4 0.925 0.9822 0.9956
1 1.315 1.5 1.161 1.2305 1.2468

1 1/4 1.660 1.5 1.506 1.5752 1.5915
1 1/2 1.900 1.5 1.745 1.8142 1.8305
2 2.375 1.5 2.219 2.288 I 2.3044
21/2 2.875 8 2.650 2.7504 2.7739
3 3.500 8 3.277 3.3768 3.4002
3 1/2 4.000 8 3.777 3.8771 3.9005
4 4.500 8 4.275 4.3754 4.3988
* Attention is called to the fact that the actual pitch diameter of the straight tapped hole will be slightly smaller
than the value given when gaged with a taper plug gage.
MECHANICAL STRAIGHT PIPE THREADS

In addition to pressure-tight pipe joints, there are mechanical
joints where straight pipe threads are used to advantage on both
external and internal threads. Three of these mechanical
straight pipe threads are as follows:
Type 1. Free-fitting mechanical joints for fixtures, both
external and internal, designated as NPSM (ANSI Standard
B2. 1). Refer to Table 12-10 for the dimensions of NPSM
threads.
Type 2. Loose-fitting mechanical joints with locknuts, both
I external and internal, designated as NPSL. Refer to Table

12-11 for the dimensions of NPSL threads.
Type 3. Loose-fitting mechanical joints for hose couplings,
both external and internal, designated as N PSH. By using this
thread series, it is possible to join small hose couplings in sizes
from I/2 to 4“, inclusive, to ends of standard pipe having
American National Standard external pipe threads. using a
gasket to seal the joint. For dimensions and tolerances of N PSH
threads, refer to ANSI Standard B2.4. When updated, this
standard will become ANSI Standard B1 .20.7.
AxIs -q p *1”47’ -+ P+ I”47’
External thread Internal thread

DRYSEAL PIPE THREADS
The American National Standard Dryseal pipe thread has
Fig. 12-8 Rasic form of American National Standard Taoer PiDe both external and internal application. It is designed for use
T~read.l Symbols: H =0.866025P = height of 60° sharp V tb~ead; ~ =
0.800000P = heights of thread on product; p = l/rr ❑ pitch (measured where the assembled product must withstand high fluid or
parallel to axis); n = number of threads per irrch;~ ❑ depth of truncation vapor pressure without the use of a sealing compound, or where
at crest;~, ❑ depth of truncation at root; F, = width of flat at crest; F, = a sealer is functionally objectionable. The Dryseal pipe thread
width of flat at root. Note: For a symmetrical straight screw thread,ll= joints which are to be made up without sealing compound
cot a/2rr. For a symmetrical taper screw thread, H = (cot a-tan2 ~ tan
a)/2n, so that the exact value for an American National Standard taper consist of external-taper and internal-taper or straight Dryseal
pipe thread is H = 0.865743P as against H = 0.866025P, the value given pipe threads.
above. For an 8-pitch thread, which is the coarsest standard taper pipe Complete details on Dryseal pipe threads and gaging specifi-
thread pitch, the corresponding values of H are 0.108218 and 0.108253,
cations may be found in ANSI Standard BI .20.3, A metric
respectively, the difference being 0.000035. This difference being too
small to be significant, the value of H = 0.866025P continues in use for translation of this standard is presented in ANSI Standard
threads of 0.750”, or less, taper per foot on the diameter. B1.20.4.
12-27
CHAPTER12
H =0. 866025P ho=0.54126p
~
-+$
frn=0.10825p ,
~—&Fr~=0.12500p
A~i~ External thread Internal thread

Design forms (max material candition)
TABLE 12-10
Dimensions of External and Internal Straight Pipe Threads
for Fixtures, NPSM (Free-fitting Mechanical Joints~
OD External Thread, Class 2A Internal Thread, Class 2B

Nominal of
Major diam Pitch diam Minor diam Pitch diam
Pipe Pipe, Threads Allow-
S(ze “ per In. ante Max Min Max Min Min Max Min* Max
(1) (:) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
1/8 0,405 27 0.0011 0.397 0.039 0.3725 0.3689 0.358 0.364 0.3736 0.3783
1/4 0.540 18 0.0013 0.526 0.517 0.4903 0.4859 0.468 0.481 0.4916 0.4974
3/8 0.675 18 0.0014 0.662 0.653 0.6256 0.6211 0.603 0.612 0.6270 0.6329
1/2 0.840 14 0,0015 0.823 0.813 0.7769 0.7718 0.747 0.759 0.7784 0.7851
3]4 1.050 14 0.0016 I .034 1.024 0.9873 0.9820 0.958 0.970 0.9889 0.9958
1 1.315 11.5 0.0017 1.293 1.281 1.2369 1.2311 1.201 I.TI1 1.2386 1.2462
1 1/4 1.660 11.5 0.0018 1.638 1.626 1.5816 1.5756 1.546 1.555 1.5834 1.5912
1 1/2 1.900 11.5 0.0018 1.877 1.865 1.8205 1.8144 1.785 1.794 1.8223 1.8302
2 2.375 11.5 0.0019 2.351 2.339 2.9444 2.2882 2.259 2.268 2.2963 2,3044
21/2 2.875 8 0.0022 2.841 2.826 2.7600 2.7526 2.708 2.727 2.7622 2.7720
3 3.500 8 0.0023 3.467 3.452 3.3862 3.3786 3.334 3.353 3,3885 3.3984
3 1/2 4.000 8 0.0023 3.968 3.953 3.8865 3.8788 3.835 3.848 3.8888 3.8988
4 4.500 8 0.0023 4.466 4.45 I 4.3848 4.3711 4,333 4.346 4.3871 4.3971
5 5.563 8 0.0024 5.528 5.513 5.4469 5.4390 5.395 5.408 5.4493 5.4598
6 6.625 8 0.0024 6.585 6.570 6.5036 6.4955 6.452 6.464 6.5060 6.5165
Note: The minor diameters of external threads and major diameters of internal threads are those as produced by commercial
straight pipe dies and commercial ground straight pipe taps.
The major diameter of the external thread has been calculated on the basis of a truncation of O.10825p, and the minor
diameter of the internal thread has been calculated on the basis of a truncation of 0,2165 Ip, to provide no interference at crest
and root when product is inspected with gages made in accordance with ANSI B 1,20.1.
NPSM threads are of Unified screw thread form to classes 2A/ 2B tolerances, having the minimum pitch diameter of the
internal thread basic and equal to -EI of NPT threads.
* Column 11 is the same as the pitch diameter at the large end of internal thread.
12-28
CHAPTER 12
Standard fithng
with taper thread _
- Taper 1
thread
Straight
locknut
~ thread
Tank floor .
or wall
Y+ 4
TABLE 12-11
Dimensions of External and Internal Straight Pipe Threads
for Locknut Connections, NPSL (Loose-fitting Mechanical Joints)q
External Threads Internal Threads

OD of Threads Max* Min
Nominal Pipe, per Major Pitch Diam Pitch Diam
Minor
Pipe Size Inch Diam Max Min Diam Min Max
(1) (:) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
1/8 0.405 27 0.409 0.3840 0.3805 0.362 0.3863 0.3898
1/4 0.540 18 0.541 0.5038 0.4986 0.470 0.5703 0.5125
3/8 0,675 18 0.678 0.6409 0.6357 0.607 0.6444 0.6496
1/2 0.840 14 0.844 0.7963 0.7896 0.753 0.8008 0.8705
3/4 1.050 14 I .054 1.0067 1.0000 0.964 1.0112 1.0179
I 1.315 11.5 1.318 1.2604 1.2523 1.208 1.2658 1,2739
1 l/4 1.660 11.5 1.663 1.6051 1.5970 1.553 1.6106 1.6187
I l/2 I.900 11.5 1.902 1.8441 1.8360 1.792 1.8495 1.8576
2 2.375 11.5 2.376 2.3180 2.3099 2.265 2.3234 2.3315
21/2 2.875 8 2.877 2.7934 2.7817 2.718 2.8012 2.8129
3.500 8 3.503 3.4198 3.4081 3.344 3.4276 3.4393

: 1/2 4.000 8 4.003 3.9201 3.9084 3.845 3.9279 3.9396
4 4,500 8 4.502 4.4184 4.4067 4.343 4.4262 4.4379
5 5.563 8 5.564 5,4805 5.4688 5,405 5.4884 5.5001
6 6.625 8 6.620 6.5372 6.5255 6.462 6.5450 6.5567
8 8.625 8 8.615 8.5313 8.5196 8.456 8.5391 8.5508

10 10.750 8 10.735 10.6522 10.6405 10.577 10.6600 10.6717
12 12.750 8 12.732 12.6491 12.6374 12.574 12.6569 12.6686
* N PSL threads are standard pipe-thread form where the pitch diameters of the external threads are fixed at 2.5 and 4 turns
larger than basic El, and where the pitch diameters of the internal threads are fixed at 5 and 6.5 turns larger than basic El,
thus providing an allowance equivalent to one turn of the standard taper pipe thread.
The major diameter of the external thread is usually determined by the diameter of the pipe. These theoretical
diameters result from adding the depth of the truncated thread (0.666025 xp) to the maximum pitch diameters in column
5, and it should be understood that commercial pipe will not always have these maximum major diameters.
The locknut thread is established on the basis of retaining the greatest possible amount of metal thickness between the
bottom of the thread and the inside of the pipe.
In order that a locknut may fit loosely on the externally threaded part, an allowance equal to the “increase in pitch
diameter per turn” is provided, with a tolerance of 1.5 turns for both external and internal threads.
12-29
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 12
Xr u-a- tTrnw Q
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r-t-mm --W’Q
O-lt-.im v-l t-l--mm
0000 0000
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-.
12-31
CHAPTER12
TABLE 12-14
Dimensional Data for NPSF Dryseal Straight Pipe Threads4
Desired Minimum
Pitch diametera Minor Diameterb Full Thread Lengthc
Size Mind Maxe Min Inch Thd
1/16—27 0.2768 0,2803 0.2482 0.31 8.44
1/8 —27 0.3692 0.3727 0.3406 0.31 8.44
1/4 —18 0.4852 0.4904 0.4422 0.47 8.44
3/8 —18 0.6205 0.6257 0.5776 0.50 9.00
1/2 —14 0.7700 0.7767 0.7133 0.66 9.19

3/4 —14 0.9805 0.9872 0.9238 0.66 9.19
1 —11 1/2 1.2284 1.2365 1.1600 0.78 8.98
a Thepitch diameter of thetapped holeasindicated bythetaper pluggage isslightly larger than thevaluesgiven
due to the gage having to enter approximately 3/8 turn to engage first full thread.
bAs the Dryseal American Standard pipe thread form is maintained, themajor andminor diameters of the
internal thread vary with the pitch diameter.
c Internal thread tabulated fullthread lengths donotinclude countersink beyond theintersection of thepitchline
and the chamfer cone (gaging reference point).
d Minimum pitch diameter isthemaximum pitch diameter reduced by 1 [/2turns.
e Maximum pitch diameter isthesame as the& pitch diameter atlarge endofinternal thread minus (small) 3/8
thread taper.
Dryseal Taper Pipe Threads (NPTF) Internal Dryseal Straight Pipe Threads (NPSF)
Dryseal internal or external-taper threads are designated Dryseal American National Standard fuel internal straight
NPTF. NPTF threads have the same general form and dimen- pipe threads are straight internal threads intended for assembly
sions as NPT threads, but differ in the amount of truncation at with NPTF external-taper pipe threads and are designated
the crest and root. The amount of truncation is designed to NPSF. The product truncation at the crest and root is held to a
produce a complete mating profile or interference at the crests tolerance which will provide for crest and root interference
and roots of external and internal threads when the joint is when the straight internal threads are assembled with NPTF
made up hand-tight. When made up wrench-tight, the crests external-taper pipe. The NPSF thread limits are shown in Table
and roots are crushed sufficiently to bring the flanks in contact 12-14.
(see Fig. 12-9). It is this feature which eliminates the need for a
sealer. The minimum material condition as shown at the left in ACME SCREW THREADS
Fig. 12-9 is established by having the mating crests and roots of Acme screw threads (ANSI Standard B1 .5) have been
equal truncation to ensure metal-to-metal contact at these developed to carry heavy loads without causing excessive radial
points coincident with flank contact. This condition is estab- bursting pressure in the nut. They are also used to produce
lished at the sharpest root and the flattest crest and gives no traversing motions on machines and tools.
clearance. Tolerances at the crests and roots are established in Gener~l-purpose Acme threads have clearance on all dia-
the direction of interference only; therefore, the maximum
material condition shown at the right in Fig. 12-9 is established
by having the extreme combination of sharpest crests and
flattest roots, which provides the maximum interference. When
threaded joints are made up wrench-tight, it is intended that the
flanks and the crests and roots shall be in contact. The limits on
crest and root truncation to produce the interference are shown
in Table 12-12. The basic dimensions for both external and
internal NPTF threads are shown in Tab@ 12-13.
No clearance Max
(bcm) .-
Interference
Fig. 12-10 General-purpose Acme form of thread.’ Symbols: 2 a ❑29°;

a = 14030’; P = pitch; n ❑ number of threads per inch; N = number of
turns per inch; h = basic height of thread =p/2; f= thickness of thread ❑
p/2; F,,, = 0.3707P = basic width of flat of crest of internal thread; F,,
No clearance Mox =0.3707p = basic width of flat of crest of external thread; F,. ❑ 0.3707P
(base) Irlterferen ce -0.259 x (maior-diameter allowance on internal thread); F,, = 0.3707P
-0.259 x (rnin~r-diameter allowance on external thread - pitch-diameter
Fig. 12-9 Extreme mating conditions for Dryseal pipe ttrreads.4 allowance on external thread).
12-32
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
0.0945p mox
GX
.5 z
-E ‘$’s
4’$-”
Detail of
ootionol chomfer
Internal Ihreod
(nut)
-. .-. . —.. .
klg. lz-11 Ulsposltlon
. ..
olallowances,
.
tolerances, andcrest clearances torgeneral-purpose
.
single-start Acme threads (all classes).- .p= .Ditch: /t= basic
thread height.
meters for free movement and are used for general-purpose Table 12-19 lists the thread data for the recommended
applications. The thread form and the symbols used for general- diameter-pitch combinations for centralizing threads. The
purpose Acme threads areshown in Fig. 12-10 .There are three limiting dimensions and tolerances for classes 2C, 3C, and 4C
classes of general-purpose Acme threads: 2G, 3G, and 4G. It is are listed in Table 12-20.
suggested that external and internal threads of the same class be Specifications for Acme screw threads are .mesented in ANSI
used together for assemblies. Class 2G is preferable. If less ka;dard B1 .5.
backlash or end play is desired, classes 3G and 4G may be
selected. An illustration of the disposition of allowances,
tolerances, and crest clearances for all classes of general-
purpose Acme threads is shown in Fig. 12-11. Table 12-15 lists
the basic dimensions, and Table 12-16 details the thread data
for recommended diameter-pitch combinations. The limiting
dimensions and tolerances for all classes may be found in Table
12-17.
Centralizing Acme threads have a limited clearance at the
major diameters of an assembly so that a bearing at the major
diameter maintains approximate alignment of the thread axis
and prevents wedging of the flanks of the thread. The thread
form and the symbols used for centralizing Acme screw threads
are shown in Fig. 12-12. There are three classes of centralizing
Acme thread~ 2C, 3C, and 4C. It is suggested that external and
internal threads of the same class be used together for assemblies.
Class 2C is preferable. If less backlash or end play is desired, Fig. 12-12 Centralizing Acme form of thread.$ Symbols 2 a = 29°; a ❑
14° 30; p = pitch; n = number of threads per inch; N = number of turns
class 3C or 4C may be selected, but these closer classes usually per inch; /s =basic height of thread = p/2; t = thickness of thread = p/2;
result in product tolerances that are difficult and expensive to F,ji ❑0.3707P = basic width of flat of crest of internal threak F,., ❑
maintain. An illustration of the disposition of allowances, 0.3707P= basic width of ffat of crest of external thread; F,. ❑ 0.3707p
tolerances, and crest clearances for classes 2C, 3C, and 4C is -0.259 x (major-diameter allowance on internal thread); F,, =0.3707p
-0.259 x (minor-diameter allowance on external thread - pitch-diameter
shown in Fig. 12-13. Table 12-18 lists the basic dimensions, and allowance on external thread).
12-33
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
TABLE 12-15
General-Purpose Acme-Screw-Thread Form, Basic Dimensions
Width of Flat at
Total Root of
Height of Height Thread Crest of Internal Thread,
Threads Thread of Thread Thickness Internal Thread F,. ❑ 0.3707p -
per Inch,* Pitch, (Basic), h,=h+ l/2 (Basic), (Basic), 0.259 X
n P h =p12 allowance t❑p/2 F,. = 0.3107p allowance
16 0.06250 0.03125 0.0362 0.03125 0.0232 0.0206
14 0.07143 0.03571 0.0407 0.03571 0.0265 0.0239
12 0.83333 0.04167 0.0467 0.04167 0.0309 0.0283
10 0.10000 0.50000 0.0600 0.05000 0.0371 0.0319
8 0.12500 0.06250 0.0725 0.06250 0,0463 0.0411
6 0.16667 0.08333 0.0933 0.08333 0,0618 0.0566
5 0.20000 0,10000 0.1100 0.10000 0.0741 0.0689
4 0.25000 0.12500 0.1350 0.12500 0.0927 0.0875
3 0.33333 0.16667 0.1767 0.16667 0.1236 0.1184
2 1/2 0.40000 0.20000 0.2100 0.20000 0.1483 0.1431
2 0.50000 0.25000 0.2600 0.25000 0.1853 0.1802
1 1/2 0.66667 0.33333 0.3433 0.33333 0.2471 0.2419
1 1/3 0.75000 0.37500 0,3850 0,37500 0.2780 0.2723
1 1.00000 0.50000 0.5100 0.50000 0.3707 0.3655
*AH other dimensions are given in inches.
rM=0.06p mox
u“ e J
External
,1
lscrew]
thread
=.
=$
“= -5
~ .=
z=
/’k r$=O.lp
rs
mox
One-half
allawance
minar diam
(screw)
Detail of optanol fillet

------ -.. . ..
k]g. 14-13 snsposmon of allowances, tolerances, and crest clearances I“orcerrtralizing single-start Acme threads, classes 2C, 3C, and 4C.’p = pitch; /s =
basic thread height.
12-34
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
Fmwo
W**W
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12-35
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
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12-36
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
000
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12-37
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
TABLE 12-18
Centralizing Acme-Screw-Thread Form, Basic Dimensionss
Total Max Fillet

45° Chamfer Crest Max Fillet Radius,
Height of
of Centralizing Radius, (All Classes) at
Thread (All
Height of External Thread External Threads Root of Minor Diameter
Threads Th~ead Threads), Thickness Min Min Width of Centralizing of Centralizing
per Inch,* Pitch, (Basic), h,= h+% (Basic), Depth, Chamfer Flat, Tapped Hole, Screws,
n P h=p/2 allowance l=p/2 o.05p o.0707p 0.06p O.lop
16 0.06250 0.03125 0.0362 0.03125 0.0031 0.0044 0.0040 0.0062
14 0.07143 0.03571 0.0407 0.03571 0.0036 0.0050 0.0040 0.0071
12 0.08333 0.04167 0.0467 0.04167 0.0042 0.0060 0.0050 0.0083
10 0.10000 0.05000 0.0600 0.05000 0.0050 0.0070 0.0060 0.0100 ‘
8 0.12500 0.06250 0.0725 0.06250 0.0062 0.0090 0.0075 0.0125
6 0.01667 0.08333 0.0933 0.08333 0.Q083 0.0120 0.0100 0.0167
5 0.20000 0.10000 0.1100 0.10000 0.0100 0.0140 0.0120 0.0200
4 0.25000 0.12500 0.1350 0.12500 0.0125 0.0180 0.0150 0.0250
3 0.33333 0.16667 0.1767 0.16667 0.0167 0.0240 0.0200 0.0333
2 1/2 0.40000 0.20000 0.2100 0.20000 0.0200 0.0280 0.0240 0.0400
2 0.50000 0.25000 0.2600 0.25000 0.0250 0.0350 0.0300 0.0500
1 1/2 0.66667 0.33333 0.3433 0.33333 0.0330 0.0470 0.0400 0.0667
1 1/3 0.75000 0.37500 0.3850 0.37500 0.0380 0.0530 0.0450 0.0750
1 1.00000 0.50000 0.5100 0.50000 0.0500 0.0710 0.0600 0.1000
* All other dimensions are given in inches.
TABLE 12-19
Centralizing Acme Single-Start Screw Threads5
Diameters
Thread Data
Centralizing Classes 2C,
Lead Angle at Basic
Identification 3C, and 4C
Basic Basic Pitch Diameter*
Nominal Threads Basic Pitch Minor Thickness ~ Height Width Centralizing
Sizes per Major Diameter Diameter at Pitch of of Flat, Classes 2C,
(All Inch,* Diameter, E= K= Pitch, Line, Thread, F= 3C, and 4C,
Classes) n D D-h D-2h P t=p/2 h ❑p/2 o.3707p A
Deg Min
1/4 16 0.2500 0.2188 0.1875 0.06250 0.03125 0.03125 0.0232 5 12
5/16 14 0.3125 0.2768 0.2411 0.07143 0.03571 0.03571 0.0265 4 42
3/8 12 0.3750 0.3333 0.2917 0.08333 0.04167 0.04167 0.0309 4 33
7/16 12 0.4375 0.3958 0.3542 &08333 0.04167 0.04167 0.0309 3 50
1/2 10 0.5000 0.4500 0.4000 0.10000 0.05000 0.05000 0.0371 4 ‘3
5/8 8 0.6250 0.5625 0.5000 0.12500 0.06250 0.06250 0.0463 4 3 ,“
3/4 6 0.7500 0.6667 0.5833 0.16667 0.08333 0.08333 0.0618 4 33
7/8 6 0.8750 0.7917 0.7083 0.16667 0.08333 0.08333 0.0618 4 50
1 5 1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.20000 0.10000 0.10000 0.0741 4 3
1 1/8 5 1.1250 1.0250 0.9250 0.20000 0.10000 0.10000 0.0741 3 33
1 1/4 5 1.2500 1.1500 1.0500 0.20000 0.10000 0.10000 0.0741 3 10
1 3/8 4 1.3750 1.2500 1.1250 0.25000 0.12500 0.12500 0.0927 3 39
1 1/2 4 1.5000 1.3750 1.2500 0.25000 0.12500 0.12500 0.0927 3 19
1 3]4 4 1.7500 1.6250 1.5000 0.25000 ,
0.12500 0.12500 0.0927 2 48
2 4 2.0000 1.8750 1.7500 0.25000 0.12500 0.12500 0.0927 2 26
2 1/4 3 2.2500 2.0833 1.9167 0.33333 0.16667 0.16667 0.1236 2 55
2 1/2 3 2.5000 2.3333 2.1667 0.33333 0.16667 0.16667 0.1236 2 36
2 3/4 3 2.7500 2.5833 2.4167 0.33333 0.16667 0.16667 0.1236 2 21
3 2 3.0000 2.7500 2.5000 0.50000 0.25000 0.25000 0.1853 3 19
3 1/2 2 3.5000 3.2500 3.0000 0.50000 0.25000 0.25000 0.1853 2 48
4 2 4.0000 3.7500 3.5000 0.50000 0.25000 0.25000 0.1853 2 26
4 1/2 2 4.5000 4.2500 4.0000 0.50000 0.25000 0.25000 0.1853 2 9
5 2 5.0000 4.7500 4.5000 0.50000 0.25000 0.25000 0.1853 1 55
* All other dimensions are given in inches.
12-38
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
TABLE 12-20
Limiting Dimensions and Tolerances, Centralizing Acme Single-Start Screw Threads, Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C5
Nominal Diameter. D
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2
Threads per Inch*
Limiting Diameters
and Tolerances 10 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4
EXTERNAL THREADS:
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Max (D) 0.5000 0.6250 0.7500 0.8750 1.0000 1.1250 1.2500 1.3750 1.5000
Major Diameter
Class 2C, Major Diameter Min 0.4975 0.6222 0.7470 0.8717 0.9965 1.1213 1.2461 1.3700 1.4957
Tol 0.0025 0.0028 0.0030 0.0033 0.0035 0.0037 0.0039 0.0041 0.0043
Tol 0.001 I 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018
Tol 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Max 0.3800 0.4800 0.5633 0.6883 0.7800 0.9050 1.0300 1.1050 1.2300
Minor Diameter
Class 2C, Minor Diameter Min 0.3594 0.4570 0.5371 0.6615 0.7509 0.8753 0.9998 1.0710 1.1965
Class 3C, Minor Diameter Min 0.3704 0.4693 0.5511 0.6753 0.7664 0.8012 1.0159 1.0896 1.2144
Class 4C, Minor Diameter Min 0.3731 0.4723 0,5546 0.6794 0.7703 0.8951 1.0199 1.0940 1.2188
Class 2C, Pitch Diameter Max 0.4443 0.5562 0.6598 0.7842 0.8920 1.0165 1.141! 1.2406 1.3652
Min 0.4306 0.5408 0.6424 0.7063 0,8726 0.9967 1.I21O 1.2186 1.3429
Tol 0.0137 0.0154 0.0174 0.0179 0.0194 0.0193 0.0201 0.0220 0.0223
Class 3C, Pitch Diameter Max 0.4458 0.5578 0.6615 0.7861 0.8940 1.0186 1.1433 1.2480 1.3677
Min 0.4394 0.5506 0.6534 0.7778 0.8840 1.0094 1.1339 1.2327 I .3573
Tol 0.0064 0.0072 0.0081 0.0083 0,0091 0.0092 0.0094 0.0103 0.0104
Class 4C, Pitch Diameter Max 0.4472 0.5593 0.6632 0.7880 0.8960 1,0208 1.1455 1.2453 1.3701
Min 0.4426 0.5542 0.6674 0.7820 0.8895 1.0142 1.1333 1.2380 1.3627
Tol 0.0016 0.0051 0.0053 0.0060 0.0065 0.0066 0.0067 0.0073 0.0074
INTERNAL THREADS:
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Min 0.5007 0.6258 0.7509 0.8759 1.0010 1.1261 1.2511 1.3762 1.5012
Major Diameter
Classes 2C and 3C, Max 0.5032 0.6286 0.7539 0.8792 1,0045 1.1208 1.2550 1.3803 1.5055
Major Diameter Tol 0.0025 0.0028 0.0030 0.0033 0,0035 0.0037 0.0039 0.0041 0.0043
Class 4C, Major Diameter Max 0.5021 0.6274 0.7526 0.8773 1.0030 1.1282 1.2533 1.3785 1.5036
Tol 0.0014 0.0016 0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Min 0.4100 0.5125 0.6060 0.7250 0.8200 0.9450 1.0700 1.1500 1.2750
Minor Diameter Max 0.4150 0.5137 0.6883 0.7333 0,8300 0.9550 1.0800 1.1825 1.2875
Tol 0.0050 0.0062 0.0088 0.0083 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0125 0.0125
Class 2C, Pitch Diameter Min 0.4500 0.5625 0.6667 0.7917 0.9000 1.0250 1.1500 1.2500 I.3750
Max 0.4687 0.5770 0.6841 0.8096 0,9194 1.0048 1.1701 1.2720 1.3973
Tol 0.0137 0.0154 0.0174 0.0179 0.0194 0.0198 0.0201 0.0220 0.0223
Class 3C, Pitch Diameter Min 0.4500 0.5625 0,6667 0.7917 0.9000 1.0250 1.1500 1.2500 1.3750
Max 0.4564 0.5097 0.0743 0.8000 0.9801 1.0242 1.1694 1.2603 [.3854
Tol 0.0064 0.0072 0.0081 0.0088 0.009 I 0.0092 0.0094 0.0103 0.0104
Class 4C, Pitch Diameter Min 0.4500 0.5625 0.6667 0.7917 0.9800 1.0250 1.1500 1.2500 1.3750
Max 0.4646 0.5676 0.6725 0.7977 0.9685 1.0816 1.1567 1.2573 1.3824
Tol 0.0046 0.0051 0.0058 0.0060 0.0065 0.0065 0.0067 0.0073 0.0074
12-39
CHAPTER 12
ACME SCREW THREADS
Nominal Diameter, D
1 1/4 2 21/4 21/2 23/4 3 31/2 4 41/2 5
Limiting Diameters Threads per Inch*

and Tolerances 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
EXTERNAL THREADS:
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Max (D) 1.7500 2.0000 2.2500 2.5000 2.7500 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000 4.5000 5.0000
Major Diameter
Class 2C, Major Diameter Min 1.7454 1.9951 2.2448 2.4945 2.7442 2.9939 3.4935 3.9930 4.4926 4.9922
Tol 0.0046 0.0049 0.0052 0.0055 0.0058 0.0061 0.0065 0.0070 0.0074 0.0078
Class 3C, Major Diameter Min 1.7480 1.9979 2.2478 2.4976 2,7475 2.9974 3.4972 3.9970 4.4968 4.9966
Tol 0.0020 0.0021 0.0022 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0030 0.0032 0.0034
Class 4C, Major Diameter Min 1.7487 1.9986 2.2485 2.4984 2.7483 2.9983 3.4981 3.9980 4.4979 4.9978
Tol 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0022
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Max 1.4800 1.7300 1.8967 2.1467 2.3967 2.4800 2,9800 3.4800 3.9800 4.4800
Minor Diameter
Class 2C, Minor Diameter Min 1.4456 1.6948 1.8572 2.1065 2.3558 2.4326 2.9314 3.4302 3.9291 4.4281
Class 2C, Pitch Diameter Max 1.6145 1.8637 2.0713 2.3207 2.5700 2.7360 3.2350 3.7340 4.2330 4.7319
Min 1.5916 1.8402 2.0450 2.2939 2.5427 2.7044 3.2026 3.7008 4.1991 4.6973
Tol 0.0229 0.0235 0.0263 0.0268 0.0273 0.0316 0.0324 0.0332 0.0339 0.0346
Min 1.6064 1.8555 2.0620 2,3113 2.5607 2.7248 3.2237 3.7225 4.2215 4.7202
Tol 0.0107 0.0110 0.0123 0.0125 0.0127 0.0147 0.0151 0.0155 0.0158 0.0162
Min 1.6122 1,8615 2.0685 2.3181 2.5676 2.7325 3.2317 3.7309 4.2302 4.7294
Tol 0.0076 0.0078 0.0088 0.0089 0.0091 0.0105 0.0108 0.0111 0.0113 0.0115
INTERNAL THREADS:
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Min 1.7513 2.0014 2.25[5 2.5016 2.7517 3.0017 3.5019 4.0020 4.5021 5.0022
Major Diameter
Classes 2C and 3C, Max 1.7559 2.0063 2.2567 2.5071 2.7575 3.0078 3.5084 4.0090 4.5095 5.0100
Major Diameter To] 0,0046 0.0049 0.0052 0.0055 0.0058 0.0061 0.0065 0.0070 0.0074 0.0078
Class 4C, Major Diameter Max 1.7539 2.0042 2.2545 2.5048 2.7550 3.0052 3.5056 4.0060 4.5063 5.0067
Tol 0.0026 0.0028 0.0030 0.0032 0.0033 0.0035 0.0037 0.0040 0.0042 0.0045
Classes 2C, 3C, and 4C, Min 1.5250 1.7750 1.9500 2.2000 2.4500 2.5500 3.0500 3.5500 4.0500 4.5500
Minor Diameter Max I .5375 1.7875 1.9667 2.2167 2.4667 2.5750 3.0750 3.5750 4.0750 4.5750
To] 0.0125 0.0125 0.0167 0.0167 0.0167 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250
Class 2C, Pitch Diameter Min 1.6250 1.8750 2.0833 2.3333 2.5833 2.7500 3.2500 3.7500 4.2500 4.7500
Max 1.6479 1.8985 2.1096 2.3601 2.6106 2.7816 3.2824 3.7832 4.2839 4.7846
Tol 0.0029 0.0235 0.0263 0.0268 0.0273 0.0316 0.0324 0.0332 0.0339 0.0346
Max 1.6357 1.8860 2.0956 2.3458 2.5960 2.7647 3.2651 3.7655 4.2658 4.7662
Tol 0.0107 0.0110 0.0123 0.0125 0.0127 0.0147 0.0151 0.0155 0.0158 0.0162
Max 1.6326 1.8828 2.092 2.3422 2.5924 2.7605 3.2608 3.7611 4.2613 4.7615
Tol 0.0076 0.0078 0.0088 0.0089 0.0091 0.0105 0.0108 0.0111 0.0113 0.0115
* All other dimensions are given in inches. The selection of threads per inch is arbitrary and is intended for the purpose of
establishing a standard.
12-40
CHAPTER 12
STUB ACME SCREW THREADS
TABLE 12-21
Stub Acme Screw Thread Form, Basic Dimensions
Width of Flat
Root of
Total Crest of Internal
Height of Height of Thread Internal Thread,
Threads Thread Thread, Thickness Thread F.” = 0.4224p -
per Pitch, (Basic), hs=h+ l/2 (Basic), (Basic), 0.259 X
Inch P h = 0.3p Allowance t=p/2 F,. ❑ 0.4224p Allowance
16 0.06250 0.01875 0.0238 0.03125 0.0264 0.0238
14 0.07143 0.02143 0.0263 0.03571 0.0302 0.0276
12 0.08333 0.02500 0.0300 0.04167 0.0352 0.0326
10 0.10000 0.03000 0.0400 0.05000 0.0422 0.0370
9 0.11111 0.03333 0.0433 0.05556 0.0469 0.0417
8 0.12500 0,03750 0.0475 0.06250 0.0528 0.0476
7 0.14268 0.04285 0.0529 0.07143 0.0603 0.0551
6 0.16667 0.05000 0.0600 0.08333 0.0704 0.0652
5 0.20000 0.06000 0.0700 0.10000 0.0845 0.0793
4 0.25000 0.07500 0.0850 0.12500 0.1056 0.1004
3 1/2 0.28571 0.08571 0.0957 0.14286 0.1207 0.1155
3 0.33333 0.1oooo 0.1100 0.16667 0.1408 0.1356
2 1/2 0.40000 0,12000 0.1300 0.20000 0.1690 0.1638
2 0.50000 0.15000 0.1600 0.25000 0.2112 0.2060
1 1/2 0.66667 0.20000 0.2100 0.33333 0.2816 0.2764
1 1/3 0.75000 0.22500 0.2350 0.37500 0.3168 0.3116
1 I .00000 0.30000 0.3100 0.50000 0.4224 0.4172
STUB ACME SCREW THREADS OTHER AMERICAN NATIONAL SCREW-

The stub Acme screw thread was developed for those Acme THREAD STANDARDS
thread applications where a shallow thread height is required Several other screw-thread systems are recognized as standard
because of mechanical or metallurgical considerations. The in the United States, but they are not as commonly used as those
basic thread form is shown in Fig. 12-14, and thread elements previously described in this chapter. Available ANSI Standards,
are shown in Table 12-21. Class 2G general-purpose standard published by ASME, covering other types of screw threads
Acme thread tolerances and allowances are recommended for include the following:
stub Acme threads. Specifications for stub Acme screw threads
are presented in ANS-I Standard B1 .8.6 . B1.9 “Buttress Inch Screw Threads.”
● B 1.10 “Unified Miniature Screw Threads. ”
. B 1.11 “Microscopic Objective Threads. ”
● B 1.12 “Class 5 Interference-Fit Threads.”
. B2.4 “Hose Coupling Screw Threads.”’
METRIC SCREW THREADS

Increased interest in and application of metric threads has
resulted in the development of the following ANSI Standards,
published by ASME:
● B1.13M-1979 “Metric Screw Threads—M Profile.”7
● B1.16-1972 “American Gaging Practice for Metric
Screw Threads.’&
c B1.21M-1978 “Metric Screw Threads—MJ Profile.’9
● BI.22-1978 “Gaging and Gaging Practice for MJ
Series Metric Screw Threads.”1°
● B1.3M-1981 “Screw Thread Gaging Systems for
Dimensional Acceptability of Metric
Fie. 12-14 Stub Acme form of thread: Svmbolx 2 @= 29°: a ❑ 14°30’: rr Screw Threads, M and M-J Profiles.”i 1
❑ ~ltch; n= number of threads perinch; N~ number of turns per inch; h-=
0.3p, basic height of thread; F,, ❑ 0.424p= basic width of flat of crest of A major advantage of metric screw thread standards is the
internal thread; F,, = 0.422p = basic width of flat of crest of external
thread; F,,, = 0.422p .0.259 x (major-diameter allowance on internal possibility of reducing the number of diameter/ pitch combina-
thread); F,., ❑ 0.4224p -0.259 x (minor-diameter allowance on external tions that can be used, thus providing a less costly system. Two
thread - pitch-diameter allowance on external thread). additional standards, B 1. 18M (Threads) and B 1. 19M (Gaging),
12-41
CHAPTER 12
have been proposed for boundary-profile metric threads, on

recommendations of the mechanical fastener industry. Also,
the Industrial Fastener Institute has published a standard, No. I I
500, which is being used by some firms.
Metric thread sizes are designated by the letter M followed by
the nominal diameter and the pitch, both expressed in milli- rmqur dlun,
meters, and separated by the sign x. For example, a designation
of M20 x 2.5 means that the thread has a nominal major
diameter of 20 millimeters and a pitch of 2.5 millimeters. The pitch dlom
words coarse and fine are often given to conform with usage,
d t bos,c mtnor dam
but they have nothing to do with thread quality. Coarse pitches (flat root)
only indicate the largest metric pitches used in current practice. d~ nomlnol mnor dlom
(rounded root) 0.0721 7W
M Profile Threads I {
ANSI Standard B 1. 13M was developed to provide a system Fig. 12-16 External thread of M profile with no allowance and flanks at
of metric screw threads for general fastening purposes in maximum material condition, requiring rounded roots.~
mechanisms and structures. It is in agreement with ISO screw
thread standards and recommendations. The basic M profile is to the inch class 3A except that an allowance is applied. This
a 60° symmetrical screw thread that is the basic 1S0 profile (see thread class will be standard for socket-head cap screws.)
Fig. 12-1 5), and it is the same as that for Unified inch screw Internal metric threads.’ 2 For internal product threads, there
threads. It is the same for both internal and external threads at are five grades of tolerance, known as grades 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
maximum material condition except where rounded roots are Grade 6 is for medium, average conditions and should be
required on external threads (see Fig. 12-16). considered for use wherever possible for the most economic
The tolerance system for metric screw threads is based on the transition to metric threads. Tolerance position H indicates that
1S0 system of limits and fits. The complete thread designation the minimum internal thread is at the basic pitch diameter size.
includes the thread tolerance class which consists of a number This is standard for normal applications. Thus, the preferred
indicating the tolerance grade and a letter indicating the class for general-purpose applications of internal threads is
tolerance position. The tolerance position letter is a capital class 6H. Tolerance position G indicates that the minimum limit
letter for internal threads and a lowercase letter for external is above the basic pitch diameter, creating an allowance. There
threads. Although the same thread tolerance class may be may be special situations when the G allowance (giving greater
applied to both the pitch and major diameters (for external separation between mating parts) might be useful; for example,
threads) or pitch and minor diameters (for internal threads), the when heat treatment after threading could cause distortion and
metric thread tolerancing system allows for applying different make assembly difficult if allowance is not provided.
tolerance classes to the pitch and major diameters of pitch and External metric threads.’3 For external product threads there
minor diameters. are seven grades of tolerance known as grades 3,4,5,6,7,8, and
Metric screw threads of tolerance class 6H/ 6g are generally 9. The higher the number, the greater the amount of tolerance.
comparable to inch class 2A/ 2B. At minimum material condi- Here again the grade 6 is for medium, average conditions and
tions, however, the 6H/6g tolerance results in a Iooserfit than a should also be considered for greatest economy. The three
2A/ 2B class. Limiting dimensions for internal and external M tolerance position symbols for external threads are h, g, and e,
profile threads are shown in Tables 12-22 and 12-23. (Note that with h and g being predominant. Position h indicates there is no
class 4g6g is also shown for external threads. This is comparable allowance and the maximum size limit is at the basic pitch
diameter. Position g creates a small allowance wherein the
maximum limit is below basic. Position e creates a large
Interral threads
r P,tch—P
/\
k– P,8
H/8
b
allowance and has little if any commercial application. When
external threads are being plated, it is common practice to
extend the maximum size limit to the basic pitch diameter after
the plating is applied. There are other situations where the
t allowance must not be violated even after plating. There are a
3/8 H
,- ~~’ t great many possible tolerance grades and position choices for
518 H ~
the designer or engineer, but the preferred class for general-
molor “*3@ - ~,4
dam purpose applications of external threads is class 6g.
P/2
\,1,/
“d,o,lc -$-‘, I ;
H/4 MJ Profile Threads
\/
& Since the UNJ inch screw thread is predominantly used in
aerospace designs, the aerospace industry decided to produce a
!; [ “ %
AxIs of screw thread
hard metric version for aerospace metric design. This resulted in
.—. — .—
External threads I
the metric screw thread standard, MJ profile, ANSI Standard
H = vt72 x P = 0,866 025P B 1.21 M, published by ASM E. The metric version is similar to
0125 H= OI08253P the UNJ inch, MI L-S-8879, thread which has a 0.1501 lp-
E1250H= 0216506P
0.18042p controlled radius root in the external thread. The minor
D 375H = 0.324 760P
3625H = 0541 266P diameters of internal threads are truncated to accommodate the
maximum root radii of the external threads. Complete data on
Fig. 12-15 Basic M thread profile (1S0 68 basic profile).’ profiles and tolerances is presented in B 1.21 M.
12-42
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-22
Limiting Dimensions for M Profile Internal Threads
Major Diameter,
Minor Diameter, Pitch Diameter, D, mm
Basic
Thread DI, mm D2, mm
Tolerance Max*
Designation Class Min Max Min Max To] Min For Reference
M1.6 x 0.35 6H 1.221 1.321 1.373 1.458 0.085 1.600 1.736
M2 X 0.4 6H 1.567 1.679 1.740 1.830 0.090 2.000 2.148
M2.5 X 0.45 6H 2.013 2.138 2.208 2.303 0.095 2.500 2.660
M3 X 0.5 6H 2.459 2.599 2.675 2,775 0.100 3.000 3.172
M3.5 X 0.6 6H 2.850 3.010 3.110 3.222 0.112 3.500 3.699
M4 X 0.7 6H 3,242 3.422 3.545 3.663 0.118 4.000 4.219
M5 X 0.8 6H 4.134 4.334 4.480 4.605 0.125 5.000 5.240
M6XI 6H 4.917 5.153 5.350 5.500 0,150 6.000 6.294
M8 X 1.25 6H 6,647 6.912 7.188 7.348 0.160 8.000 8,340
M8X1 6H 6.917 7.153 7.350 7.500 0.150 8.000 8.294
MIO X 1.5 6H 8.376 8.676 9.026 9.206 0.180 10.000 10.396
M1O X 1.25 6H 8.647 8.912 9.188 9.348 0.160 Io.000 10340
MIO X 0.75 6H 9,188 9.378 9.513 9.645 0.132 10.000 10.240
M12 X 1.75 6H 10.106 10.441 10.863 11.063 0.200 12.000 12.453
M12 X 1.5 6H 10.376 10.676 11.026 11.216 0.190 12.000 12.406
M12 X 1.25 6H 10.647 10.912 11.188 1I .368 0.180 12.000 12,360
M12 X I 6H 10.917 11.153 11.350 11.510 0.160 12.000 12.304
M14 X 2 6H 11.835 12.210 12.701 12.913 0.212 14.000 14.501
M14 X 1.5 6H 12.376 12.676 13.026 13.216 0.190 14.000 14.406
M14 X 1.25**
M15 X 1 6H 13,917 14.153 14.350 14.510 0.160 15.000 15.304
M16 x 2 6H 13.835 14.210 14.701 14.913 0.212 16.000 16.501
M16 x 1.5 6H 14.376 14.676 15.026 15.216 0,190 16.000 16,406
M17 X 1 6H 15.917 16.153 16.350 16.510 0.160 17.000 17,304
M18 x 1.5 6H 16.376 16.676 17.026 17.216 0.190 18.000 18.406
M20 X 2.5 6H 17.294 17.744 18.376 18.600 0.224 20.000 20.585
M20 X 1.5 6H 18.376 18.676 19.026 19.216 0,190 20.000 20.406
M20 X I 6H 18.917 19.153 19.350 19.510 0.160 20.000 20.304
M22 X 2.5 6H 19.294 19.744 20.376 20.600 0.224 22.000 22.585
M22 X 1.5 6H 20.376 20.676 21.026 21.216 0.190 22.000 22.406
M24 X 3 6H 20.752 21.252 22.051 22.316 0.265 24.000 24.698
M24 X 2 6H 21.835 22.210 22.701 22.925 0.224 24.000 24.513
M25 X 1.5 6H 23.376 23.676 24.026 24.226 0.200 25,000 25.416
M27 X 3 6H 23.752 24.252 25.051 25.316 0.265 27.000 27,698
M27 X 2 6H 24.835 25.210 25.701 25.925 0.224 27.000 27.513
M30 X 3.5 6H 26.21 I 26.771 27.727 28.007 0.280 30.000 30.785
M30 X 2 6H 27.835 28.210 28.701 28.925 0.224 30.000 30.513
M30 X 1.5 6H 28.376 28.676 29,026 29.226 0.200 30.000 30.416
M33 X 2 6H 30.835 31.210 31,701 31.925 0.224 33.000 33.513
M35 X 1.5 6H 33.376 33.676 34.026 34.226 0.200 35.000 35.416
M36 X 4 6H 31.670 32.270 33,402 33.702 0.300 36.000 36.877
M36 X 2 6H 33.835 34.210 34701 34.925 0.224 36.000 36.513
M39 X 2 6H 36.835 37,210 37.701 37.925 0.224 39.000 39.513
M40 X 1.5 6H 38.376 38.676 39.026 39.226 0.200 40.000 40.416
M42 X 4.5 6H 37.129 37.799 39.077 39.392 0.315 42.000 42.965
12-43
CHAPTE R12
TABLE 12-22-Continued
Major Diameter,
Basic
Minor Diameter, Pitch Diameter, D, mm
D,, mm D2, mm
Thread Tolerance Max*
Designation Class Min Max Min Max Tol Min For Reference
M42 X 2 6H 39.835 40.210 40.701 40.925 0.224 42.000 42.513

M45 X 1.5 6H 43.376 43.676 44.026 44.226 0.200 45.000 45.416
M48 X 5 6H 42.587 43.297 44.752 45.087 0.335 48.000 49.057
M48 X 2 6H 45.835 46.210 46.701 46.937 0.236 48.000 48.525
M50 X 1.5 6H 48.376 48.676 49.026 49.238 0.212 50.000 50.428
M55 X 1.5 6H 53.376 53.676 54.026 54.238 0.212 55.000 55.428
M56 X 5.5 6H 50.046 50.796 52.428 52.783 0.355 56.000 57,149
M56 X 2 6H 53.835 54.210 54.701 54.937 0.236 56.000 56.525
M60 x 1.5 6H 58.376 58.676 59.026 59.238 0.212 60.000 60,428
M64X6 6H 57.505 58.305 60.103 60.478 0.375 64.000 65.241
M64 X 2 6H 61.835 62.210 62.701 62.937 0.236 64.000 64.525
M65 X 1.5 6H 63.376 63.676 64.026 64.238 0.212 65.000 65.428
M70 X 1.5 6H 68.376 68.676 69.026 69.238 0.212 70.000 70.428
M72 X 6 6H 65.505 66.305 68.103 68.478 0.375 72.000 73.241
M72 X 2 6H 69.835 70.210 70.701 70.937 0.236 72.000 72.525
M75 1.5
X 6H 73.376 73.676 74.026 74.238 0.212 75.000 75.428
M80 X 6 6H 73.505 74.305 76.103 76.478 0.375 80.000 81.241
M80 x 2 6H 77.835 78.210 78.701 78.937 0.236 80.000 80.525
M80 x 1.5 6H 78.376 78.676 79.026 79.238 0.212 80.000 80.428
M85 X 2 6H 82.835 83.210 83.701 83.937 0.236 85.000 85.525
M90 X 6 6H 83.505 84.305 86.103 86.478 0.375 90.000 91.241
M90 X 2 6H 87.835 88.210 88.701 88.937 0.236 90.000 90.525
M95 X 2 6H 92.835 93.210 93.701 93.951 0.250 95.000 95.539
MIOO X 6 6H 93.505 94.305 96.103 96.503 0.400 100.000 10 I.266
MIOO X 2 6H 97.835 98.210 96.701 98.951 0.250 100.000 100.539
MI05 X 2 6H 102.835 103.210 103.701 103.951 0.250 105.000 105.539
MI1OX2 6H 107.835 108.210 108.701 108.951 0.250 110.000 110.539
M120 X 2 6H 117.835 118.210 118.701 118.951 0.250 120.000 120.539
M130 X 2 6H 127.835 128.210 128.701 128.951 0.250 130.000 130.539
M140 X 2 6H 137.835 138.210 138,701 138.951 0.250 140.000 140.539
M150 X 2 6H 147.835 148.210 148.701 148.951 0.250 150.000 150.539
M160 x 3 6H 156.752 157.252 158.051 158.351 0.300 160.000 160.733
M170 X 3 6H 166.752 167.252 168.051 168.351 0.300 170.000 170.733
M180 x 3 6H 176.752 177.252 178.051 178.351 0.300 180.000 180.733
M190 X 3 6H 186.752 187.252 188.051 188.386 0.335 190.000 190.768
M200 X 3 6H 196.752 197.252 198.051 198.386 0.335 200.000 200.768
* Dimension is used in the design of tools, etc. In dimensioning internal threads, it is not normally specified. Generally, major
diameter acceptance is based upon maximum material condition gaging.
** special thread for spark Plugs onlY.
12-44
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-23
Limiting Dimensions for M Profile External ThreadsT
Minor Diameter,C
Minor Diameter, b d,, mm
Basic Allowance, Major Diameter, b Pitch Diameter, b
d,, mm (Rounded Root)
~~,a d, mm d~, mm
Thread Tolerance (Flat Root) Min
Decimation Class mm Max Min Max Min Tol Max —For Reference—
MI.6 x 0.35 6g 0.019 1.581 1.496 1.354 1.291 0.063 1.202 1,075
M1,6 x 0.35 4g6g 0.019 1.581 1.496 1.354 1.314 0.040 1.202 1.098
M2 X 0,4 6g 0,019 1.98I 1.886 1.721 1,654 0.067 1.548 1.408
M2 X 0.4 4g6g 0.019 1,981 1,886 1.721 1.679 0.042 1.548 1.433
M2.5 X 0.45 6g 0.020 2.480 2.380 2.188 2.117 0.071 1.993 1.840
M2,5 X 0.45 4g6g 0.020 2.480 2.380 2.188 2.143 0.045 I.993 I.866
M3 X 0.5 6g 0.020 2.980 2.874 2.655 2.580 0.075 2.439 2.272
M3 X 0.5 4g6g 0.020 2.980 2.874 2.655 2.607 0.048 2.439 2.299
M3.5 X 0,6 6g 0.021 3.479 3.354 3.089 3.004 0.085 2.829 2.635
M3.5 x 0.6 4g6g 0.021 3.479 3.354 3.089 3.036 0.053 2.829 2.667
M4 X 0.7 6g 0,022 3.978 3.838 3.523 3.433 0.090 3.220 3.002
M4 X 0.7 4g6g 0.022 3,978 3.838 3.523 3.467 0.056 3.220 3.036
M5 X 0.8 6g 0.024 4.976 4.826 4,456 4.36[ 0.095 4.110 3,869
M5 X 0.8 4g6g 0.024 4.976 4.826 4.456 4.396 0.060 4.110 3.904
M6X1 6g 0,026 5.974 5.794 5.324 5.212 0.112 4,891 4.596
M6XI 4g6g 0.026 5,974 5,794 5.324 5.253 0.07 I 4.891 4.637
M8 X 1.25 6g 0.028 7.972 7.760 7.160 7.042 0.118 6.619 6.272
M8 X 1.25 4g6g 0.028 7.972 7.760 7,160 7.085 0,075 6.619 6.315
M8XI 6g 0,026 7.974 7.794 7.324 7.212 0.112 6.891 6.596
M8X1 4g6g 0.026 7,974 7.794 7.324 7.253 0.071 6.891 6.637
MI(I X 1.5 6g 0.032 9.968 9.732 8.994 8.862 0.132 8.344 7.938
M1O x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 9.968 9.732 8.994 8,909 0,085 8,344 7.985
MIO X 1.25 6g 0.028 9.972 9.760 9.160 9.042 0.118 8.619 8.272
MIO X 1,25 4g6g 0.028 9,972 9.760 9.160 9.085 0.075 8.619 8.315
MIO X 0.75 6g 0.022 9.978 9.838 9.491 9.391 0.100 9.166 8,929
M1O X 0.75 4g6g 0.022 9.978 9.838 9,491 9.428 0,063 9,166 8.966
M12 X 1.75 6g 0.034 1I.966 11.701 10.829 10.679 0.150 10.072 9.601
M12 X 1.75 4g6g 0.034 11,966 11.701 10.829 10.734 0.095 10.072 9.656
M12 x 1.5 6g 0.032 11.968 11.732 10,994 10.854 0.140 10.344 9.930
M12 x 1.25 6g 0.028 11.972 11.760 11,160 11,028 0,132 10,619 10.258
M12 X 1.25 4g6g 0,028 11.972 11.760 11.160 11.075 0.085 10.619 10.305
M12 X ] 6g 0.026 11,974 11.794 11.324 11.206 0.118 10.891 10.590
M12 X 1 4g6g 0.026 11.974 11.794 11.324 11.249 0.075 10.891 10,633
M14 X 2 6g 0.038 13.962 13.682 12.663 12,503 0.160 11,797 11.271
M14 X 2 4g6g 0,038 13.962 13.682 12.663 12.563 0.100 I 1.797 11.331
M14 X 1,5 6g 0.032 13,968 13.732 12.994 12.854 0.140 12.344 1I.930
M14 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 13.968 13.732 12,994 12.904 0,090 12.344 11.980
M14 X 1.25d
M15 X 1 6g 0.026 14.974 I4.794 14.324 14.206 0.118 13.891 13.590
M15 X I 4g6g 0.026 14.974 14.794 14.324 14.249 0.075 13.891 13,633
M16 x 2 6g 0.038 15.962 15.682 14,663 14.503 0.160 13.797 13,271
M16 x 2 4g6g 0,038 15.962 15.682 14.663 14,563 0.100 13,797 13.331
M16 x 1.5 6g 0.032 15.968 15,732 14.994 14.854 0.140 14.344 13.930
M16 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 15.968 15.732 14.994 14.904 0.090 14.344 13,980
M17 X 1 6g 0.026 16.974 16.794 16,324 16,206 0,118 15,891 15.590
M17 X 1 4g6g 0.026 16,974 16.794 16.324 16.249 0.075 15.891 15.633
M18 x 1.5 6g 0.032 17.968 17,732 16.994 16.854 0.140 16.344 I5.930
M18 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 17.968 17.732 16,994 16.904 0.090 16.344 15.980
M20 X 2.5 6g 0,042 19.958 19.623 18.334 18.164 0.170 17.252 16.624
M20 X 2.5 4g6g 0.042 19,958 19.623 18.334 18.228 0.106 17.252 16.688
M20 X 1,5 6g 0.032 19.968 19.732 18.994 18.854 0.140 18.344 17.930
M20 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 19.968 19.732 18.994 18,904 0,090 18,344 17.980
M20 X 1 6g 0,026 19.974 19,794 19.324 19.206 0.118 18.891 18.590
M20 X I 4g6g 0.026 19,974 19,794 19.324 19.249 0.075 18.891 18.633
12-45
CHAPTER 12
Minor Diameter,c
Minor Diameter, b d,, mm
Major Diameter, h Pitch Diameter, b d,, mm (Rounded Root)
Basic Allowance,
~~,a d, mm d,, mm (Flat Root) Min
Thread Tolerance
Designation Class mm Max Min Max Min Tol Max —For Reference—
M22 X 2.5 6g 0.042 21.958 21.623 20.334 20.164 0. I70 19.252 18.624
M22 X 1.5 6g 0.032 21.968 2[.732 20.994 20.854 0.140 20.344 I9.930
M22 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 21.968 21.732 20.994 20.904 0.090 20.344 19.980
M24 X 3 6g 0.048 23.952 23.577 22.003 21.803 0.200 20.704 19.955
M24 x 3 4g6g 0.048 23,952 23.577 22,003 21,878 0.125 20.704 20.030
M24 X 2 6g 0.038 23.962 23,682 22,663 22.493 0,170 21.797 21.261
M24 X 2 4g6g 0.038 23.962 23,682 22.663 22.557 0.106 21,797 21.325
M25 X 1.5 6g 0,032 24.968 24.732 23.994 23.844 0.150 23.344 22.920
M25 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 24.968 24.732 23.994 23.899 0.095 23.344 22.975
M27 X 3 6g 0.048 26.952 26.577 25.003 24.803 0.200 23.744 22.955
M27 X 2 6g 0.038 26.962 26.682 25.663 25.493 0. I70 24.797 24,261
M27 X 2 4g6g 0.038 29.962 26.682 25.663 25.557 0.106 24.797 24,325
M30 X 3.5 6g 0.053 29.947 29.522 27.674 27.462 0.212 26.158 25.306
M30 X 3.5 4g6g 0.053 29.947 29.522 27.674 27.542 0.132 26.158 25.386
M30 X 2 6g 0.038 29.962 29.682 28.663 28,493 0.170 27,797 27.261
M30 X 2 4g6g 0.038 29,962 29.682 28.663 28.557 0.106 27.797 27.325
M30 X 1.5 6g 0,032 29,968 29,732 28.994 28.844 0.150 28,344 27.920
M30 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 29.968 29.732 28.994 28.899 0,095 28.344 27.975
M33 X 2 6g 0.038 32.962 32.682 31.663 31.493 0170 30.797 30.261
M33 X 2 4g6g 0.038 32.962 32.682 31.663 31.557 0,106 30.797 30,325
M35 X 1,5 6g 0.032 34.968 34.732 33.994 33.844 0. I50 33.344 33.920
M36 X 4 6g 0.060 35.940 35.465 33.342 33.118 0,224 31.610 30.654
M36 X 4 4g6g 0.060 35.940 35.465 33.342 33,202 0,140 3[.610 30.738
M36 X 2 6g 0.038 35.962 35.682 34.663 34,493 0.170 33.797 33.261
M36 X 2 4g6g 0,038 35,962 35,682 34.663 34,557 0,106 33,797 33.325
M39 X 2 6g 0,038 38,962 38.682 37.663 37.493 0.170 36.797 36.261
M39 X 2 4g6g 0.038 38.962 38.682 37.663 37.557 0,106 36.797 36.325
M40 X 1,5 6g 0.032 39.968 39.732 38.994 38.844 0.150 38.344 37.920
M40 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 39.968 39.732 38.994 38.899 0.095 38.344 37,975
M42 X 4.5 6g 0.063 41.937 41.437 39.014 38.778 0.236 37.066 36.006
M42 X 4.5 4g6g 0.063 41.937 41.437 39.014 38.864 0.150 37.066 36.092
M42 X 2 6g 0.038 41.962 41.682 40,663 40,493 0.170 39.797 39.261
M42 X 2 4g6g 0.038 41.962 41,682 40,663 40,557 0,106 39,797 39.325
M45 X 1.5 6g 0,032 44,968 44,732 43.994 43.844 0150 43.344 42.920
M45 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 44.968 44.732 43.994 43.899 0095 43.344 42,975
M48 X 5 6g 0.071 47.929 47.399 44.681 44.431 0.250 42.516 41.351
M48 X 5 4g6g 0.071 47.929 47.399 44.681 44.521 0,160 42.516 41,441
M48 X 2 6g 0.038 47.962 47.682 46.663 46.483 0.180 45.797 45.251
M48 X 2 4g6g 0.038 47.962 47.682 46.663 46.551 0.112 45.797 45.319
M50 X 1.5 6g 0.032 49.968 49.732 48.994 48,834 0.160 48.344 47.910
M50 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 49.968 49,732 48,994 48,894 0.100 48.344 47.970
M55 X 1.5 6g 0.032 54.968 54.732 53.994 53.834 0,160 53.344 52.910
M55 X 1.5 4g6g 0,032 54.968 54.732 53.994 53.894 0.100 53.344 52.970
M56 X 5.5 6g 0.075 55.925 55.365 52.353 52.088 0,265 49.97 I 48.700
M56 X 5.5 4g6g 0.075 55.925 55.365 52.353 52.183 0.170 49.971 48,795
M56 X 2 6g 0.038 55.962 55.682 54.663 54.483 0.180 53.797 53,251
M56 X 2 4g6g 0.038 55.962 55.682 54.663 54.551 0.112 53.797 53.319
M60 x 1.5 6g 0.032 59.968 59,732 58.994 58.834 0.160 58.344 57.910
M60 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 59,968 59.732 58.994 58.894 0.100 58.344 57.970
M64 X 6 6g 0,080 63,920 63,320 60.023 59.743 0,280 57.425 56.047
M64 X 6 4g6g 0,080 63,920 63,320 60.023 59.843 0,180 57.425 56.147
M64 X 2 6g 0.038 63.962 63.682 62.663 62.483 0.180 61.797 61.251
M64 X 2 4g6g 0.038 63.962 63.682 62.663 62.551 0.112 61.797 61.319
M65 X 1,5 6g 0.032 64.968 64.732 63.994 63.834 0.160 63.344 62,910
CHAPTER12
Minor Diameter,c
Minor Diameter, b d~, mm
Basic Allowance, Major Diameter, b Pitch Diameter, b d,, mm (Rounded Root)
~~,a d, mm d,, mm
Thread Tolerance (Flat Root) Min
Designation Class mm Max Min Max Min Tol Max —For Reference—
M65 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 64.968 64,732 63.994 63.894 0.100 63.344 62,970
M70 x 1,5 6g 0.032 69.968 69.732 68,994 68.834 0.160 68.344 67.910
M70 X 1.5 4g6g 0.032 69.968 69.732 68.994 68,894 0,100 68.344 67.970
M72 X 6 6g 0.080 71.920 71.320 68.023 67.743 0.280 65.425 64.047
M72 X 6 4g6g 0,080 71,920 71.320 68.023 67.843 0.180 65.425 64.147
M72 X 2 6g 0.038 71.962 71,682 70.663 70.483 0.180 69.797 69.251
M72 X 2 4g6g 0.038 71.962 71.682 70,663 70.551 0.112 69.797 69.319
M75 X 1.5 6g 0.032 74.968 74.732 73.994 73,834 0.160 73.344 72.910
M75 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 74.968 74.732 73.994 73.894 0.100 73,344 72.970
M80 X 6 6g 0.080 79.920 79.320 76.023 75.743 0.280 73.425 72.047
M80 X 6 4g6g 0.080 79.920 79,320 76.023 75.843 0.180 73.425 72.147
M80 X 2 6g 0.038 79.962 79.682 78,663 78.483 0.180 77.797 77,251
M80 x 2 0.038 79.962 79.682 78.663 78,551 0.112 77,797 77.319
M80 x 1.5 6g 0.032 79.968 79.732 78.994 78.834 0.160 78.344 77.910
M80 x 1.5 4g6g 0.032 79,968 79.732 78.994 78.894 0.100 78.344 77.970
M85 X 2 6g 0.038 84.962 84.682 83.663 83.483 0.180 82.797 82.251
M85 X 2 4g6g 0.038 84.962 84.682 83,663 83.551 0.112 82.797 82.319
M90 X 6 6g 0.080 89.920 89.320 86.023 85,743 0.280 83.425 82.047
M90 X 6 4g6g 0,080 89.920 89.320 86.023 85.843 0.180 83.425 82.147
M90 X 2 6g 0.038 89.962 89.682 88.663 88.483 0.180 87.797 87.251
M90 X 2 4g6g 0.038 89.962 89,682 88.663 88.551 0.112 87.797 87.319
M95 X 2 6g 0.038 94.962 94.682 93.663 93.473 0,190 92.797 92.241
M95 x 2 4g6g 0.038 94.962 94.682 93.663 93,545 0.118 92,797 92.313
M1OO X 6 6g 0,080 99.920 99.320 96.023 95.723 0.300 93.425 92.027
M1OOX6 4g6g 0.080 99.920 99.320 96.023 95.833 0.190 93.425 92.137
M1OO X 2 6g 0.038 99.962 99.682 98,663 98.473 0.190 97,797 97,241
M1OO X 2 4g6g 0.038 99.962 99.682 98.663 98.545 0,118 97.797 97.313
MI05 X 2 6g 0.038 104.962 104.682 103.663 103.473 0.190 102.797 102.241
M105 X 2 4g6g 0,038 104.962 104.682 103.663 103.545 0.118 102.797 102.313
M110x2 6g 0.038 109.962 109.682 108.663 108.473 0.190 107.797 107.241
MI1OX2 4g6g 0.038 109.962 109.682 108,663 108.545 0.118 107.797 107.313
M120 X 2 6g 0.038 119.962 119.682 118.663 118.473 0.190 117.797 117.241
M120 X 2 4g6g 0.038 119.962 119.682 118.663 118.545 0.118 117.797 117.313
M130 X 2 6g 0.038 129,962 129.682 128.663 128.473 0.190 127.797 127.241
M130 X 2 4g6g 0.038 129.962 129,682 128.663 [28.545 0.118 127.797 127,313
M140 X 2 6g 0.038 139.962 139.682 138,663 138.473 0.190 137.797 137.241
M140x 2 4g6g 0.038 139.962 139.682 [38.663 [38.545 0.118 137,797 137.313
M150 X 2 6g 0,038 149.962 149.682 148.663 [48.473 0.190 147.797 147.241
M150 X 2 4g6g 0.038 149.962 149.682 148.663 148.545 0.118 147.797 147.313
M160 x 3 6g 0.048 159.952 159.577 158,003 !57.779 0.224 156.704 155,931
M160X 3 4g6g 0.048 159.952 159.577 158.003 157,863 0,140 156.704 156.015
M170 X 3 6g 0.048 169.952 169.577 168.003 167.779 0.224 166.704 165.931
M170 X 3 4g6g 0,048 169.952 169.577 168.033 167.863 0.140 166.704 166.015
M180 x 3 6g 0.048 179.952 179,577 178.003 177.779 0.224 176.704 175.931
M180x3 4g6g 0.048 179.952 179.577 178.003 177.863 0.140 176.704 176.015
M190 X 3 6g 0.048 189.952 189.577 188.003 187.753 0.250 186,704 185.905
M190 X 3 4g6g 0,048 189.952 189.577 188.003 187.843 0.160 1S6.704 185.995
M200 X 3 6g 0.048 199.952 199.577 198.003 197.753 0.250 196.704 195.905
M200 X 3 4g6g 0.048 199.952 199.577 198,003 197.843 0,160 196.704 195.995
a The value fores is absolute value.
b Forscrew threads atmaximum limits oftolerance position h,addtheahsolute value estothe maximum diameters required. For maximum
major diameter, this is the basic thread size also listed in Table 12-22as minimum major diameter (DM,N);for maximum minor diameter this is
thesame as Table 12-22 minimum minor diameter (Dl M[~).
c Dimension used in the design of tools, etc. In dimensioning external threads, it is not normally specified. Generally, minor diameter
acceptance is based upon maximum material condition gaging.
d Special thread for sparkplugs only.
12-47
CHAPTER 12
SINGLE-POINT THREADING
THREAD MANUFACTURING
Threads are produced on workplaces by a number of increments of infeed per pass, which may be either unvarying or
different tools and processes. Tools used are single-point tools, diminishing in nature. Spindle speed, number of passes and
chasers, taps, or dies. Processes employed include turning, infeed increments are quickly determined and set by simple dial
boring, milling, grinding, or rolling. The method selected adjustments or gear selections.
depends primarily upon the workpiece size, shape, and material; The machine design is such that virtually any thread may be
whether internal or external threads are to be cut; equipment cut, right or left-hand, straight or taper, internal or external,
available; and the required production rate, accuracy, and single or multiple-start. Tooling costs are low compared to
surface finish. those of thread milling, grinding, and die-head threading, since
it is only necessary to produce the thread form on a single-point
SINGLE-POINT THREADING tool bit or insert. With suitable attachments, secondary
Many threads are produced on both external and internal operations such as turning, boring, and facing may be
surfaces of workplaces with single-point tools using a wide incorporated. Ease of setup, low initial tooling costs, and
variety of machines. The tool moves longitudinally in constant inherent speed and accuracy make the application of this
relation to rotation of the workpiece, thus determining the lead threading method practical both for jobbing runs and for
of the thread. To cut right-hand threads, the tool is moved from sustained high production.
right to left; for left-hand threads, the tool must be moved from Recommended practice is to feed the tool straight into the
left to right. External threads can be cut with the workpiece workpiece, i.e., perpendicular to the workpiece axis, thus
mounted either between centers or held in a chuck; internal providing an even, equal, and sufficient chip load on both sides
thread cutting requires that the workpiece be held in a chuck, of the threading-tool form. The chip formation, as shown in
collet, or fixture. Threads are produced by taking a series of cuts Fig. 12-18, consists of a single chip whose cross section
until desired thread depth is reached. approximates that of the thread form. Tool wear and tool life
are similar to those of other single-point tool applications.
Machines Used
Single-point threading for low to medium volume production
requirements is often done on engine, bench, toolroom, and Feed
some turret lathes, as discussed in Chapter 8, “Turning and
Boring. ” Boring machines are frequently used to cut internal
threads. CNC lathes and turning machines, also discussed in
Recoii Penetration
Chapter 8, are employed for faster and higher volume threading.
Single-point threading is also done on many of the machines
described in Chapter 15, “Multifunction Machines. ” E=s
Semiautomatic high-speed threading lathes are designed to
utilize carbide or ceramic tools. Operating in the range of 300 I t\ )
I
sfm (91 m/ rein) or more, they produce threads of high-quality
surface finish on all machinable materials, including those steels
I Return I
which, because of alloy constituents and,/ or hardness, do not
readily lend themselves to HSS tools.
I
I
Fig. 12-17 Schematic sequence of operation for a semiautomatic
I
I
The cutting action is generally analogous to a conventional

single-point threading lathe.
screw-cutting lathe in that the tool is fed into the workpicce
(penetration), traversed longitudinally to produce the required
thread lead (feed), withdrawn from the work at the end of the
thread length (recoil), and rapidly traversed to the starting point
(return). This sequence (see Fig. 12- 17) is automatically repeated
at successive increments of depth until full thread depth is
reached, at which time the machine automatically stops and
resets itself to repeat the cycle on the next workpiece. Parts may
be held by manual or power chucks or collets, between centers,
or by virtually any method applicable to lathes.
The feed and return motions are obtained through a drum-
type cam or by a reversing Ieadscrew, depending upon the make
of machine. In tbe former case, a drum-type cam permits rapid
cycling by combining the functions of a conventional lathe’s
Ieadsrew, half-nut, and manual carriage return. The design of
the drum cam on some machines provides a longitudinal return
rate twice that of the feed motion, without any reversing action,
thus reducing idle time.
An additional cam provides the penetration and recoil
movements; and a third cam system, whose action is super-
imposed on the penetration and recoil motion, provides the Fig. 12-18 Chip formation on a semiautomatic threading lathe.
12-48
CHAPTER 12
Single-Point Tools for Threading

Thread cutting with single-point tools is one of the most
difficult machining operations. The small, tapered nose of the
tool is buried in the workpiece, making it susceptible to
breakage from the cutting forces and deformation from heat
concentrated at the weakest part of the tool. High feed rates
required for threading necessitate large clearance angles on the
tools, making them weaker and less able to dissipate heat. Negative
Single-point tools for threading are made from HSS, carbide, rake
or ceramic (see Chapter 3, “Cutting Tool Materials’?, with their
shape usually conforming to that of the thread to be cut. High-
speed steel tools are solid bits, generally ground to the required
shape by the user. Carbide tools are available with brazed tips
or as mechanically held indexable inserts, usually purchased
formed to the required shape. Ceramic tools are available only
as inserts.
Neutral
High-speed steel tools. Single-point threading tools made rake
from HSS are generally limited to low-volume requirements
because they cannot be operated at cutting speeds as high as
(cl)
those for carbide or ceramic tools. Suggested geometries for
threading various materials with HSS single-point tools are
presented in Table 12-24.
Brazed carbide tools. The initial cost of a brap.ed-tip carbide
tool is usually less than that of an indexable carbide insert tool,
but the cost per cutting edge is higher. As a result, brazed
carbide tools are generally used only for low-volume applica-
tions or special threading applications when indexable tooling
would be more expensive.
Indexable carbide inserts. Mechanically held indexable
carbide inserts are the most extensively used tools for single-
point threading. Their advantages include assurance of correct
(b)
thread profiles, efficient geometries for fast production, and
eliminating the need for tool regrinding.
Various types of inserts and holders are available for
threading. One popular combination for cutting vee or modified
vee threads consists of an unground triangular insert having
either negative or neutral-rake geometry and a suitable
toolholder (see Fig. 12-19, view a). Such standard turning
inserts cost less than threading inserts and are available with
pressed-in chip control grooves, Negative-rake inserts have a
90° included angle between their rake and flank faces and are
therefore stronger than most other threading inserts. When an
insert with a 60° included angle is used in a toolholder that
positions it at a negative-rake angle, the thread profile produced
has an included angle slightly more than 60°. For this reason,
such tools are generally restricted to rough threading that does
not require precise tolerances. When neutral-rake toolholders
are used, however, exact 60° vee threads are produced.
(c)
Laydown insert tooling (Fig. 12-19, view b) is also used
extensively for threading, especially internal threading as it
allows indexable tools to be used for threading smaller bores. It
consists of a triangular insert, with the thread form profile
ground on its face, set down flat in a toolholder or boring bar.
The tooling is available with negative or neutral-rake angles.
Negative-rake inserts are available unground at less cost. but
they are less accurate than precision-ground, neutral-rake
inserts. The negative-rake inserts can be used for either internal
or external threading, and can be turned over for the opposite
thread form, thus providing six cutting edges per insert. (d)
On-edge tooling (Fig. 12-19, view c) consists of a triangular
insert, with the thread form profile ground across its width, set Fig.12-19 Various types of insert tooling for single-point threading:(a)
unground triangular insert with either negative or neutral rake geometry,
on edge in a toolholder or boring bar. Such tooling is more (b) Iaydown triangular insert, (c) on-edge tooling, and (d) vee bottom
expensive than Iaydown tooling, but is more versatile and tooling. (Carboioy Systems Dept., General Electric Co. )
12-49
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-24
Suggested Geometries for HSS Single-Point Tools to Cut Threads in Various Materials
Back Side End

Rake Rake Relief
Hardness, Angle, Angle, Angle,
Material Bhn degrees degrees degrees
Free-Machining Carbon Steels—wrought; 80-225 10-15 10-15 5-10
Carbon Steels—wrought and cast; Free- 225-325 8-12 8-12 5-1o
Machining Alloy Steels—wrought; Alloy
Steels—wrought and cast; High-Strength 325-425 0-5 5-1o 5-1o
Steels—wrought; Maraging Steels—wrought;
Tool Steels—wrought; Nitriding Steels—
wrought; Armor Plate—wrought; Structural
Steels—wrought
Free-Machining S~dinless Steels—wrought 135-275 5-1o 5-8 5-1o
275-425 0-5 10-15 5-1o
Stainless Steels, Ferritic—wrought and cast 135-185 5-1o 5-8 5-1o
Stainless Steels, Austenitic— 135-275 0-5 IO-15 5-10
wrought and cast
Stainless Steels, Martensitic and Precipitation 135-425 0-5 10-15 3-1o
Hardening—wrought and cast
Gray, Ductile and Malleable Cast Irons; 100-200 5-8 8-12 5-1o
Compacted Graphite Cast Irons
200-400 0-5 5-10 5-1o
Aluminum Alloys—wrought and cast 30-150
(500 kg) 20-30 10-15 5-10
Magnesium Alloys—wrought and cast 40-90
(500 kg) 20-30 10-15 5-1o
Titanium Alloys—wrought and cast 110-440 0 0-5 5-15
Copper Alloys—wrought and cast* Group 1 40-200
(500 kg) o 5-1o 5-1o
Grou~, 2 40-200
(500 kg) 3-7 5-1o 5-1o
Group 3 40-200
(500 kg) 7-15 5-1o 5-1o
Nickel Alloys—wrought and cast 80-360 6-9 9-12 2-12
High-Temperature Alloys—wrought and cast 140-475 0-1o 10-15 5-12
Source: Machining Da?a Handbook, 1980 (Reprinted by permission of the Machinability Data Center, Metcut Research Associates,
Inc.)
* See Table 7-4 for copper alloy groups.
12-50
CHAPTER 12
I* Dlredon of need
1 -----
Nontopping lead topping Follow topp[ng Full topp,ng -----
#
(a)
(b)
—
Dtrect,on of feed r—— ——————___,x-
*
::.% — — – ——— —— —_&
Lead topping
E:::g
(c)
Fig. 12-20 Single-point threading tools (a) various inserts, (b) an indexable insert, and (c) insert and bar. ( Va/enite Div., Vakron Corp. )
allows a single toolholder to perform both threading and

grooving operations. Three cutting edges are available on each
insert, Some on-edge threading inserts are available with Lock screw
positive-rake angles. They can be used in neutral-rake tool-
holders and are recommended for very gummy materials when
built-up edges are a problem.
Vee bottom tooling uses a so-called dogbone insert (Fig.
12-19, view d) that has the thread form profile ground across its
width. This tooling is generally more expensive than the other
types of indexable tooling discussed, but it requires less space
and is well suited for internal threading of small boles. Two
cutting edges are available on each insert.
Figure 12-20 shows several different inserts for single-point
threading, View a illustrates nontopping, lead topping, follow
topping, and full topping inserts. To use nontopping inserts, the
OD or ID of the workplaces must be finish turned or bored
Lock-up
before threading because the inserts perform no topping. The forces
other three inserts require that a small amount of stock be left
on the workpiece before threading, with the stock being
removed on the final threading pass. A typical lead and follow
topping, indexable insert is illustrated in Fig. 12-20, view b.
The insert and bar shown in Fig. 12-20, view c, is used to Fig. 12-21 Clamping system for threading small bores with a carbide
thread both ends of small pipe couplings on low-powered insert. (Kennamefal h.)
machines with feed in only one direction. During cutting of the
front thread in the coupling, the insert is lead topping; in cutting clamp and Iockscrew. Inserts are also available for internal
the back thread, the insert is follow topping. grooving operations.
Many internal threads are generated in small-diameter bores Helix angles of the tools are important in single-point
with taps (discussed later in this chapter). An increasing number threading to create the correct side clearances, especially when
of thread cutting operations in small bores, however, are being coarse pitch, small diameter, multiple-lead, or square threads
performed with carbide inserts, especially when frequent are to be produced. Table 12-25 gives helix angles for various
changeovers in thread sizes are needed. One type of tooling, diameters and threads per inch. One tool manufacturer produces
consisting of inserts and boring bars for threading bores as a threading toolholder and inserts with an assortment of anvils
small as 0.440” (11.18 mm) diam is illustrated in Fig, 12-21. to vary the required helix angle of the tool geometry. Another
Inserts made from several grades of carbide are available for method of obtaining the required helix angle, if leading or
threading various materials, A four-way locking system pulls trailing flank clearances are a problem, is to grind the top and
the insert down and back into a pocket in the bar for accurate bottom of the toolholder, as shown in Fig. 12-22. Surfaces A
positioning and secure holding through the combination of a and B must be parallel for correct clamping in the tool block.
12-51
CHAPTE RI 2
TABLE 12-25
Helix Angles for Single-Point Turning of Threads Having Different Diameters and Threads per Inch
Pitch
Diameter, Threads per Inch
in. 36 32 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 1/2 11
3/16 Zo.s$)f 30-24’ 30-57t b“-l$)t 40-44’ 50-14 50-52’ 60 -40t 70_43’ -— --- --- --- ---
1/4 2°-11’ 20-29f 20-52P 30 _71 30-24’ 3°-45’ 40-11’ 40-44’ 5°-26’ ff -22’ --- --- --- ---
5/16 ]0.43’ IO-57’ 20-15~ 2° -26! y _4(3’ 2° -56? 3°-15’ 30 -40~ 40-111 4°-53’ 5°-20’ --- —- ---
3/8 1°-25.’ 10-3f7 1o-51I 2°-00’ ‘20-11’ 2°-24 2°-40’ y -59~ 30-24’ 30-57’ 40-]9’ 40-441 -— ---
7/16 I“-Ii’ IO-22’ 10-34~ 1°-42’ 10_51~ 2°-2’ 20-15f 20-31~
20-52f 30 -20~ 30-37’ 30-57~ --- 4°-22’
1/2 ]o_3~ lo-if’ 10-Zzf 1°-29’ ]0-3(j’ 1°-46’ 1O-57’ 20-]1’
20-29’ 20-521 3~-7’ 30-24~ --- 3°-45’
9/16 0°-56’ IO-3’ ]0_]2’ 1O-18’ IO-25’ lo-33f 10-43’ 10-55~
Zc’-ll’ 20-31f 20-44’ 20-59’ --- 3°-17’
5/8 0°-50’ oo-57t ]0-5f ]0-10” 1°-16’ 10-23f 1°-32’ 10-43~
1“-57’ 20_15f 20-26’ 2°-40’ --- 2c’-56~
3/4 0°-42’ 00-47’ 0°-54’ 0°_58t 10-3~ 1°-9’ 1O-16’ 10_25f l’J-3fj’ 10-5]f 20-00” 2°-11’ 20-17’ 2°-24’
7/8 0°-35’ 00-40” 00-46’ oo-5oz 0°-54’ oo-59r ]0-5f lo-lz~ IO-22’ 10-341 1°-42’ 1o-5]J 1’3-56’ 20 -y
1 0°-31’ oO-35’ 00-40” 0°-43’ 00-47’ 0°-51’ oo-57’ 1°-3’ 1“-11’ 10-22’ 1°-29’ ]O_36r 10-41’ 10-46)
1 1/8 0°-27’ (30-31’ t30-35~ oO-38f 00-42’ 0°-45’ 00-50f 00-56’ 1o-3’ lo-lz~ 1°-18’ 1o-25’ 1°-29’ ]0-331
1 1/4 0°-25’ oO-28’ 00-32’ 00-34’ 00-37’ oo-41f 00-45’ t30-50J (p -57’ 10-51 10.10’ lo-16f 10-20’ 10-23~
1 3/8 00-22T 00-251 00-29’ 00-31’ fP -34’ oO-37’ 00-411 0°-45’ 0°-51’ 00 _59~ 10_~ 10-91 1“-12’ 10-]6~
1 1/2 0°-21’ oo-23’ 00 -Zfj’ 0°-29’ 00-31J 00-34’ @ -37’ 0°-42’ (-)0-47’ 00_54t 0’3-58’ 1o-3I 10-6’ IO-9?
1 5/8 00-]9~ 00_21’ 00-24’ 00-26’ 00-291 (30-31’ 00-34’ oO-38~ 00-43” 0°-49’ 00_53’ oo-58’ 1o-1’ 10-3’
1 3/4 0°-18’ 0“ -20’ 0°-23’ oo _24~ 0°-26’ 0°-29’ 0°-32’ oo-35f 00-40” 0°-46’ 00-49’ (-y-54f 00-56’ 0“-59’
1 7/8 0°-16’ oo_]8r 00-21” 0°-23’ V-25’ oo -27f oo-30’ oo-33’ 00-’j7’ 0°-43’ 0°-46’ 00-50” 0°-52’ f)O-55~
2 00_15f 0°-17’ 00 _20~ Oo-zlf 0°-23’ ocI-25~ 0°-28’ oo-31’ 00-35’ 0Q-40~ 00-43” 00 -47~ 0°-49’ 00-51~
2 1/4 .— oo-]5J oO-18’ oo_19f W-21’ 00-22, 00_25P oo_27, oo-31f 0°-35’ (3°-38’ 0°-42’ 00-43 ‘ 00-45’
2 1/2 --- --- 00-]6’ oo-17F 00_18° 00+,(y 0°-22’ oo-25J 00-28” 00-321 00-34 fy -37/ 00-39’ 0°-41’
2 3/4 --- --- --- 0°-15’ 00-17’ oO-]8’ 00 _20° 00 -22! 0°-25’ 00-291 00-311 oc’-34t oo-35’ 00 -37f
3 --- --- --- --- oo-15’ oo-17’ oO-18’ 00-zlf 00-231 00 -26? 0°-29’ 00-31, 00-32’ 00-34’
3 1/4 --- —- --- --- 00-14” oo-15’ 0°-17’ oo-]9~ Oo-zl’ 00-241 00-Z(j’ 0°-29’ 00-30’ 0°-31’
3 1/2 --- -— --- --- --- oo-14f oO_16’ 0°-18’ 00-20” 0°-23’ 00-24’ 0C’-26~ 00-28’ oO-29f
3 3/4 --- --- --- --- --- --- 09-]5’ oo-16’ oo_18° Oo-zlf 00-23’ 00-25t oo-26’ oO-27~
4 -- --- --- --- --- ___ --- oo_15f 00-]7” 00 -2(3J f)0_21’ 00-23~ 00-24’ ocI-25~
(H. E. S. Machine Tool, Inc.)
Operating Parameters for TABLE 12-26

Single-Point Threading Suggested Cutting Speeds for Threading Various Materials
Three methods ofcuttingvee ormodified vee threads with with 60° Single-Point Carbide Tools
single-point tools areas follows:
1. Thesingle-point tool can recompound fedatjust under Material
Cutting Speed
half the thread angle (normally 29°) so that the leading to be
edge of the insert removes almost ailthemetal (see Fig. Threaded sfm m/ min
12-23, view u). This compound feed method is generally Steels, AISI:
used only for roughing cuts. Tool life is slightly better 1141 220 67
than with other types of feed motions. 1040 200 61
2. Plunge feedofthe tool(Fig. 12-23, view b)canbeused for 4120 180 55
both roughing and finishing. The thread form produced 1117 260 79
is usually an exact duplicate of the insert form.
3. Verylarge threads aresometimes machined a third way. Stainless steels:
17-7 PH 80 24.4
The threading tool is plunge fed on one side of the form,
440 c 90 27.4
incremented, plunge fed again, and so on until the full
302 120 36,6
width of the form ismachined (Fig. 12-23, view c).
A-286 heat-resistant alloy 85 25.9
When threads must be cut close to shoulders with single-
point tools, relief grooves are often machined directly adjacent Cast iron 160-240 49-73
to the shoulders prior to cutting the threads. This allows the
Brass 250-440 76-134
noses of the threading tools to clear the workplaces before they
are withdrawn, thus avoiding possible tool damage. Thread Aluminum 300-600 91-183
relief grooves are not needed when threading is done on
Titanium 80 24.4
NC/ CNC or cam-operated threading machines which withdraw
the tools at exactly the same point each pass. (Monarch Machine Tool Co.)
12-52
CHAPTER12
Tool block
(a)
~ Hel!x
ongle
/’
(b)
Fig. 12-22 Front view of threading tool ground to required helix angle
and set up for producing right-hand external threads. Surfaces A and B
must be parallel for correct clamping. (H. E.S. Machine Tool, fnc. )
A
R
l\
Threading speeds. Cutting speeds used for threading depend ~ ,A. \,
.1 /
primarily upon workpiece hardness, The speeds are usually ,\)
‘h (l/
about 2570 lower than those for turning operations (see Chapter )A(”
8, “Turning and Boring”) because the sharp, pointed nose of the ‘) f\ (’,’/
\) /*,(
tool can be easily deformed by the heat and forces of cutting. .Nlt.,ftt
Table 12-26 presents some suggested starting speeds for
threading when 60° carbide single-point tools are used. For
small diameters, the surface speed may have to be reduced to
stay below a practical rpm range. Reducing the cutting speed
may also be necessary to minimize the cost per part threaded or
to control deformation of the cutting edge. When Ieadscrew
reverse is used, threading should be done below 340 rpm. Some
(c)
threading with ceramic tools is being done at speeds in excess of
5000 sfm (1524 m/min). Fig. 12-23 Three methods of cutting vee or modified vee threads with
Feed rates. The longitudinal feed rates for threading are inserts: (a) compound feed, (b) plunge feed, and (c) incremental feed.
generally about ten times as high as normal turning rates. To (Carboloy S~stems Dept., General Electric Co. )
produce accurate threads, the feed per revolution must be equal
to the lead of the thread (the distance the thread advances for should be multiplied by a factor of 1.4. For particularly tough
one revolution of the threaded assembly). On normal single materials, such as high-temperature alloys, the number of
threads, the lead of the thread is equal to its pitch (the distance passes should be increased by two or three. To produce class 3
from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the threads, two or three finish passes should be added. For heavy
next thread). On multiple-start threads, the lead is equal to the threads, it is advisable to rough form the root and then finish the
number of thread starts times the pitch of one thread. thread form with a second tool.
Number of passes. The number of passes to be made in Depths of cut. The depth of cut per pass in threading is
threading depends upon the hardness of the workpiece material critical because doubling the depth of cut on a given pass
and the class of thread required. Table 12-27 gives the increases metal removal rate up to four times. Even if the depth
recommended number of passes required to rough threads of of cut remains constant on several consecutive passes, the metal
various pitches and is applicable to most common steels, cast removal rate can still be up to three times higher on each
irons, and nonferrous metals. For heat-treated steels, the values successive pass.
12-53
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-27
Suggested Processing for Threading with 60° Single-Point Carbide Tools
Threads Number Permissible

per of Rough Infeed, in. (mm)* Tool Radius,
Inch Pitch Passes at 90° at 29° in. (mm)
4 0.250 14 0.1534 (3.896) o.175 (4.44) 0.031 (0.79)
5 0.200 12 0.1227 (3. 117) 0.140 (3.56) 0.025 (0.63)
6 0.166 12 0.1022 (2.596) 0.117 (2.97) 0.021 (0.53)
7 0.143 10 0.0876 (2.225) 0.101 (2.57) 0.018 (0.46)
8’ 0.125 9 0.0767 ( 1.948) 0.0879 (2.233) 0.016 (0.41)
9 0.111 8 0.0682 (1.732) 0.0767 ( 1.948) 0.014 (0.36)
10 0.100 8 0.0613 (1.557) 0.0705 (1.791) 0.012 (0.30)
12 0.0833 7 0.0511 (1.298) 0,0585 (1.486) 0.010 (0.25)
13 0.0769 7 0.0472 (1. 199) 0.0540 (1.372) 0.010 (0.25)
14 0.0714 7 0.0438 (1. 113) 0.0501 (1 .273) 0.009 (0.23)
16 0.0625 6 0.0383 (0.973) 0.0437 (1. 110) 0.008 (0.20)
18 0.0555 5 0.0341 (0.866) 0.0390 (0.99 1) 0.007 (O.18)
20 0.0500 5 0.0306 (0.777) 0.0350 (0.889) 0.006 (O.15)
24 0.0416 4 0.0256 (0.650) 0.0293 (0.744) 0.005 (o. 13)
28 0.0357 3 0.0219 (0.556) 0,0252 (0.640) 0.004 (o. 10)
32 0.0313 3 0.0191 (0.485) 0.0218 (0.554) 0.004 (o. 10)
(Monarch Machine Tool Co.)
* Decrease depth of infeed on each uass. Final finish Uass should be done with an infeed of less than 0.0015”
(0.038 mm). ”
Depth of cut is largely determined by the number of passes the work; time is also saved and tool life is lengthened
used to rough out the thread and is indicated by the infeed appreciably because the individual sets of chasers (cutters)
values in Table 12-27. The depth of cut, however, should not be are readily adjustable for pitch diameter and may be reground
equal for each pass. Each successive pass engages a larger or replaced when dulled or worn. The quality of thread is
portion of the cutting edge than the preceding pass; the depth of improved, since limits may be more closely maintained and,
cut should be reduced each pass to compensate for this. because the necessity for backtracking is eliminated, there is less
Cutting fluids. The use of a cutting fluid is recommended for danger of damage to threads in copper and other soft materials,
practically all threading operations. This helps control both particularly with fine-pitch threads.
edge deformation and built-up edges. For some applications,
especially when threading stainless steels, a cutting oil is Thread Chasing Applications
preferable for increased lubricity. Nonrotating types of self-opening die heads and collapsible
taps are used when the tool is held stationary and the work is
THREAD CHASING rotated. Applications of each type are found on bolt threading
Chasing is a widely used, high-production method of and special threading machines, hand and automatic screw
producing uniform helical threads on external or internal machines, engine and turret lathes, and various types of drilling
surfaces of workplaces. All common thread forms, including machines. Lathes are discussed in Chapter 8, “Turning and
close-tolerance straight or taper pipe threads, are produced Boring”; drilling machines in Chapter 9, “Drilling, Reaming
by chasing. and Related Processes”; and automatic screw machines in
Chapter 15, “Multifunction Machines. ”
Process Fundamentals
Self-opening die heads and collapsible taps are assembled Threading Machines
tools incorporating clusters of multipoint, inserted cutting Universal threading machines, such as the one shown in Fig.
components called chasers. The cutting edges are not integral 12-24, can be furnished with one or more spindles. Either
with the tool body, as is the case with solid dies and taps straight or tapered threads may be cut on bolts, studs, pipes,
discussed later in this chapter. and fittings by means of die heads and chasers. For each spindle
The tools continually cut while traversing the length of the a separate work-carrying slide is provided and can be furnished
thread, parallel to the axis of the workpiece. Traverse rate of the with or without Ieadscrew control. Without a leadscrew, the
tool is governed by the lead of the thread required. When a generation of the lead of the thread is dependent upon the nut
thread is completed, the individual cutting components are action of the chasers on the work.
automatically pulled clear of the workpiece, thus permitting The first threads that are formed, before the chaser has
withdrawal of the tool head without the need for reversing advanced far enough on the work to develop a nut action, may
the spindle. be incorrect in lead. Equally good threads, however, can be cut
without a leadscrew, provided they have a proper start. When
Advantages of Chasing fully advanced on the work, the lead is dependent upon the helix
Since self-opening mechanisms are used in chasing, time is angle of the thread on the chasers, the drag of the slide, and
saved because it is not necessary to backtrack the tool to clear other factors.
12-54
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Robyh,ng and Iln[sh,ng

,.
Honu levers for o~e.wm I
cm w,thout change ,.
dmmetrol adlustmen’
\ Independent
rncromeler
odlustment
e \ ~& $%:cmd
% CIOSIPGhead
R
, s,ne bar for
pr,v,amg
rig. 12-24 Universal threading machine with Ieadscrew control.
Machining operations such as hollow milling or combined

machining and threading operations can be done on machines Fig. 12-25 Fully receding die head used to produce API tolerance
:h~eads on oil tubes.
equipped with Ieadscrews. As an example, when an internal-trip
die head is used for threading pipe nipples or other tubular
pieces, the internal trip can be used to ream the inside of the pipe
Adjustment for chonglng
nipple and chamfer the outside diameter. Leadscrew threading
machines can produce metric threads through the use of proper
gearing. Machines equipped with a metric pitch Ieadscrcw can
also be geared to produce inch threads. Standard or special
die heads with suitable chasers, however, must be used to cut
metric threads.
When threads are being cut to American Petroleum Institute
(API) tolerances, fully receding die heads are generally used (see
Fig. 12-25). Since threads generated by the receding action are
cut in the same manner as straight threads, no stop lines exist on
the workpiece when the die head opens. All the cutting action is Spr,ng fastened to bed 01 mochme
for c!xng me heed b) conioct,ng
confined to the chamfer section of the chasers, and marks, if
closing p[n when turretIdexes
any, are confined to that area. On the other hand, nonreceding-
action taper thread chasers, or so-called jam-cut-type chasers, Fig. 12-26 Nonrotating die head mounted on an automatic screw
cut along their entire face, and the stop lines left when chasers machine.
pull out of the cut are across the entire taper length of the
thread. Semireceding heads are also available which jam-cut for thread at speeds different from the spindle speed. The die heads
the first few threads and then recede. are opened and closed automatically by means of a yoke.
Automatic screw machine applications. The nonrotating die Hand feed adapters. These adapters permit independent
head shown in Fig. 12-26 is for use on automatic screw sensitive feeding of the die head. They are advisable for use on
machines. The turret carrying the die head is fed forward by heavy-duty saddle-type turret lathes or when it is difficult for
means of a cam. Any variation between the cam feed and the the operator to feed the die head to the work properly because
pitch of the thread is offset by a float action built into the of the turret drag. Under these conditions side-shaved threads
die head. often result because the operator feeds the turret too fast or
As the turret is indexed, a closing pin on the die head contacts too slowly.
a spring fastened to the machine bed and causes the closing ring
of the die head to rotate into a closed position. The die head is Self-Opening Die Heads
opened when an outside trip engages an adjustable stop on the Both stationary and rotary types of self-opening die heads are
headstock of the machine. Die heads with pull-off tripping external thread-cutting tools in which the chasers automatically
action or internal tripping action are also used. withdraw from the work at the completion of the thread,
Turret lathe applications. Die heads for use on turret lathes making reversal of the machine unnecessary. Tools of this
are nonrotating types generally incorporating a pull-off tripping description, in addition to saving considerable time, have many
action. Die head sizes for turret lathes correspond closely with other advantages over solid threading dies. Chasers, made in
those used on automatic screw machines. These die heads can sets of four or more, can be easily removed for resharpening and
be fitted with internal trips, taper attachments, and hand can be quickly and accurately adjusted to size. These tools, with
opening devices when necessary. suitable chasers, cut either right or left-hand threads, straight
Multiple-spindle machine applications. A rotating die head is or taper, in a range of diameters within the rated capacity of
used on multiple-spindle machines when it is necessary to the tool.
12-55
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Die heads are designed for a variety of applications. They are turret-machine or single-spindle automatic work when the
selected onthebasis of thejobto bedoneand the machine on thread is not too short. Roughing and finishing attachments are
which they will be used. AH self-opening die heads must frequently furnished for heavy threading.
position the chaser properly for correct cutting action and open In operation, this head opens after its forward travel has been
automatically out of the thread, thus permitting thedie to be stopped; the slightly continued cutting action of the chasers
retracted rapidly from the work. advances the front or body part of the tool an amount sufficient
Selection of the die head style and size depends upon whether to release the locking mechanism, allowing the chasers to be
the die head is stationary or revolves, as well as upon the withdrawn from the work.
manner in which it is opened or closed. Die head size is selected lnternal trip heads. The opening action of this type of
by size and clearances on the machine on which the head is to be stationary die head (Fig. 12-27, view b), is effected by the work
used, and bythesize of threads to be cut. contacting an internal adjustable stop which is set to produce
A small head is more suitable for cutting relatively fine the required length of thread. It is desirable in cases in which the
pitches on short threads because it is light in weight and adjusts work to be threaded varies in length, such as in pipe threads, yet
itself readily to slight misalignment. Coarse threads, long regardless of this condition, the thread length must be accurately
threads, and tough materials require large-capacity die heads if maintained.
they can be used on the machine. Die heads are not standard Outside trip heads. This die head (Fig. 12-27, view c), is
with respect to size; each manufacturer has standard sizes, intended for short-length threads, especially those of fine pitch.
Stationary die heads. These are self-opening dic heads which It is constructed to reduce the stress on the threads when the
are particularly well suited for hand-operated turret machines, head is tripping.
single-spindle automatics, orother similar applications where Stationary taper die heads. The chasers in a taper die head
the die head does not rotate. A closing handle or other means is gradually recede as they advance while cutting the thread.
provided for resetting the tool. When the desired length has been threaded, the head opens
Pull-off trip heads. This type of stationary die head (see Fig. automatically, releasing the chasers from the work. A closing
12-27, view a)is especially well suited for the general run of handle or equivalent means is provided for resetting the tool.
(7_
Closing
handle
Threcdng
chose[s
Internal tnp — 1
I I---pdph.d..d
Thts unit moves forward
(b)
(a)
—
1 Internal
trip
~ Outside tnp (d)
[c)
r lg. l.1-,! r Stationary ale neaas: (a) pull-oIt trip, (0) internal trip, (c) outsise trip, and (d) taper-type with internal and outside trip.
12-56
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
This method eliminates the objectionable stop lines that are Taper die heads. The chasers in a rotary taper die head
sometimes left on the work, indicating where the chasers stop gradually recede while cutting the thread. When the desired
cutting when the head opens. Taper threads can be cut with length has been cut, they are automatically withdrawn from the
conventional die heads using taper chasers; however, the length work. A closing yoke or equivalent means is provided for
of thread is limited by the length of the chasers, and there is also tripping as well as resetting the tool. This method eliminates the
the possibility that stop lines will be left on the work. This objectionable stop lines that are sometimes left on the work,
method also requires considerably more power. indicating where the chasers stop cutting when the head opens.
Stationary taper die heads are available with internal and Taper threads can be cut with conventional die heads using
outside trips (see Fig. 12-27, view d). The taper action of taper chasers; however, the length of thread is limited by the
internal trip tools becomes effective when the work contacts an number of threads on the chasers, and there is also the
internal adjustable stop which permits the chasers to recede possibility of stop lines being left on the work. This method also
gradually as the thread is being cut. When the desired length has requires considerably more power. When reverse taper
been produced, the chasers automatically withdraw from the threading is being done, the chasers start cutting at the large end
work. The taper action with outside trip takes place when an of the work and gradually converge while advancing toward the
outwardly extending pin contacts a stop on the machine, per- small end.
mitting the chasers to recede gradually as the thread is being cut. Solid adjustable die heads. The chasers of solid adjustable die
Rotary die heads. These heads are designed for use on heads do not automatically withdraw from the work at the
multiple-spindle automatics, drilling machines, and regular conclusion of the threading operation. They can be easily
threading machines, as well as for machines on which it is removed for resharpening and accurately adjusted for size,
necessary to open andclosethe die head automatically. giving this tool a definite advantage over solid dies.
Flange trip. This type of rotary die head (see Fig. 12-28, view Solid adjustable die heads are used on multiple-spindle
a) is tripped and reset by means of a yoke operating in an outer automatic screw machines and other similar applications for
groove of the die head. When the spindle carrying the die head which tool space is limited and self-opening die heads cannot be
advances and the forward motion of the yoke is stopped, the used. Means must be provided on the machine for reversing the
head opens. When the spindle returns and the yoke is again die head or for reducing the spindle speed of the die head with
stopped, the head is closed. respect to the workpiece. The type of shank varies with the
Infernal trip. Although this type of die head (Fig. 12-28, view application.
b) is closed by a yoke, the opening action is effected by the work Special die heads. Included in this group are modifications of
contacting an internal adjustable stop which is set to produce standard tools frequently designed to meet a wide variety of
the required length of thread. It is particularly desirable in cases special requirements. Guide bushings are sometimes added to
in which the work to be threaded varies in length, such as pipe the face of die heads (see Fig. 12-29, view a) to guide the work
threads, yet regardless of this condition, accurate thread length and ensure concentricity of the thread. In other cases, they are
must be maintained. inserted in the bore of the head (Fig. 12-29, view b) when
concentricity must be held with a previously turned portion
ahead of the thread. Pilots (Fig. 12-29, view c) serve the same
Operating yoke purpose as guide bushings when threading must be accurate
with resDect to a finished hole in the work. A tau or reamer can
be used ‘in the same manner to combine two o~erations.
Guide or
( pilot bushing
91 1
1-
(0)
~ Closing yoke (0)

Internol
trip,
Pilot, reomer
or top
1 &
(b) [c)
[b) .
Fig. 12-29 Special die heads: (a) with an external bushing, (b) with an
Fig. 12-28 Rotary die heads: (a) flange trip and (b) internal trip. internal bushing, and (c) with a pilot or auxiliary tool.
12-57
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Die head chasers. Three types of chasers are in use: tangent, Inser[cd radial chasers. These are blade-type chasers (Fig.
circular, and radial. Radial chasers may be of the inserted type 12-30, view e) that are locked in the die head carriers. They are
or one-piece and maybe either milled, bobbed, or ground. Each used to advantage on short-run jobs because of low initial cost,
style of chaser has certain characteristics, the value of which is wide threading ranges, and minimum downtime when a change
determined by the job to be accomplished. must be made from one diameter/pitch combination to another.
Tangent chasers. These chasers (see Fig, 12-30, view a) are They are also used on long-runjobs where chasers tend to wear
flat-type blades threaded on one side and mounted in holders so rapidly or where machine idle time is expensive, since dull
that this side, at its inner end, contacts the work tangentially to chasers can be replaced rapidly. Some radial chasers, however,
form the cutting edge. These chasers are resharpened on the end can be replaced just as quickly.
only. The chamfer angle remains constant throughout the life of Rake anglesjor chasers. Suggested rake angles for different
the chaser, oritmay bedecreased at anytime. types of chasers used to thread various materials are presented
There are two types of tangent chasers: one has the helix in Table 12-28.
angle incorporated in the chaser; the other has straight threads Chaser chamfer angles. Chasers are made with different
ground initsface, and theproper helix angle is obtained by chamfer angles to provide close-to-shoulder threading. As the
tipping the chaser in the die head. The type used depends upon chamfer angle decreases, the chip decreases, the stress on the
the make of die head. Tangential chasers for cutting metric chaser cutting edge is less, and chaser life is usually better.
threads can be supplied for use with most standard die heads. Because threads must sometimes be formed close to shoulders,
When standard holders are not suitable, metric holders can be increased throat angles must be used (see Fig. 12-3 1).
supplied. Tangent chasers are often used for applications in Many difficulties in die threading are due to one of two
which a high degree of accuracy is required. factors:
Circzdar chasers. Circular chasers (Fig. 12-30, view b) havea
1. An engineer has designed the part with a narrow neck or
single flute which provides the cutting edge and also the
specified a full thread close to a shoulder, apparently
necessary chip space. These chasers are mounted in holders and
without any thought as to how the chasers could be
resharpened on the cutting face only. The chamfer angle
expected to produce a good thread.
remains constant throughout the life of the chaser, or the
2. In some cases, there are no restrictions on the chamfer
chamfer angle may be decreased at any time.
but the user orders chasers with a shorter chamfer than
Milled-type radial chasers. Milled-type radial chasers (Fig.
necessary, not realizing that, if the chamfer or throat were
12-30, view c) fit into chaser slots machined in the body of the
lengthened, it would permit more cutting teeth and the
chaser head. Chasers of this description have the threaded end
chasers would produce many more threads of better
formed with a positive rake angle. They are furnished with
quality.
either cut or ground threads and are usually resharpened on the
chamfer. Occasionally they are lightly reground on the cutting To produce high-quality threads at the lowest tool cost,
face. The helix angle is incorporated in the chaser. allowance for a suitable chamfer is of utmost importance.
Hobbed-type radial chasers. These chasers (Fig. 12-30, view Designers should use Table 12-29 to establish suitable neck
d) have the threaded end formed concave as produced bya hob widths. Tool engineers should use the table to determine the
or tap. Thegeneral practicers to sharpen these chasers on the longest chamfer (smallest angle) that can safely be used and to
cutting face, Occasionally they are lightly ground on the specify the distance below the root, allowing for oversize stock
chamfer. Thehelix angle is incorporated in the chaser. and eccentricity. Similar data for metric threads is presented in
Table 12-30.
cut
foc
refer
(al (b)
Distance
below root
Disfan;~n b#ow raot +0.015

A=
Pit~h6~0toncX “
A+B = Distonce from full threod ta shoulder

(cl (d) (e] or minimum neck width
Fig. 12-30 Types ofchasers: (a)tangent, (b)circular, (c)miIled-type

radial, (d) hobbed-type radial, and(e) inserted-type radial. Fig. 12-31 Relationship of neck width to chamfer angle on chasers.
12-58
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
TABLE 12-28
Suggested Rake Angles for Different Types of Chasers Used to Thread Various Materials
Citx
Rake
iardness, Angle, Angle, Angle, Angle, Angle, Angle,
Material Bhn deg deg deg deg deg deg
Free-Machining Carbon Steels—wrought; Carbon 100-330 20 1 1/2 I 15-25 I 10-15 I 10-15 I 5-10
Steels—wrought and cast; Free-Machining Alloy 85-225 20 1 1/2 25-35 8-15 8-15 5-1o
Steels—wrought; Alloy Steels—wrought and cast;
High-Strength Steels—wrought; Maraging 225-330 20 1 1/2 18-22 5-7 5-7 0-5
Steels—wrought; Tool Steels—wrought; Nitriding
Steels—wrought; Armor Plate—wrought;
Structural Steels—wrought
Free-Machining Stainless Steels—wrought 135-330 15-25 I 1/2 10-20 7-10 7-1o 5-1o
Stainless Steels, Ferritic—wrought and cast 135-185 20-25 1 1/2 20-28 10-15 10-12 5-1o
Stainless Steels, Austenitic—wrought and cast 135-275 25-30 1 1/2 15-20 IO-12 10-15 5-1o
Stainless Steels, Martensitic-wrought and cast 135-200 15-20 1 1/2 20-28 10-12 7-1o 5-1o
200-325 15-20 1 l/2 15-20 1O-I2 7-1o 5-1o
Gray Cast Irons; I 10-330 10 2 15-25 0-5 0-5 0-5
Compacted Graphite Cast Irons
Ductile and Malleable Cast Irons 110-330 10 1 1/2 18 7-1o 7-1o 5-10
Aluminum Alloys—wrought and cast 30-150
(500 kg) 20-25 2 20-35 I 15-25 15-25 10-15
Magnesium Alloys—wrought and cast 40-90 I I I
(500 kg) 20-25
Titanium Alloys—wrought and cast 110-340 5-20
Copper Alloys—wrought and cast* Group I 40-200 +=@@+=
(500 kg) -5 to 5 0 I Oto-lo IOto-lol 0-10 I o-5
PGroup 3
40-200
(500 kg)
40-200
10-20 1-2 I 20-25
I
I 0-10
I
I 0-10 I O-5
(500 kg) 15-35 2-3 I 30-35 I 12-30 ! 12-30 I 5-15

Nickel Alloys—wrought and cast 80-240 15-25 1-2 I 20-25 i 20-30 i 20-30 ] 5-15
240-320 10-20 1-2 I 15-20 ] 8-15 I 8-15 I 5-10
High-Temperature Alloys—wrought and cast 180-230 15-20
Zinc Alloys—cast
Thermoplastics
Source: Machining Dafa Handbook,
230-320
80-100
5-15
15-20
5-1o
1980 (Reprinted by permission of the Machinability
%EEE Data Center, Metcut Research Associates, Inc.)
When standard chamfers are requested, one chaser manu- require cutting a full thread close to a shoulder or into a narrow
facturer furnishes the chasers with chamfer angles ground to neck, thus making it necessary to use a shorter chamfer (greater
25° for32 to 13 pitch, 30° for 12to 8 pitch, and 15° for7to41/2 angle) that would be recommended for best tool life and quality
pitch. By actual experience with such chasers on a specific of thread.
material or hardness of material, it maybe found that the results If the length of chamfer permits chamfering an amount equal
can be improved by lengthening the chamfer. The quality of to one thread on the chaser and there are four chasers used in
finish of a thread generally cannot be improved by increasing the die head, each chamfered tooth must remove a chip
the chamfer angle, which decreases the length of chamfer. equivalent in thickness to one fourth of the thread depth. If the
The term short chamfer applies when the specifications chamfer were lengthened to two threads, there would be eight
12-59
CHAPTE R12
THREAD CHASING
TABLE 12-29
Chamfer Lengths for Chasers used to Produce Unified Inch Threads
Angle 10° 150 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45°

Threads
per Inch 0.010 Below Root 0.005 Below Root
5 0.797 0.520 0.383 0.299 0.241 0.192 0.160 0.135
5 1/2 0.727 0.476 0.350 0.274 0.221 0.175 0.146 0.123
6 0.674 0.440 0.324 0.253 0.204 0.161 0.134 0.113
7 0.585 0.383 0.281 0.219 0.177 0.139 0.116 0.097
8 0.519 0.342 0.252 0.197 0.159 0.124 0.103 0.087
9 0.467 0.305 0.224 0.175 0.141 0.110 0.091 0.077
10 0.426 0.278 0.205 0.160 0.129 0.099 0.083 0.072
0.008 Below Root 0.003 Below Root
11 0.382 0.252 0.186 0.145 0.117 0.089 0.075 0.062
11 1/2 0.368 0.240 0.177 0.138 0.112 0.085 0.071 0.059
12 0.354 0.233 0.172 0.134 0.108 0.082 0.069 0.058
13 0.330 0.216 0.159 0.124 0.100 0.076 0.063 0.053
14 0.310 0.203 0.150 0.117 0.094 0.071 0.059 0.049
16 0.277 0.180 0.132 0.103 0.083 0.062 0.051 0.043
18 0.234 0.155 0.114 0.088 0.072 0.055 0.046 0.038
19 0.222 0.146 0.107 0.084 0.068 0.052 0.043 0.036
20 0.213 0.140 0.103 0.081 0.065 0.050 0.041 0.035
22 0.196 0.129 0.095 0.074 0.060 0.045 0.038 0.032
24 0.183 0.118 0.087 0.067 0.055 0.041 0.034 0.029
26 0.154 0.101 0.074 0.058 0.047 0.037 0.031 0.026
27 0.149 0.097 0.071 0.056 0.045 0.036 0.030 0.025
28 0.142 0.094 0.069 0.054 0.044 0.035 0.029 0.024
30 0.135 0.088 0.065 0.050 0.041 0.032 0.027 0.023
32 0.127 0.085 0.062 0.048 0.039 0.031 0.026 0.021
36 0.114 0.075 0.055 0.043 0.035 0.027 0.023 0.019
40 0. I04 0.067 0.052 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.021 0.017
44 0.095 0.063 0.046 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.019 0.016
48 0.088 0.058 0.042 0.033 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014
56 0.077 0.051 0.037 0.029 0.024 0.018 0.015 0:013
teeth to do the cutting and the chip per tooth would be reduced chasers can be made very hard because the chip load is light
to one eighth of the thread depth. Lengthening the chamfer enough so that chipping of the chaser cutting edges does not
brings more cutting teeth into action, resulting in better finish occur. Chaser life between grinds is up to five times that of the
and Iowcr tool costs. chaser of 45° chamfer angle, and the finish is superior.
Because threads must sometimes be formed close to shoulders, Chasers having smaller chamfer angles of 10-12° can be used,
short-chamfer chasers must be used. Such chasers can be made but only in connection with Ieadscrews or other positive-lead
a little tougher to resist the strain caused by excessive chip feed. If used with spring or hand-started applications, they will
thickness. This reduces the tendency of the chasers to chip, but ruin too many threads when being started on the workpiece,
they also dull more rapidly. until the nut action of the chaser starts,
On the other hand, with a long chamfer angle of 15° the
12-60
c HAPT ER12
THREAD CHASING
Collapsing Taps Fully receding chaser-type taps are available to produce NPT
Collapsing taps are internal thread cutting tools in which the and similar forms when more exacting tolerance and quality
chasers automatically withdraw from the work at the completion standards must be met, or to cut the longer-length precision
of the thread, making reversal of the machine unnecessary. threads dictated by American Petroleum Institute (API)
These tools save the reversal time of solid taps. The chasers, standards. With these taps, the thread is produced by the throat
made in sets of three or more, can be easily removed for section and first full thread of the chaser, and the rate of taper
resharpening and can also be quickly and accurately adjusted to is realized through the use of a cam mechanism. Provision is
size. These taps, with suitable chasers, cuteither right or left- made to change the cam mechanism to produce different taper
hand threads, straight or tapered, in a range of diameters within rates. The full receding tap must be used with Ieadscrew or
the rated capacity of the tool. positive feed.
There arc two methods of producing taper threads with a All collapsible-type taps, including stationary and rotary
collapsible tap. Taps that are primarily intended for cutting taps, can be supplied for either nonrotating or revolving type
straight threads can be used to produce taper threads by applications.
employing appropriate chaser sets which have the rate of the Stationary taps. Stationary taps are collapsing taps which are
thread incorporated into the chasers. With this method, the particularly well suited for hand-operated machines or other
chasers cut across their full length and the thread is jam cut, applications where thetapdoes not rotate. Aclosing handle or
This generally restricts the taper thread which can be produced other means is provided for resetting the tool. The tap bodies
to the National Pipe Thread (NPT) form. are provided with either a hand trip or a trip plate. Taps
Fr-’
Below
root, mm (In.)
TABLE 12-30
Chamfer Lengths for Chasers Used to Produce Metric Threads
Metric Chamfer Angle, degrees

Pitch 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.254 (0.0 10) below root 0.127 (0.005) below root
6.00 23.06 15.19 11.18 8.71 7.04 5.64 4.70 3,94
(0.908) (0.598) (0.440) (0.343) (0.277) (0.222) (0.185) (0.155)
5.50 21.26 14.00 10.31 8.05 6.50 5.18 4.32 3.63
(0.837) (0.551) (0.406) (0.317) (0.256) (0.204) (o. 170) (0.143)
5.00 19.46 12.80 9.42 7.37 5.94 4.72 3.94 3.30
(0,766) (0.504) (0.371) (0.290) (0.234) (0.186) (0.155) (o. 130)
4.50 17.65 11.63 8.56 6.68 5.38 4.27 3.56 3.00
(0.695) (0.458) (0.337) (0.263) (0.212) (0.168) (0.140) (0.118)
4,00 15.85 10.44 7.70 5.99 4.85 3.81 3.18 2.67
(0,624) (0.411) (0.303) (0.236) (0,191) (o. I50) (O.125) (0.105)
3.50 14.05 9.25 6.81 5.31 4.29 3.35 2.79 2.36
(0.553) (0.364) (0.268) (0.209) (O.169) (O.132) (o. 110) (0.093)
3.00 12.25 8.08 5.94 4,62 3.73 2.90 2.41 2.03
(0.482) (0.318) (0.234) (0.182) (0.147) (o. I 14) (0.095) (0.080)
2.50 10.46 6,88 5.05 3.96 3.20 2.06 1.73
(0.412) (0.271) (0, 199) (0.156) (O.126) (;O&6) (0.081) (0.068)
(continued)
12-61
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
TABLE 12-30 —Continued

Metric Chamfer Angle, degrees
Pitch 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0.203 (0.008)
., below root 0.076 (0.003) below root
2.00 8.36 5.51 4.04 3.15 2.57 1.93 1.60 1.35
(0.329) (0.217) (o. 159) (O.124) (0.101) (0.076) (0.063) (0.053)
1.75 7.47 4.90 3.61 2.82 2.29 1.70 1.42 1.19
(0.294) (o. 193) (0.142) (0.111) (0.090) (0.067) (0.056) (0.047)
1.50 6.55 4.32 3.18 2.49 2.01 1.47 1.21 1.04
(0.258) (o. 170) (O.125) (0.098) (0,079) (0.058) (0.048) (0.041)
0.127 (0.005) below root 0.051 (0.002) below root

1.25 5.23 3.43 2.54 1.98 1.60 1.22 1.02 0.84
(0.206) (o. 135) (0.100) (0.078) (0.063) (0.048) (0.040) (0.033)
0.051 (0.002) below root 0.025 (0.00 1) below root

I.00 3.89 2.57 1.88 1.47 1.19 0.94 0.79 0.66
(0.153) (0.101) (0.074) (0.058) (0.047) (0.037) (0.031) (0.026)
0.80 3.18 2.08 1.55 1.19 0.97 0.76 0.64 0.53
(0.125) (0.082) (0.061) (0.047) (0.038) (0.030) (0.025) (0.021)
0.75 3.00 1.98 1.45 1.14 0.91 0.71 0.61 0.51
(O.118) (0.078) (0.057) (0.045) (0.036) (0.028) (0.024) (0.020)
0.70 2.82 1.85 1.37 1.07 0.86 0.66 0.56 0.48
(0.111) (0.073) (0.054) (0.042) (0.034) (0.026) (0.022) (0.019)
0.60 2.43 1.63 1.19 0.91 0.74 0.58 0.48 0.41
(0.096) (0.064) (0.047) (0.036) (0.029) (0.023) (0.019) (0.0 16)
0.50 2.08 1.37 1.02 0.79 0.64 0.48 0.41 0.36
(0.082) (0.054) (0.040) (0.031) (0.025) (0.019) (0.016) (0.014)
0.45 1.91 1.24 0.91 0.71 0.58 0.46 0.38 0.30
(0.075) (0.049) (0.036) (0.028) (0.023) (0.018) (0.015) (0.012)
0.40 1.73 1.14 0.84 0.66 0.53 0.41 0.33 0.28
(0.068) (0.045) (0.033) (0.026) (0.021) (0.016) (0.013) (0.01
1)
0.35 1.55 1.02 0.76 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.30 0.25
(0.061) (0.040) (0.030) (0.023) (0.019) (0.014) (0.012) (0.010)
0.30 1.37 0.89 0.66 0.51 0.41 0.30 0.25 0.23
(0.054) (0.035) (0.026 (0.020) (0.016) (0.012) (0.010) (0.009)
(Cleveland Twist Drill Co.)
provided with a trip plate (see Fig. 12-32, view a) are adjustable operation. They can be easily removed for resharpening and
to govern the length of thread to be cut. Hand trips (Fig. 12-32, accurately adjusted for size, giving this tool a definite advantage
view b) are suitable when the construction of the workpiece is over solid taps.
such that it is desirable to both trip and reset the tap by hand. Solid adjustable taps ate used on multiple-spindle automatics,
They may also be used as a lever trip by having the closing automatic screw machines, and other similar applications
handle contact a stop on the machine. where tool space is limited and collapsing taps cannot be used.
Rotary taps. Rotary taps are designed for use on multiple- Means must be provided on the machine for reversing the tap or
spindle automatics and drilling machines or where it is necessary reducing the spindle speed with respect to the workpiece. The
to open and close the tap automatically. The taps are opened type of shank varies with the application. It is not uncommon to
automatically by either a plate trip or a sleeve trip. use solid adjustable taps for sizing purposes in cases in which,
Taps provided with a trip plate (see Fig. 12-33, view a) are for various reasons, it is desirable to finish a thread by hand.
adjustable to govern the length of thread to be cut. Resetting
requires a yoke arranged to contact the rear face of the movable Special Taps
outer sleeve of the tap. Tripping by a sleeve trip (Fig. 12-33, view Included in the special tap classification are modifications of
b) is particularly desirable for multiple-spindle automatics, standard tools which can be designed to meet a wide variety of
threading machines, and similar applications. Both tripping unusual requirements. Pilots in lengths to meet specific require-
and resetting are by means of a yoke operating in the groove of ments can be added to the front end of the tap in place of the
the outer sleeve of the tap. usual cap to ensure concentricity with previously bored holes.
Guides can be placed on the body of the tap behind the chasers
Solid Adjustable Taps for alignment with a previously finished hole in the work or a
The ~hasers of solid adjustable taps do not automatically guide bushing in the jig or fixture.
withdraw from the work at the conclusion of the threading Taps can also be provided with reamers. In some applications
12-62
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Tap Chasers
Three types of tap chasers are in use: regular, overhanging,
and circular.
Closing handle
rThreadina @ Regular chasers. Regular chasers (see Fig. 12-34, view a) do
not extend through the front cap of the tap body and are fur-
nished when tapping is not close to a shoulder or bottom. They
can be resharpened on both the chamfer and the cutting face.
Overhanging chasers. Overhanging chasers (Fig. 12-34, view
b) extend through the front cap of the tap and are required for
bottoming and close-to-shoulder work. Practically all the
resharpening is done on the cutting face. Occasionally they are
lightly reground on the chamfer.
[0) Circular chasers. Circular chasers (Fig. 12-34, view c) have a
single flute which provides the cutting edge and also the
necessary chip space. These chasers are resharpened on the
cutting face only.
Metric threads. Both collapsible and solid adjustable taps can
be converted for use in metric threading operations by inserting
sets of metric chasers in existing taps that have the proper range
r—’——1 capability.
Cutting Speeds for Chasing Threads

The most efficient cutting speed for chasing threads depends
primarily upon the rigidity of the machine, the nature of the
(b)
workpiece material, the tolerance and size of the workpiece, and
the finish required. The values given in Table 12-31 for HSS
Fig. 12-32 Stationary collapsible taps with: (a) trip plate and (b) hand chasers can be used as a guide. The speeds given are conservative
trip for resetting. and, in some cases, may be increased considerably. Detailed
information on cutting fluids and an application chart may be
found in Chapter 4 of this volume, “Cutting Fluids and
— Industrial Lubricants.”
Carbide chasers should be used on machines having high
spindle speeds, high power, and great rigidity, The die head
must be designed so that the centrifugal force does not open it
+ prematurely or prevent the die head from being closed once it
has been opened. For use at high speeds, the die heads should be
Plate
trlpz . precision balanced, The user must be specially equipped to
sharpen the carbide chasers. Each potential application of
(0) carbide chasers must be studied careftdlv, as the use of carbide is
not feasible for all applications.
nq face
1
Chamfe
Cutting Chamfer
(b)
(o) (b)
Fig. 12-33 Rotary collapsible taps with: (a) plate trip and (b) sleeve
trip.
Cutting foce
the reamer is attached to the front end of the tap in place of the
cap; in other instances reamer blades are inserted between the Chamfer
chasers, which are collapsed during the reaming operation.
Taps arranged in this particular manner are not suitable for
heavy cuts.
For tapping two threads of the same pitch, but of different
diameters, it is sometimes possible to combine two solid (c)
adjustable taps in a tandem manner so that both threads can be ig. 12-34 Types of tap chasers: (a) regular, (b) overhanging, and (c)
tapped simultaneously. Ircular.
12-63
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
TABLE 12-31
Suggested Cutting Speeds for Chasing Threads in Various Materials*
Cutting Speed, sfm (m/min)

Material
to be Threads per Inch
Threaded 3-7 1/2 8-15 16-24 25 and up
Aluminum 50 (15.2) 100 (30.5) 150 (45.7) 200 (61 )
Brass:
Forgings 25 (7.6) 40 (12.2) 50 (15.2) 80 (24.4)
Stampings and tubing 40 (12.2) 80 (24.4) 100 (30.5) I 50 (45.7)
Castings and bar 50 (15.2) 100 (30.5) 150 (45.7) 200 (61 )
Bronze and copper 40 (12.2) 80 (24.4) 100 (30.5) 150 (45.7)

Iron:
Wrought 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1) 25 (7.6) 30 (9.1)
Malleable 20 (6.1) 30 (9.1) 40 (12.2) 50 (15.2)
Cast 25 (7.6) 40 (12.2) 50(1 5.2) 80 (24.4)
Magnesium 50 (15.2) 100 (30.5) 150 (45.7) 200 (61)
Monel metal 8 (2,4) 10 (3.0) 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1)
Nickel 25 (7.6) 40 (12.2) 50 (15.2) 80 (24.4)
Steels, SAE:
1010-1035 and 1112-1340 20 (6.1) 30 (9.1) 40 (12.2) 50 (15.2)
1040-1095 and 1330-1350 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1) 25 (7.6) 30 (9.1)
5120-52100,2015-2515,
3115-3450, 4130-4820, and
stainless 8 (2.4) 10 (3.0) 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1)
Steel stampings and tubing 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1) 25 (7.6) 30 (9.1)
Tool steels 8 (2,4) 10 (3.0) 15 (4.6) 20 (6.1)
Zinc diecastings 50 (15.2) 100 (30,5) 150 (45.7) 200 (61)
* Speeds given are approximate and may have to be varied to obtain best results,
An example of a successful application of carbide chasers is extrapolated to higher cutting speeds. Factors for applying the
as follows: A 3/4 —10thread, 3/4” Iongin SAE Xl 315 steel, run values to other materials are also given.
at 2000 rpm on a No. 5 ram-type turret lathe, required from Special cutting angles or short chamfers require more power.
11-14 hp (8.2-10.3 kW). The machine required 4 1/2 hp (3.4 kW) The values given in Table 12-32 are suitable for use in
to run the spindle idle at 2000 rpm. A total of 1I hp (8.2 kW) was calculating power requirements if used with a suitable factor of
required to cut threads with sharp chasers; power demand safety. It should be noted that the table does not mention
increased to 14 hp ( 10.4 kW) after the cutters were slightly dull. diameter because the diameter is included in the cutting speed.
Because of the high cutting speed, the time required to cut the The same pitch at the same cutting speed requires the same
thread was 0.3 s. amount of power. The number of chasers used for cutting a
In Table 12-32, the tangential-cut load for a 10-pitch thread is given pitch has some effect on the power requirements, but not
22 lb (32 11 N). By extending the values to the cutting speed of enough to be considered when the table is used. High tangential
393 sfm (120 m/min), a theoretical value of 8.6 hp (6.4 kW) k loads are encountered when coarse threads are cut and are
obtained. This, added to the 4.5 hp (3.4 kW) idle load, gives a higher when Acme threads of the same pitch are cut.
total of 13,1 hp (9.8 kW), which is close to the actual meter To resist the high torque involved, adequate provision for
reading. workholding must be made when parts are being chucked for
use in cutting coarse threads. Some chuck-jaw penetration of
Power Requirements for Thread Chasing the workpiece is needed to hold it, because friction alone is
Theoretical power requirements for self-opening die heads usually insufficient. A key or similar driving device on the
and collapsing taps vary directly with the volume of material workpiece can be used. On long work of high accuracy, long-
removed per unit of time and the cutting speed. They also vary travel threading machines should be used. When serrated chuck
for any given pitch, material hardness, chamfer angle, cutting jaws penetrate long threaded workplaces that must be regripped,
angle, and chaser dullness. the marks are sometimes objectionable, Also, there may be
Table 12-32 lists the net power required to cut Unified threads some lead error caused by regripping.
of various pitches at different cutting speeds in either cast iron
or cold-rolled steel. Allowances must be made for operating the Resharpening Chasers
machine, overcoming machine friction, etc. For practical The grinding of chasers varies with the chaser type: radial,
purposes, these values are straight-line values and may be circular, or tangential.
12-64
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Radial chasers. The chamfer angle is generally the only because the helix angle is built into the holding block.
surface of a radial chaser that is ground during resharpening. Tangential chasers. Depending upon the type of threading
The chasers are ground in a fixture to ensure that the chamfer application, tangential chasers are ground with either a lip rake
angles are identical for all chasers in a set. Thread relief angles or straight rake angle. On tangential chasers without helix, each
cannot be changed by the tool user; and rake (hook) angles are chaser need only be ground an amount sufficient to remove the
usually not reground by the user, but they can sometimes be worn cutting edge. For tangential chasers with helix, the same
altered for specific applications. amount must bc ground from each chaser in a set to maintain
Circular chasers. The rake and face angles of circular chasers proper location of the thread start.
are ground during resharpening. Since the chamfer angles of
these chasers are continuous around their circumferences, these Troubleshooting in Chasing
surfaces are rarely reground. It is not necessary to grind a Occasional problems encountered in thread chasing, probable
uniform amount of stock from each circular chaser in a set causes, and possible solutions are presented in Table 12-33.
TABLE 12-32
Net Power Reauired for Cuttirw Threads in Cold-Rolled Steels and Cast Irons*
cutting SDeed. sfm (m/rein)
Pitch Tangential 45
(::) (5$ (H) (::) (~.!) ( 1~7) (1~2) ( 13.7) (1?2) ( 1?3) (2~3)
of Area Cut, Cut Load,
Thread in? (mml) lb (kN) Power Required, hp, (kW)
4 0.0203 4510 2.19 2.40 2.73 3,41 4.10 4.78 5.46 6.16 6.83 8.22 9.60
(13.097) (20) (1 .6) (1.8) (2.0) (2.5) (3.1) (3,6) (4. 1) (4.6) (5.1) (6.1) (7.2)
4.5 0.01603 3560 1.73 1.95 2.17 2.72 3.25 3.79 4.33 4.88 5.40 6.50 7.60
(10.3419) (15.8) (1.3) (1.5) (1.6) (2.0) (2.4) (2.8) (3.2) (3.6) (4.0) (4,8) (5.7)
5 0.01299 2890 1.40 1.58 I .75 2.19 2.63 3.07 3.51 3.96 4.38 5.26 6.14
(8.3806) (12.9) (1 .0) (1.2) (1.3) (1 .6) (2.0) (2,3) (2.6) (3.0) (3.3) (3.9) (4.6)
6 0.0090 I 2020 0,972 1.09 1.21 1.52 1.81 2.12 2.42 2,72 3.03 3.63 4,23
(5.8129) (9) (0.73) (0.8) (0.9) (1.1) (1,3) (1.6) (1.8) (2.0) (2.3) (2.7) (3.2)
7 0.00663 1470 0.717 0.805 0.894 1.12 1.34 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.24 2.68 3.13
(4.2774) (6.5) (0.53) (0.60) (0.67) (0.8) (1.0) (1,2) (1.3) (1.5) (1.7) (2.0) (2.3)
8 0.00507 1130 0.547 0.616 0,683 0.855 I.03 1.19 1.37 1,54 1.71 2.05 2,49
(3.2710) (5) (0.41) (0.46) (0.51) (0.64) (0,8) (0.9) (1 ,0) (1.1) (1.3) (1.5) (1.9)
9 0.00401 890 0.434 0.488 0.543 0.678 0.818 0.950 1.09 1.22 1.35 1.63 I.90
(2.5871) (4) (0.32) (0.36) (0.40) (0,51) (0.61) (0.71) (0,8) (0.9) (1 .0) (1.2) (1.4)
10 0.00325 722 0.350 0.394 0.437 0.546 0,656 0.766 0.878 0.98 1.09 1.31 1.53
(2.0968) (3.2) (0,26) (0.29) (0.33) (0.41) (0,49) (0.57) (0.65) (0.73) (0.8) (1.0) (1,1)
II 0.002682 596 0.290 0.326 0.362 0.452 0.543 0.633 0,728 0.816 0.905 I.09 1.27
( 1.73032) (2.65) (0.22) (0,24) (0.27) (0.34) (0.40) (0.47) (0.54) (0.61) (0,68) (0.8) (0.9)
12 0.002255 504 0.242 0.273 0.303 0.379 0.456 0.530 0.612 0,684 0.755 0.910 1.06
( 1.45484) (2.24) (0.18) (0.20) (0,23) (0.28) (0.34) (0.40) (0.46) (0.51) (0.56) (0.68) (0.8)
13 0.00192 427 0.207 0.232 0.259 0.324 0.388 0.454 0.517 0.584 0.650 0,745 0.870
(1.2387) (1,90) (0.15) (0,17) (0.19) (0.24) (0.29) (0.34) (0.39) (0.44) (0.48) (0.56) (0.65)
14 0.00166 368 0.180 0.201 0.224 0.279 0.355 0.391 0.446 0,502 0.561 0.672 0.784
(1.0710) (1.64) (0.13) (0.15) (0.17) (0.21) (0.26) (0.29) (0.33) (0.37) (0.42) (0.50) (0.58)
16 0.00127 282 0.136 0.154 0.171 0.214 0.257 0.299 0.342 0.385 0.427 0.513 0.599
(0.8194) (1.25) (o. 10) (0,11) (o. 13) (0.16) (0.19) (0.22) (0.26) (0.29) (0.32) (0.38) (0.45)
18 0.000999 222 0.108 0.121 0.134 0.168 0.202 0.235 0.279 0.303 0.336 0.403 0.470
(0.6445 I) (0.99) (0.08) (0.09) (0.10) (0.13) (0.15) (0.18) (0.21) (0.23) (0.25) (0.30) (0.35)
20 0.000813 180 0.088 0.099 0.110 0.138 0.165 0.193 0.220 0.248 0.275 0.330 0.385
(0.52452) (0.80) (0.07) (0.07) (0.08) (0.10) (0.12) (0.14) (0.16) (0.18) (0.21) (0.25) (0.29)
24 0.000562 125 0.061 0.068 0.076 0.094 0.113 0,132 0.151 0.170 0.189 0.227 0.265
(0,36258) (0.56) (0.05) (0.05) (0.06) (0.07) (0.08) (0.10) (0.11) (0.13) (0.14) (0.17) (0.20)
28 0.0004 I4 92 0,046 0.051 0.057 0.071 0085 0.099 0.103 0.128 0.143 0.170 0.198
(0.26710) (0.41) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.06) (0.07) (0.08) (0.10) (0.11) (0,13) (o. 15)
32 0.0003 I7 70,5 0.035 0.039 0.043 0,054 0.065 0,076 0.086 0.098 0,108 0.130 0.152
(0,20452) (0.31) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.05) (0.06) (0.06) (0,07) (0.08) (0.10) (0.11)
36 0.000250 55.5 0.028 0.031 0.034 0.043 0,052 0.061 0.069 0.078 0.086 0.103 0.120
(O.16129) (0.25) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.06) (0.06) (0.08) (0.09)
40 0.000203 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.035 0.041 0.049 0.055 0.063 0.069 0.083 0.097
(o. 13097) (04:0) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.06) (0.07)
* For cutting threads in other materials, multiply the power values given by the following factors:
1.3 for alloy steels, 1.7 for annealed HSS, and 2.3 for alloy steels having a hardness of RC30-32.
12-65
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
TABLE 12-33
Possible Problems, Probable Causes, and Suggested Solutions in Thread Chasing
Possible
Problems Probable Causes Possible Solutions
Rough threads Improper chaser setting Set chasers to gage position and adjust positions of all
chasers equally,
Incorrect chaser geometry Grind chasers to rake angle recommended for material to
be threaded; recommended angle may have to be varied
for best results. Make sure all throats of chasers have the
same angle.
Misalignment Check alignment of die head and machine components for
both angular and concentric agreement.
Improper starting pressure Adjust pressure to suit lead of thread to be cut.
Chips welding to cutting edges Change cutting fluid being used and/ or increase flow.
Increase length of chaser throat if permissible, especially
for coarse pitch threads. Increase rake angle on chasers
and grind cutting edges as smooth as possible.
Improper chaser seating Disassemble and clean holders and clamps. Remove any
burrs or nicks.
Chipped or dull chasers Regrind chasers.
Poor machinability of material Adjust operating parameters and chaser geometry to suit
being threaded material being threaded. Using chasers with roughing and
finishing throat often helps.
Excessive cutting speed Use recommended speed for workpiece material and
thread to be cut and adjust to suit conditions.
Out-of-roundness Chasers set too far back of center Advance all chasers of set gradually and equally until
condition disappears.
Lack of rigidity Increase rigidity of machine, die head, and workpiece.
Minimize overhang (extension) of die head and workpiece.
Make sure OD of workpiece is consistently uniform,
Incorrect chaser geometry Make sure all throats of chasers have the same angle. Grind
chasers to rake angle recommended for material to be
threaded.
burrs or nicks.
Chipped or dull chasers Regrind chasers.
Tapered threads Hard or abrasive workpiece material Use hardened chasers. Use chasers with more heel
clearance.
Misalignment Correct alignment between die head, machine, and
workpiece.
Worn tooling Inspect and adjust, recondition, or replace as necessary.
burrs or nicks.
Lead error Incorrect helix angle Use correct chaser holder for the thread series to be cut.
burrs or nicks.
12-66
CHAPTER 12
THREAD CHASING
Possible
Problems Probable Causes Possible Solutions
1. . . . . . . -1..”. .-4 .:-.,.

L,,, ~L”&lG, Ullcmc Wlllllg Set chasers to gage position and adjust positions of all
chasers equally.
Incorrect chaser geometry Change to chasers with different clearance: reduced
clearance increases lead; increased clearance reduces lead,
Use correct chamfer angle.
Improper feeding Use positive feed (Ieadscrew, ground cam, or precision
gears).
Side shaving of Misalignment Correct alignment between die head, machine, and
thread flanks workpiece.
Incorrect chaser geometry Regrind chasers to recommended angles.
burrs or nicks.
Workpieces slip Improve gripping and /or increase pressure.
Drunken (wavy) Misalignment Correct alignment between die head, machine, and
threads workpiece.
Chasers set too far back of center Advance all chasers of set gradually and equally until
burrs or nicks.
Improper feeding Improve hand feed technique or use positive feed.
Chipped or Die head striking shoulder Add runout to include throat clearance plus allowance to
broken chasers compensate for slight forward movement of die head
during opening. When using Ieadscrew, trip must be set to
disengage screw after head opens but before head strikes
shoulder.
Incorrect chaser geometry Grind chasers to rake angle recommended.
Misalignment Correct alignment between die head, machine, and
workpiece.
Improper grinding Improve grinding technique to eliminate cracks and
burning.
Workpieces slip Improve gripping and /or increase pressure.
Chatter Chasers set too far back of center. Advance all chasers of set gradually and equally until
Incorrect chaser geometry Grind chasers to recommended rake angle. Make sure all
throats of chasers have the same angle.
Lack of rigidity Increase rigidity of machine, die head, and workpiece.
Minimize overhang (extension) of die head and workpiece.
Chipped chasers Regrind the chasers.
(Teledyne Landis Machine)
12-67
CHAPTER 12
ACCURACY OF TAPPED THREADS
INTERNAL THREADING WITH SOLID TAPS

Tapping is a process for producing internal helical threads
using a tool, called a tap, that has threads on its periphery to cut
or form the required threads in existing holes by a combination
of axial and rotary motions. A solid tap is basically a precise
screw which has been fluted to provide multiple cutting surfaces
and spaces for cutting fluid and chips. Cutting edges are created
by radially relieved chamfers at the working ends of the taps,
which are made from hard cutting tool materials.
Tapping involves relative axial and rotational motions
between the tap and the wcsrkpiece. In most cases, the tap is
rotated and fed into the workpiece, but sometimes the workpiece
is rotated and either the workpiece or tap is fed. The feed per
revolution must be the same as the pitch of the required thread.
Accuracy of Tapped Threads

The main function of a tap is to produce internal threads. It is (a) Bellmo.thed tapped hole
usually required that the threads have a reasonable degree of
accuracy with respect to size and form. Primary accuracy
requirements apply to the size or pitch diameter of the threads,
Thread form is generally easy to control and is seldom a
problem. The size of the threaded holes, however, can be
affected by the hole size before tapping, operating conditions,
and properties of the material being threaded. ed
The most important requirements for precision tapping are I threads.
not
true-running spindles and taps. A tap may not run true even if
under
the machine spindle does; tap shanks and holders must be
equally accurate. Holes cannot be uniformly tapped to close
tolerance unless the pitch diameter, lead, and angle of the tap
thread are all carefully held to specifications. with no
It is of utmost importance that the chamfer on the tap be I II 1 lead error and no angle
error.
accurately ground on every land. Even though the tap runs true,
if the chamfer is not accurately ground, there will be considerable
variation in tapped holes.
A tap mounted in a machine having a worn spindle will not (b) Mox,m.m p,tch diameter tolerance
consistently produce accurately tapped holes. When pressure is
applied to a loose spindle during a tapping operation, the tap is
forced out of alignment with the hole and strain is placed on the
tap. As the tap enters the hole and starts to cut, there is a
tendency for the tap to wobble and shave a slight amount of
metal off the side of the thread. When the tap is reversing, the load distributed equally
tapped hole, being larger than the tap itself, gives no support to on all threads, Fasten-
the tap and the tap cuts while running backward. This may ing WIII not loosen
COSIIY under stress.
cause dulling, oversized holes, and galling of the thread flanks.
A comparison is shown in Fig. 12-35 between the quality of
threaded connections obtained under various conditions of tap
trueness and pitch tolerances on a nut and bolt. These Max{mum bolt with no
conditions are summarized in the following list. A condition lead error and no
thread angle error,
somewhere between conditions 2 and 3 is best.
1. Poor condirion. A bellmouthed tapped hole condition
(see Fig. 12-35, view a) results when the tap does not run
true, when too much pressure is applied to the tap, or (c) Minimum pitch diameter tolerance
when the tap is used in some floating chucks.
2. Acceptable condition. This results when the hole is Jig. 12-35 Quality 01”tapped-hole threaded connections.
tapped to a maximum nut pitch diameter limit (see Fig.
contact is maximum over the entire length of engagement,
12-35, view b); no lead or thread-angle errors exist.
but assembly would be difficult with a maximum bolt.
Metal-to-metal contact on one flank is obtained over the
entire length of engagement, but the nut is at its weakest
acceptable condition. Percentage of Thread in Tapped Holes
3. Good condition. This results when the hole is tauued to a The percentage of depth of thread being tapped is important
minimum nut pitch diameter limit (see Fig. 12-3~,’view c); to efficient and economical tapping. Too great a percentage
no Iead or thread-angle errors exist. Metal-to-metal throws a strain on the teeth of the tap and serves no useful
12-68
CHAPTER 12
PERCENTAGE OF THREAD IN TAPPED HOLES
purpose. The greater the percentage, the more power required relation to its outside diameter, and the tap is weakened to such
to tap, the more difficult to hold size, and the greater the an extent that, if an attempt is made to tap 70-90~o depth of
amount of tap breakage, because more metal must be removed thread, the tap might break. On the larger sizes an entirely
in a given time. Many difficulties in tapping are direct results of different condition exists, since the amount of metal cut away
attempting to tap too great a percentage of thread. The two for the flute and thread provides sufficient core diameter so that
charts in F“ig. 12-36 indicate the strength of a tapped hole in the tap is capable of producing a large percentage of thread
relation to percentage of thread and the relation of torque without breaking.
required for tapping various percentages of thread. Problems in Definite limits for the minor diameters of tapped holes have
producing high percentages of thread in comparison to minor been set for both the UNC and the UNF series in ANSI
gains in strength are apparent. Standard B1. 1 and other standards, assuming a certain
Even the generally accepted 70-75% depth of thread is rather minimum length of engagement. For the most commonly used
difficult to produce with certain small-sized taps of the UNC classes of thread fit, 1B and 2B, the maximum minor diameter
standard, since the smaller taps in the coarse pitches have to corresponds to the percentage of thread height as given in Table
remove too great a percentage of metal in relation to their 12-34. For the closer fitting class 3B threads, the maximum
dimensions and strength. minor diameter is reduced to ensure a larger area of engagement.
As a general rule, the tougher the material, the lower should The thread height percentages in Table 12-34 provide ample
be the percentage of thread. It is difficult to tap even 60~ depth strength to ensure that a screw or bolt of the same material and
of thread into stainless steel, Monel, copper, and some of the hardness as the tapped part will break before stripping of
heat-treated alloy steels. Manufacturers who have studied this threads occurs when the length of engagement is 67% of
problem have reduced the percentage of thread in these nominal diameter or more.
materials, in many cases without sacrificing the usefulness of When the length of engagement is less than 67~0, the thread
the tapped hole. The minor diameter of the tapped hole should height percentage should be increased. With such shallow
fall within the limits specified for the class of thread required. tapped holes, there is less difficulty in tapping increased thread
If small-diameter taps of coarse pitches are closely examined, heights. When the length of engagement is more than 150% of
it can be found that, after the amount of metal removed to form nominal diameter, the hole is considered deep and the thread
the flute of the tap and the amount of metal removed to form the height percentage may be further reduced, thus easing the
thread are deducted, more than 50970of the total cross-sectional problem of tapping such holes without reducing the strength of
area of the tap has been cut away. This is one of the reasons why the threaded joint.
it is difficult to remove a greater percentage of thread in a Effect of tap diameter and pitch. The percentage of thread in
tapped hole. The core diameter of such a tap is very small in a tapped hole should be governed by, in order of importance,(1)
the diameter and pitch of the tap, (2) the hardness and
toughness of the material being tapped, (3) the depth of tapped
hole, and (4) the kind of hole, whether blind or through. As an
example, the factor of tap diameter and pitch would make it
difficult to tap a No. 8—32 thread in a hole in tool steel with
70% depth of thread, since a No, 8—32 thread has a small
diameter in proportion to its pitch. Yet, the same pitch on a 1/4”
tap would be entirely practical, since a 1/ 4—32 tap has
sufficient strength to tap even 10070 depth of thread. lt can
therefore be seen that the smaller the diameter and the coarser
the pitch of the tap, the lower the percentage of thread that
should be required. This is dependent upon the material, but in
no case should it ever exceed 83 1/3$10.
Effect of material hardness and toughness. The hardness and
toughness of the material to a great extent govern the amount of
% Thread
Strength of topped hole material that a tap is able to remove. Generally, the harder and
tougher the material, the lower the percentage of thread that
should be required. For example, on 3140 nickel-chromium
300 steel, it is difficult to tap 7090 depth of thread commercially; yet
on a high-grade free-cutting screw stock, it would be entirely
practical. There are many other tough metals, such as copper,
$ 200 Monel, nickel, bronze, and the various grades of alloy steels, in
~
g
m TABLE 12-34
g
~loo Thread Height Percentages for
2 Classes lB and 2B Thread Fits
8
Thread Size Thread Height, Y.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
O/.Thread #o to #12 53 to 65
Torque requred for tapping 1/4 to 1/2” 64 to 66.5
]/2 to l“ 64 to 67
Fig. 12-36 Percentage of thread in relation to torque and strength. 1 to 2“ 66 to 71
(Snow Mamfacmrirrg Co, )
12-69
CHAPTER 12
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CHAPTER 12
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12-71
CHAPTER 12
*
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12-72
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-36
Recommended Tap Drill Sizes for Metric Threads
Recommended Metric Drill Closest Recommended Inch Drill

Tap Probable Tap Probable
Metric Drill Theoretical Hole Percentage Tap Drill Theoretical Hole Percentage
Tap Size, Percentage Size, of Drill Equiv., Percentage Size, of
Size mm of Thread mm Thread Size in. of Thread in. Thread
M1.6x0.35 1.25 77 1.288 69 #55 0.0520 61 0.0535 53
1.3 66 1.339 58
M1.8x0.35 1.45 77 1.488 69 #53 0.0575 64 0.0610 55
1.5 66 1.539 57
M2x0.4 1.6 77 1.643 69 #52 0.0635 74 0.0652 66
M2.2x0.45 1.75 77 1.793 70 #50 0.0700 72 0.0717 65
M2.5x0.45 2.05 77 2.098 69 #45 0.0820 71 0.0839 63
M3x0.5 2.5 77 2.558 68 #39 0.0995 73 0.1018 64
M3.5x0.6 2.9 77 2.967 68 #32 0.1160 71 0.1186 63
M4x0.7 3.3 77 3.373 69 #29 0.1360 60 0.1389 52
3.4 66 3.475 58
M4.5x0.75 3.75 77 3.830 69 #25 0.1495 72 0.1527 64
M5x0.8 4.2 77 4.282 69 #18 0.1695 67 0.1730 58
M6X1 5 77 5.095 70 #8 0.1990 73 0.2028 65
M6.3xI 5.3 77 5.396 70 #4 0.2090 76 0.2128 69
M7x I 6 77 6.096 70 B 0.2380 74 0.2418 66
M8x1.25 6.75 77 6.853 71 I 0.2720 67 0.2761 61
6.8 74 6.904 68
M8XI 7 77 7.104 69 J 0.2770 74 0.2811 66
MIOXI.5 8.5 77 8.611 71 K 0.3390 71 0.3434 66
MIOXI.25 8.75 77 8.867 70 s 0.3480 71 0.3526 64
M12x1.75 10.2 79 10.319 74 13/32 0.4062 74 0.4109 69
10.3 75 10.419 70 z 0.4130 66 0.4177 61
M12x1.25 11 62 11.120 54 27/64 0.4129 79 0.4266 72
M 14x2 12 77 12.121 72 31/64 0.4844 65 0.4892 61
M14x1.5 12.5 77 12.621 71 1/2 0.5000 67 0.5048 60
M16x2 14 77 14.125 72 9/16 0.5625 66 0.5674 61
M16x I.5 14.5 77 14.625 71 37/64 0.5781 68 0.5830 61
M18x2.5 15.5 77 15.626 73 5/8 0.6250 65 0.6300 62
M18x I.5 16.5 77 16.627 70 21/32 0.6562 68 0.6612 62
M20x2.5 17.5 77 17.633 73 45/64 0.7031 66 0.7083 62
M20x I.5 18.5 77 18.631 70 47/ 64 0.7344 69 0.7396 62
M22x2.5 19.5 77 19.632 73 25/32 0.7812 66 0.7864 62
M22x I.5 20.5 77 20.632 70 13/16 0.8125 70 0.8177 63
M24x3 21 77 21.151 73 27/32 0.8437 66 0.8496 62
M24x2 22 77 22.149 71 7/8 0,8750 68 0.8809 63
M27x3 24 77 24.158 73 61/64 0.9531 72 0.9593 68
M27x2 25 77 25.179 70 63164 0.9844 77 0.9914 70
M30x3.5 26.5 77 1 1/’16 1.0625 66
M30x2 28 77 1 7/64 1.1094 70
M33x3.5 29.5 77 1 11/64 1.1719 71
M33x2 31 77 1 15/64 1.2344 63
Reaming Reaming
M36x4 32 77 Recommended 1 17/64 1.2656 74 Recommended
M36x3 32 77 1 19/64 1.2969 78
1 5/16 1.3125 68
M39x4 35 77 1 3/8 1.3750 78
1 25/64 1.3906 71
M39x3 77 74
(Cleveland Twist Drill Co.)

Note: A more comprehensive “Unified and Metric Screw Thread Tap and Drill Guide” wall chart is available from SME.
12-73
CHAPTER 12
which it is difficult to tap a large percentage of thread. The percentage of thread, and probable drilled-hole size were
minimum percentage should be adopted whenever possible. investigated. The tests indicate that a probable oversize
Effect of tapped-hole depth. The depth of the tapped hole is condition ranging from about 0.001 5“ (0.038 mm) for a No.
the third important factor governing the percentage of thread. 0—80 tap hole to approximately 0.006” (O.15 mm) for a 1— 14
Calculations should be based on the length of engagement, i.e., tap hole results during drilling. Since a drill is primarily a
the length of contact between a screw and a tapped hole roughing tool, this condition might be expected; but accurate
measured axially; this length of engagement should equal the drills will cut closer to size. For very accurate tapped holes with
basic major diameter. It would be possible to tap greater the required percentage of thread, reaming the hole before
percentages of threads if the depth of the tapped holes were less tapping is recommended. This is generally unnecessary for
than their basic major diameter; therefore, the percentage of classes 1B and 2B thread fits.
thread should be reduced whenever the tapped hole exceeds the To assist those who have special thread diameter/pitch
basic major diameter. This is particularly true in tapping blind combinations, a table of thread elements (Table 12-37) is shown
holes, especially with the smaller taps and the coarser pitches with the amount to deduct from the OD of the tap for
where there is difficulty in finding room for the chips. percentages from 50 to 70 and for 10 to 80 threads per inch. This
With the proper percentage of thread, very little pressure is table is useful in calculating the size of holes for special taps.
required to start a tap. When too much pressure is applied in Example:
feeding or retracting, the tap lacks support in the thread and
cuts away each succeeding thread as the tap revolves. This quite To find the hole size for 1 1/ 8—32 thread screw giving 60%
frequently happens in automatic screw machines when the cams thread, follow the first column down to 32, then across to the
are not correct for the lead of the tap. Tension-type tap holders column for 60yo thread. This figure, 0.0243” (0.617 mm),
are recommended for cam feed tapping, with the cam designed when deducted from 1.125” (28.57 mm) gives 1.1007” (27.958
to have a lead slightly less than that of the tap. This gives the tap mm), which is the required diameter of the hole.
a positive start in the hole and allows it to establish its own lead. Table 12-38 is useful as a guide in determining the minimum
Tap-drill selection. A tap-drill chart with the most com- depth of a drilled hole for tapping. The minimum depth equals
mon sizes of taps used from No. O to 1” tap size is shown in the full thread depth plus the number of turns F’for each style
Table 12-35. Similar data for metric threads is presented in and size of tap. Holes of less depth will cause excessive tap
Table 12-36. breakage because the end of the tap will strike solid metal at the
In a study of tap-hole drilling, the effects of minor diameter, bottom of the hole. Deeper holes should be used, if possible.
TABLE 12-37
Table of Thread Elements for Variable Thread Percentages
Threads Double 50% 55$% 60% 65% 70%

per Inch Depth Thread Thread Thread Thread Thread
10 0.12990 0.0649 0.0714 0.0779 0.0844 0.0909
11 0.11809 0.0590 0.0649 0.0708 0.0767 0.0826
12 0.10825 0.0541 0.0595 0.0649 0.0702 0.0755
13 0.09992 0.0499 0.0549 0.0599 0.0649 0.0699
14 0.09278 0.0464 0.0510 0.0556 0.0602 0.0648
16 0.08119 0.0406 0.0446 0.0486 0.0526 0.0566

18 0.07217 0.0361 0,0396 0.0431 0.0466 0.0501
20 0.06495 0.0325 0.0357 0.0389 0.0421 0.0453
24 0.05412 0.0270 0.0298 0.0326 0.0354 0.0382
27 0.04811 0.0240 0.0264 0.0288 0.0312 0.0336
28 0.04639 0.0232 0.0254 0.0276 0.0298 0.0324
30 0.04330 0.0216 0.0238 0.0260 0.0282 0.0304
32 0.04059 0.0203 0.0223 0.0243 0.0263 0.0283
36 0.03608 0.0180 0.0198 0.0216 0.0234 0.0252
40 0.03247 0.0162 0.0178 0.0194 0.0210 0.0226
44 0.02952 0.0147 0.0162 0.0177 0.0192 0.0207
48 0.02706 0.0135 0.0148 0.0161 0.0174 0.0187
50 0.02598 0.0130 0.0142 0.0154 0.0166 0.0178
56 0.02319 0.0116 0.0127 0.0138 0.0149 0.0160
64 0.02029 0.0101 0.0111 0.0121 0.0131 0.0141
72 0.01804 0.0090 0.0099 0.0107 0.0115 0.0123
80 0.01623 0.0081 0.0089 0.0097 0.0105 0.0113
Figures in the table show amount to deduct from OD of screw to obtain specific percentages of thread, according to the following
formula:
percentage
Deduction z 0.01299x
No. of threads per in.
12-74
CHAPTER 12
es
drilled hole
depth
TABLE 12-38
Drilling Depths for Tapping*
Threads per Minimum Drilled Hole Depth, in.

1nch 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P
80 0.012500 0.025 0.037 0.050 0.062 0.075
72 0.013888 0.028 0.042 0.055 0.069 0.083
64 0.015625 0.031 0.047 0.062 0.078 0.094
56 0.017857 0.036 0.054 0.071 0.089 0,107
50 0.020000 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120
48 ‘ 0.020833 0.042 0.062 0.083 0.104 0.125
44 0.022727 0.045 0.068 0.091 0.114 0.136
40 0.025000 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150
36 0.027777 0.055 0.083 0.111 0.139 0.167
34 0,029411 0.059 0.088 0.118 0.147 0.176
32 0.031250 0.062 0.094 0.125 0.156 0.187
30 0.033333 0.067 0.100 0.133 0.167 0.200
28 0.035714 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.179 0.214
27 0.037037 0.074 0.111 0.148 0.185 0.222
24 0.041666 0.083 0.125 0.167 0,208 0.250
22 0.045454 0.091 0.136 0.182 0.227 0.273
20 0.050000 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0,300
19 0.052631 0.105 0.158 0.210 0.263 0.316
18 0.055555 0.111 0.167 0.222 0.278 0.333
16 0.062500 0.125 0.187 0.250 0.312 0.375
14 0.071428 0.143 0.214 0.286 0.357 0.429
13 0.076923 0.154 0.231 0.308 0.385 0.461
12 0.083333 0.167 0.250 0.333 0.417 0.500
II 0.090909 0.182 0.273 0.364 0.454 0.545
10 0.100000 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600
9 0.111111 0.222 0.333 0.444 0.555 0.667
8 0.125000 0.250 0.375 0,500 0.625 0.750
7 0.142857 0.286 0.429 0.571 0.714 0.857
6 0.166666 0,333 0.500 0.667 0.833 I.000
(Greerrj7eId Tapand Die Div., Unittd Green fit4dCorp.)
Machines forTa~Ding Tapping is commonly done on lathes (see Chauter 8.

Internal threading_o; ho~s is often performed with self- “Turning-and Boring’’),_ drilling machines (see Cha~ter 9,
tapping screws and, for toolroom or maintenance work, by “Drilling, Reamingand Related Processes’’), milling machines
hand. Production tapping is done on a wide variety of (see Chapter 10, “Milling”), multifunction machines (see
machines. Major requirements foramachine to beused forthis Chapter 15, “Multifunction Machines”), and machines specially
process are means for rotating the tap or workpiece and lead designed for tapping. Transfer and other multifunction
control (axial feed that matches the lead of the tap). Many machines often combine many operations, with dri~ling,
machines used for tapping have a means for reversing the counterboring, countersinking, and other operations frequently
direction of spindle rotation to withdraw the taps. This is also performed before tapping. On such machines, vertical, hori-
accomplished with tapping attachments, heads, or devices that zontal, and angular heads. aswellas heads operating from the
havea built-in means for reversing, underside of the workpieces, are used.
12-75
CHAPTER 12
MACHINES FOR TAPPING
Considerable tapping and threading is performed on drill A

H I
presses equipped with attachments or heads. While drill presses
l%-
Step leodscrew
have many features in common with tapping machines, more pulley and nut
u
accurate and greater production can generally be achieved by \
using machines designed specifically for tapping.
Reversing Safety
Tapping machines are designed for efficient and productive ..+O, \ clutch
tapping of workpieces, with controls that permit duplicating the
accuracy of the taps used. They are available in a wide variety of Control
buttons
configurations, with one or more spindles and in vertical,
Stroke
horizontal, and angular construction. Clutch-type reversing
control
mechanisms and/ or reversing motors are used on tapping
UIII and
machines, with or without Ieadscrews..
(ndle
Single-spindle vertical machines are the most common and
versatile, and are generally used for short to medium sized
production requirements. They can be manually controlled by
the operator or furnished with semiautomatic or fully Table
jack
automatic controls.
High-volume production requirements often justify the use
of single-purpose or special tapping machines. These machines
have characteristics particularly suited to the types of workplaces
being produced, such as nuts, fasteners, etc. They are often
provided with automatic feeders.
Leadscrew control ensures that taps cut accurate, good-
quality threads. Lead variations and side shaving of the thread Fig. 12-37 Vertical spindle tapping machine with reversing motor and
flanks are minimized. Welding of chips to the cutting edges and Ieadscrew control. ( The Cleve/andTapping Machine Co. )
tap breakage can also be controlled better. Leadscrew control is
often applied to larger tap sizes to assure quality threads, but clutches which may be simple spring-loaded devices or the more
can limit output when smaller taps are used. Machines with elaborate pneumatic or hydraulically controlled types. Special
other means of sensitive control are often used for maximum systems are available to stop the machine instantly if the tap
production when small holes are tapped. should fail to enter a proper hole or if no hole exists in the
The Ieadscrew-controlled, vertical-spindle tapping machine workpiece. Most vertical tapping machines, except light-duty
illustrated in Fig. 12-37 has a base-mounted column that models, have counterweights or counterbalancing springs to
supports a head containing the tapping spindle. This spindle is remove the weight of the spindle/ quill assembly (or multiple-
belt driven from stepped pulleys by an adjustable mounted, spindle head) from the leadscrew.
reversing motor. Reduction gearing and an adjustable slip One line of tapping machines having clutch-type drives uses
clutch are sometimes provided to limit the driving torque low-pressure air to drive the tap and provide sensitive torque
delivered to the tap, thus minimizing the possibility of breakage. control. The cone-type clutch floats between a drive shell
Pushbuttons allow the operator to jog the spindle up or down or (right-hand rotation) and a reverse shell (left-hand rotation).
to select single cycle or continuous operation. As the head advances and the tap enters the workpiece, the
The hub of the spindle pulley has internal splines to engage clutch contacts the drive shell. Torque transmitted is pro-
splines on the spindle, allowing the spindle and quill assembly portional to the air pressure setting. Any obstruction encoun-
to move up and down while receiving driving torque from the tered or an excessive torque condition (beyond the pressure
pulley. Attached to the spindle is the controlling Ieadscrew. setting) causes the clutch to slip, enabling the operator to take
The quill is connected through a rack and pinion to an exter- corrective action.
nal handle for manipulating the quill assembly during lead- Speed changes. Speed changes are usually obtained by means
screw changes. of stepped pulleys, as on the machine just described. Gear boxes
Revolving in a rigidly held nut, the Ieadscrew moves the and multispeed motors are used on some machines. The range
spindle in conformance with the lead of the tap, allowing the tap of thread sizes to be produced dictates the number of speeds
to cut without any additional force required to drive it forward. required. Some tapping machines that are driven by hydraulic
At the lower end of the spindle, the tap is held by a taper motors provide an infinite number of speeds within a given
engagement or tap holder (discussed later in this chapter). range; others are available with d-c motors and micropro-
A table, also attached to the machine column, can be adjusted cessor control.
vertically by a jack mechanism such as an elevating screw. The Reversing motors. The most common power unit for tapping
table can be provided with T-slots for holding jigs and fixtures, machines is a high-reversal-type, three-phase, squirrel-cage
and a trough and drain line for cutting fluid. induction motor. It maybe of one or two-speed design, with the
For production tapping, the stroke control is set so that the two-speed design sometimes used to give a return speed twice
tap advances into the workpiece the desired depth and then that of the forward speed, thus shortening the cycle time.
instantly reverses the motor to retract the tap. Precise stroke For fast cycling, the motor often requires more energy for
settings are possible on such machines, which are especially reversing than for driving the tap. The larger the motor, the
important when tapping blind holes or threading to shoulders. slower the cycle rate possible because of the greater rotating
Depending upon the size and speed of the tap, the stroke can mass. The motors frequently need additional ventilation from a
repeat to an accuracy of one quarter of a turn or less. separate, external blower, and high-temperature insulation and
Most tapping machines are designed with torque-limiting built-in temperature sensors are generally used for protection.
12-76
CHAPTER 12
MACHINES FOR TAPPING
Fast cycling requires rapid stopping of the motor without any removes the workpiece manually, manually replaces the tap
coasting. A common method of stopping it is by means of an into the constantly rotating spindle, loads a new workpiece, and
electric brake that engages as soon as power to the motor is shut initiates a new cycle. This arrangement permits faster cycling
off. Another effective way to brake the motor is to electrically than is possible with a two-speed reversing motor. Similar
plug-stop it by means of a zero-speed switch directly coupled to arrangements are used when it is undesirable to return solid taps
the motor shaft. Dynamic braking with d-c at the end of the back through the workplaces.
tapping cycle is used on some machines. Special nut tapping machines use taps having long curved
Leadscrews used. Most production tapping machines have shanks that do not have to be retracted from the workplaces.
hardened and ground leadscrews rotating in adjustable nuts The taps are driven by means of a floating engagement within
made from a tough bearing bronze. Nuts are fitted to the screws curved cavities in the machine spindles. This allows the nuts to
to rotate with a minimum of clearance and must be adequately continually feed up the shanks of the taps and drop off.
lubricated. Proper alignment with the spindle axis is critical. Selecting a machine. The selection of a machine for a specific
Leadscrews are available in various sizes and pitches, right or
left-hand, to match the lead of the taps and the stroke length of
the machine. The same screw and nut assembly should always
be maintained as a running pair, When left-hand threading is
required, it is necessary to use a left-hand Ieadscrew and nut
assembly and reverse the cycling of the machine motor, Or
some machines, changing the motor cycling is accomplished
simply by moving a selector switch; on other machines, wiring
changes have to be made in the control panel. J----4-’ ‘
Wear of a split nut on a tapping machine can be eliminated by
reducing the thickness of the spacer and retightening the binder
screws. Some machines have partially enveloping guide fingers
functioning as the nut, with a portion of the leadscrew
constructed so that it can be used to rehob the guide fingers.
Automatic machines. Tapping machines are often modified
into single-purpose, high-production units by adding automatic
workpiece orienting, feeding, loading, and clamping features.
These machines can generally run continuously without full
operator attendance. Figure 12-38 shows an angular-head,
Ieadscrew-controlled tapping machine equipped with a
vibratory-hopper feeding device and automatic clamping unit.
It is capable of tapping 1400 zinc diecastings per hour.
Problems that can be encountered with high production rates,
however, are wm-kpiece handling and chip disposal.
A single-spindle machine may tap 45 or more holes per
minute, and production rates can be increased by using
multiple-spindle heads and multiple tracks for feeding the
workplaces. Automatic rapid-advance de ,~ices are sometimes Fig. 12-38 Automated Ieadscrew-controlled machine taps 1400 parts
per hour. ( UniversaI-Automatic Corp. )
used to allow the taps to enter cavities or pass obstructions
quickly before reaching the holes to be tapped, Index tables,
shuttle slides, and other equipment are sometimes used to auto-
mate tapping machines and increase productivity. Figure 12-39
illustrates a special machine with a rotary indexing table that
carries workplaces to three horizontal-spindle tapping units.
To produce large threads, collapsing taps and self-opening
die heads (previously discussed in this chapter) are sometimes
used on tapping machines. This arrangement allows the tools to
be quickly withdrawn without the direction of their rotation
being reversed. Cycle time is reduced by providing rapid
advance and retraction of the spindle. The Ieadscrew must still
be wound back to its starting position, but this is done during
the loading and clamping of the next workpiece and, therefore,
does not add to the cycle time.
Some tapping machines have split nuts that open for
withdrawal of the leadscrew and then close. In some designs of
this type, if the tap can be dropped through the workpiece, the
machine drive motor does not have to be reversed. Taps rotate
relatively slowly when cutting large diameter threads on vertical
machines. A special toolholder can be used to drop the tap at
the bottom of the cutting stroke. Simultaneously, an air Fig. 12-39 Special machine with rotary indexing table and three
cylinder returns the spindle to the top of its stroke. The operator horizontal-spindle tapping units. (Snow, ManuJac[uring Corp.)
12-77
CHAPTER 12
HEADS FOR TAPPING
tapping application depends primarily upon the shape, size, and

material of the workpieces; the range of thread sizes to be cut;
production requirements with respect to quantity, accuracy,
and finish; related operations to beperformed; and cost.
II
The range of thread sizes for which a tapping machine is
designed issometimes responsible forthevariation in tapped
holes. Many machines tap entirely too wide a range. A machine
that inefficient andsturdy enough to tap l/2’’ holes is hardly
light or sensitive enough for tapping No. 2 or even No. 10 holes.
Somewhere within its range a machine will be most efficient. If
itissuitable fortapping with aNo.20r No. 10tap, it is hardly
rugged enough fora l/2’’ tap.
If a small tap is put in a large machine, the possibility of
producing low-quality threads is multiplied many times by the
excessive weight and inertia and the lack of sensitivity of the
larger machine. On the other hand, if a large tap is used and the
capacity of the machine is crowded, there is the problem created
by extreme pressures required to start the tap. Usually the u II u
uo
weight of a chuck alone is detrimental in tapping over a wide
range, since a chuck that is strong enough to hold a 1/ 2“ tap,
even if there are no spindles or clutches with which to contend,
would be entirely too heavy for a No. 2 to a No. 10 tap. For
optimum efficiency, it is necessary to have tapping machines ‘ig. 12-40 Multispindle Ieadscrew-controlled tapping head. Spindh
that have narrower rather than wider range in their capacity. assembiv at rkbt is of quill-type construction. S~indle at left is desimed
Machine manufacturers list specifications such as tapping for clos~ cent& distan;es. ( hired States Drill Head Co. ) -
capacities by thread size and pitch in different materials,
available speeds, motor power, work clearances, cutting fluid prevents the spindles from becoming disengaged from their
capacity, and floor space required. Small-diameter, fine-pitch leadscrew nuts in the forward position.
threads should be cut on sensitive machines of relatively low The spindle shown at the left in Fig. 12-40 illustrates a
power; larger threads and harder materials require heavier construction often used when the center distance between
machines with more power. When pipe threads are to be cut, adjacent spindles is too close for quill-type designs. With this
considerably more torque is required than is needed to cut construction, it is not uncommon to mount two or more
straight threads of the same pitch. Torque requirements can be spindles in a single front bearing block. The spindle shown at
up to four times as much as those needed to cut straight threads, the center illustrates an increase in overall length obtained by
especially when full-depth threads are being cut. As a result, locating the drive directly above the spindle assembly.
machines with more powerful motors are needed. Power Adjustable, multiple-spindle heads, as well as angular and
requirements for larger size pipe threads can be minimized by multiple-spindle heads for NC/ CNC machining centers, are
using taps and dies with receding chasers. also available.
Heads for Tapping Attachments for Tapping

For special-purpose multifunction machines and other On drill presses and other machines equipped with leadscrews,
applications, self-contained tapping heads are often built into depth stops can sometimes be arranged to reverse the drive
one or more of the work stations. These heads offer most of the motor, causing the tap to back out of the hole. In most cases,
features of a basic tapping machine, but they are very compact however, the spindIe cannot be stopped quickly and precisely
units without a column or table. They may have integral drive enough for depth control. As a result, tapping attachments or
motors and controls. Most are driven by electric motors, but devices are used extensively.
some are powered by air or hydraulic motors. A wide variety of mechanical tapping attachments or devices
Tapping heads are available in various sizes with single or have been developed to facilitate precision machine tapping.
multiple spindles and can be mounted in any position on the These attachments or devices can be classified into two major
machines. The cross-sectional view of a multispindle head categories: nonreversing devices and self-reversing attachments.
shown in Fig. 12-40 illustrates two typical designs of individual Nonreversing devices. These units must be used on machines
leadscrew spindles. The spindle assembly at the right shows a equipped with reversing motors and are used extensively on
quill-type construction with the front-spindle support bearing radial drills, milling machines, lathes, screw machines,
and Ieadscrew nut machined integral. This method facilitates multiple-spindle machines, and a wide variety of NC/ CNC
ease of changeover as the entire spindle assembly can be equipment. The main advantages of nonreversing devices are
readily removed. simplicity of construction and compact size. They consist of
Individual Ieadscrew tapping heads have several important three basic types: tap holders, tapping spindles, and tapping
design features. In the event of spindle overtravel during either attachments.
the forward or return stroke because of malfunction or Releasing and nonreleasing tap chucks or holders. These
improper setting of the strong-control limit switches, the spline tools were among the earliest mechanical tapping devices
portion of the spindle becomes disengaged from its driver. This developed and are designed primarily for use on lathes and
feature eliminates damage resulting from locking or jamming of screw machines. The feed rate of the tap is determined by the
the gear train and spindles in the retract position. It also cam or Ieadscrew of the machine itself, the drive mechanism of
12-78
CHAPTER 12
ATTACHMENTS FOR TAPPING
the tap chuck or ho)der compensates for a small amount of construction than the previously described devices due to the
machine feed error. inclusion of a built-in torque release clutch. This permits the
Through-hole tapping is accomplished in the nonreleasing torque transmitted by the attachment to be preset for tap size
mode of these tools by simply reversing the machine when the and type, as well as for the material to he tapped. When this
desired thread depth is reached. For bottom hole tapping, a torque setting is exceeded, the clutch slips and the tap stops
machine stop must be set. When the stop is reached, the tap instantly. Good tapping practice suggests that a torque release
releases into a neutral position, thus preventing the tap from clutch be used as a safety device and not as an automatic stop
engaging the bottom of the hole. The drive of the tap is for repetitive bottom hole tapping. Of course, there are
reengaged only when the machine spindle reverses. Various occasions when it is necessary to use the clutch for bottom hole
types of tap holders are discussed later in this chapter. tapping, due to the design of the workpiece being tapped.
Tension/ compression tapping spindIes. Developed originally The dual axial float of these attachments eliminates the
for multiple-spindle machines, these units feature a small OD necessity for exacting machine feeds because the tap accurately
that permits close center-to-center distance. They are currently determines its own feed rate. Axial float is usually accomplished
finding wide application on NC/ CNC machines. Their small by some form of spring loading or biasing of the tap-holding
diameter and easy adaptability to a variety of toolholders is spindle in one or both directions along the spindle/tap longi-
especially advantageous on machining centers with automatic tudinal axis. Compression-type axial float provides a cushion
toolchangers. An automotive-type shank, featuring a threaded as the tap enters the hole and prevents cross threading when it
body and adjusting nut for individual height adjustment (see enters a previously tapped or rough-tapped hole. An extended
Fig. 12-41, view a), enables each spindle to engage all of the version of this feature, incorporating a stiff compression spring,
drilled holes in an irregular workpiece at approximately the is referred to as a safety cushion and prevents tap breakage on
same time. an automated setup when a hole is not present or when a hole is
The spring biased tension and compression feature of these not drilled to depth.
tools allows for a certain amount of axial float in both The compression feature prevents tap breakage when a hole
directions, compensating for any difference between machine is not present, provided the amount of axial float equals or
feed and correct tap feed. This makes it possible to tap several exceeds the intended engagement stroke of the tap in the
different thread pitches at the same time, utilizing the single feed workpiece. This feature, however, does not safeguard against
rate of the machine itself. Tension-type axial float comes into tap breakage when the hole is not. drilled to depth. When a tap
play if the tap feed exceeds the machine feed rate. Compression- bottoms in a shallow hole, rotation stops, but the spindle
type axial float is utilized if the machine feed exceeds that continues to drive and can cause tap breakage.
of the tap. Radial float overcomes portioning error by allowing the tap
Tap protection and fast tap changes may be provided by the to move sideways to match the axial axis of the tap with respect
use of a quick-change feature. These units may then employ tap to the true axis of the drilled hole. Radial parallel float permits
adapters with built-in tbrque release clutches to prevent tap the tap to move radially and align perfectly with the drilled hole
breakage if the bottom of the hole is accidentally engaged. axis. Some designs merely permit the tap tip to move, and this
Tapping spindles are usually quite long. Each additional feature may resuk in bellmouthing.
may add to its overall length, with a corresponding reduction in Nonreversing tapping attachments are currently available in
tool rigidity. This is of particular concern in horizontal a wide variety of mounts and capacities adaptable to virtually
machining applications. any type of machine application.
.
Nonreversing tapping attachments. These tools incorporate Self-reversing attachments. These attachments were devel-
all the basic features necessary for precision machine tapping oped to provide precision tapping capabilities for machines
(see Fig. 12-41, view b). They are larger and more complex in without reversing motors or to eliminate the necessity of
reversing machine motors for tap retraction. They may be
utilized on all machines that provide rotation to the attachment
to activate its reversing mechanism. Four basic designs that
have been developed are positive drive, friction clutch,
leadscrew, and compact types.
Positive-drive reversing tapping attachments. The first self-
reversing units utilized a simple dog-type drive and planetary
(a) gear reversing mechanism. They were used primarily on
conventional manually operated drill presses. Downward
movement of the machine spindle engaged the driving dogs of
the tapping attachment for entry of the tap into the hole. To
reverse, it was only necessary for the operator to retract the
machine spindle, thereby urging the tap-holding spindle of the
( attachment into position for the reversing dogs to engage.
Some versions of this tool incorporate axial float and a
quick-change feature, permitting ?he use of torque release tap
adapters. Positive drive attachments adapt themselves readily
to a variety of automated and NC/ CNC machines. A one-to-
(b) one reverse ratio is commonly used as it simplifies programming.
NC/ CNC machines may use the canned boring cycle for
Fig. 12-41 Tapping attachments: (a) tension/compression spindle and tapping operations.
(b) nonreversing type. Special stop arms make it possible to employ these self-
12-79
CHAPTER 12
reversing attachments on NC/ CNC machining centers with

automatic toolchangers. The stop arm configuration is designed
to engage when the attachment is installed in the machine
spindle, yet it does not interfere with other tools when placed in
n
the tool storage drum.
Friction-clutch reversing tapping attachments. The short-
comings in both accuracy and tap protection of the early
positive-drive attachments led to the development of friction-
clutch tappers that are used extensively for heavy-duty
production applications. They utilize cone or expanding-shoe
clutch designs, manufactured
materials. These attachments
from a wide variety of friction
operate on the principle of
““”!\n
operator sensitivity to the amount of pressure applied to the tap
in order for it to rotate with the machine spindle. A clutch
surface is engaged to transmit the rotational force in direct
proportion to the amount of downward pressure applied by the
operator. The correct amount of pressure delivers the rotational
force necessary to drive the tap and still permit the clutch to slip
and the tap to stop without breaking if the bottom of the hole is
engaged. To reverse, an upward pressure is applied to the lower
clutch face. The close proximity of these clutch faces permits the I IIHIWI b
attachments to be reversed quite rapidly. Thread accuracy is u
shell
dependent upon an operator’s skill and sensitivity, (Ieh-hand
A cutaway sectional view of a friction-clutch reversing rotation) N% 1’
tapping attachment offered by one builder is presented in Fig.
12-42. Upward pressure on the spindle (when the tap contacts
!!i5
the workpiece) causes the cone-shaped clutch to contact the
upper drill shell (revolving in the right-hand direction) to drive
the tap into the hole. Downward pressure on the spindle pulls
the clutch into contact with the lower drive shell (revolving in
the opposite direction), reversing the tap out of the hole. A Fig. 12-42 Friction clutch type, reversing tapping attachment for a drill
two-to-one reverse ratio minimizes cycle time. Sensitivity of the press, (Snow Manufacturing Co. )
frictional torque transmission allows minimum pressures to be
used and tap dulling to be instantly recognized.
Leadscrew fapping attachments. These tools (see Fig. 12-43)
utilize a built-in Ieadscrew to determine the proper rate of feed
for a given thread pitch. Originally developed by the manu-
facturers of friction-clutch tappers to eliminate the need for a
high degree of operator skill or sensitivity, these attachments F=P
convert a basic drill press into a precision tapping machine.
These attachments require an equivalent leadscrew and nut for
every thread pitch. The weight and size of leadscrew attachments
usually result in their being installed permanently on a machine
by means of a quill clamp.
Compact reversing attachments. First introduced in the early
1950’s, these units (see Fig. 12-44) are the most popular type of
self-reversing tapping attachments currently in use. Their
compact size provides versatility and ease of installation that
cannot be matched by the earlier designs. They maybe adapted
to any type of machine with a rotating spindle, and they do not
require any particular sensitivity on the part of the operator.
Thread accuracy is assured and tap breakage is reduced to a
minimum due to the two main features of these tools: (1)
self-feed, or axial float, and (2) preselective torque control.
Self-feed, or axial float, permits the tap to act as its own
Ieadscrew and enter the hole solely influenced by rotation. Once
the tap has been engaged in the drilled hole, it feeds itself to the
desired depth without any pressure being applied. Accurate
thread depth is obtained by setting a machine stop. When the
machine stop is reached, the tap continues to feed a
predetermined amount and releases in a neutral position.
Reversal occurs when the machine spindle is retracted.
Preselective torque control is a safety feature that provides a Fig. 12-43 Tapping attachment with built-in leadscrew to control feed.
12-80
CHAPTER 12
An extended reverse stroke feature provides a longer stroke

in reverse drive and prevents possible thread damage that may
be caused by the rapid retraction rate of an automated machine.
Right or left-hand tapping may be performed by these
attachments without modification because of the spring-biased
ball feed construction.
Solid Taps
A solid (nonadjustable, noncollapsing) tap is a tool for
producing a screw thread in an existing hole. Cutting edges are
created by radially relieved chamfers at the nose ends of the
fluted tools.
Nomenclature and definitions. The following nomenclature
Section A-A Section B-B
and definitions are adapted from ANSI Standard B94.914 (see
Fig. 12-45):
Housmg~ axis The imaginary straight line which forms the longitudinal
center line of the tool or threaded part.
Clutch-
adlustment COP back taper A gradual decrease in the diameter of the thread
. Clutch spring form on a tap from the chamfered end of the land towards
the back which creates a slight radial relief in the threads.
II
Dwer pins— I chamfer The tapering of the threads at the front end of each
Cushion spring
land of a tap by cutting away and relieving the crest of the
Spring cup dwer
first few teeth to distribute the cutting action over several
A~ B 1A
teeth. Taper taps are chamfered 7-10 multiples of the thread
Clutch ‘ Clutch olcrte pitch from the tap point. Plug taps are chamfered 3-5 times
dwer a /
the pitch. Bottoming taps are chamfered 1-2 times the pitch.
Specification of chamfer lengths in multiples of pitch avoids
Reversing dwer
variations in the counting of threads on various tap lands.
lB chamfer angle The angle formed between the chamfer and the
4 axis of the tap measured in an axial plane at the cutting edge.
~Plcme+ gears. chamfer relief angle The complement of the angle formed
between a tangent to the relieved surface at the cutting edge
and a radial line to the same point on the cutting edge.
Rmg ge~r core diameter The diameter of a circle which is tangent to the
Stop arm
Y/#Jlim!&
Geor
tamer
D,,,e
sp[ndle
,.,
.. ;
.
>ollet
bottom of the flutes at a given point on the axis.
crest That surface of the thread which joins the flanks of the
thread and is farthest from the cylinder or cone from which
the thread projects.
first full thread The first full thread on the cutting edge back of
the chamfer. It is at this point that rake, hook, and thread
Fig. 12-44 Compact tapping attachment provides versatility and ease elements are measured.
of installation. ( Tapmaric Corp. ) flank The flank of a thread is either surface connecting the crest
with the root. The flank surface intersection with an axial
means of presetting the torque transmitted from the machine to plane is theoretically a straight line.
the tap. A simple adjustment sets the torque clutch, and the tap flank-leading (1) The flank of a thread facing toward the
is driven at full machine speed until the adjusted torque setting chamfered end of a threading tool. (2) The leading flank of a
is exceeded. When this occurs, the clutch slips and the tap stops thread is the one which, when the thread is about to be
instantly. Recent developments in self-reversing tapping attach- assembled with a mating thread, faces the mating thread.
ments incorporate a number of additional features that make flank-trailing The trailing flank of a thread is the one that is
them more universal in application. opposite to the leading flank.
A ball feed drive and reverse feature provides a reduction in flutes The longituctinal channels formed in a tap to create
friction during tapping operations. The spring-biased rolling cutting edges on the thread profile and to provide chip
ball design transmits the rotational power to the tap and spaces and cutting fluid passages. On a parallel or straight
disengages silently after a machine stop is reached. Reengage- thread tap they may be straight, angular, or helical; on a
ment in reverse is smooth and vibrationless. Spring-biased ball taper thread tap they may be straight, angular, or spiral.
design compensates for any operator or machine feed error flute-angular A flute lying in a plane intersecting the tool axis
during the tapping cycle. at an angle.
Depth control is an adjustable means of reducing or increasing flute-helical A flute with uniform axial lead and constant helix
the amount of self-feed (axial float). By setting the unit’s depth in a helical path around the axis of a cylindrical tap.
control and a machine stop, accuracy of thread depth is flute-spiral A flute with uniform axial lead in a spiral path
controlled to t 0.0 10“ (0.25 mm) or less. Inconsistent thread around the axis of a conical tap.
depth and tap damage, caused by torque-controlled bottom flute-straight A flute which forms a cutting edge lying in an
hole tapping, is eliminated. axial plane.
12-81
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
:iikki~~:;
+Style I
Axis
2
Shank diorn
3
*A *A
90”
homfer
angle
‘ Point dmm
4
E::, Flute
External,, center
std tO;
~f~l$?’ee’
5?!?
Jizj;i;”n
Thread Ieod angle
——
fi~ ‘~ m~ Internal center std over ~“
+
—,—————— Chomfer
—l—
Concentric E:&f~ic Con-yw;tric
~ ~ ~90&5~nt
ti~~%ofth’ea”
Max top Basic
major major Negative ;ke angle Zero rake Positive roke ongle (chordal
Basic @&jf Bosic minor dlam
diem d iam pitch diam measurement)
+ e Basic root Negafive rake Rodial Positive roke Hook
ig. 12-45 Sketch illustrating tapter,,ms. The top sketch shows a comparison of style 1,2, and 3 centers and the points of measurement for overall length
and length of square t-or each style.’”
flute lead angle The angle which a helical or spiral cutting edge the pitch diameter is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial
at a given point makes with an axial plane through the same cylinder, the surfiice of which would pass through the thread
point. profiles at such points as to make the width of the groove
front taper A gradual increase in the diameter of the thread equal to one half of the basic pitch. On a perfect thread this
form on a tap from the leading end of the tool toward the occurs at the point where the widths of the thread and groove
back. are equal. On a taper thread, the pitch diameter at a given
heel The edge of the land opposite the cutting edge. position on the thread axis is the diameter of the pitch cone
helix angle See preferred term flute lead angle. at that position.
hook angle The inclination of a concave cutting face, usually point diameter The diameter at the cutting edge of the leading
specified either as chordal hook or tangential hook. end of the chamfered section.
hook—chordal angle The angle between the chord passing rake The angular relationship of the straight cutting face of a
through the basic minor diameter and tap crest at the cutting tooth with respect to a radial line through the crest of tbe
face, and a radial line through the tap crest at the cutting tooth at the cutting edge. Positive rake means that the crest
edge. of the cutting face is angularly ahead of the balance of the
hook—tangential angle The angle between a line tangent to a cutting face of the tooth. Negative rake means that the crest
hook cutting face at the cutting edge and radial line to the of the cutting face is angularly behind the balance of the
same point. cutting face of the tooth. Zero rake means that the cutting
interrupted thread tap A tap having an odd number of lands face is directly on a radial line,
with alternate teeth in tbe thread helix removed, In some relief The removal of metal behind the cutting edge to provide
cases alternate teeth are removed only for a portion of the clearance between the part being threaded and the threaded
thread length, land.
land One of the threaded sections between the flutes of a tap. relief-back taper See definition under back taper.
lead The distance a screw thread advances axially in one relief-center Clearance produced on a portion of the tap land
complete turn. by reducing the diameter of the entire thread form between
major diameter On a straight thread the major diameter is that cutting edge and heel.
of the major cylinder. On a taper thread the major diameter relief —chamfer Tbe gradual decrease in land height from
at a given position on the thread axis is that of the major cutting edge to heel on the chamfered portion of the land on
cone at that position. a tap to provide radial clearance for the cutting edge.
minor diameter On a straight thread the minor diameter is that relief—con-eccentric thread Radial relief in the thread form
of a minor cylinder. On a taper thread the minor diameter at starting back of a concentric margin.
a given position on the thread axis is that of the minor cone relief—double eccentric thread The combination of a slight
at that position. radial relief in the thread form starting at the cutting edge
pitch The distance from any point on a screw thread to a and continuing for a portion of the land width, and a greater
corresponding point on the next thread, measured parallel radial relief for the balance of the land.
to the axis and on the same side of tbe axis. The pitch equals relief —eccentric thread Radial relief in the thread form starting
one divided by the number of threads per inch. at the cutting edge and continuing to the heel.
pitch diameter (simple effective diameter) On a straight thread,
12-82
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
relief—flatted land Clearance produced on a portion of the tap thread-multiple A thread of which the lead is an integral
land by truncating the thread between cutting edge and heel. multiple of the pitch. On a double thread, the lead is equal to
relief—grooved land Clearance produced on a tap land by twice the pitch. On a triple thread, the lead is equal to three
forming a longitudinal groove in the center of the land. times the pitch, etc.
relief—radial The clearance produced by removal of metal from threads per inch (tpi) The reciprocal of the pitch in inches.
behind the cutting edge. Taps should have the chamfer
relieved and should have back taper, but may or may not Types of taps. Taps are available in a wide variety of types.
have relief in the angle and on the major diameter of the The most commonly used types are discussed here and illustrated
threads, When the thread angle is relieved, starting at the in Fig. 12-46. Catalogs from tap manufacturers should be
cutting edge and continuing to the heel, the tap is said to consulted for specific dimensions and features of these and
have eccentric relief. If the thread angle is relieved back of a other taps.
concentric margin (usually one third of land width) the tap is Regular hand [ups. These are taps with thread and shank
said to have con-eccentric relief. approximately the same length, and a square to accommodate a
root The root is that surface of the thread which joins the flanks driving mechanism. Hand taps were first identified as such
of adjacent thread forms and is identical with or immediately because they were used by hand; however, for many years they
adjacent to the cylinder or cone from which the thread have generally been machine driven. Regular hand taps with 2,
projects. 3, 4, and 6 flutes are furnished in taper, plug, or bottoming
spiral point The angular fluting in the cutting face of the land at chamfers.
the chamfered end. It is formed at an angle with respect to Regular machine screw taps. These are regular hand taps
the tap axis of opposite hand to that of rotation. Its length is made in the numbered machine screw sizes.
usually greater than the chamfer length and its angle with Spiral-pointed laps. These are regular hand and machine
respect to the tap axis is usually made great enough to direct screw taps having shallower flutes and wider lands. The cutting
the chips ahead of the tap. The tap may or may not have face of the first few threads is ground at an angle to force the
longitudinal flutes. chips ahead to prevent clogging in the flutes.
thread—single A thread having a lead equal to the pitch. Spiral-pointed, short-jluted raps. These are regular hand and
large shank Small shank Regular spiral-fluted taa High (fast) spiral-fluted tap
Regular straght-ffute hand taps
LI
No. 1 rougher
Small shank Large shank
Spiral-pointed hand taps
No 2 rougher
Nut top
No, 3 flmsher
---
Set of 3 Acme tops (may vary from 1 per set to 4 or more per set)
Straight-shank tapper tap
Spiral-pointed tap with shoti flutes Cold-form[ng tap
Combination tap and dr,ll
I l==
{
‘+ Bent~hank tapper taps Pulley tap
Straight pipe tap taper pipe tap
ig. 12-46 Commonly used types of taps.
12-83
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
machine screw taps made with spiral point only. The balance of basic are designated High, and those made to tolerances below
the threaded section is left unfluted. They are especially suitable basic are designated Low; they are identified by the letter H or L
for tapping thin materials. respectively. A numeral after the H or L indicates the tolerance
Regular spiral-jluted taps. These are regular hand and range—the number of half-thousandths of an inch (0.0005”)
machine screw taps having right-hand helical flutes with a helix larger than basic of the maximum H tap or smaller than basic of
angle of from 25-35°. They are designed to help draw chips from the minimum L tap.
the hole or to bridge a keyway.
Fast spiral-jluted taps. These are the same as regular spiral-
Examples:
fluted taps except the helix angle is from 45-60°.
Nur taps. These are taps designed for tapping nuts on a 1. A 1/4—20 NC ground thread tap designated G H3 is
low-production basis. Approximately one half to three quarters identified as follows:
of the threaded portion has a chamfered section which distri- G —the symbol for ground thread
butes the cutting over many teeth and also facilitates the H —the symbol for above basic
entering of the hole to be tapped. The overall length, length of 3 —the symbol for pitch diameter limits, which in this
thread, and length of shank are appreciably longer than these case are 0.001-0.001 5“ above basic
same lengths on a regular hand tap. 2. A 1/ 4—20 NC ground thread tap designated G LI is
Bent-shank tapper taps. These are taps designed for use in an identified as follows:
automatic nut tapping machine. The nuts are hopper fed and G —the symbol for ground thread
travel the full length of the tap and off the end of the bent shank, L —the symbol for below basic
providing continuous production without stopping or reversing. 1 —the symbol for pitch diameter limits, which in this
Pulley taps. These are extension hand taps with extra length case are 0.0000-0.0005” under basic
in the shank. The shank is the full diameter of the thread and is 3. A 1 1/ 4—7 NC ground thread tap designated G H4 is
available in various lengths. identified as follows:
Taperpipe taps. These are taps for producing standard taper G —the symbol for ground thread
pipe threads. H —the symbol for pitch diameter limits, which in this
Straight pipe taps. These are taps for producing standard case are 0.001-0.002” above basic
straight pipe threads.
Metric taps. These taps are for producing standard metric It can be noted that the tap limit number divided by two
screw threads. establishes in thousandths of an inch the amount that the
Spark plug taps. These taps are used to produce spark plug maximum tap pitch diameter is above basic in the H series and
threads. the amount that the minimum tap pitch diameter is under basic
Combination tap and drill. These are used for drilling and in the L series.
tapping threads in orie operation when the drill finishes cutting All ground thread taps made to the standards for pitch
before tapping begins. The tools are also used for tapping cored diameter limits are marked with the letter G to designate ground
holes. (See Chapter 9, “Drilling, Reaming and Related thread. In addition, they are marked with the pitch diameter
Processes.”) limit number.
Acme taps. These are used to tap the Acme thread form in Pitch diameter limit numbers for taps to 1” diam inclusive are
nuts for translating pressure and clamping screws used in many as follows:
applications. Each tap or set of taps is designed for a specific job
L1 ❑ basic to basic minus 0.0005”
as governed by the diameter, pitch, lead, length of nut, material,
H I = basic to basic plus 0.0005”
through or blind holes, and method of use.
H2 ❑ basic plus 0.0005” to basic plus 0.001”
Coolant-fed iaps. Taps are available with internal passages to
H3 ❑ basic plus 0.001” to basic plus 0.00 15“
direct the cutting fluid to the cutting zone. Such tools permit
H4 = basic plus 0.00 15“ to basic plus 0.002”
tapping of deep holes at higher speeds.
Tap grades and tolerances. While taps are available with cut
threads, taps with ground threads are used more extensively;
H7 = basic phrs 0.003” to basic plus 0.0035”
therefore, the remainder of this discussion is confined primarily
to ground thread taps. While these taps cost more than cut The pitch diameter limit number for taps over 1 to 1 1/ 2“
thread taps, cost per tapped hole is usually less, more holes can diam inclusive is:
be tapped, less power is required for tapping, and closer-
H4 = basic plus 0.001” to basic plus 0.002”
tolerance threads can be produced.
Limit numbers for inch threads. Standards for ground thread Tables 12-39 and 12-40 can be used as guides in selecting
taps establish pitch diameter tolerances for machine screw and proper taps to produce desired classes of threads under normal
hand taps, in the size range No. O to 1” diam in 0.0005” conditions. The ranges of tap limits allow for closer adherence
increments. The pitch diameter tolerance for taps over 1” to 1 to requirements and assure maximum tap life.
1/ 2“ diam inclusive are in 0.001” increments. Limit numbers for metric threads. Metric taps are designated
Pitch diameter limit designations for standard tolerance with the letter M followed by the nominal size in millimeters
ranges permit selection of the proper tap for the class of thread and the pitch in millimeters separated by the sign x. For
tolerance desired and maximum tap life. The standards for example:
pitch diameter limits of ground thread taps are presented in
M1.6x0.35; M6x 1; MIOX 1.5.
ANSI Standard B94.9.15 Maximum lead deviation permitted is
*0.0005° within any two threads not farther apart than 1”. When the tap pitch diameter is over or under basic thread
Ground thread taps made to pitch diameter tolerances above pitch diameter by even multiples of 0.0005”, the tap is marked
12-84
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-39
Tap Recommendations for Classes lB*, 2B**, and 3B Unified Screw Threads, Fractional Sizes
Pitch Diameter Limits

Threads Recommended Tap For Class of Thread
per Inch For Class of Thread Min Max Max
NC NF Class Class All Classes Class Class
Size UNC UNF 2B$* 3B (Basic) 2B 3B
1/4 20 --- G H5 G H3 0.2175 0.2224 0.2211
1/4 ..- 28 G H4 G H3 0.2268 0.231 I 0.2300
5/16 18 --- G H5 G H3 0.2764 0.2817 0.2803
5/16 --- 24 G H4 G H3 0.2854 0.2902 0.2890
3/8 16 --- G H5 G H3 0.3344 0.3401 0.3387
3/8 --- 24 G H4 G H3 0.3479 0.3528 0.3516
7/16 14 G H5 G H3 0.3911 0.3972 0.3957
7/16 ___ 20 G H5 G H3 0.4050 0.4104 0.4091
1/2 13 --- G H5 G H3 0.4500 0.4565 0.4548
1/2 --- 20 G H5 G H3 0.4675 0.4731 0.4717
9/16 12 --- G H5 G H3 0.5084 0.5152 0.5135
9/16 --- 18 G H5 G H3 0.5264 0.5323 0.5308
5/8 11 --- G H5 G H3 0.5660 0.5732 0.5714
5/8 ___ 18 G H5 G H3 0.5889 0.5949 0.5934
3/4 10 --- G H5 G H5 0.6850 0.6927 0.6907
3/4 --- 16 G H5 G H3 0.7094 0.7159 0.7143
7/8 9 --- G H6 G H4 0.8028 0.8110 0.8089
7/8 --- 14 G H6t G H4 0.8286 0.8356 0.8339
1 8 --- G H6 G H4 0.9188 0.9276 0.9254
1 ___ 12 G H6T G H4 0.9459 0.9535 0.9516
1 14NS G H6T G H4 0.9536 0.9609 0.9590
1 1/8 7 —- G H8T G H4 1.0322 1.0416 I .0393
1 1/8 —- 12 G H6T G H4 1.0709 1.0787 1.0768
1 1/4 7 ___ G H8* G H4 1.1572 1.1668 1.1644
1 1/4 --- 12 G H61 G H4 1.1959 1.2039 1.2019
1 3/8 6 --- G H8~ G H4 1.2667 1.2771 1.2745
I 3/8 --- 12 G H6T G H4 1.3209 1.3291 1.3270
1 1/2 6 --- G H8T G H4 1.3917 1.4022 1.3996
1 1/2 --- 12 G H6t G H4 1.4459 1.4542 1.4522
Source: ANSI Standard B94.9, published by ASME.
Note: All dimensions are given in inches. The above recommended taps normally produce the class of thread indicated in
average materials when used with reasonable care. However, if the tap specified does not give a satisfactory gage fit in the work,
a choice of some other limit tap will be necessary.
* 1B tapped holes can be produced with cut thread taps.
** Cut thread taps may be used under normal conditions and in average materials for producing tapped holes to this
classification.
T Standard GH4 taps are also suitable for this class of thread.
12-85
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-40
Tap Recommendations for Classes 2B* and 3B Unified Screw Threads, Machine Screw Sizes
Pitch Diameter Limits

Threads Recommended Tarr For Class of Thread
per Inch For Class of’ Thread Min Max Max
NC NF Class Class All Classes Class Class
Size UNC UNF 2B* 3B (Basic) 2B 3B
o ..- 80 G H2 GHI 0.0519 0.0542 0.0536
1 64 --- G H2 GHI 0.0629 0.0655 0.0648
1 --- 72 G H2 GH1 0.0640 0.0665 0.0659
2 56 --- G H2 GH1 0.0744 0.0772 0.0765
2 --- 64 G H2 GHI 0.0759 0.0786 0.0779
3 48 --- G H2 GH1 0.0855 0.0885 0.0877
3 --- 56 G H2 GHI 0.0874 0.0902 0.0895
4 40 --- G H2 G H2 0.0958 0,0991 0.0982
4 --- 48 G H2 GH1 0.0985 0.1016 0.1008
5 40 --- G H2 G H2 0.1088 0.1121 0.1113
5 ___ 44 G H2 GH1 0.1102 0.1134 0.1126
6 32 --- G H3 G H2 0.1177 0.1214 0.1204
6 --- 40 G H2 G H2 0.1218 0.1252 0.1243
8 32 --- G H3 G H2 0.1437 0.1475 0.1465
8 --- 36 G H2 G H2 0.1460 0.1496 0.1487
10 24 ___ G H3 G H3 0.1629 0.1672 0.1661
10 --- 32 G H3 G H2 0.1697 0.1736 0.1726
12 24 --- G H3 G H3 0.1889 0,1933 0.1922
12 --- 28 G H3 G H3 0.1928 0.1970 0.1959
Note: All dimensions are given in inches. The above recommended taps normally produce the class of thread indicated in
average materials when used with reasonable care. However, if the tap specified does not give a satisfactory gage fit in the
work, a choice of some other limit will be necessary.
* Cut thread taps in sizes 3-12 NC and NF inclusive maybe used under normal conditions and in average materials for
producing tapped holes to this classification.
with the letter D or letters DU respectively, followed by a limit having multiple threads are marked with the diameter, number
number. The limit number is determined as follows: of threads per inch, lead designated in fractions, and double,
triple, etc. Left-hand taps are marked left-hand or LH.
D limit number ❑ amount tap PD high limit is over (1)
Materials for taps. Carbon steel taps are available only to cut
basic PD, divided by 0.0005”
thread tolerances and are limited to use in tapping certain
DU limit number= amount tap PD low limit is under (2)
workpiece materials at lower speeds suitable for the cutting tool
basic PD, divided by 0.0005”
material. High-speed steel is the most common material for
making ground thread taps and many cut thread taps. Good
Examples: results are being obtained for some jobs with taps made from
1. M 1.6 x 0.35— For D3 limit, maximum tap PD = basic HSS’S produced by powder metallurgy (PM) processes. An
plus 0.001 5“; tap PD tolerance = minus important advantage of highly alloyed HSS grades made by
0.0006”. PM, such as T15, is easier grinding than is possible on wrought
2. M 12 x 1.75— For D6 limit, maximum tap PD ❑ basic materials of the same grade. This easier grinding minimizes the
plus 0.0030”; tap PD tolerance ❑ minus chance of damage to cutting and wear surfaces of the taps
0.0012”. during grinding. Carbide taps are also used for some applica-
3. M6 x 1— For DU4 limit, minimum taF PD ❑ basic tions, especially for tapping abrasive cast irons and certain
minus 0.0020”; tap PD tolerance ❑ 0.0010”. nonmetallic materials, such as fiberglass.
Surface treatments of HSS taps can sometimes be beneficial
Standard markings for taps. All taps are marked with the from the standpoints of increased tool life and improved quality
nominal size, the number of threads per inch, and the proper of thread finishes. These treatments are generally most effective
symbol to identify the thread form (see Table 12-41 for on taps for cutting cast irons and aluminum alloys. Black
symbols). Taps made from HSS are marked HS, but carbon iron-oxide surfaces generated on the taps by a superheated
steel taps need not be marked with the steel designation. Taps steam atmosphere reduce friction between the chips and tool
12-86
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-41
Symbols Used for Standard Threads
American National
Svmbol Title Standard Ref. No.
. ..- —.. . . . ----- .
M Metric Screw 1bread Deslgnatlon .......................................... B1.ljM
NC American National Coarse Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
*UNC Unified Coarse Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
NF American National Fine Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
*UNF Unified Fine Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
NEF American National Extra-Fine Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
*UNEF Unified Extra-Fine Thread Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
N American National 8, 12and16 Thread Series (8N,12N,16N) .................. ---
*UN Unified Constant Pitch Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
NS American National Thread-Special ......................................... B1.1
*UNS Unified Thread-Special ................................................... Bl,l
UNM Unified Miniature Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BI.10
NR American National Thread with a0.108p to 0.144p Controlled Root Radius . . . . . . MIL-B-7838
UNR Unified Constant Pitch Thread Series with a O.108p to O.144p Controlled Root
Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.1
UNRC Unified Coarse Thread Series with a0.108p to O.l~p Controlled Root Radius . . . . B1.1
UNRF Unified Fine Thread Series with a0.108p to O.l~p Controlled Root Radius . . . . . . B1.1
UNJ Unified Thread Series with a0.1501 lpto 0.18042p Controlled Root Radius ...... MIL-S-8879
UNJC Unified Coarse Series with a0.1501 lpto 0.18042p Controlled Root Radius . . . . . . . MIL-S-8879
UNJF Unified Fine Series with a0.1501 lpto 0.18042p Controlled Root Radius . . . . . . . . . MIL-S-8879
NH American National Hose Coupling& Fire Hose Coupling Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B2.4and H28
NPS For Tap Marking Only (See NPSC and NPSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---
NPSC **American National Standard Straight Pipe Thread in Pipe Couplings
(Tap Marked NPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.20.1
NPSF ** DrYseal American National Std. Fuel Internal Straight Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.20.3 & BI.20.4
NPSH **American National Standard Straight Pipe Threads for Hose Couplings ......... B2.4
NPS1 ** Dryseal American National Standard Intermediate Internal Straight
Pipe Thread ................................................. B1.20.3 & BI.20.4
NPSL ** American Nationa”l”S~~~dard Straight Pipe Thread for Lose-Fitting Mechanical
Joints with Locknuts .................................................. BI.20.1
NPSM ** American Nationa] Standard Straight Pipe Threads for Free-Fitting Mechanical
Joints (Ground Thread Tap Marked NPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BI.20.1
ANPT Aeronautical National Form Taper Pipe Thread (Ground Thread Tap
Marked NPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MIL-P-7105
NPT **American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread (See ANPT, NPTR) ........... B1.20.I
NPTF ** DrySeal American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread ...................... B1.20.3 & B1.20.4
NPTR **American National Standard Taper Thread for Railing Joints (Tap
Marked NPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.20. I
NGO NationalG asOutlet Thread (Specify Right or Left Hand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B57.1
NGS National Gas Straight Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B57. I
NGT National Gas Taper Thread (See also “SGT”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B57. 1
PTF-SAE-SHORT Dryseal SAEShort Taper Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BI.20.3 & BI.20.4
ACME-C Acme Thread Centralizing ................................................. BI.5
ACM E-G Acme Thread—General Purpose ........................................... BI.5
STUB ACME Stub Acme Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BI.8
AMO American Standard Microscope Objective Thread ............................ B1.11
N BUTT’ American Buttress Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.9
v A60° ``V'' Thread with Truncated Crest and Root. Thetheoretical ``V'' Form is
usually flatted to the user’s specifications ................................. ---
SB Manufacturers Stovebolt Standard Thread .................................. ---
ST1 Special Thread for Helical Coil Wire Screw Thread Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---
SGT Special Gas Taper Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d B57.1
SPL-PTF D“ryseal Special Taper Pipe Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1.20.3
*Taps are not marked with’’U’’ but with thecorresponding American Standard Thread Form Symbol.
** Formerly designated USA (American).
12-87
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
surfaces, minimize galling and pickup, and serve as rust method of application or a change in the use of surface-treated
preventives. taps or cold-forming taps may eliminate the problem.
Other surface treatments for taps include a hard nitride case, Tap geometry. Chip load per cutting edge on taps is entirely
an oxide layer on top of a nitrided surface, a flash plate of hard determined by geometry and cannot be changed, except by
chromium, an electrolized layer of nonmagnetic alloy, and a modifying the tap. Chip load is determined by the tap thread
titanium nitride coating. A comprehensive discussion of various lead, the number of flutes, and the chamfer angle.
cutting tool materials and surface treatments for HSS’S is Taper chamfers distribute the cutting load over the greatest
presented in Chapter 3, “Cutting Tool Materials. ” number of threads and permit the easiest starting of taps into
Number of flutes, Taps are available with straight or helical workplaces. Taper chamfer taps, therefore, are especially suited
flutes. Straight-fluted taps are the most commonly used because for tapping difficult-to-machine metals. Taper chamfer taps,
they are more easily made and sharpened than helical-fluted however, are seldom used for blind holes because too much of
taps, and because they perform satisfactorily under a wide the hole remains unthreaded. Taper chamfer taps also require
range of operating conditions. longer travel than other types of taps to produce full threads in
Many general-purpose hand taps areavailable in identical through holes.
sizes with two, three, or four flutes. Proper selection with Plug chamfer taps are the most commonly used taps. They do
respect to the number of flutes requires consideration of factors not have to penetrate a hole as deeply as taps with a taper
such as machining conditions, depth of hole, and material to be chamfer to produce a given length of full thread. A plug
tapped. Fewer flutes provide more chip space, but more flutes chamfer tap enters the hole with reasonable ease, If sufficient
offer more cutting edges. Additional cutting edges with reduced clearance can be provided, plug chamfer taps can be used
chip loads are particularly desirable for tapping tougher successfully in blind hole tapping.
materials. Deeper holes require more chip room and, as a result, Bottoming chamfer taps are generally used only for blind
usually necessitate using taps with fewer flutes. holes. When a blind hole is being tapped in a difficult-to-
While four-fluted taps may eject chips when tapping shallow machine metal, common practice is to tap as deeply as possible
or large-diameter holes or when tapping materials such as cast with a taper tap or plug chamfer tap (or both) and then to use a
iron (where the chips break up), they generally do not eject bottoming chamfer tap to finish tapping to the required depth.
stringy steel chips from small-diameter holes. Two or three- The influence of chamfer length on chip load per individual tap
fluted taps may also clog with chips, necessitating the use of tooth is illustrated in Fig, 12-47.
spiral-pointed or spiral-fluted taps or cold-forming taps Chip loadper tooth. The actual depth of cut per cutting edge
(discussed later in this section). Spiral-pointed taps push the (chip load per tooth) for straight-fluted taps is given by the
chips ahead of the taps and out the open ends of through holes. formula:
Spiral-fluted and high-spiral-fluted taps pull the chips from the
tapped holes and may be used in either through or blind holes. t._ sin A
nN (3)
Crowding of chips into the flutes results in an increase in the
amount of power needed to drive the tap and can cause tap where:
breakage. If the flutes are too shallow and too narrow, the chips
do not curl properly. In addition to cutting the metal, the tap t ❑ chip load per tooth
must produce manageable chips. ,4 ❑ chamfer angle measured from the tap axis
Loading or pickup of metal. A serious problem causing ~ . number of threads per inch based on tap lead
variation in tapped holes is the loading or pickup of metal on N = number of flutes on the tap
the flanks of the tap threads. Loading has been an endless
source of trouble and is a leading cause of tap breakage and
Nominal chamfer length
variation in size of tapped holes. This pickup of metal is more of
a problem when some materials are tapped than others. I Ncmmxi chamfer length
] Ctm load ma tooth
When a tap loads, there is a noticeable increase in size of the
tapped hole, which gradually continues to increase as more
metal is picked up until, in a short time, the not-go gage enters
the hole. The threads also become slightly roughened, 1 First top land [“ First tap Ia”nd /
contributing further to the pickup of metal.
Loading or pickup of metal by a tap is a form of pressure
welding, and welding requires the presence of three simultaneous
conditions: ( 1) heat, (2) pressure, and (3) two clean surfaces Second tap land
/ Second tap land ~
(free of oil or tapping fluid).

Most of the pickup on the tap due to the material can be
eliminated, although certain materials, particularly low-carbon Third top land Third tap land
steels that are soft and gummy, cause trouble. This is very
noticeable in upset or cold-headed materials. Seamless steel
tubing is another material that causes metal pickup to a great
extent. Sometimes even in free-cutting screwstock one lot of
steel taps very freely and causes no trouble whatever in pickup, PIU9 chamfer Bdtoming chamfer
while another lot of the same material causes a great deal of
trouble. As a general rule, when metal pickup occurs, the first
Fig. 12-47 Influence of chamfer length on chip load per individual tap
thing to look for in order to eliminate this condition is the tooth. Shaded areas show amount of material removed by each tooth
cutting lubricant. A change in the type of cutting fluid or on a four-flute tap. (National Twist Dri[/).
12-88
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-42 Values of chamfer angle and sin A for various types of taps
Tap Chamfer Specifications are shown in Table 12-42.
Table 12-43 compares the chip load per tooth obtained with
Chamfer Chamfer several conventional tap styles of various sizes and pitches.
Tap Length, Angle, A, Chip load varies widely on standard taps and can be very high
Style threads degrees sin A on coarse-pitch taps with short chamfers. This heavier loading
Taper 9 4% 0.079 can cause shorter life due to local failure of the chamfered teeth.
Plug 4 lox 0.182 In practice, it is found that the successful application of
Semibottoming 2% 17 0.292 bottoming taps to hard and tough materials can be very
Bottoming Ifi 24% 0.415 difficult. Often, a series of taps with progressively shorter
chamfers are required for such materials. Product designers
(National Twist Drill)
TABLE 12-43
Chip Load per Cutting Edge for Commonly Used Taps
Chip Load per Cutting Edge, in.

Tap Style (Chamfer Length)
Tap Size Number
and Threads of 9 Threads 4 Threads 2 1/2 Threads 1 I/2 Threads
per Inch Flutes Taper Plug Semibottoming Bottoming
#6—32 2 0.0012 0.0028 0.0046 0.0065
3 0.0008 0.0019 0.0030 0.0044
#6—40 2 0.0010 0.0023 0.0036 0.0052
3 0.0007 0.0015 0.0024 0.0034
#10—24 2 0.0016 0.0038 0.0061 0.0086

3 0.0011 0,0025 0.0041 0.0057
4 0.0008 0.0019 0.0030 0.0044
#10—32 2 0.0012 0.0028 0.0046 0.0065
3 0.0008 0.0019 0.0030 0.0044
4 0.0006 0.0014 0.0023 0.0033
1/4–20 2 0.0020 0.0045 0.0073 0.0104

3 0.0013 0.0030 0.0049 0.0069
4 0.0010 0.0023 0.0037 0.0052
1/ 4—28 2 0.0014 0.0033 0.0052 0.0074
3 0.0009 0.0022 0.0035 0.0050
4 0.0007 0.00[6 0,0026 0.0037
3/8—16 3 0.0016 , 0.0038 0.0061 0.0086

4 0.0012 0.0028 0.0046 0.0065
3/8—24 3 0.0011 0.0025 0.0041 0.0057
4 0.0008 0.0019 0.0030 0.0044
1/2—13 3 0.0020 0.0047 0.0075 0,0107

4 0,0015 0.0035 0.0056 0.0080
1] 2–20 3 0.0013 0.0030 0.0049 0.0069

4 0.0010 0.0023 0.0037 0.0052
3/4—10 4 0.0020 0.0045 0.0073 0.0104

3/4—16 4 0.0012 0.0028 0.0046 0.0065
1—8 4 0.0025 0.0057 0.0092 0.0130
1—12 4 0.0016 0.0038 0.0061 0.0087

1 1/2—6 4 0.0033 0.0076 0.0122 0.0174
1 l/2 12 6 0.0011 0.0025 0.004! 0.0057
12-89
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
frequently overlook this difficulty when they specify perfect thickness on the fulI threads, they also make stop marks more
threads very near to the bottom of a tapped blind hole. evident in the threaded hole.
An obvious approach toward reducing the loading with short Since all teeth on a taper pipe tap are cutting teeth, they are
chamfered taps would be to increase the number of flutes. usually radially relieved to provide cutting relief. If no relief
However, while this reduces tooth loading, it also severely existed, the thread radius would increase across each land due
reduces the available space for chips in the flutes. If the flutes to the taper, causing thread flank interference and galling.
become clogged with chips, tap breakage is likely to occur. Sometimes, a narrow portion of the land is left unrelieved to
However, if the material is such that the chips are brittle, easily stabilize certain taper pipe taps in materials which are too
broken, or powdery, an increase in the number of flutes is free cutting.
sometimes helpful. Theoretically, a taper thread increases uniformly in diameter
Chip load for tapered threads. Contact between the tap and along its length. When such a thread is produced by tapping, it
the workpiece when tapered pipe threads are being tapped is is built up by a series of tap teeth which increase the thread
fundamentally different from the tapping of other screw diameter in distinct steps. As the tap is reversed and withdrawn,
threads. Every tap tooth which engages the workpiece is a the thread shows prints of the final positions of the tap teeth.
cutting tooth. With straight taps, substantially all of the cutting With standard taper pipe threads, these steps are not very deep
is done by the chamfered teeth at the leading end of the tap. [about 0.0002” (0.005 mm)], but they can be visually detected.
Taper thread taps are also chamfered at the leading end, but the Stop marks are more noticeable with certain work materials
chamfered teeth serve only as roughers. Since the teeth are and operating conditions than with others. Stop marks cannot
arranged along a tapered helix, each tooth is at a slightly larger be eliminated from a tapped taper pipe thread, except by
diameter than the one it follows. Thus, each tooth must enlarge another operation after tapping.
the entire thread form. Rake, hook, and relief angles. These angles vary with the
Radial cut depths for taper pipe taps with various numbers of material to be tapped (see Table 12-45). Concentric-thread taps
flutes are presented in Table 12-44. A troublesome element of a (no radial relief except back taper) are generally provided as
taper pipe tap operation is the small depth of cut. The tabulated standard in diameters below 7/ 16” for general-purpose use,
values in the table are radial, and the actua~ thickness of the including high-production tapping. Eccentric relief, which
shaving on the 30° thread flanks is one half of these values. provides clearance from the cutting edge to the heel of the land,
Thus, with most common taper pipe taps, the undeformed chip is used on taps for cutting tougher materials. Taps with an
thickness is between 0.00015 and 0.00025” (0.0038 and 0.0063 eccentric relief may cut oversize. Con-eccentric relief is a
mm). This thickness is so fine that a small amount of dulling can combination of concentric and eccentric relief. The first third of
cause deformation of the workpiece and can result in a wedging the land is concentric to provide support and to prevent the
action rather than a cutting action. This is believed to be a major tapping of oversized threads; the remaining two thirds has an
factor in the chipping upon reversal often encountered with eccentric relief for freer cutting. Con-eccentric relief is com-
taper pipe taps. monly provided on general-purpose taps 7/ 16“ diam and larger.
Chip thicknesses on the taper threads can be doubled (or
nearly doubled if a change in number of flutes is necessary) by Forming taps. Forming taps, sometimes called cold-forming
the use of interrupted-thread taper pipe taps. This involves the taps, produce threads by plastic flow of the material near the
removal of every other tap tooth along the thread helix. An hole walls rather than by metal removal as with conventional
interrupted-thread tap must have an odd number of flutes to cutting taps. In most tapping operations in ductile materials,
prevent the complete elimination of alternate tap lands, although forming taps are remarkably successful and are preferred to
taps with even numbers of flutes can be interrupted with a cutting taps. There are cases, however, in which they do not
complex nonuniform interruption pattern. Threads may be produce satisfactory threads, particularly in brittle materials.
interrupted for the entire threaded length of the tap; or if The decision as to whether to use forming taps or cutting taps
chamfer chip loads are high, the interrupting may be started depends first upon the properties of the work material. A
behind the chamfer. While interrupted threads do increase chip number of ductile materials form satisfactorily. Cutting taps
TABLE 12-44
Taper Thread Tap Data (Taper of 3/4 per Foot)
Radial Rise Per Tap Tooth, in.*

Diameter Increase Number of Flutes
Threads Per
Per Thread Pitch, 5 7 4 5 7 8
Inch in. * (Interrupted) (Interrupted)
27 0.0023 0.0005 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001
18 0.0035 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002
14 0.0045 0.0009 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003
IIM 0.0054 0.0011 0.0008 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003
8 0.0078 0.0016 0.0011 0.0010 0.0008 0.0006 0.0005
(NationaI Twist Drill)
Note: Numbers in bold face are common tap practice.
*To the nearest 0.000 I”
12-90
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-45
Geometry for HSS Taps Used to Thread Various Materials*
Hook or Chamfer
Rake Relief
Hardness, Angle, Type of Tap
Angle,
Material Bhn degrees degrees Through Hole Blind Hole
Steels—wrought, cast & P/M Spiral Fast spiral
85-200 7to Io 8 point flute
Spiral Fast spiral
200-300 Otoa 8 point flute
M edified
300-375 0 6 4 flute hand tav
Modified
375-425 -3 to -6 6 4 flute hand tap
Modified
48 RC-52RC -5 to-lo 4t06 4 flute hand tap**
Stainless Steels, Ferritic, Martensitic & Heavy-duty Heavy-duty
Precipitation Hardening—wrought, cast & P/M 135-275 8to12 8 spiral point spiral flute
Heavy-duty Heavy-duty
275-325 oto5 8 suiral uoint suiral flute
Modified
325-425 0 6t08 4 flute hand tav
Stainless Steels, Austenitic—wrought, cast & P/M Heavy-duty Heavy-duty
135-275 15t020 10 spiral point spiral flute
Gray Cast Irons; Ductile Cast Irons; Malleable 4 flute 4 flute
Cast Irons 120-260 5t08 6 hand tap hand tap
Modified
260-330 oto3 6 4 flute hand tap
Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys—wrought, Spiral point Fast spiral
cast & P/M All loto20 12 high helix flute
Titanium Alloys—wrought and cast Modified Modified
110-275 lo to 15 12 spiral point 4 flute
hand tao
Modified M edified
275-440 6to 10 12 spiral point 4 flute
hand tap
Copper Alloys—wrought, cast & PM* Groups Spiral Spiral
l&2 All 0t08 10 point flute
Group Spiral Fast spiral
3 All 9to18 12 point flute
12-91
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
TABLE 12-45 —Conthued
Hook or Chamfer
Rake Relief
Type of Tap
Hardness, Angle, Angle,
Material Bhn degrees degrees Through Hole Blind Hole
Nickel Alloys, Magnetic Alloys, Controlled Spiral Spiral
Expansion Alloys—wrought, cast &PI M 80-170 9to 12 6t08 point flute
High Temperature Alloys—wrought and cast 2 Flute 3 Flute
140-425 Oto 10 4t06 spiral point** hand tap**
interrupted
thread
Columbium, Molybdenum & Tantalum Alloys— 2 Flute 4 Flute
wrought, cast & P/M 170-290 lo to 12 6t08 spiral point** hand tap**
Magnetic Core Iron 2 Flute Spiral
185-240 12to 15 6t08 spiral point flute
Zinc Alloys—die cast Spiral point Fast spiral
80-100 12to 15 12 high hook flute
Thermoplastics Spiral point Fast spiral
All 5t08 12 high hook flute
Thermoset Plastics Modified
All oto3 12 4 flute hand tap
Source: Machining Data Handbook, 1980. (Reprinted by permission of the Machinability Data Center, Metcut Research Associates,
Inc.)
** Special taps for these alloys are offered by some manufacturers.
handle a much wider range of materials, including brittle

materials.
The thread form produced by forming taps is not perfect at
d
the minor diameter; however, in a formable material using
adequate thread height, there is no reduction and sometimes an
increase in threaded joint strength. Forming taps produce no
chips. This may be a major advantage in situations in which the
presence of stray chips could affect product performance. Also,
Nose diameter to enter hole
in formable materials in which no galling troubles are
encountered, the tool life with forming taps is usually
substantially greater than with cutting taps. When galling is
encountered, it is much lower.
lt-
Concentric
Torque requirements for forming taps are considerably land
TaD thread
higher than for cutting taps. Depending upon the material being
threaded and the percentage of full thread being produced, the
torque requirement increases from a small percentage to 300%
or more (typically 125~0) over cutting torque. With a proper
cutting fluid providing good lubrication and heat removal,
surface speeds for forming can often be double those employed
for cutting; however, power requirements are increased, usually
by a factor of two to four times.
Tap construction. The construction of forming taps is
considerable y different from that of cutting taps. Usually there
are no flutes of the conventional type. At the nose end of the tap,
the thread diameters are tapered as illustrated in Fig. 12-48. The
nose end of the tap must be small enough to enter the untapped
hole, and the tapered portion causes the work material to
gradually flow into the desired thread form. Behind the tapered
WIon A:A enlarged
portion, the thread diameters are essentially uniform with a
slight back taper. This guides the tap by bearing on the already
formed threads. The fluteless construction of forming taps
greatly increases their breaking strengths. Accurate pitch ig. 12-48 Forming tap construction. Enlarged sectional view shows
spacing is critical on forming taps. radial relief provided. (National TWis~Drill).
12-92
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
To provide effective lubrication and avoid galling, seizure, Regrindable forming taps (see Fig. 12-49) are also available.
and possible tap breakage, the tap diameters are radially They differ from standard forming taps in that they have gashes
relieved to forma lobed structure as shown in Section A-A, Fig. or slots in their nose ends. The leading edges of these slots,
12-48. The number of lobes depends upon the tap diameter; called turbos, form the metal being tapped. Grooves running
however, there are always at least two. The sections between the through the thread forms on the taps facilitate flow of the
lobes can carry some lubricant. The forming action occurs on cutting fluid and provide pressure relief for cutting fluid
the ramps leading to the lobe crests, and the relatively narrow trapped in the holes. Worn lobes on these taps can be reground
lobe crests reduce contact area and chances for galling. In some as many as five times on a conventional tool grinding machine.
cases, one or more lubricant grooves are located between the Regrindable cold-form taps should only be used on leadscrew-
lobes to relieve lubricant pressure in the tapped holes. controlled machines.
TABLE 12-46
Recommended Drill Sizes for Forming Taps
Recommended
Drill to Approximately
Basic Theoretical Drill Size 65% Thread
Thread Major 55% 65% 759b Drill Decimal
Size Diameter Thread Thread Thread Size Equiv.
0—80 0.0600 0.0553 0.0545 0.0536 54 0.0550

1—64 0.0730 0.0672 0.0661 0.0650 51 0.0670
72 0.0678 0.0669 0.0650 51 0.0670
2–56 0.0860 0.0793 0.0781 0.0769 5/64 0.0781
64 0.0802 0.0791 0.0780 47 0.0785
3—48 0,0990 0.0912 0.0898 0.0884 43 0.0890
56 0,0923 0.0911 0.0899 2.3 mm 0.0906
4—40 0.1120 0,1027 0.1010 0.0993 38 0.1015
48 0.1042 0.1028 0.1014 2.6 mm 0.1024
5—40 0.1250 0.1157 0.1140 0,1123 33 0.1130
44 0.1165 0.1150 0.1134 2.9 mm 0.1142
6—32 0.1380 0.1263 0.1242 0.1221 1/8 0.1250

40 0.1287 0,1270 0.1253 3.2 mm 0.1260
8—32 0.1640 0.1523 0.1502 0.1481 25 0.1495
36 0.1536 0.1517 0.1498 24 0.1520
10—24 0,1900 0.1744 0.1716 0.1688 11/64 0.1719
32 0.1783 0.1762 0.1741 16 0.1770
12—24 0.2[60 0.2004 0.1976 0.1948 8 0.1990
28 0.2026 0.2002 0.1978 7 0.2010
I /4—20 0.2500 0.2313 0.2279 0.2245 #1 0,2280

28 0.2366 0.2342 0.2318 15/64 0.2344
5/16–18 0.3125 0.2917 0.2879 0.2842 L 0.2900
24 0.2969 0,2941 0.2913 M 0.2950
3/8–16 0.3750 0.3516 0.3474 0.3431 s 0.3480

24 0.3594 0.3566 0.3538 T 0.3580
7/ 16—14 0,4375 0.4108 0.4059 0.401 I 13/32 0.4062
20 0.4188 0.4154 0.4120 z 0.4130
l/2—13 0.5000 0.4712 0.4660 0.4608 15/32 0.4688

20 0.4813 0.4179 0.4745 12.25 mm 0.4823
9/16–12 0.5625 0.5313 0.5257 0.5200 17/32 0.5312

18 0.5417 0.5380 0.5342 --- ---
5/8—11 0.6250 0.5910 0.5848 0.5787 37/64 0.5781

18 0.6042 0.6004 0.5967 19/32 0.5938
3/4—10 0.7500 0.7126 0.7058 0.6990 45/64 0.7031
16 0.7266 0.7224 0.7181 .-. ---
12-93
CHAPTER 12
SOLID TAPS
size. There is, however, an important difference. With cutting

taps, a portion of the wall of the original hole becomes the
minor diameter of the finished internal thread except for any
material spun down. With forming taps, material flows radially
inward so that the effective thread minor diameter is smaller
than the original hole.
Holes threaded by forming taps must therefore be larger than
those threaded by conventional taps. The following formula,
derived from research data, may be used to determine the
theoretical drill sizes to form various percentages of full thread:
1 I
Fig. 12-49 Regrindable forming tap has slot in nose end. Leading edge
of slot forms the metal being tapped. (Defmil Tap & TOO/CO.) Theoretical drill size z Basic thread OD -
0,0068 x YO offull thread
Threadform. The thread form produced by forming taps is N (4)
quite similar to the form produced by thread rolling (discussed where:
later in this chapter). However, the formed threads are not
completely filled with work material. This produces a thread N ❑ threads per inch
form with a characteristic split crest in the shape of a seam at the
minor diameter. Table 12-46 presents theoretical drill sizes for 55,65, and 75~o
Thread heighi. As with cutting taps, the thread height of full thread; it also presents recommended drill sizes to give
produced by forming taps is determined by the pretapped hole approximately 65T0 of full thread for various thread sizes. Since
TABLE 12-47
Pitch Diameter Limits Recommended for Forming Taps
Threads Tap Thread

Min. Basic,
Per Inch Pitch Diameter Product Limit Number
All
Limits Maximum, in. Recommended
Thread NC NF Classes,
Size UNC UNF in. 2B 3B 2B 3B
o --- 80 0.0519 0.0542 0.0536 --- 2
1 64 --- 0.0629 0.0655 0.0648 --- 2
1 --- 72 0.0640 0.0665 0.0659 --- 2
2 56 --- 0.0744 0.0772 0.0765 3 2
2 --- 64 0.0759 0.0786 0.0779 3 2
3 48 --- 0.0855 0.0885 0.0877 3 2

3 --- 56 0.0874 0.0902 0.0895 3 2
4 40 --- 0.0958 0.0991 0.0982 5 3
4 --- 48 0.0985 0.1016 0.1008 5 3
5 40 --- 0.1088 0.1121 0.1113 5 3
5 --- 44 0.1102 0.1134 0.1126 5 3
6 32 --- 0.1177 0.1214 0.1204 5 3

6 --- 40 0.1218 0.1252 0.1243 5 3
8 32 --- 0.1437 0.1475 0.1465 5 3
8 -- 36 0.1460 0.1496 0.1487 5 3
10 24 --- 0.1629 0.1672 0.1661 6 4
10 --- 32 0.1697 0.1736 0.1726 6 4
12 24 --- 0.1889 0.1933 0.1922 6 4
12 --- 28 0.1928 0.1970 0.1959 6 4
1/4 20 --- 0.2175 0.2223 0.2211 6 4

-— 28 0.2268 0,2311 0.2300 6 4
5/16 18 —- 0.2764 0.2817 0.2803 7 5
--- 24 0.2854 0.2902 0.2890 7 5
3/8 16 --- 0.3344 0.3401 0.3387 7 5

--- 24 0.3479 0.3528 0,3516 7 5
7/16 14 --- 0.3911 0.3972 0.3957 8 5
--- 20 0.4050 0.4104 0.4091 8 5
1/2 13 --- 0.4500 0.4565 0.4548 8 5
--- 20 0.4675 0.4731 0.4717 8 5
(Morse Cuttin~ Tools)
12-94
CHAPTER 12
TAP HOLDERS
the formability varies with different materials, some experi- Split-sleeve driver. The split-sleeve tap driver (also known as
mentation may be required to find the exact hole size to yield a style A tap chuck) is possibly the most commonly used tap
the required thread height. It can be seen from formula (4) that holding means for general-purpose machine tapping. This tool
the size of the starting hole has a greater effect on thread height has a tap shank pilot hole that is machined concentric to a
in forming threads than in cutting them. The percentage thread standard external Morse taper (see Fig. 12-50). The bottom of
height changes about twice as much for equal variations in hole the tap shank hole is machined with a square opening to
diameter. Greater care in controlling hole size, roundness, and accommodate the standard tap shank drive square. Four splits
taper is therefore recommended. are provided to effect a centrally closing collet action when the
Forming taps usually raise a burr on the entry and exit sleeve and tap assembly is tightly seated into any matching
surfaces. Such burrs may or may not be objectionable. internal Morse taper socket.
Chamfering the holes can eliminate the burrs. This type of holder provides a simple means for making a
Pitch diameter. A pitch diameter for a forming tap is solid, direct-drive connection for taps, A split-sleeve driver can
generally larger than that required for a cutting tap for the same be applied directly (or with Morse taper reducing sockets) to the
class of fit (gage limit). This is because in most materials elastic spindle of a leadscrew tapping machine or a reversible spindle
deformation of the workpiece is recovered once the radial drill press. Alignment of hole and spindle centerlines must be
forming forces are removed. Holes in thin-walled parts react accomplished by the skill of the machinist. Lead control in the
differently than holes constrained by a massive workpiece. case of the drill press may be accomplished through the skill of
While cutting taps nearly always cut larger than their own size the machinist by allowing the spindle quill to float so that the
to some degree, forming taps do so to a lesser degree and tap lead can provide a self-feeding action.
sometimes form a thread with a pitch diameter slightly less than Split-sleeve tap drivers are normally available for all sizes of
the pitch diameter of the tap. “l’able 12-47 maybe used as a guide hand and pipe taps from size Oto 1 3/ 4“ when tap shanks range
in selecting forming tap pitch diameters for classes 2B and 3B from 0.141-1.500” diam.
thread fits. Solid holders and extensions. Solid, heavy-duty holders (see
Nose taper selection. Nose taper designations for forming Fig. 12-51 ) are used for large taps (sizes commonly range from
taps are similar to the chamfer designations for cutting taps. 3/4 to 3“). Shanks cover the range from 0.590-2.625”. The tap
Both plug and bottoming styles are generally available from shank is piloted in this holder through a pilot hole that is
manufacturers of forming taps. Bottoming-style forming taps concentric to the Morse taper shank. A square drive is
distribute flank wear of the tap threads only over the first few provided, and setscrews are employed for retention. As with the
threads and are also more difficult to use. Plug-style forming split-sleeve driver just described, this type of holder provides a
taps are preferable, and consideration should be given to solid, direct-drive connection for a tap in similar applications.
deepening blind holes to allow their use. Solid extensions may often be required when tapping is
Thread pitch. Standard forming taps rarely include pitches performed C1OSCto a shoulder, hub, or fixture wall. Several
coarser than 12 threads per inch due to problems inherent in commonly used approaches for providing a relatively accurate
plastic deformation of larger volumes of metal. Power and and positively driven, extended tap holder are illustrated in
torque requirements, as well as the amount of heat generated, Fig. 12-52. One important factor is that the A diameter maybe
can all be greatly reduced with fine-pitch threads. With sized to allow piloting in a standard slip, renewable, drill-
materials of high ductility and low hardness, however, it is bushing liner. This allows piloted tap drilling through such a
possible to form-tap threads coarser than 12 threads per inch. bushing and then subsequent piloted tapping through the same
bushing liner.
Tap Holders As shown in the split-sleeve style (Fig. 12-52), a standard
In any tapping operation, some kind of a tap holder is Morse taper extension socket and split-sleeve drive (style A tap
required to make an appropriate connection between the chuck) may be used. Some commercially available extensions
spindle of the tapping machine or head and the tap. Such a of this type, however, are available with a special taper of
holder can be as simple as a split-sleeve driver, or tap chuck, or 0.500”/ ft. This slower taper allows a smaller A diameter to be
it can be a sophisticated device that provides radial float, made and produces a tighter grip on the tap shank.
tension, compression, and torque control. Some of the more Extensions of the styles shown in Fig. 12-52 are commonly
elaborate holders are described earlier in this chapter under the available in tap sizes through 3/ 4“. The use of these extensions
subject of attachments for tapping. Floating holders for with standard hand taps may provide a viable cost alternative to
reamers (see Chapter 9, “Drilling, Reaming and Related special-length, solid pulley taps or to one-piece, extension-
Processes”) are also used extensively for taps. Iength taps.
Tap shank pilot hole
FourS
{:=;+ ; ;.= ,
Morse taper
Fig. 12-50 Split-sleeve tap driver, also known as a style A tap chuck. ( Universal Engineering Div., Houdaille Industries, Inc. )
12-95
CHAPTER12
TAP HOLDERS
m
II .——.
/‘‘“-4
Top shan~ pilot hole
J++-
I 1--1
\
N“’qo
Il;
1
‘
tl
Set screws
Square drive
\
\l ~-;
#
Morse taper u
‘b’t-_-’- II
Fig. 12-51 Solid, heavy-duty holder for large taps (3/4 to 3“).(L’rriversa/E
trgineeringD iv., Houdai/leIndustries, inc. )
Setscrew s~le with morse taper shank:
Morse taper shank Setscrew
PIlat’hole Square drive
Setscrew style with straight tap shank:
A +
B
Strcngit shank
Optional through drive SIOI
Optional setscrew drive

against tap shank square 1 Back taper modflcation
Split-sleeve style extension:
Morse taper shank Square drive

Drive tang
—.——
‘ ~
Plot hole
Drtve slot
Note: may be a standard morse Tap
Toper%ank Extensfon%cket Spilt Sleeve Tap Chuck
taperer a speaalslow taper to
permit mlmmum Adlameter (one
common taper used today is 0.500’’/ft)
ig. 12-52 Common varieties of extension holders for solid taps. (Universa/ Engineering Div., Houdai//eIndustries, Inc. )
12-96
CHAPTER 12
TAP HOLDERS
Collet-type holders. Taps may be accurately gripped and Floating holders. One of the design objectives of all the tap
driven simply by the use of a collet holder and collet sized to holders that have been discussed is to hold the tap centerline
match the tap shank being used (see Fig. 12-53). The develop- coincident to the centerline of the holder. Use of these holders,
ment of antifriction collet nut systems and extended-range, however, requires accurate setups to ensure that the centerlines
collet slotting techniques has resulted in greater collet gripping of the machine spindle and hole in the workpiece are coincident
efficiency. Many manufacturers of collet chucks provide with those of the tap and holder.
extended range systems that accept shank sizes varying 1/64” Accurate setups are generally not difficult when skilled
(0.4 mm) in diam. One system allows shank variations of operators are using manually operated machines or tapping is
0.020-1” (0.5 1-25.4 mm) diam. These factors allow the direct being done on NC/ CNC machines. Precise centerline control
use of taps with a collet chuck in many machine tapping often cannot be maintained, however, when automatic produc-
applications. tion tapping is done on certain machines such as transfer-line or
The extended-range gripping feature is of importance because dial-type machines on which workplaces are transferred and
tap shanks are not made to match standard fractional diameters. relocated automatically for each operation. In such cases, tap
As an example, a standard 3/ 8“ tap has a shank diameter of holders with radial float are required.
0.38 I”. This shank may be readily chucked with a common, A tap holder with radial float is shown schematically in Fig.
extended-range collet that is available with an effective locking 12-55. The holder nose is separated from the shank by a bearing
range from 3/8 to 25/64” (0.375 to 0.391 “). that allows a small amount of radial sliding to occur between
Positive-drive collet holders. While the use of a conventional the nose and shank. A flexible drive coupling connects the nose
collet holder provides a practical tap driving means, many users and shank to transmit and absorb the torque generated by
feel more comfortable when the driving holder takes advantage tapping. A fastening nut is provided for adjusting and retaining
of the positive torsional driving feature provided by the square the shank and nose through the bearing elements.
end on the standard tap shank. To accommodate this, collet While Fig. 12-55 illustrates the basic principles of floating
chucks are available that provide a broached square hole in the holder construction, many variations exist with respect to
collet and drive flats on the outer end surface of the collet (see specific design elements in commercially available holders. For
Fig. 12-54). In this design, the square hole in the collet mates example, the holder nose can have a Morse taper (as shown) or
with the tap shank drive square and the drive flats on the outer it can be made to accommodate a collet or many other tap
end of the collet cooperate with a similar drive pocket in the shank mountings. The bearing elements can be hardened steel,
collet chuck body. bronze, plastic, or ball thrust bearings. The drive coupling can
Ant(frlctlon thrust
bearina svstem
4,
Collet holder body
Collet with extended h

shank d[ameter gripping
Colle’t locking and
range
eledng nut
1
Fig. 12-53 Collet-t ype holder for taps. ( Universal Engineering Div., Houdaille [ndustries, Inc.)
Eccenttic ip for positive

Poslttvedrive tap collet
election of collet when
Collet holder body
Drive ffats-collet
to holder body ~ Collet Iocklng and e[edlng nut
Drive square-collet to tap shank
Fig. 12-54 Positive-drive collet holder for taps. ( Universal Engineering Div., Houdaille Industries, Inc. )
12-97
CHAPTER 12
WORKHOLDERS FOR TAPPING
- Nut for adlustlng
Shank Holder nose

Top
Rodial float action
Dwe couplng
means
Becmng elements to permt

low fmtion shding
I
Fig. 12-55 Schematic of a tap holder with radial float. ( Universal Engineering Div., Houdaille Industries, Inc. )
be of the Oldham design (as shown) or a gear-type coupling. blocks or clamping blocks, can simplify the design of tooling.
(See the discussion of floating holders in Chapter 9, “Drilling, When fewer than 10,000 pieces are to be tapped, the nesting
Reaming and Related Processes.”) blocks need not be hardened. Another feature is that spare
Floating holder designs are available with a spring-like parts, blank-nesting blocks, locating plates, etc., can be carried
means to center the holder nose with respect to the body. This in stock and stored in the tool crib in much less space than the
places the tap on center at the start of the operation, and then completed fixture unit. Not only do standardized master
radial float occurs if required. A common float range for such fixtures permit simpler and cheaper tooling, but they are
holders is 0.010-0.062” (0.25-1.57 mm), measured from the generally a better quality than fixtures designed especially for
centerline of the holder. single-purpose applications.
Other holders. Tension, compression, and tension/ com- Too much clearance in the nesting block often causes
pression tap holders compensate for infeed variables such as considerable trouble in holding close tolerances; too little
feed/ lead mismatch and no-hole conditions. Other tap holders clearance slows up the feeding of the workpiece to its proper
available provide torque control and quick-change features. position. Thin work must always be supported under the tap so
These holders are similar in design to the tapping spindles and that parts do not bend. Sufficient chip clearance must be
attachments discussed previously in this section. maintained so that chips fall freely outside the fixture. Some
parts can be tapped without clamping by using a thin stripper
Workholders for Tapping plate to hold the part in the nesting block. When parts must be
Jigs and fixtures for tapping are similar to those employed for clamped, it is important that the fixture be self-centering.
drilling. Drilling and design considerations for drilling devices Sometimes at the point of clamping, the variation in different
are discussed in detail in Chapter 9, “Drilling, Reaming and diameters is too great and causes tap damage, especially when
Related Processes. ” the tap is reversed.
Design considerations. A primary consideration in designing Guide bushings. Bushings are generally required for repetitive,
fixtures for tapping is safety because many fixtures are fast close-tolerance tapping. The bushings, similar to those used for
acting and hand fed. Since many air-operated automatic or drilling, provide a bearing surface on which the tap threads ride
semiautomatic fixtures clamp and index in less than 1/ 10 s, just prior to entering the hole.
the importance of safety to the operator cannot be stressed Two types of tap guide bushings are used, both requiring the
too strongly. use of a liner that is pressed into the jig or fixture. One, a fixed
Another consideration is the disposal of chips. The fixture renewable type, is generally used for higher production
should be designed to eliminate the necessity of cleaning it prior requirements in semiautomated or automated operations. The
to locating the next workpiece. The angle of flow for the cutting other, a slip renewable type, is often used on single or multiple-
fluid should be such that the cutting fluid can wash out the spindle machines when the operator must change the bushings
fixture thoroughly, eliminating a cleaning operation. between operations such as drilling, reaming, and tapping.
It would be uneconomical to design an automatic indexing Slip renewable bushings are retained by a lockscrew and can
dial fixture to tap 25,000 pieces for a one-time job. Instead, a be removed easily by simply rotating the bushing. Fixed
hand-fed simple post-type fixture should be used. Many hand- renewable bushings require a Iockscrew or clamp that must be
fed jobs in post-type fixtures run as high as 3000 tapped holes removed to replace the bushing. Lockscrews are normally
per hour. Height of the fixture and the angle of feeding are other recommended to hold guide bushings in position for light-duty
important considerations. Hand-fed fixtures should not be less tapping operations. For heavy-duty operations, round end
than 41 /2“(115 mm) high, and they should be high enough to clamps are usually preferable because they provide a larger
allow use of a chute if the workplaces are automatically ejected. bearing surface against the jig plate.
Operators prefer to feed workplaces from the right-hand side of
the fixture rather than from the front. Operating Parameters for Tapping
Standardization of master base fixtures, with simple nesting Operating parameters that are important for successful
12-98
CHAPTER 12
OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR TAPPING
tapping include torque and power requirements, cutting speeds, The effect of thread pitch on tapping torque is shown in Fig.
and the cutting fluids to be used. 12-57 for 1 1/2’’ threads with pitches from 6-18 threads per inch.
Tapping torque. Tapping torque is the effort required to Tbe curve shows that the 6-pitch thread requires nearly seven
rotate the tap to cut or form the internal thread in the times the tapping torque of the 18-pitch thread.
workpiece. It is a function of the volume of material to be Tapping torque for producing Ieadscrew nut threads can
moved or removed and is influenced by the effects of chip often be a problem. If the Ieadscrew design is changed to one
accumulation, the cutting fluid used, and other factors. On having multiple thread lead, tapping torque can be significantly
thin-walled large holes, excessive tapping torque can cause reduced. For example, the tapping torque for a 1 1/2—6 nut is
deformation of the workpiece, either by the tap or by necessarily 1450 in.-lbs. The torque for a double-lead 1 1/2 12 nut is 850
high clamping forces, The volume of chips generated can be in. -lbs. For a triple-lead 1 1/ 2—18 nut, the tapping torque is
critical in peepholes orwhere thread finishis critical. only 650 in. -lbs. Muhiple-thread Ieadscrews, however, are
Three thread design factors affect tapping torque: thread difficult to manufacture and should not be specified
diameter, thread pitch, and percentage of thread height. indiscriminately,
Tapping torque is almost directly proportional to thread
diameter forany given thread pitch and thread height percen-
tage. Fimrre 12-56 shows that increasing thethread height from I500 I I I I I I
●
55~85%~oubles the required torque. -
1250 Sharp I I/Z mch taps
-75% thread height
2500 “
1 I ● Designates s!cmdard
I 000
Tapp,ng torque—{nch Ibs. \ thread pitches for
b the I I/Z Inch size
t’ @
750 -
2000 –
/’
@ 500 - \
I 500 — / ‘\._
@ ●-
250 - ~ Tappng torq.e-nch-lbs
/ o~
@
1000 -
Thread pitch-threads per Inch
Fig. 12-57 Effect of thread pitch on tapping torque. (Narimral Twiw

500 - Shnrp 3 ,nch-8 top Drill)
Tapping torque can be roughly estimated from the formula:
0. I I I
50% 60% 70% 80% 90’70 where:
Percentage of thread height
M = estimated torque at the tap, in.-lbf
Fig. 12-56 Effect of thread height percentage on tapping torque. K ❑ work material constant (see Table 12-48)
(National Twist Dri/~ C, ❑ tapping condition constant (see Table 12-49)
C.M❑ tap torque factor (see Table 12-50)
Numerous controlled tests of threaded joint strength have
Work material constant, K, gives the energy in inch-pounds
shown that, for standard lengths of engagement, maximum
required to remove one cubic inch of metal under normal
strength is reached when the internal thread height is 557o.
metalcutting conditions. This formula often gives results that
Standard nut engagement length is slightly less than one major
are lower than actual torque requirements, which can be as high
(nominal) diameter. For engagement Iengths of one full nominal
as four times the values calculated.
diameter, maximum strength is reached at 33Yc thread height.
Tap torque can be converted to horsepower by the formula:
Whether the joint is pulled in tension or pushed in compression
and made of soft or hardened internal or external threads, there MN
(6)
is no gain in failure strength by increasing the thread height 63,025
above 55~c with normal engagement lengths,
where:
Tests also show that the torque required for tapping 55%
thread height is only 60-70Yc of that required for 75% thread horsepower
height. This torque difference directly relates to difficulty in torque, in.-lbf
tapping as evidenced by tap wear, breakage, and speed rotational speed. rpm
capability. In general, a tap drill size equivalent to 60-65%
Rotational speed, N, is calculated from the formula:
theoretical thread height provides an adequate factor of safety
to allow for normal variations in drilled hole diameter and ~T ❑ 3.82P’
(7)
roundness and ensures full joint strength. T
12-99
CHAPTER12
where: As a tap wears because of too much speed, the quality of the
thread which it produces also deteriorates. Dull taps may
V ❑ cutting speed, sfm
produce torn or rough threads, oversize or undersize threads,
D ❑ nominal tool diameter, in.
and objectionable burrs. Taps which are visibly loaded produce
Example: rough threads; however, even a minute amount of load on the
flanks, apparent only upon very close inspection, results in
Determine the torque for driving a short 3“ diam, 8-pitch
oversize threads.
tap with 75qo thread height in 200 Bhn steel at 40 sfm. From
Tables 12-48, 12-49, and 12-50, CM ❑ 0.003900, K= 350,000,
and Cr = 2.0 (dull tap), therefore: TABLE 12-48
Constants, K, for Various Workpiece Materials
MzKCTC~
to be Used in Determining Tapping Torque
❑ 350,000 x 0.003900 x 2
❑ 2730 in.-lbf
Work Material K
~=~ . 3.82 X 40
350,000
Steel, 200 Bhn
D 3
Steel, 300 Bhn 450,000
= 51 rpm
Steel, 400 Bhn 500,000
16MN Most aluminum alloys 100,000
‘~ ❑ 1,000,000 Most magnesium alloys 60,000
Most brasses 200,000
_ 16x2730x51
❑ 2.23 Leaded Brass 100,000
1,000,000
(National Twist Drili)
This is the shaft horsepower and torque at the machine
spindle or work chuck. Since most machines have a transmission
efficiency of about 859., a drive motor of 3 hp should be
TABLE 12-49
adequate for this tapping job. Drive motor torque requirements
must account for gear or pulley ratios, Constants, Cr, for Determining Tapping Torque
of Various Type Taps
For metric usage, the torque in inch-pound force (in. -lbf) can
be multiplied by 0.113 to obtain newton meter (N . m), and
horsepower (hp) by 0.746 to obtain kilowatts (kW). CT
Tapping speeds. The speed at which a tap is operated can
Tap Type Sharp Dull
directly affect the wear life of the tap and the quality of the
thread which it produces. Selection of the optimum speed is Chip driver (spiral point) 1.0 1.5
somewhat restricted because, in tapping, the feed per revolution
R. H. helical flutes 1.3 2.0
is fixed by the lead of the thread, which eliminates the
possibility of varying feed and speed independently as can be Straight flutes
done with other cutting tools. Shallow holes (taps 1.3 2.0
Excessive speed develops extremely high heat which causes over 1 1/ 2“ diam)
early breakdown of the tap at the cutting edge. It also causes
Taps up to 1 1/ 2“ diam 1.7 2.5
loading or galling which is the welding of small particles of the
and deep hole for
material being tapped to the cutting face or thread flanks of the
Iarwer tam
tap. High cutting speeds restrict adequate lubrication at the
cutting zone and aggravate the problem of chip disposal. (Na[ional Twist Ih-ilt)
TABLE 12-50
Torque Constants, CM x 106, for UNC, NC, UNF, and NF Threads*
Tap Thread Height Thread Height

Tap
Size 55% 65?10 75% 85% Size 55% 65% 75% 85%
6—32 8 11 13 16 5/16—18 55 70 88 110
—40 6 7 9 11 —24 33 43 53 65
8—32 10 13 16 19 3/8—16 82 110 130 160
—36 8 11 13 16 —24 40 52 65 79
10—24 20 25 31 37 7/ 16—14 120 160 190 230
—32 12 15 19 23 —20 65 84 110 130
12—24 23 29 36 43 1/2—13 160 200 250 310
—28 12 15 19 23 —20 75 96 120 150
1/4—20 36 46 57 68 9/ 16—12 210 260 330 400
—28 20 26 32 39 —18 100 130 170 200
12-100
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-50 –Continued

Torque Constants, CM x 106, for UNC, NC, UNF, and NF Threads*
Thread Height Thread Height

Tap Tap
Size 55% 65% 75% 85yo Size 5570 65% 75yo 85%
5/8—11 270 350 430 520 23/4_ 4 7500 9650 12100 14800
—18 110 150 180 220 —8 2200 2800 3550 4350
—12 1050 1375 I 750 2150
3/4—10 390 500 620 750
—16 650 825 1050 1275
—16 I70 220 270 340
3— 4 8200 10600 13200 16200
7/8— 9 540 700 870 1100
—8 2400 3100 3900 4750
—14 250 320 410 500
—12 1150 1500 1900 2350
1— 8 770 990 1200 1500 —16 700 900 1150 1400
—12 380 490 610 740
31/4—4 8950 11500 14400 17600
11/4—7 1200 1600 2000 2400 —8 2600 3350 4200 5200
—12 480 610 770 940 —12 1250 1650 2050 2500
—16 750 975 1250 I 500
I 1/2— 6 2000 2500 3200 3800
—8 1175 1500 1900 2300 31/2—4 9650 12400 15600 19000
—12 575 750 925 1050 —8 2800 3600 4550 5600
—16 350 450 575 700 —12 1350 1750 2200 2700
—18 275 375 475 575 —16 825 1050 1325 1650
1 5/8— 8 1275 1650 2050 2500 3 3/4- 4 10350 13300 16700 20500
—12 625 800 I000 1250 —8 3000 3900 4900 6000
—16 375 475 600 750 —12 1450 1900 2350 2900
—18 300 400 500 600 —16 875 1125 1425 1750
1 3/4— 5 3150 4150 5100 6200 4— 4 11050 14300 17900 21900
—8 1375 1800 2250 2700 8 3200 4150 5250 6400
—12 675 875 1100 1350 —12 1550 2000 2550 3100
—16 400 525 650 800 —16 925 1200 1550 1850
1 7/8— 8 1475 1900 2400 2950 41/2— 8 3600 4650 5900 7200
—12 725 925 1175 1450 —12 1750 2250 2850 3500
—16 425 550 700 875 —16 1050 1350 1700 2100
2—41/2 4400 5600 7050 8550
2550 5— 8 4000 5200 6550 8000
—8 1600 2050 3150
1250 —12 1950 2500 3150 3900
—12 775 1000 1550
750 —16 1175 1500 1900 2350
—16 450 600 925
4950 8000 9700 5 1/2— 8 4400 5700 7200 8850
21/4—41/2 6350
2900 —12 2150 2750 3500 4300
—8 1800 3550
—16 1275 1650 2100 2600
—12 875 1125 I400 1750
—16 525 675 850 1050 6— 8 4800 6250 7900 9650
—12 2350 3000 3800 4700
2 1/2— 4 6800 8750 10900 13300 —16 1400 1800 2300 2800
—8 2000 2550 3250 3950
—12 975 1250 1550 1950
—16 575 750 950 1150
(National Twisl Drill)
1
times the tabulated values. Thus 2500 in this table actually means .002500.
* ‘Ctua’ ‘orque constants are 1,000,000
The speed which results in the greatest number of holes per operation. It must also take into consideration an evaluation of
tap is not necessarily the optimum speed for the job. It is tap cost compared to total threading cost per piece. Therefore,
possible that operating at a higher speed with some sacrifice of the suggested tapping speeds in Table 12-51 are only a guide to
tool life would be more economical because of the lower be used as the first step toward the ultimate selection of
production time per piece. In other words, a higher tap cost optimum speeds.
could result in a lower tapping cost. Hole depih.r. A hole 1” (25 mm) deep cannot be tapped at the
Determination of the best tapping speed must be influenced same speed used for a hole 1/ 4“ (6 mm) deep. An empirical
by the material to be tapped, physical characteristics of the hole, rule-of-thumb is that the initial speed (assuming that it is
the fixture, holder, machine, and cutting fluid used in the optimum) must be reduced about 5% every time the depth of a
12-101
CHAPTER 12
tapped hole is doubled. In other words, if a hole 1/4” deep is Sometimes the fixture used does not support the work
being tapped at a certain speed and is increased to 1/ 2“ ( 12.7 properly while the tap is working, either tapping or reversing,
mm) deep, the speed must be reduced 5V0.The speed must also and this can cause trouble at high speed. To tap efficiently at
be reduced in relation to a coarser pitch and to the material high speed, the fixture must not only support the work but keep
being tapped. it from shifting.
Perceruage of/bread. The percentage of thread is related to Tapping cannot be done as fast horizontally as vertically,
the speed at which a tap maybe operated, but the relationship is depending upon whether the tap or workpiece is rotated. The
not clear cut. Obviously a 5090 thread, regardless of the principal reason for this is that the chips cannot be disposed of
workpiece material, maybe tapped at a much higher speed than as rapidly and there is always the danger at high speed of the
an 80 or 100% thread. This again is governed by the amount of chips reversing themselves with the tap and loading it rapidly.
material removed,. The more material removed per revolution, When tapping is done vertically, this problem is not so serious if
the more heat is built up in the tap per revolution. the proper style of tap is used.
Mechanical factors affecting tapping speed. The rigidity of When all conditions are correct for efficient tapping, the life
the spindle. condition of the machine, running trueness of the of a tap at high speed is generally greater than at low speed, but
tap, cutting fluid used, type of fixture, style of tap, and width of excessive speeds cause more rapid wear. A tap that is operated
lands in the tap all have some relation to the speed of the tap. at its critical speed operates at its maximum efficiency and cuts
The rigidity of the spindle is very important. If a tool is more tapped holes between grinds.
permitted to wobble and float, the cutting tool cannot be It maybe possible to increase the speed on the tap reversal to
operated at its maximum efficiency. The condition of the double that of the tapping speed, for example, tapping in at a
machine has some bearing on the speed at which a tap may be speed of 1000 rpm and tapping out at 2000 rpm. If a tap is
operated. Loose slides or turrets can cause trouble after power reversed at high speed and is not held rigidly, it has a tendency
is applied and the tap has entered the hole and has started to cut. to cut backward and is soon ruined.
Again, if the tap does not run true with the axis of the spindle, it In general, the harder the material, the slower the tapping
starts tapping straight and then has a tendency to move at a speed. When there is a combination of hardness and toughness
slight angle, requiring the use of floating holders. such as is usually found in heat-treated nickel-steel alloys, it is
generally advisable to tap in two separate operations, roughing
TABLE 12-51 and finishing, if this processing is cost effective.
Suggested Starting Speeds for Tapping Speeds forforrning taps. When a proper cutting fluid is used,
Various Materials with Solid HSS Taps the speeds for forming taps can generally be twice those for
Material to Cutting Speed, cutting taps.
be Tapped sfm (m/rein) Cutting fluids for tapping. While a few materials, such as
Aluminum alloys 40-150 (12.2-45.7) plastics, are tapped dry or with an air jet, the use of a proper
Bakelite cutting fluid is an important factor for successful tapping of
50-70 (15.2-21.3)
Copper alloys: most materials. A comprehensive discussion of functions,
Brass, free machining types, application methods, filtration, and maintenance of
90-150 (27,4-45.7)
Copper, free machining cutting fluids, as well as recommendations for tapping various
50-80 (15.2-24.4)
Bronze, aluminum silicon 50-80 ( 15.2-24.4) materials, is presented in Chapter 4 of this volume, “Cutting
Bronze, aluminum 10-50 (3.0-15.2) Fluids and Industrial Lubricants, ”
Bronze, manganese 50-80 ( 15.2-24.4) Lubricating properties of the cutting fluid can be as
Bronze, phosphor important, or more so, than the cooling properties for tapping
20-60 (6. 1-18.3)
Cast irons: operations. No one cutting fluid is efficient and economical for
Ductile 20-50 (6. 1-15.2) all tapping operations; several different types are necessary for
Gray 70-100 (21 .3-30 .5) tapping different materials. Heavy-duty sulfur-based oils or
Malleable 25-60 (7.6-18.3) chlorinated sulfur-based oils have been found to be highly
Pearlitic 20-50 (6.1-15.2) successful for tapping most steels and cast irons. Good results,
Magnesium alloys 90-160 (27.4-48.8) however, are being obtained with heavy-duty soluble oils for
Plastics: tapping free-machining and low-carbon steels, as well as most
Thermoplastic 50-100 (15.2-30.5) cast irons. Soluble oils or mineral oils are satisfactory for
Thermosetting 50-100 (15.2-30.5) tapping most nonferrous metals.
Steels: The manner in which the cutting fluid is applied to a tap is
Free machining very important. An ample volume of fluid under sufficient
40-80 (12.2-24.4)
Low carbon (to 0.25%) 40-60 (12.2-18.3) pressure is necessary to ensure that the fluid reaches the cutting
Medium carbon (0.30-0.60%) 35-55 (10.7-16.8) zone. For horizontal tapping, the fluid should fill the hole and
High carbon (over 0.60%) 25-35 (7.6-10.7) assist in removing the chips. Good filtration of the fluid is also
Hardened (0.30-0.60%) 30-40 (9.1-12.2) critical for successful tapping.
Alloy 10-35 (3.0-10.7) Surface treatments of taps, discussed earlier in this section,
Tool and die 10-25 (3.0-7.6) provide built-in lubrication and/ or wear resistance which can
Stainless 10-35 (3.0-10.7) improve tap performance and decrease the tendency of the tap
Titanium alloys 10-40 (3,0-1 2.2) to load, smear, or gall when tapping ferrous metals. Oxide
High-temperature alloys 5-15 (1.5-4.6) treatments or combination treatments that include oxide are
Zinc alloys 60-150 (18.3-45.7) generally preferable. The addition of solid lubricants, such as
Powdered metal parts 50-70 ~15,2-21.3j molybdenum disulphide, may also improve tap performance.
12-102
CHAPTER 12
TAP RESHARPENING
– 5°
F7’i7T7 \
~’ ‘breads *
Fig. 12-58 Number of threads chamfered on taps for different chamfer angles. (Cleveland 7’wis~Dri//)
Tap Resharpening
To obtain maximum wear life from taps, the taps should be
resharpened at the first indication of dullness. Dull taps can cut
incorrect thread sizes, require more power, produce rough
threads or tap breakage, and slow production. Dullness can be
detected by an increase in required torque during hand tapping
or a reduction in quality of the threads produced during
machine tapping.
Chamfer grinding. Taps are often resharpened by grinding
only the chamfered portion (point). In cases ofextreme wear,
however, grinding the cutting face (called flute grinding) is also
necessary. Although chamfer grinding can be done by hand,
hand grinding is not as accurate as machine grinding.
On some chamfer grinding machines, thetapisheld at the Fig. 12-59 Positioning of wheels for flute grinding of taps.
desired angle in a collet or between centers. The high point of
the chamfer on one land is located, and then relief is ground on For grinding the flutes of HSS taps over 1/ 2“ diam, vitrified-
the chamfers of all lands by a cam action. bond aluminum oxide wheels of 60-80 grit size and K hardness
The original chamfer relief angle of a tap is generally followed are recommended. For taps 1/ 2“ or smaller in diameter, rubber-
in resbarpening, but this can be varied to suit different bond aluminum oxide wheels of 60-80 grit size and P hardness
workpiece materials and operating conditions. Conventional are suggested.
chamfer angles and the number of threads chamfered are shown Sharpening taper pipe taps. The information just presented
in Fig. 12-58. Chamfer relief for most workpiece materials and relative to sharpening straight thread taps is equally applicable
operating conditions should be between 4 and 6°, The diameter to taper pipe taps except that cutting face (flute) grinding is
at the small end of the chamfer should be at least 0.005” (O.13 always necessary. A few chipped threads on taper pipe taps do
mm) smaller than the hole to be tapped. not mean that the taps are of no further use; however, the
Good results are being obtained by grinding the chamfers of chipped threads should be removed. This does not impair the
HSS taps with vitrified-bond aluminum oxide wheels having a performance of the tap and, in some cases, may even improve it.
60-80 grit size and K hardness.
Flute grinding. When taps are being sharpened along the
cutting faces of the lands, the grinding wheel should conform as Tapping Applications
closely as possible to the original flute shape. Then, with the Applications of tapping are so diversified that only a few
wheel in the position shown in Fig. 12-59, the cutting edges can examples can be cited here because of space limitations.
be restored to their correct angles when the flutes are ground. Production rates vary widely depending on the workpiece,
The grinding wheel must be offset to generate any required rake manufacturing requirements, and the machines and tools used.
or hook angle. Tapping in two or more operations. Although it is more
While a skilled operator can grind tap flutes by hand, economical to tap in one operation whenever possible, two
machine or fixture grinding is recommended for greater factors exist that sometimes make it more economical to tap in
accuracy and uniformity. One method consists of mounting the two or more operations. The first factor is the depth of the hole
tap between centers on a tool grinding machine and traversing and the closeness to the bottom, where these considerations
the tap under the wheel. Accurate indexing is essential. may not permit sufficient chip room either in the hole itself or in
Machines are available to grind the angular flutes of spiral- the flute of the tap. The second factor is that some of the various
pointcd taps. The spiral point should extend one to two threads grades of heat-treated alloy steels are very hard and brittle and
beyond the chamfer. highly abrasive, while others are very rough. All these alloy
12-103
CHAPTER 12
TAPPING APPLICATIONS
steels dull the tap very quickly, making it difficult to maintain Thread relief All teeth on a taper pipe tap are usually radially
an accurate tapped hole unless the work is done in two relieved to provide cutting relief. Without such relief, the thread
operations, radius would increase across each land due to the taper, thus
It is good practice to use a special undersized tap for the causing thread flank interference and galling. A narrow portion
roughing operation and a standard tap for the second operation. of the land is sometimes left unrelieved to stabilize taper pipe
To do this economically and efficiently, the first tap should be taps used for workpiece materials that are too free cutting.
0.010-0.0 15“ (0.25-0.38 mm) undersize. This gives the finishing Stop marks. When a tapered thread is produced by tapping,
tap a chance to take hold and cut metal instead of merely workpiece material is removed by a series of tap teeth that
rubbing the previous threads out. It also gives the finishing tap a increase the thread diameter in distinct steps. As the tap is
chance to correct any errors that are left by the roughing tap. If reversed and withdrawn, the thread shows prints of the final
the finishing tap does not have sufficient metal left to tap, it positions of the tap teeth. Helical-fluted taps can be used to
merely follows the first tapped hole and does not correct any disguise stop marks by arranging them along a helix, which
errors such as lead, bellmouth, and poor threads. It is also very makes them less obvious than the usual straight line. Stop
important when tapping in two operations that the first marks cannot be eliminated from tapped taper pipe threads
operation with an undersized tap be just as accurate as the except by another operation after tapping.
finishing operation. Holes for tapping taperedpipe threads. Common practice in
Many jobs that are done in two operations could be tapped in producing holes for tapping tapered pipe threads is to use
one operation if the drilled hole were deeper, allowing use of a straight tap drills. Such drills must be small enough to leave
longer chamfer or spiral point on the tap and providing more enough full-form threads to produce a pressure-tight joint. As a
chip space. This is a common fault, especially since, in many result, nearly all of the tap teeth must cut full-form threads as
cases, sufficient room exists to drill a deeper hole. The cost of soon as they engage the workpiece. The tap must also remove
drilling a hole slightly deeper is very low in comparison with the sufficient extra material to generate the tapered minor-diameter
saving in tap problems. Trouble is often encountered when cone of the internal thread.
deep, blind holes of some pitches arc tapped with a coarser pitch Tables 12-52 and 12-53 indicate the proper tap drill sizes for
tap. This is due to the amount of material removed for the same standard NPT and NPTF fittings which will ensure that full-
diameter of the tap. For instance, a much deeper hole can be form threads engage the small end of the external thread minor
tapped in one operation with a 1/4—28 tap than with a 1/ 4—20 diameter, Smaller holes only increase the difficulty of tapping
tap. Also, a much deeper hole can be tapped when only 50% with no benefit in joint strength or pressure-tight sealing. Users
depth of thread is cut than when an 80% depth is cut. This, of of taper pipe taps must, however, carefully determine the length
course, is due to the volume of metal removed, which must be of engagement required by the designer of the fitting. Some
confined either in the flute of the tap or ahead of the tap, unless designs call for longer effective thread lengths, and smaller tap
it is pulled out of the flute by a spiral or high-spiral-fluted tap. drill sizes may be required.
The grade of steel is an important factor in tap trouble, since The volume of chips that must be removed can be reduced by
many heat-treated alloys dull a tap very quickly even though drilling and then partially taper reaming the hole prior to
sufficient room exists for chips. When close tolerances must be tapping. This procedure reduces the load on the tap and may
maintained on these steels, it is far better to use an undersized lengthen its life because the tap teeth do not cut full-form
tap for roughing and a standard tap for finishing, because threads until the thread is nearly completed. Also, it is usually
maintaining size is difficult if the tap is even slightly dulled. found that taper reaming improves the quality of the threads
When blind holes are tapped in two operations, the hole tapped. Taper reaming, however, adds the cost of another
tapped in the first operation must be at least one half to one operation and is generally not used unless required for high-
thread deeper than the one tapped in the second operation, so quality threads. Also, taper reaming of materials that work
that the finishing tap does not have to remove a large amount of harden easily can make ta er pipe tapping more difficult.
metal when it reaches the bottom of the tapped hole, It is also Tapping special threads, L The tapping of some special thread
important that the finishing tap have a shorter chamfer than the forms used for fastening generally present no problems. Tapping
roughing tap. Confining the cutting action on a few teeth for of some thread forms (such as square, Acme, and buttress) used
finishing makes it easier to maintain size and resharpen the tap. to translate motion, however, can be troublesome. This is
Tapping pipe threads.’d The tapping of straight pipe threads because the inchrded angles of these thread forms are much
is similar to the tapping of screw threads except for the smaller and the taps must remove considerably more metal
limitations imposed by the sharper thread roots and crests and compared to the tapping of 60° threads.
the fact that the tapped thread percentage may be as high as Many taps used to successfully produce thread forms having
100~0 for full-form threads. While these requirements may small included angles are specials tailored to the specific
cause some difficulties, the fundamentals of tap operation for application. When possible, such taps have longer chamfers to
pipe threads are the same as for screw threads. spread the cutting load over more teeth and reduce the
Tapered pipe threads. A cause of trouble when tapered pipe possibility of breakage. Another solution is to use a series of two
threads are tapped is that the depths of cut are small. or more taps to thread the hole (see the preceding discussion
Consequently, a small amount of dulling of common pipe taps “Tapping in two or more operations”), The problem of
can cause deformation of the workpiece and a wedging action providing sufficient flank relief on such taps is frequently solved
rather than a cutting action, thus resulting in chipping upon by increasing the top relief.
reversal of the taps. To hold close tolerance requirements, such taps are often
Interrupted-thread taps. Chip thicknesses on taper threads piloted. One method of piloting involves providing an integral
can be doubled (or nearly doubled if a change in the number of or interchangeable pilot on the tap to fit the hole being tapped.
flutes on the tap is necessary) by the use of interrupted-thread, With this method, however, pilot support terminates before the
taper pipe taps discussed previously in this chapter. hole is completely tapped. For closer tolerances, an outboard
12-104
CHAPTER 12
TABLE 12-52
Suggested Twist Drill Diameters for Pipe Threads
Taper Thread
Nominal Straight
Pipe With Use of Reamer Without Use of Reamer Pipe Thread
Size Twist Drill Diameter, in.
1/16 0.240” 0.246* 1/4 0.250”
1/8 21/64 0.328* 0.332* 11/32 0.344*
1/4 27/ 64 0.422’ 7/16 0.438* 7]16 0.438*
3/8 9/16 0.562* 9/16 0.562* 37/64 0.578*
1/2 11/16 0.688* 45/64 0.703* 23/32 0.719*
3/4 57/64 0.891* 29/32 0.906* 59/64 0.922*
1 1 1/8 1.125* 1 9/64 1.141* 1 5/32 1.156*
1 1/4 1 15/32 1.469 1 31/64 1.484 1 1/2 1.500
1 1/2 1 23/32 1.719 1 47/64 1.734 1 3/4 1.750
2 23/16 2.188 2 13/64 2.203 2 7/32 2.219
21/2 2 19/32 2.594 25/8 2.625 221/32 2.656
(Morse Cutting Tools)
* American Standard twist drill size.
TABLE 12-53
Suggested Twist Drill Diameters for Dryseal Pipe Threads
Taper Thread Straight

Nominal
With Use of Reamer Without Use of Reamer Thread
Pipe
Size Twist Drill Diameter. in.
1/16 0.234* 0.246* 1/4 0.250*
1/8 21/64 0.328* 0.339* 11/32 0.344*
1/4 27/ 64 0.422” 7/16 0.438* 0.444
3/8 9/16 0.562* 37/64 0.578* 37/64 0.578*
1/2 11/16 0.688* 45/ 64 0.703* 23/32 0.719*
3/4 57/64 0.891* 59/64 0.922* 59/64 0.922*
1 1 1/8 1.125* 1 5/32 1.156* 1 5/32 1.156*
1 1/4 1 15/32 1.469 1 1/2 1.500
I 1/2 1 45/64 1.703 1 47/64 1.734
2 23/16 2.188 2 7/32 2.219
21/2 2 19/32 2.594 241/64 2.641
3 3 7/32 3.219 3 17/64 3.266
(Morse Cutting Tools)
* American Standard twist drill size.
support can be provided for the pilot, or a pilot hole, smaller in When the pitches of the external and internal threads are the
diameter than the hole to be tapped, can be drilled in the same, the internal thread can be produced with either a solid
workpiece. When more than one tap is used, all taps after the tap or an adjustable tap rigidly held to the die head (see Fig.
first generally use a threaded pilot designed to fit the incomplete 12-60, view a). In such cases, an adjustable stop is provided to
thread left by the previous tap. locate the top properly in relation to the die-head chasers. In
Combining tapping with die-head chasing. Productivity can instances in which it is necessary to provide enough axial float
sometimes be improved and costs reduced by performing to eliminate shaving due to incorrect feed or to extend the travel
external and internal threading simultaneously with one permitted by the machine, the entire head can be made to
combination tool. To accomplish this, both threads must be float (view b).
concentric and of the same hand. The diameter of the internal When the pitch of the external thread is coarser than that of
thread must also be in reasonable proportion to that of the the internal thread, it is common practice to allow the tap and
external thread. With HSS taps and chasers, the ratio of the holder to float to the rear of the die head as they advance on the
pitch diameters should not exceed about three-to-one for workpiece (see Fig. 12-61). The amount of float must equal the
optimum performance. The ratio can sometimes be increased differential in lead between the external and internal threads for
by using carbide chasers. With a thin wall between external and the number of revolutions during which the tap is cutting. An
internal threads, however, the closer the diameter ratio, the adjustable stop is provided to position the tap so that when the
better. The ratio of the relative lengths of the threads may also spindle reverses, both threads are of proper length.
be important with respect to practical limits of die-head Tapping difficult-to-machine materials. Workpiece material
construction. is an important factor in proper tap selection and operation.
12-105
CHAPTER 12
Standard taps are designed for a majority of requirements, and

taps designed for tapping specific materials are available. For
Dle head
some applications it is necessary to alter the geometry of
standard taps. Recommended geometries for HSS taps to be
used for threading various materials are presented in Table
12-45, and suggested starting speeds for tapping various
materials with HSS taps are given in Table 12-51.
Tapping titanium and titanium alloys. Commercially pure
titanium is comparatively easy to tap, but some of the higher
alloyed compositions are more difficult. Taps for titanium
alloys should have a minimum of contact surfaces with the
workplaces. This can be accomplished by providing narrower
lands, increased back taper, eccentric or con-eccentric relief, or
Workplece interrupted threads. Making the lands narrower for friction
reduction can be accomplished by grinding out the center areas
of the lands, This so-called crest relieving can be in the form of
either a concave-grooved relief or a flatted-land relief (see Fig.
12-62). Both reIiefs extend longitudinally through the entire
(a) threaded length of each land on the tap. Surface treatments on
Dle head the taps minimize galling and abrasive wear.
forward float ~ Tapping high-tensile steels. The tapping of steels having high
-u- ~ rearward
“ehe”d float tensile strengths and a hardness in the range of Rc 45-55 varies
with the specific analyses of the steels. Steels with high
chromium contents are particularly troublesome. Best results
are generally obtained with four-flute, fine-pitch taps having a
chamfer length of six to eight threads. The threads should have
eccentric relief, and the chamfer relief should be kept at a
minimum. Taps with surface treatments are recommended.
Finer pitch taps cut these materials much more easily than
coarser pitch taps. Hook or rake angles should be less than
those used for general-purpose applications.
Tapping high-temperature alloys. These materials, including
Work oiece superalloy, are difficult to tap because most of them are work
hardening and have poor machinability. Taps used for these
materials should have short chamfers, with three to five threads,
to produce thick chips and cut below work-hardened surfaces.
(b)
The use of taps with narrow lands or heel grind helps minimize
work hardening due to rubbing.
Tapping srairdess steels. The tapping of free-machining
Fig. 12-60 Single tools consisting of tap and die head to perform grades of stainless steel is not difficult, but those types of
external and internal threading simultaneously. (a) Rigid setup and (b) stainless steel that are difficult to machine are even more
floating die head. (Geometric TooI, L’ni[ed-Greerrfie/d Div., TRW Inc.)
difficult to tap. The use of fine-pitch threads and the largest
permissible tap drill diameter are recommended, and blind
holes should be avoided whenever possible. Taps with grooved,
con-eccentric, or narrow lands are sometimes used to minimize
Rearward floatlng~ ~ contact. Spiral-pointed taps generally produce good results in
action of tap through holes up to 1/ 2“ ( 12.7 mm) diam, For larger size holes,
III ‘‘r~,~ II
It
,,
Rearward floatng
top holder
m
straight-fluted taps are usually satisfactory. Chamfer lengths
should not exceed three to five threads, and the taps should be
resharpened frequently to maintain sharp cutting edges.
Surface-treated taps have proven helpful for some applications.
Workplece
Tapholde!
I I I+///d compression spring
COncOve grooved Flatted

land relief Iond rellef
Fig. 12-61 When pitch of external thread is coarser than that of internal
th~ead, the tap and holder are allowed to float to the rear of the die head. Fig. 12-62 Concave-grooved relief and flatted-land relief for friction
(Geometric Too[, United- Green field Div., TRW Inc.) reduction. (Morse Cutring 7’00/s Div., Gu/f & Wesrern J4/~. Co. )
12-106
CHAPTER 12
TROUBLESHOOTING IN TAPPING
TABLE 12-54
Tapping Problems and Possible Solutions
Problems Possible Solutions

Torn or rough threads Increase diameter of starting hole. Change tap geometry: increase number of chamfered
threads and/ or increase cutting face angle. Resharpen tap properly. Increase flow of cutting
fluid or change type. Increase chip space in tap flutes or use tap with fewer flutes.
Oversize or bell-mouth threads Resharpen or change tap. Correct tap-to-hole alignment. Check for loose spindle or worn
holder. Decrease cutting speed. Check size and roundness of starting hole.
Undersize threads Resharpen or change to oversize tap. Increase cutting angle and change chamfer angle. Reduce
cutting speed.
Excessive tap wear Use surface-treated tap. Correct tap-to-hole alignment. Increase chamfer length on tap. Use a
harder tap, Decrease cutting speed. Increase flow of cutting fluid or change type.
Overheating of tap Increase flow of cutting fluid or change type. Resharpen or change tap. Decrease cutting speed.
Reduce width of lands on tap.
Chips clogging in flutes Increase flow of cutting fluid or change type. Increase chip space in tap flutes, use tap with
fewer flutes, or if tapping blind holes, use deeper starting holes when possible. Change tap
geometry: increase chamfer, reduce land widths, and change cutting face angle. Use surface-
treated, spiral-fluted, spiral-pointed, or form taps. Tap workpiece in inverted position if
possible or eject chips by air or hydraulic pressure.
Tap sticking or binding Increase diameter of starting hole. Reduce width of lands on tap. Change cutting face angles.
Increase flow of cutting fluid or change type. Use surface-treated taps.
Chipped or stripped tap threads Correct tap-to-hole alignment. Use a tap with lower hardness. Resharpen tap; check
sharpening method. Increase chip space in tap flutes or use tap wth fewer flutes. Increase flow
of cutting fluid or change type.
Tap breakage Resharpen or change tap; check sharpening method. Increase diameter of starting holes and
depths of blind holes. Correct tap-to-hole alignment, Change type of tap. Increase flow of
cutting fluid or change type. Chip clogging: see suggested solutions. Reduce overhang of tap if
possible, For hard workpiece materials: anneal workpiece material before tapping, reduce
speed, lengthen chamfer length, or use taps with more flutes.
Troubleshooting in Tapping Types of Solid Dies

Problems commonly encountered in tapping and possible Solid threading dies are of one or two-piece construction with
solutions to these problems are presented in Table 12-54. Such integral cutting edges and are available in either adjustable or
problems are often the fault of the tapping machine, tap- nonadjustable types.
holding devices, workholding fixtures, condition of the holes to Nonadjustable dies. These are one-piece threading dies with
be tapped, or misalignment. Proper design and regular mainte- internal threads, holes to divide the threads into sections, and
nance of machines, tap holders, and fixtures are essential; square or hexagonal-shaped peripheries. They are basically a
accurate alignment is critical. Starting holes should be inspected form of nut with chamfers on the faces of the threads that create
for proper size, roundness, axial alignment, and in the case of multiple cutting edges. The holes serve to relieve the cutting
blind holes, depth. In many cases, reaming the holes before pressures and give the cutting teeth an effective rake.
tapping is necessary. A typical nonadjustable, solid, square die is illustrated in Fig.
When taps break in the holes being threaded, several methods 12-63. Such dies can be used in stocks or wrenches for hand
of removal are possible. A broken tap can sometimes be threading or in die holders for machine threading.
removed with an extractor—a device with prongs that can be Adjustable dies. These threading dies are available in several
forced into the flutes to provide gripping. Carbon steel taps can constructions: two piece; round, with open or screw adjusting
often be removed by means of a screw extractor after annealing means; and spring or acorn-type.
and drilling the broken tap. Removal of HSS taps can be done Two-piece adjustable dies. These tools are made in halves for
by electrical-discharge disintegration. adjustability and in several styles.
Round adjustable dies. These tools are similar to nonadjust-
able dies, except their bodies are slotted for either open
DIES FOR EXTERNAL THREADING adjusting or screw adjusting (see Fig. 12-64). Both means of
Most external threads are produced with single-point tools or adjustment are limited and are available primarily to compen-
die-head chasers, as discussed earlier in this chapter, or by sate for wear and to maintain accuracy.
milling, grinding, or rolling, to be discussed later. Some Spring adjustable dies. These are adjustable, thread-cutting
external threads, however, are produced with multiedged, dies of spring-tempered construction. Adjustability is provided
internally-threaded cutting tools often called solid dies. by the design of the body and holder (see Fig. 12-65), which
12-107
CHAPTER 12
DIES FOR EXTERNAL THREADING
t-t’’’’”’”
I I ~,eorance
t--:”:l ~length~
t--l
Dmmeter
Thread
hole
&
—— length
_-
Flute
Adlustlng / Recess
Short - long toper
chamfer
——
chamfer ~
Nose
-TI-i /-- -. -
dlometer - - {
,.,..,.e
-—— $!=
Rear R Front
face face ~ ~’””’ I I I
Minor diameter / I I I Minor diameter
Pitch diameter 41 CfLmfer P~tchdiameter

Drlv[ng 1 I
Malor diameter slot Malor diameter
Fig. 12-63 Nonadjustable, solid, square die for use in hand stock or Spring die
machine die holder.’g
Th[ckness
IT H
Adlustmg
nd
Short
long
chamfer
hamfer
Clearanc
Rear hole
Front face Springdle holder
face
MIIO
Pitch diameter
MoIor diameter =&l Fig. 12-65 Spring die and die holder for producing external threads.”
workplaces after the threads are cut. This slows production,

limits the equipment that can be used, causes die wear, and can
damage the threads produced.
Applications of solid dies include small-quantity requirements
in toohoom, maintenance, and repair operations. They are also
used for hand or machine threading of bolts and pipe, and for
some applications on threading machines, multiple-spindle
automatics, and screw machines. They are advantageous for
machines that do not have sufficient space for thread chasing
with self-opening die heads. Another advantage for some
applications is their increased strength.
THREAD MILLING
Thread milling is an established method of producing
accurate threads in both small and large quantities. With proper
rig. 12-64 ,I$ound adjusting die is available with screw or open work preparation and rigid workholding and supporting means,
adjustment. accurate threads can be economically produced in true relation
to a specified surface on the work.
function like a collet chuck. As the outer nut or cap on the Accurate threads can be produced and pitch diameters held
holder is tightened, pressure is applied to the tapered nose of the closely with a surface finish of about 55 win. (1.4 pm). Lead
die, causing the threaded sections to move inward. errors can be held to 0.001 in. / in. (mm/mm), and spacing errors
on multiple-start work can be held within 0.0003-0.0004
Applications of Solid Dies (0.008-0.010 mm). Long screws and multiple-start work may
Solid dies are not used as extensively as other tools for require rough and finish cuts, with a stress-relieving period
producing external threads. A major disadvantage for produc- between cuts, to overcome distortion. The threads are produced
tion threading is that the dies must be retracted from the by conventional thread milling and planetary thread milling.
12-108
CHAPTER 12
THREAD MILLING
Conventional Thread-Milling Machines

Conventional thread-milling machines are made in universal Swivel head IS pivoted to
the thread hellx angle ~
and production types (see Chapter 10, “Milling”).
Universal machines. The universal machine is suitable for all
forms of external or internal threads, except square threads,
and is equipped with a full-length leadscrew. Change gears
permit milling of threads with leads ranging from 1/32 to 60”
(0.8 to 1524 mm). Pick-off gears or an adjustable-speed
provide a wide speed-range differential between the cutter and
drive
,Ak5E22 form
the work. The cutter head is mounted on the cross slide and
swivels through a 180° arc to accommodate any helix angle of
thread, either right or left-hand.
Either a single or multiple-thread milling cutter is used for
producing the thread. lf the single cutter is used, the cutter must
traverse the work or the work must traverse the cutter for the
full length of the thread. The cutter head is swiveled to the helix
angle of the thread, and the center of form on the cutter must be
(spaced if necessary) on the exact pivot center of the swivel head
(see Fig. 12-66). When the thread permits the use of a multiple-
thread milling cutter, the spindle is set parallel to the work axis
(see Fig. 12-67). If the thread is long or the pitch is coarse, an
outer support should be attached to the spindle to prevent the .12-66 Milling a worm thread with a single-form cutter.
cutter’s springing away from the work. The use of the multiple
cutter is the fastest and most economical way to mill threads.
With this type of cutter, the workpiece rotates 1,10 revolutions.
Tapered threads or threads with varying root diameters can
be milled if the machine is equipped with a taper attachment.
Attempting to produce such a thread with a tapered multiple
cutter without the attachment results in a thread with a step
because the feed is parallel to the work. For multistart threads,
an index mechanism is provided for indexing the work spindle
on single-point thread milling machines. Indexing is not
necessary when multiple-thread milling cutters are used, unless
it is necessary to get close to a shoulder.
Accuracy and finish being a major requirement, the method
of holding and supporting the work is important. Fixtures must
be rigid, locating workplaces from surfaces with which the
thread is to be concentric. Work should be collet or chuck-
driven in preference to using a dog drive. The latter tends to
permit vibration which affects the finish and production.
The conventional thread-milling machine is equipped with a
rigid tailstock that is adaptable either to a center for standard- Fie. 12-67 Conventional setutr for milling external threads with a
length work or to an enveloping bushing for extra-long shafts. m&iple-fOrm cutter.
Other equipment, such as a follower rest or steady rest, is
available and is used based on the type of work. In addition,
some machine tool builders offer an optional bobbing attach- I
ment for cutting splines and gears (see Chapter 13, “Gear and
Spline Production”).
Production machines. In the production-type machine, the
conventional Ieadscrew is replaced by an accurate master screw Internal
thread
that rotates with the spindle and by a stationary segment or cam
milllng
arrangement. Each lead or pitch requires a separate screw and attachment
segment or cam. Some machines use an adjustable sine bar to
obtain a wide variety of leads. The floating work spindle rotates
and advances, producing the required helix. These machines are
semiautomatic, the work being plunged into the nontraveling,
rotating cutter by a cam. The infeed rate is controlled by change Work CIXISand cutter
spindle axis are
gears. The workpiece rotates 1.10 revolutions, then backs out of
parallel
the cut, and the machine stops automatically for unloading
and loading.
In the machine illustrated in Fig. 12-68, work is held in a
collet, chuck, or fixture, and multiple-thread cutters are used Fig. 12-68 Conventional setup for milling internal threads with
for both internal and external threading. Milling circular multiple-form cutter.
12-109
CHAPTER 12
THREAD MILLING
grooves, on some models, requires the use of a no-lead

attachment.
Conventional (up-thread) milling can be done on all makes of rk
thread millers, but some models are designed for climb (down)
milling. In climb milling, the relative direction of rotation
between the work and cutter is similar to that of a pair of mating
gears. Climb milling permits the use of faster cutter speeds with
a resultant increase in production and cutter life.
01
Planetary Thread-Milling Machines mo
This type of machine is especially adapted to threading odd- Internal
shaped cumbersome parts that are difficult to chuck in a
310des Buttons
conventional machine, It is not, however, suitable for milling
long threaded sections, such as leadscrews.
The work does not revolve, but is held in a suitable fixture
tied in with the head or to the table, depending upon the model.
This design facilitates handling of work in which unbalanced
conditions would make the rotating of the workpiece a difficult
procedure. All motion is confined to the cutter, which rotates
and revolves around the work. This planetary movement is
obtained by rotating two eccentric quills or containers. The
cutter spindle rotates within these eccentrics at the required
cutter speed. The inner quill revolves, moving the cutter spindle External
in a circular arc away from center and feeding the cutter to (al (b) (c)
depth, entering the work near the extreme of the eccentric. At
the required depth, the outer quill revolves 1.005 revolutions to
complete the thread, then automatically reverses to the original Fig. 12-69 Cutter path in planetary milting: (a) loading position, (b)
starting position. The two-quill system uses both multiple-shell radial infeed to depth, and ([) planetary feed around the work.
and shank cutters when milling threads up to 6“ (152 mm) diam.
For milling threads on larger diameters, there are two types
of planetary machines. One uses a cutter head fitted with button
(circular form) or blade-type cutters for external work. Because
the cutting circle of either of these heads is larger than the work,
the results are similar to the results of internal milling; the long
arc of contact assures good finish and a minimum amount of
possible vibration. Either the button-type or multiple-form
shell cutters are used for milling internal threads on this
machine. Figure 12-69 illustrates the path of the cutter for both
internal and external threading.
The other method employs a fixed or completely offset cutter ,,
mlmg culter
head (Fig. 12-70) which is used for large internal work and for
most external work and which revolves in a planetary motion
around the workpiece. The fixed center can be used only for any Fig. 12-70 External threading with a planetary machine.
one given range of sizes, while the adjustable head may be
adjusted from O-8” (203 mm) off center. This system uses the controls, thread milling has had a resurgence in popularity.
shell-type, multiple-thread milling cutter. Ease of programming with canned routine;, long cufier-life, and
Through the planetary method, the milling of multiple high-quality threads are among the advantages. Many NC/CNC
internal and/ or external threads of the same or different pitches machining centers are now being used for thread milling,
may be done simultaneously. Planetary machines may be together with performing other operations, such as facing,
obtained with double heads for milling both ends of a part drilling, and boring, in a single fixturing.
simultaneously. One machine manufacturer offers a completely Programming an NC/ CNC machine to perform thread
self-contained planetary head which may be mounted on slide milling with a multiple-thread milling cutter consists of first
bases or indexing units and is especially well adapted for positioning the cutter on an axis parallel to the workpiece and at
installation in special machine-tool applications. These units the starting position in relation to the thread length to be cut.
may be obtained with end-feed and taper attachments, which The rotating cutter is then fed into the workpiece for the depth
are adjustable for tapers from 0-0.25 in. / in. (mm/ mm) and can of thread to be cut. As this is done, the cutter moves around the
be rendered inoperative without being removed from the thread diameter and is simultaneously moved axially in relation
machine. This allows the user to make short-production runs of to the workpiece at the rate of one pitch distance for each 360°
entirely different parts with minimum changeover time. rotation of the thread around the workpiece. The cutter
transcribes a circle slightly more than 360° to complete the
Threading on NC/CNC Machines thread and “match-in” the lead. As illustrated in Fig. 12-71, the
With the advent of NC/ CNC machines having three-axis cutter is then brought out of engagement with the thread it has
contouring capability, helical interpolation, and advanced just completed.
12-110
CHAPTER 12
THREAD MILLING
Milling
-L
external
~
threads
-.
~~
Work rotation for
regular threod mlllmg
(cutter rotates n
>. f[xed posltlon)
“(7-?9N’ingi
I
pture(uryl
,1 -----
11
//l\\ ‘\’z:L”
c B c B
Fig. 12-71 Multiple-thread milling of internal and external threads: A is the starting point of infeed contact, B is the end of infeed with the cutter at
depth, B-C is the overlap cut after a full 360° revolution, C is the starting point of the outfeed, and D is the end of cutter engagement with the thread.
Cutter rotation in relation to feed is shown for conventional milling; for climb milling, cutter rotation in relation to feed would reverse. (Harrson-
Whitney Co.)
Taper threads, while slightly more complicated, can also be Multiple-thread milling cutters. These tools have a series of
cut on NC/ CNC machines. When tapered, multiple-thread annular rows of teeth with form and pitch but no lead. They are
milling cutters are used, the program must provide a radial form-relieved in either solid (shank) or arbor (shell) type. The
outfeed from the depth of thread engagement at a rate matched length of these cutters must be two pitches longer than the
to the taper. This is necessary to prevent a step at the end of the required thread or it will be necessary to increase the number of
cut where the thread grooves meet and match into the helical revolutions, usually 1.10, of the work spindle so that full thread
path of the thread. form is obtained across the face of the work.
Conventional milling consists of having the workpiece rotate Thread-milling cutters are supplied with a straight or spiral
while the cutter is fed to depth. Threading can also be done by gash. The spiral gash gives a progressive cutting action along
planetary milling, with the cutter moving in the circle of the the teeth, thus reducing the possibility of vibration and chatter.
thread to be cut while the workpiece remains stationary. When This type of cutter is recommended for coarse pitches and
either method is used, it is important that the cutter and longer thread lengths in external milling applications; it can be
workpiece be firmly supported. The cutter itself, whether shell run at higher speeds than the straight-gashed cutter. Straight-
or shank type, must run concentric and true so that each cutting gashed cutters are most economical for external threads with
land takes an even share off the load. While these factors are short lengths and finer pitches, and are recommended for most
considered in the design of specialized multiple-thread milling internal threads where the tooth passes through a longer angle
machines, their importance could easily be underestimated of contact, eliminating the interrupted cutting action that may
when setting up for multiple-thread milling on more general- occur on external threads.
purpose NC/ CNC machines. The multiple cutter should not be used on external threads
having a helix angle greater than 3 1/ 2° or internal threads
Thread-Milling Cutters having a helix angle greater than 2 1/ 2° unless the cutter
The single-point thread milling cutter is necessary for coarse manufacturer has the design capability to correct the cutter for
pitches or in situations in which the length of thread to be milled flank interference in the workpiece resulting from higher helix
is too great for a multiple cutter. When the cut is extremely angles. Threads with higher helix angles, which are conven-
heavy and a large amount of metal is to be removed, chipbreakers tionally milled with disc-type cutters, can be milled with
and staggered teeth are often included in the cutter design. multiple-thread cutters having corrected thread forms. Threads
Single-point thread milling cutters. These are made solid with helix angles in the 5-15° range have been successfully
(shank-type) or arbor type, and either profile-sharpened or milled with corrected cutters.
form-relieved.
12-111
CHAPTER12
THREAD MILLING
Indexable insert cutters. A thread milling attachment, using a I

single-point cutter with indexable carbide inserts ground to the
required thread form, is currently being used to machine some
large internal threads. A motor-powered rotating unit con-
taining the cutter is mounted on the spindle of an NC/ CNC
machine which coordinates spindle revolutions with axial feed.
The action is similar to single-point thread milling of external
threads. Tbe cutter must make as many revolutions of the
thread diameter to be cut as there are pitches in the thread
length to be milled. The carbide inserts forming the cutting
edges are indexed to new positions when they become worn. +older
A mechanism in the thread milling unit translates the
revolution of the machine spindle into orbital motion of the
cutter in the hole bore to generate the thread diameter (see Fig.
12-72). Axial movement of the machine spindle, coordinated
with the orbital motion of the cutter, generates the thread helix.
While the cutter rotates in a right-hand direction, the
eccentric motion is left-hand rotation. The tools thus work in a
climb milling action. Holes are threaded from the bottom up or,
in the case of a horizontal hole, from the bottom out.
Topping and nontopping cutters. The majority of multiple-
thread milling cutters are of the nontopping type. The outside
diameter of external work and the minor diameter of internal
-“””e’ uter
threads are finished to size by other means prior to thread xable inserts
milling. Tbe cutter mills only the flanks and root, whereas a
topping cutter mills the flanks, root, and crest diameter,
producing a thread having concentricity between major, minor,
and pitch diameters. The normal amount of stock allowed is
usually not in excess of 0.010” (0.25 mm) on the diameter of the
workpiece. Topping cutters are not recommended unless abso- ody
lutely necessary since they limit the adjustability of pitch
diameter relation and also add to deflection of the tool by
cutting forces. —.
Multiple-thread milling cutters may also be designed to
remove the imperfect thread either from one end or, if
necessary, from both ends. Tolerances on the various elements ion of the
of multiple-thread milling cutters are given in Table 12-55. r body
Cutter maintenance. Cutter maintenance is necessary for

continuous economical threading operations. Multiple cutters ~ig. 12-72 System for producing large internal threads with a cutter
can be checked with optical comparators or by inspection of a asving indexable carbide inserts. (Cul?irrg Tool Div., Ingersoll Milling
sample part that has been milled by the cutter in question. Machine CO.)
TABLE 12-55
Multiple-Thread Milling Cutter Tolerance Chart, 4 to 80 Threads per Inch, Topping and Nontopping’s
Tolerance, in. (mm)

Class of Cutter*
Element Size, in. AT BT CT DT
Hole diameter, plus only Under 1 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
(0.005) (0,008) (0.01o) (0.013)
1-2 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
(0.008) (0.olo) (0.013) (0.015)
2-3 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
(0.010) (0.013) (0.015) (0.018)
OD runout. total Under 2 0.0006 0.0012 0,0015 0.0020
indicator reading (0.015) (0.030) (0.038) (0.051)
2-4 0.0008 0.0013 0.0020 0.0025
(0.020) (0.033) (0,051) (0.063)
4-6 0.0010 0.0015 0.0025 0.0030
(0.025) (0.038) (0.063) (0.076)
12-112
CHAPTER 12
THREAD MILLING
TABLE 12-55— Continued
Wobble of form, total 0.0003 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012

indicator reading when (0.008) (0.010) (0.020) (0.030)
rotated on a stationary
shoulder mandrel 0.0004 0.0006 0.0012 0.0016
(0.010) (0.015) (0.030) (0.041)
0.0005 0.0008 0.0016 0.0020
(0.0 13) (0.020) (0.041) (0.051)
Thds. per Inch Flank Length, in.** Tolerance on Half Angle, minutes, plus or minus
Maximum error in form 4-6 0.1876-0.1250 5 8 10 15
6-12 0.1249-0.0625 8 10 15 20
12-24 0.0624-0,0312 12 15 20 30
24-36 0.0311-0.0208 18 25 30 45
36-48 0.0207-0.0156 25 35 40 55
48-60 0.0155-0.0125 30 40
60-80 0.0124-0.0094 35 50
Element Size, in. Tolerance, in. (mm)
Total diametral variation In any inch 0.0003 0,0005 0.0010 0.0015
from parallelism or (0.008) (0.013) (0.025) (0.038)
desired taper In face width of, in.:
1 or less 0.0003 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
(0,008) (0.013) (0.025) (0.038)
1-2 0.0005 0.0008 0.0015 0.0020
(0.013) (0.020) (0.038) (0.051)
2-3 0,0007 0.0011 0,0020 0.0025
(0.01
8) (0.028) (0.051) (0.063)
3-4 0.0009 0.0014 0.0025 0.0030
(0.023) (0.036) (0.063) (0.076)
4-5 0.0011 0.0017 0.0030 0.0035
(0.028) (0,043) (0.076) (0.089)
5-6 0.0013 0.0020 0.0035 0.0040
(0.033) (0.051) (0.089) (0.102)
Maximum variation from In any inch 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0010
basic thread pitch, (0.008) (0.010) (0.013) (0.025)
phrs or minus In axial length of, in.:
1 or less 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0010
(0.008) (0.010) (0,013) (0.025)
1-2 0.0005 0.0008 0.0010 0.0020
(0.013) (0.020) (0.025) (0.051)
2-3 0.0007 0.0010 0,0015 0.0025
(0.01
8) (0.025) (0.038) (0.063
3-4 0.0009 0.0012 0.0020 0.0030
(0.023) (0.030) (0.051) (0.076)
4-5 0.0011 0.0014 0.0025 0.0035
(0.028) (0.036) (0.063) (0.089)
5-6 0.0013 0.0016 0.0030 0.0040
(0.033) (0.041) (0.076) (0.102)
* Cutter classes: AT, precision ground; BT, commercial ground; CT, accurate unground; DT, commercial unground.
** Flank lengths for speCial forms.
Form-relieved cutters require grinding on the cutter face 5-10°; alloy steels, 5-7°; cast iron, 0-3°; bronze, 0-3°; and
only. This should be done with the straight side of the wheel for aluminum, 8-22°.
straight-gashed cutters and with the angle side of a dished wheel Straight-gashed cutters are indexed for grinding by the use of
for spiral-gashed cutters. a master plate or by bringing the back of the cutting land against
The rake angle, marked on the cutter by the manufacturer, an adjustable index finger. If the latter method is used, the
must be maintained to avoid modification of the thread form. backs of the lands need to have been originally ground from the
Rake angles vary with the type of material and its hardness at cutting face.
the time of thread milling. The following ranges of rake angles When spiral-gashed cutters are sharpened, an accurately
are considered satisfactory for normal conditions: mild steel, ground master guide, having exactly the same lead as the gash
12-113
CHAPTER 12
THREAD MILLING
and the same number of equally spaced gashes as the cutter, Variables such as machinability, cutter speed, depth of cut,
must be used. hardness, and number of pieces to be milled, however, prevent
Automatic sharpening equipment provides accurate gash any specific recommendation. Detailed information on cutting
indexing and also provides the means to obtain the proper fluids and an application chart maybe found in Chapter 4 of
setting for spiral-gashed cutters. this volume, “Cutting Fluids and Industrial Lubricants. ”
Thread-Milling Feeds and Speeds THREAD GRINDING

Feeds and speeds for thread milling depend upon a number of Threads are ground by cutting contact between a rotating
variables: available power, rigidity of the machine and work- workpiece and a rotating, suitably formed grinding wheel, with
piece, type of holding fixture, material, control of the work, relative axial transverse motion between the two equal to the
whether climb or conventional milling isused, the amount of lead per revolution of the thread being ground. The procedures
metal removed, andthetype ofcutting fluid used. In general, may be applied to the grinding of helical peripheries, external or
hard or tough materials are milled at a much slower peripheral internal, of any form or for any purpose,
speed than softer free-cutting materials. The feed varies to suit When the hardness of the material makes it difficult or
the job. Exact recommendations cannot be given, and the data impractical to thread with normal thread-cutting or rolling
in Table 12-56 should be considered as a starting point from tools, or when the accuracy required is not attainable by using
which modifications may be necessary for the best results. such methods, thread grinding is not only practical but
The following feeds, in inches (millimeters) per tooth per economical. On precision work, such as taps and thread gages,
revolution, are suggested and can be increased or decreased thread grinding is essential.
based on the resulting finish of a sample part: cast iron, 0,003- Ordinarily it is advantageous to grind threads in materials
0.010 (0.08-0.25); steel, 0.001-0.006 (0.03-0. 15); and aluminum harder than RC27. Other methods for producing threads in
and brass, 0.002-0.004 (0.05-0. 10). When milling with carbide, materials harder than RC36 are usually impractical. No
the chip load may be doubled with a corresponding increase in commonly used work material is known to exist in a state so
cutter speed. As with high-speed steel, the surface finish dictates hard (or so soft) that it cannot be threaded by grinding. Certain
the variance necessary in the selected feed and speed. The materials softer than Rc 17, however, do not machine well and
correct grade of carbide for the workpiece material must also be may best be threaded by grinding.
selected, and it is advisable to break the cutting edge slightly Grinding of threads frequently is specified in highly stressed
with a fine-grit diamond hone. (See Chapter 3, “Cutting Tool parts subject to failure by fatigue, such as aircraft, tank, gun,
Materials.”) and motor parts. Threading such parts by grinding avoids the
The correct selection of the cutting fluid has a direct bearing minute torn areas which usually exist at the root of cut threads
upon the efficiency and economy of the threading operation. and cause these threads to become the focus of stress concen-
trations contributing to progressive rupture by fatigue.
TABLE 12-56
Suggested Cutting Speeds for HSS Thread-Milling Cutters Thread Grinding Machines
Thread grinding machines are distinguished from other
Cutting Speed, sfm (m/ rein) machines for grinding surfaces of rotation (either external or
Material Conventional Climb internal) by inclusion of the following structural features:
Milled Milling Milling 1. Means for imparting a precise traverse (pitch or lead) of
Cast irons* 110-175 125-200 the work for each revolution of helical periphery being
(33.5-53.3) (38.1-61) ground. Devices of this type usually employ a Ieadscrew
and change gears.
Steels, with Bhn of 2. Suitable means for trueing or dressing the cutting
Up to 240 110-150 250-300 periphery of the grinding wheel to generate in the rotating
(33.5-45.7) (76-91) workpiece the precise form required when the rotating
240-300 80-90 160-175 grinding wheel traces the required helical path in the
(24.4-27.4) (48.8-53.3) work.
300-375 40-55 90-140 3. Means for inclining the plane of rotation of the grinding
(12.2-16.8) (27.4-42.7) wheel in accordance with the helix angle to be ground in
375-450”” 30-40 the work, thus tending to cause the wheel to cut in the
(9.1-12.2) workpiece a form which is precisely complementary to
Stainless steels 50-100 the form dressed on the wheel. For tap grinding, a
50-60
(15.2-30.5) (15.2-18.3) predetermined plane of rotation may be fixed for the
grinding wheel.
Brass:
Thread grinding machines are basically differentiated in four
soft 500 (152) Up
ways:
hard 200 (6] ) Up
1. With respect to the cutting periphery of the grinding
Aluminum and 600 (183) Up
wheel used; these are either single-rib or multirib.
magnesium
2. The manner in which the work is supported: (a) on
* Using carbide cutters, cast irons can be thread milled at centers; (b) on rolls, which may also cooperate in axial
cutting speeds of 250-450 sfm (76- I37 m/rein). feed of the work as in centerless grinders (see Chapter 11,
** Cutters for higher hardness steels should be premium high- “Grinding”); (c) planetary rotation of the work relative to
speed steel or carbide. the grinding wheel (not commonly used).
12-114
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
3. With respect to the method of forming the cutting

periphery of the grinding wheel: (a) diamond-dressed
(trued); (b) crush-trued (dressed).
4. With respect to relieving or nonrelieving capability of the
machine.
For details on the methods of wheel trueing, particularly for
thread grinding, see subsequent discussion; also refer to por-
tions of Chapter 11 which discusses wheel dressing and trueing
more specifically.
Types of machines. Thread grinding machines are known as
external, internal, or universal (see Figs. 12-73, 12-74, and
12-75). Universal machines are adapted to produce either
external or internal threads. Figure 12-76 is a view of the wheel
and workpiece on an internal thread grinder.
Thread grinding machines differ greatly in productivity
by the inclusion of certain features. One example is found in the
straight-through centerless grinding of headless screws, studs,
and such other parts as are adapted to this method (see Fig.
12-77). Production is continuous except for wheel-dressing
interruptions. The work diameter may be adjusted while
production continues. Highly productive centerless thread
grinding may be performed on many parts which cannot be
passed straight through; however, regardless of the method of
work support or other structural features, production machines
are available for repetitive work requiring minimum operator
attention. Even the periodic interruptions for wheel dressing
can be activated automatically by piece or pass-counting Fig. 12-74 Universal thread and form grinding machine: (1) cycle start
button; (2) spindle nose graduated for multiple threads; (3) coolant
mechanisms. Size-compensating mechanisms can be adapted to control; (4) lever-operated tailstock; (5) pitch-change gearbox; (6) built-
readjust the center distance between work and wheel to correct in thread matching device; (7) work-speed selector; (8) auxiliary hand-
for the reduced wheel diameter due to dressing. feed for 0.0001” (0.003 mm) diam adjustment; (9) hand infeed; (10)
Machine controls. In the simplest and least costly machines relieving gearbox; (11 ) work moton (12) adjustable controls for
automatic-trueing and feeding; (13) hand feed f~r trueing device; (14)
each portion of the work cycle must be manually controlled by back gear for coarse pitches and fast feeds. (Jones & Lamson Div.,
the operator. They are more suited to toolroom work. More- Waterbur~ Farrel Textron)
complex and costly machines for increased productivity are
available with various degrees of automation. Some machines
feature automatic loading, unloading, wheel dressing, and
compensation for the amount of abrasive dressed from the wheel.
a 5
One line of automatic thread grinding machines has leadscrew
control of the workhead travel, with the leadscrew driven by a
gearbox having change gears to vary the thread pitch. A set of
15 change gears permits grinding threads with 43 different
pitches, inch or metric.
External and internal thread grinding machines are available
with CNC systems for controlling wheel feed, table travel, and
work-spindle rotation. A high degree of accuracy can be
attained with such machines because any lead error produced in
rough grinding can be compensated for in finish grinding.
Features obtainable with thread-grinding machines. Thread
grinding machines may include a number of features or
refinements directed at improving the quality of work produced,
extending the range or capacity of the machine for different
classes of work, increasing the productivity of the machine, or
facilitating its operation.
Adjustment of theplane of the grinding wheel. To ensure that
the helical form ground in the work is as nearly as possible
Fig. 12-73 External thread and form grinder: (1) high-low speed switch complementary to or the inverse pattern of the cross section of
for workhead speed ranges;(2) workhesrd motor;(3) knob for automatic
cycle release and power traverse of worktable to right or left; (4) crusher the grinding wheel, the grinding must be performed under
feed-motor and feed-change gears; (5) crusher feed wheel for hand feed; conditions that minimize wheel interference. Wheel interference
(6) crusher positioning wheel; (7) wheel for helix-angle setting of refers to the tendency of the grinding wheel to contact the work
wheelhead; (8) lever for wheelhead pull-in for plunge grinding; (9) wheel above or below the shortest line between the wheel axis and the
for positioning grinding wheel; (10) accessory for microvariations of
thread lead; (1 1) knob for micropositioning of worktable. (,4 utonrafion work axis passing through the principal line of wheel and work
& Measurement Div., Bendix Corp. ) contact. lt causes the form ground on the work to be not truly
12-115
c HAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
Fig. 12-75 Universal thread and form grinder: (1) workhead housing;(2) work spindle (3) wheel-slide cradle; (4) hood; (5) grinding wheel; (6)tailstock;
(7) machine-table slide; (8) work-speed settings; (9) electric controls; (10) lead control; (11) lead pickup and backlash compensator; (12) wheel-setting
and feed control. ( Ex-Cell- O Corp. )
complementary to or the inverse pattern of the form dressed on

the wheel.
Wheel interference is increased with an increase in:
1. Helix angle ground on the work.
2. Diameter of the work.
3. Depth of the thread groove.
4. Diameter of the grinding wheel.
5. Angle formed bv the thread flank and the work axis.
Mole directly st~ted, wheel interference increases with a
decrease in included angle between sides of the thread
groove.
For example, because of wheel interference, it is usually
impossible to grind a square thread in which zero angle exists
between the faces. Interference may be minimized by causing
the grinding wheel to rotate in a plane that makes an angle with
the plane of rotation of the work equal to the thread helix angle.
Consequently, thread grinding machines usually include pro-
vision for inclining the axis of the wheel to the axis of the work
about the radial line drawn from the wheel axis to the point of
contact with the work. Because the grinding wheel frequently is Fig. 12-76 View of wheel and workpiece on an internal thread grinder.
beh driven, the wheelhead and the wheel-driving motor often
are mounted on a common base, which may be adjustable
inclined about this radial line in accordance with the magnitude
and direction of the thread helix angle.
The foregoing discussion is more particularly applicable to
the usual thread grinding practice wherein the grinding wheel is
formed with opposed cutting faces, both of which simultane-
ously contact inwardly facing sides of the thread groove. The
special situation wherein only one face or flank of the wheel
contacts one side of the thread groove at any given time, as is
sometimes the case in grinding bobs or worms of high helix
angle, may alter the matter of wheel interference and the
adjustments used to control it. Fig. 12-77 Workpiece traverse in throughfeed centerless thread grinding.
12-116
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
Wheel- dressing compensator. This device enables the wheel structurally similar to the lead pickup, by which the several
to be dressed without altering the work size. In the act of starts of multiple threads may be spaced. Indexing for limited
dressing the grinding wheel, it readjusts the distance between and specific numbers of starts can be accomplished on some
work axis and the wheel axis to compensate for the lessened machines by disengaging the spindle-drive gear, indexing the
diameter of the grinding wheel that exists after dressing. Wheel spindle the proper amount (generally marked on the spindle
dressing may therefore be accomplished without changing the flange), and reengaging the spindle-drive gear. Index plates for
previous setting of the wheel-infeeding or work-size control. a specific number of thread starts are available for attaching to
Backlash compensator. This device permits the reversal of the face of the work spindle. Equipment is also available for
wheel traverse axially along the work without interrupting the automatically indexing multiple-thread work.
cutting contact between wheel and work, allowing grinding to Lead compensator. This device minutely increases or
be accomplished in both directions of work rotation and wheel decreases the lead or pitch of the thread ground on the work in
traverse. Compensation for backlash is made in the leadscrew relation to the nominal value thereof. It can be used to
driving train. It causes the grinding wheel to track the same in compensate for the linear coefficient of temperature expansion
either direction of table traverse, thus eliminating the idle return in the event that the workpiece is to be inspected or used at a
movement between grinding passes otherwise necessary. temperature differing from. that at which it is ground. Such a
Whee/ retract. This device may be operated either manually device may also be used to compensate for known lead error in
or automatically and has two principal purposes: the machine leadscrew, This feature is commonly found in
highly precise machines used for gage grinding. On machines on
1. To retract or withdraw the wheel from cutting contact which lead changes are obtained through gearing, it is possible
with the work during an idle return stroke, as when to compensate or vary the lead in increments of 0.0001” (0.003
grinding in one direction of traverse only. mm) through pitch-change gears.
2. To retract or withdraw the wheel from cutting contact
Taper attachment. This device, applicable to a thread-
with the work, as after a final cutting traverse in which the
grinding machine for grinding tapered threads, is similar in
work was brought to size. When so used, the setting of the
purpose to comparable devices used in connection with lathes
size-control wheel need not be disturbed and the wheel
(see Chapter 8, “Turning and Boring”).
infeed required for successive passes over the work may
Relieving or back-off attachment. This device adapts a
be accomplished through step-by-step advances of the
thread grinding machine to relieve or back off straight or taper
retracting mechanism, which determine the amount of
taps or bobs having any number of straight or spiral flutes. The
stock to be removed in successive passes of the wheel.
amount of relief maybe varied and may start at the cutting edge,
Automatic wheel infeed. After each traverse, the wheel is as is customary on bobs and taps, or relief may start at a
automatically advanced by the amount to be removed in each predetermined distance back from the cutting edge, as is
successive pass. Preferably the infeeding movement preceding required when con-eccentric taps are ground.
the final pass is less than the preceding movements enabling an No-ieadattachment. The no-lead attachment maybe used for
improved finish and more accurate dimensions to be imported grinding a succession of identical no-lead forms on a workpiece,
to the work. such as thread forms either on a thread-milling hob or on a roll
Dresser control. This contl OIS the infeed of the dresser for crushing the desired form on a multiple-rib grinding wheel.
toward the grinding wheel to determine the amount that is to be This attachment usually operates in conjunction with the lead-
removed at the next dressing of the grinding wheel. When a change gears and the standard machine leadscrews. When in
wheel-dressing compensator is used, the dresser control is tied use, the grinding wheel is fed to a predetermined stop in each
in with the wheel infeed. position; after a few revolutions of the work to finish the cut, it
Pass or piece counter. This counter automatically interrupts can be retracted and the table indexed with the no-lead
the normal production cycle of the machine after a predeter- attachment. Grinding and indexing are continued until the last
mined number of wheel passes, or after the completion of a groove is ground. The indexing movement may be performed
selected number of workpiece cycles, to dress the grinding either manually or automatically.
wheel. After the wheel is dressed, this device causes the machine Automatic work handiing and gaging. Various devices and
to resume its normal cycle. attachments are available for automatically loading the work
Lead pickup. This device alters the relation between work between centers or in chucks or collets, and for removing the
rotation and axial traverse thereof, as is necessary when the work from the machine after thread grinding. Automatic
grinding wheel must accurately engage a preformed thread on a gaging falls into two categories: in-process gaging, wherein the
workpiefie. [Jsually such a device is actuated by a control wheel work is gaged during the grinding process, and post-process
which may be manually turned to register the preformed thread gaging of the work after grinding, wherein signals are sent to the
with the wheel (thread matching) while the latter is being fed machine for automatic adjustments to bring the work within the
into grinding position for the first time. A substitute or required tolerance.
auxiliary device for aiding in performing the function is a Grinding j7uid temperature control. This device relates the
separate bench-mounted thread-matching device in which temperature of the work to the temperature of the Ieadscrew of
rough-threaded work blanks may be placed on centers in the thread grinding machine by means that control the grinding
predetermined relation to a thread pickup finger and the driving fluid temperature. It permits the lead-compensating device to
dog clamped in relation to this finger. The blank is then held in be adjusted to correct for any unavoidable difference in
thread-matching relation to the grinding wheel when the temperature between the work and the leadscrew. Such precau-
dogged piece is transferred into the grinding machine. Dogging tions become increasingly important when the length of the
each blank in thread-matching relation may be done by the work is increased, as in the manufacturing of precise machine
operator while another workpiece is being ground. tool Ieadscrews.
Muhistart index. This device frequently forms a part of or is With such a device, high production can be maintained on
12-117
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
relatively precise work. The grinding fluid temperature is held

only a few degrees lower for heavy grinding cuts. However, to
be most effective, the temperature control of the grinding fluid
refrigeration unit must also be affected by temperature changes
of the room in which the machine is operated, unless the room
temperature is maintained constant by other means.
Suction sysrem. Because of the high operating speed of a (0)
grinding wheel, considerable vapor develops from the grinding
fluid, which is often a cutting oil. This vapor can be disposed of
by connecting the thread grinder to a centralized suction ‘“’’’’’’”’’”*
system. If such a system is not available, a suction hood,
complete with fan and oil-reclaiming filter, can be mounted on
the thread grinder. Electrical precipitation systems are also
commonly used for reclaiming oil vapors from the grinding
wheel hood.
Thread-Grinding Wheels
The grinding of threads requires a grinding wheel with a
cutting periphery of such form that it will transfer the desired
thread form to the work. The wheel maybe of the single-rib type
(see Fig. 12-78, view a) in which the rib of the wheel must
completely traverse the length of the thread, or it maybe of the (c)
multirib type (view b) which is especially convenient for
grinding a thread that is approximately one pitch longer than
the face width of the wheel. In the latter instance the grinding
wheel may be plunged to within a few thousandths of an inch
(about 0.07 mm) of its entire depth before rotation of the work
is started, the remaining infeeding of the wheel being completed
in the fh-st fractional rotation of the work. The work rotates
only one complete revolution while traversing one thread pitch
to generate the complete length of thread, as in thread milling.
In practice, however, a fractional overtravel is allowed at both (d)
ends to avoid leaving a flat at one or both ends of the cut.

The multirib wheel maybe used in complete traverse grinding rig. 12-78 Use of ribbed wheels: (a) complete traverse grinding with
single-rib wheels; (b) partial traverse grinding with multirib wheel; (c)
(see Fig. 12-78, view c). This, however, is not recommended,
complete traverse grinding with multirib wheel; (d) rnrdtirib wheel with
because the leading few ribs of the wheel suffer the greatest nih Ditch twice the thread pitch—(1) at end of first revolution of the
wear. The threads cut by these ribs become oversized and work; (2) atend of second ;evolution of the work.
incorrect in form. Correction of this condition requires
redressing of the entire wheel, regardless of whether the trailing
ribs may be in need of dressing.
A multirib wheel having a rib pitch that is a multiple (here
twice) of the thread pitch is more easily diamond dressed. Two
revolutions of the work and a travese of two pitches are required
to forma complete thread. Figure 12-78, view d 1, shows such
an arrangement at the end of the first work revolution; view d 2
shows the work completed at the end of the second work
revolution. Another advantage in using a rib pitch that is a
multiple of the thread pitch is the increased amount of grinding
fluid that may be brought into proximity of the areas of cutting
contact between the wheel and the work,
The multirib forms maybe crush dressed or diamond dressed Fig. 12-79 Three-rib wheel form for grinding threads.
on wheels selected from Table 12-57 according to the type of
grinding to be done. Figure 12-78, view d, illustrates a skip-rib Thread grinding may be done on the up cut (see Fig. 12-80,
form well adapted to diamond dressing which is desirable when view a), usually with a better finish than that possible when
highest accuracy and finish are required in the work. grinding is done on the climb cut (view b). With up cut, the
A variation of the muhirib thread-grinding wheel is the so- materials removed from the work and the wheel do not have to
called three-ribbed type. This wheel form (see Fig. 12-79) has a pass over the finished surface.
roughing rib, .4, which removes about two thirds of the The feather-edged, incomplete thread at the end of a
material. The intermediate rib, B, takes the remainder of the workpiece has no-useful stre”ngth and is easily damaged; if
material except for about 0.005” (O.13 mm), which is left to distorted, it may injure the mating thread and may cut persons
be cleaned up by the finishing rib, C. If desired, the wheel can handling the piece. The incomplete portion may be removed by
be dressed so that a flattened rib, D, finish grinds the OD of a cylindrical wheel spaced from the thread-grinding wheel as in
the work. Fig. 12-81.
12-118
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
TABLE 12-57
Grinding Wheel Specifications for Thread Grinding
Type Threads Specifications for

of Per Precision Commercial
Application Thread Inch Work Work
External Grinding
Precision screws Fine Pitch 32-40 (From Solid) 32 A220-M9VG
Finer than 40 (From Solid) A320-09B
Screws and studs American National 8-12 (From Solid) 23 AIO0-R9BH
(Heat treated alloy Form Threads 14-20 (From Solid) 23 A120-R9BH
steel) 24 and Finer (From Solid) 23 A150-S9BH or
23 A150-T9BH or
23 A180-T9BH
Taps (High-speed Acme Threads 8-18 (From Solid) 23 A1OO-R9BH
steel) 20-26 (From Solid) 23 A150-S9BH
27 and Finer (From Solid) 23A 150-T9BH or
23 A180-T9BH
American National 4-12 (From Solid) 32 A1OO-K8VG 23 AIO0-R9BH
Form Threads 14-20 (From Solid) 32 A120-L9VG 23 A120-R9BH
24-36 (From Solid) 32 A180-N9VG 23 A180-T9BH or
A220-U9BH
American Standard 8-18 (From Solid) 23 AIO0-R9BH
Pipe Threads 20-26 (From Solid) 23A 150-S9BH
27 and Finer (From Solid) 23A 150-T9BH or
23 A180-T9BH
Whitworth form threads Whitworth Form 8-16 32 A120-K9VG
Threads 18-24 32 A150-L9VG
Worms and lead screws Acme and Worm 4-6 (Precut) 32 A80-J8VG
Threads 8-12 (Precut) 32 A1OO-K8VG
12-16 (From Solid) 32 A120-K9VG 23 AI O0-R9BH
Internal Grinding
Tool and alloy steel Acme Threads 2-8 (Precut) 38 A80-J8VG
Hardened 10-20 (Precut) 38 A120-K9VG
American National 6-16 (Precut) 38 A120-L9VG 23 AI O0-V9BH
Form Threads 20-24 (Precut) 38 A220-M9VG 23 A150-V9BH
6-20 (From Solid) 23 AI O0-V9BH
24 and Finer (From Solid) 23 A150-V9BH
Wheel Size
14” Diameter Larger than
Multirib Grinding and Smaller 14” Diameter
Hardened steel Centerless 5-10 pitch 32A 120-Q9VG
Cylindrical 38 A120-N9VG 32 A120-N9VG
Surfacing 38 A120-K9VG 32 A120-K9VG
Centerless 11-14 pitch 38A 150-N9VG 38 AI5O-Q1OVG
Cylindrical 38 A150-N9VG 32A 150-N9VG
Surfacing 38 A150-K9VG 32A 150-K9VG
Centerless 16-24 pitch 38 A2203-N9VG 38 A22O-Q1OVG
Cylindrical 38 A2203-N9VG 38 A220-N9VG
Surfacing 38 A2203-K9VG 32 A220-K9VG
Centerless 24-32 pitch 38 A320-NIOVG A320-Q1 lVG
Cylindrical 38 A320-NIOVG A320-NIOVG
Skrfacing 38 A320-K9VG A320-K9VG
(Norton Co.)
12-119
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
.+.
:,..,.,:
.,.. ..:-
,? ,,,,.
trueing the wheels. If vitrified wheels are used, either the
diamond or crushing method may be applied, the latter being
B --’+ :’:;;’:,:% limited to 40 pitch and coarser.
,
.:.::<.
.
.,$,...,. Work
,., .’:
.,, Work
‘. . . .... Wheel-Dressing Devices
,.: ,’. ,,, ..’ . -,”” Wheel
;.- ..” Wheel .. ... . Wheel-dressing devices form the effective cutting surface of
@
the wheel to a contour which, when operated in contact with the
I
I
(o) up cut (b) Climb cut
I
I work under predetermined conditions of work rotation and
Fig. 12-80 Direction of cut in grinding threads. helix angle, depth of wheel engagement, etc., generates the
desired thread form on the work. The thread form generated on
the work can be no more precise than the form that is dressed on
the grinding wheel.
Diamond dressers. In most instances, suitably mounted
diamond points are the cutting tools used to impart the desired
form to the grinding-wheel surface. It is the function of the
dressing device to give to diamond dressing points the
predetermined path of movement for generating the desired
wheel form.
Fig. 12-81 Method of removing incomplete thread from a ground In the relatively simpler instances in which the form to be
thread. dressed on the wheel is bounded by straight lines, separate
diamond tools are either pivotally mounted or slide mounted so
The three-ribbed wheel produces threads with accuracy that the several tools may traverse the respective surfaces of the
comparable with or even better than that of the single-ribbed wheel. These separate diamond points may be moved in a
wheel. If necessary, this type of wheel can be inclined to the helix straight line when supported on respective slides, or they maybe
angle, provided an allowance is made for the radius of the work pivotally mounted (see Fig. 12-82) to traverse accurately the
curvature. It should be noted, of course, that this three-ribbed wheel surfaces to be dressed by them.
type of wheel is designed to traverse the work, rather than Universal dressers (see Fig. 12-83) are capable of dressing any
plunge cut, as in the case of the conventional multiribbed wheel. form which may be dressed by straight-line dressers; addi-
Wheels of the three-ribbed type, if of resinoid bond, preferably tionally, they are capable of dressing forms bounded by curves
should be trued by means of diamonds. Relatively fine pitches or including curves together with straight or broken lines in
may necessitate using the alternate, or skip-rib, method of their boundaries. Such dressers usually include a formed
-- . .. .. .
t+ig. 12-X2 Ihree-way diamond wheel dresser: (1) control switch, (2), diamond oscillating slide, (3) flank diamond oscillating rod, (4) dlamond-
adjusting screw, (5) apex of diamond, (6) flank diamonds, (7), stops to limit stroke, (8) flank-angle lock.
12-120
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
Cuthng path of
, ‘Igh+d(omond
cm !“ “u, “, , . .
*Change of cams enables other forms to be dressed
.12-84 Movement of diamond points for dressing thread-grinding

:el.
leadscrew shaft
Fig. 12-83 Universal dresser: (1) helix-angle gib, (2) Ieadscrew shaft, (3)
rib-width adjustment, (4) control cams, (5) cam-follower diamond-
positioning adjustment, (6) flexible drive shaft, (7) longitudinal moving
lead-nut carriage, (8) limit-switch actuators, (9) traversely moving cam-
controlled diamond carriers, (10) worm-wheel driving shaft.
template with or witho~ pantographic reduction of scale, or

they include a cam-controlled mechanism for altering the
approach and the retraction of the diamond tool while a
leadscrew traverses the dressing point across the face of the
wheel in a plane that includes the wheel axis.
For mechanical reasons and to avoid the necessity for using a
diamond point so small that it would have prohibitively short
life, it is preferable that separate diamonds be provided for
dressing opposite flanks of the wheel rib. To avoid chipping of
I 1
the wheel rib in dressing, it is desirable that the diamond points
be in cutting contact only while traversing the rib from the apex Fig. 12-85 Thread-form width control device.
toward its base and return out of contact with the wheel.
The dresser includes a base with upstanding arms, each of nut to complete its rotation and axial travel in one direction,
which has an axially sliding, but nonrotating, shaft having dressing one flank of the rib. Then it automatically reverses and
Ieadscrew threads on its mid-portion. On the surface of the base returns to the starting position, dressing the other flank of the
beneath the shaft is a gibbed slide which mounts a lead-nut rib. Here, it automatically stops and conditions itself to be
carrier for movement along the Ieadscrew. The lead nut has a restarted in forward rotation at the beginning of the next cycle
worm wheel on its outside diameter for rotation by a reversible of dresser movements.
electric motor driving through a flexible shaft. A cam is fixed to Rotating rolls having diamonds plated on their peripheries
either end of the rotatable lead nut. Each cam gives reciprocation are a more recent method for dressing wheels for thread
to a diamond carrier to move it toward or away from the wheel grinding. These tools are particularly well suited for high-
axis while rotation of the lead nut traverses the nut carrier in a production thread grinding of a single design of workpiece.
direction parallel to the wheel axis. As seen in Fig. 12-84, one Two-axis NC dressers are available for producing various
diamond has an inward cutting movement dressing one flank of thread forms.
the wheel while the other has a reverse return movement out of Crush dressing. This is a method for generating the desired
contact with the wheel. A thread-form width control (see Fig. form on the cutting periphery of the grinding wheel by slowly
12-85) alters the separation between the flanks of the wheel rib rolling the grinding wheel with its periphery in crushing-
by adjusting the axial end movement of the Ieadscrew shaft on pressure contact with a roller (see Fig. 12-86), previously
its bearings. When a dresser switch is manually or automatically formed with a periphery complementary to the form to be
closed, the dresser motor starts a cycle that causes the dresser transferred to the wheel. The roll form, therefore, is similar to
12-121
c HAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
the form that is transferred from the grinding wheel to the work Limitations of crush dressing. The complete process of crush-
in the grinding operation. form wheel dressing and work grinding includes a number of
steps. There is inevitably a loss of accuracy with each step in the
Advarrrages. The advantages claimed for crush dressing are
process by which the pattern traced by the dresser on the wheel
as follows:
that grinds the crushing roll ultimately arrives on the finished
1. The number of pieces that can be ground per dressing is workpiece; also inevitable is a deterioration in the form of the
considerably increased. The reason for this increase is convolutions of the crusher roll each time it is rotated in
that sharper cutting points are available to do the work. crushing contact with the work grinding wheel to correct the
2. On even the most intricate profiles, crush dressing forms form of the latter. The applicability of the process, therefore, is
the wheel to the desired shape in a fraction of the time inevitably related to the tolerances permissible in the work. The
possible by any other conventional dressing method. cost for producing work with crush-formed multirib wheels
3. The cost of dressing the wheel is frequently less, not only frequently is favorable when specified tolerances permit the
because of the greater number of pieces ground per process to be used.
dressing, but also because of the large number of Crush dressing cannot usually be applied successfully on
redressing possible with a crusher roll. There are indica- resinoid-bonded wheels owing to the resilient nature of this type
tions that, on a thread-form roll of 10-16 pitch, 50-75 of bond. Although the use of crush-dressed vitrified-bonded
recrushings are possible. Obviously, the number of wheels is a fast means of producing threads and forms in
redressing possible with a given roll is related to the wear hardened materials, the limitations with respect to accuracy,
tolerance allowed. depth of groove, and finish should be recognized.
4. Results have indicated that considerably more stock can Crush dressing is not recommended on work when it is
be removed in a given period of time with a crush-dressed necessary to hold a very sharp point, less than 0.003” (0.08 mm)
wheel. radius, or when better than class 3 thread is specified. An excep-
5. Longer wheel life is obtained by crush dressing because it tion to this is the centerless method of thread grinding, in which
is necessary to remove only a thin layer of dulled abrasive a good class 4 thread can be obtained on a production basis.
grains, The dressing operation itself does not tend to dull So far, what might be considered a high finish has not been
the grains. produced with a crush-trued wheel. That is, the desirable
6. Crush dressing permits grinding to close tolerances qualities which improve the productivity of crush-dressed
because the hazard of burning is reduced and less wheels oppose in some measure the degree of surface finish
pressure is required to remove stock than is needed with obtainable with diamond-dressed wheels. Even under carefully
diamond-dressed wheels under the same grinding controlled conditions a finish better than 15 pin. (0.38 ~m) is
conditions. rarely obtained by crush dressing.
7. Crush-dressed wheels require less power to do the same It is not practical by present crushing methods to produce a
amount of work (under similar operating conditions) form suited to grinding a groove or shoulder with an absolutely
than diamond-dressed wheels. This permits the use of vertical face. A surface should incline not less than 5° from the
harder grade wheels when required to hold sharp forms, vertical. Difficulty may be experienced in the crush trueing of
and on[y a limited amount of power is available”. wheels for grinding grooves narrower than 1/ 8“ (3.2 mm) to a
depth greater than 5/ 16“ (8 mm). The greater the spread
between the maximum and minimum diameters of the form
required on the crushing roll, the greater will be the slip and
wear on the roll while it is crushing the wheel. There is a range
between maximum and minimum diameters of a crushing roll
beyond which crush trueing becomes uneconomical because of
roll wear.
Centerless Thread Grinding

Centerless thread grinding basically bears close relation to
centerless plain cylindrical grinding. For a description of
centerless grinding and the principle underlying its operation,
see Chapter II, “Grinding.”
5 The productivity of this method far exceeds that of any other
method for grinding screw threads, and it has been applied to
the production of many commercial items that are made in large
quantities, including headless setscrews, high-strength continu-
ously threaded studs, adjusting worms, valve-clearance
adjusting screws, self-tapping threading inserts, and similar
components. Classes 2, 2A, 3, 3A, and 7 thread tolerances are
maintained at high-production speeds; classes 4 and 5 threads
are produced at slower rates of production.
ig. 12-86 Crush-form dresser: (1) formed crusher roll, (2) gage to Grinding wheels. The grinding wheels selected for centerless
Ieck parallelism of axes of roll and grinding wheel, (3) adjustment thread grinding must have a grain size that is correct for the
lock, (4) crusher-roll longitudinal adjustment, (5) locks for removable
width of the thread root. Table 12-58 provides a guide for
roll arbor, (6) lock for inclination of roll axis, (7) graduations showing
inclination of roll axis, (8) roll-driving pin, and (9) roll-driving work determining grain size for National Coarse (NC) and National
shaft. Fine (NF) screw threads.
12-122
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
Relationship
TABLE 12-58
of Thread Pitch to Grain Size
of Grinding Wheel
.,.,
,:
...-. Gr[nding wheel, ,Regulating wheel
W
“’,
.’ .-; , .!.:, ,
Pitch Grain Size Pitch Grain Size ;; .. __ ...., _.—
..... .. . t
... I “!.
48 400 16 220 . . ...,‘..
40 400 14 220 .“::<,
..,,’...,, .
36 400 13 180 Workpiece
Work support blode
32 400 12 180
28 320 11 180 (a)
24 320 10 150
20 280 9 150 Grinding wheel Regulating wheel
18 220 8 150 . ;,<.’,. .,
- .,. “. ‘. .’
. -,,
,, . .. ___
The grade of grinding wheels used for centerless thread ‘..,.,,:,’, ~.., + –+–
,, ,
grinding is harder than that used for cylindrical centerless . ...’....
.. :.,... . .,.,’.
..
grinding for the same materials. Grades commonly used range
from M to R; wheels of Q grade are generally used for such m Workoiece
Work support blade/
products as headless setscrews made of steel having a hardness
of approximately RC40. The structure of the wheels generally . (b)
used ranges from 8-1 I, inclusive.
The wheel life ranges from 4-16 hours of production for one Fig. 12-87 Centerless thread grinding: (a) down (climb) grinding and
crush dressing, varying according to the rate of production, (b) up grinding.
thread tolerances to be maintained, and the workpiece material.
Wheel life for setscrews generally ranges from 8-12 hours per periods between wheel dressings. Since all forces act downward
dressing. Maximum wheel wear takes place on the crest of the toward the workrest support blade, the workpiece is held firmly
thread forms on the grinding wheel. Since this part of the on the workrest blade and the tendency to produce a chattered
grinding wheel produces the root of the thread on the product, finish under heavy cuts is reduced. Control of the work rotation
the time at which recrushing of the wheel becomes necessary is and of endwise travel in timed relation to its rotation is obtained
determined by the tolerances permitted at the root of the thread, solely by the regulating wheel and is completely independent of
usually known as the worn-tool outline. friction between the grinding wheel and the workpiece. Spinning
The regulating wheel used for centerless thread grinding is of the work is practically eliminated, especially when grinding
similar to that specified for use in cylindrical centerless coarse threads on heavy workplaces. Generally this technique is
grinding. However, finer grits are frequently used for precision- used for infeed or throughfeed grinding or for large workplaces
quality threads. The regulating wheel is usually diamond requiring coarse-pitch threads.
dressed, since it is not required to provide thread forms on this Throughfeed grinding. The throughfeed method of centerless
wheel. Frequency of dressing is determined by the depth of thread grinding (see Fig. 12-77) is used for workplaces requiring
grooves that gradually develop in the wheel face during opera- threads on the largest diameters and having no interfering
tion of the machine. Generally, the regulating wheel is dressed shoulders or heads to prevent passage of the work between the
each time the grinding wheel is recrushed, although on some grinding and regulating wheel. Included in this class of work are
operations it is necessary to redress the regulating wheel only headless setscrews, rods, bushings, and continuously threaded
once for every two or three recrushings of the grinding wheel. studs. The process is used for generating either right or left-
Grinding methods. Threads are centerless ground by either hand threads in a single pass.
down grinding or up grinding. Parts without interfering Grinding wheels for throughfeeding operations are available
shoulders are throughfed. Infeeding is used on parts with heads with dual specifications. These wheels have grit structure and
or shcrulders, hardness specifications for the plain or throat section of the
Down grinding. Climb cut, illustrated in Fig. 12-87, view a, is wheel to provide maximum efficiency for grinding the outside
generally used for centerless thread grinding. A more positive diameter of the workpiece. Different specifications for the
driving action is imparted to the workpiece, especially on small- section of the wheel with the thread form are such that they give
diameter fine-pitch work, and rear-to-front feeding can be maximum efficiency in the grinding of threads.
obtained by this method. In down grinding, however, the Throughfeed grinding normally utilizies the down-cutting
workpiece and the grinding wheel move in the same direction at method, and the workpiece progresses from the rear to the
the point of contact and higher stresses are imposed on the front of the machine. However, up cutting is recommended in
abrasive grains in the crest of the thread-generating ribs. the grinding of coarse-pitch threads where heavy metal removal
Up grinding. In the up-grinding method, as shown in Fig. is required.
12-87, view b, the workpiece is rotated in the same direction as Infeed grinding. The infeed method of centerless grinding
the grinding wheel. With this relationship, the surfaces of the screw threads is used for workplaces having heads or shoulders,
workpiece and the grinding wheel move in opposite directions double-end studs, parts having one or more diameters larger
at the point of contact. The stresses imposed at the crests of the than the diameter to be threaded, and parts requiring threads
ribs on the grinding wheel are greatly reduced, enabling the use that must be concentric with another portion of the piece within
of work surface speeds up to 30% greater than those used for close tolerances. This process is used for grinding threads from
similar grinding conditions for down grinding, with increased the solid as well as for finishing precut threads.
12-123
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
The entire length of thread is completed in approximately TABLE 12-59

three revolutions of the workpiece. This permits grinding of Relationship of Grit Size to Root Width*
threads very close to a shoulder with a minimum of imperfect
threads or relief at the shoulder. Under most conditions, the Grit Size
relief or imperfect thread at the shoulder can be limited to one Root Width, Vitrified Resinoid
pitch. Infeed grinding does not incorporate a means for in. (mm) Wheels Wheels
grinding the outside diameter of the work blank prior to
0.002(0.05) -.. 180
generating the thread, as is generally done in throughfeed
grinding. Therefore, any variation in the diameter from one 0.003(0.08) 220 180
blank to another must not exceed the variations permitted in 0.004(o.10) 180 150
the pitch diameter of the finished threads. 0.005(o.13) 150 120
The infeed cycle (see Fig. 12-88) consists of placing a blank 0.006(O.15) 120 120
workpiece, D, on the workrest blade, E, against the regulating 0.007(O.18) 120 100
wheel and moving lever A to the left. The infeed mechanism 0.008(0.20) 100 100
then automatically advances the workrest, the workpiece, and 0.009(0.23) 100 90
the regulating wheel, B, toward the grinding wheel, C, at a rapid 0.010(0.25) 90 90
rate until the work contacts the grinding wheel. At this part of (Norton Co.)
the cycle, the rotation of the regulating wheel is then auto- * When necessary to maintain a root of definite width, wheels
matically started. The infeeding continues at a uniformly coarser than indicated in this chart are not recommended.
decelerating rate until the thread-generating ribs on the grinding
wheel have penetrated the surface of the workpiece to the full The coarseness of grain and the openness of wheel structure
depth of the thread. At this point, a positive stop maintains the that might otherwise be desirable are frequently limited by
required pitch-diameter distance between the grinding and the inclusion of small radii or narrow-rib lands, which must
regulating wheels while the workpiece continues to rotate, be dressed on the wheel. These limitations are expressed in
usually three revolutions, to produce the complete thread. Table 12-59.
When the required rotation of the workpiece is complete, the Good results are being obtained with grinding wheels made
infeed mechanism automatically reverses to return the work from cubic boron nitride abrasive. Such wheels hold their form
rest and regulating wheel to the loading position and simul- well, especially at high operating speeds and high hardness
taneously stops the rotation of the regulating wheel. The levels. This can result in increased productivity because less
finished workpiece can then be removed from the machine. On dressing is required. There is also less chance of burning the
some machines, the infeed mechanism allows up to six roughing threads ground because the wheel sharpness is retained longer.
and/ or finishing passes automatically. The choice of wheel-bonding material frequently is deter-
mined by the nature of the work to be done. The resinoid-
bonded wheel is tough and fast cutting and stands a great deal of
abuse. lt is especially desirable for diamond-dressed multirib
wheels or those having sufficient width to avoid springiness.
This bond is especially advantageous for small-diameter wheels
used to grind internal threads.
Vitrified wheels are preferable for single-rib grinding of
preformed threads and other threads of precise lead. The
vitrified wheel has less tendency to be deflected by unequal side
pressure exerted on it in use. Grades J to R of vitrified wheels
appear best suited to crush forming because of the easily
fractured texture of the bond.
Thread-Grinding Applications
Determining the most economical conditions for a long-run
1 production job usually involves considerable experimentation
Fig. 12-88 Typical arrangement for infeed-type of centerless thread in which the following are factors:
grinding.
1. Wheel grit, grain, and bond.
2. Wheel surface speed.
Selection of Grinding Wheels
3. Hardness and material of the workpiece.
No universal wheel exis~ that is suitable for all thread-
4. Work peripheral speed.
grinding operations. A balance is needed between form-holding
5. Amount of material removed per pass.
requirements and damage-free cutting. Hard wheels hold their
6. Complexity of the form to be ground.
form better, but generate more heat in grinding; softer wheels
7. Tolerances and finish required on the workpiece.
lose their form rapidly, but generate less heat.
8. Kind, amount, and manner of delivery of the cutting fluid
The wheels recommended by one wheel manufacturing
to the cutting zone.
company, with the classes of work for which they are best
suited, are listed in Table 12-57. Wheels having similar Shorter production runs usually do not permit extensive
characteristics may be obtained from a number of wheel experimental determinations; consequently, the skill and
manufacturers, each under his own designating numbers (see experience of the operator ordinarily are relied upon for choice
Chapter 11, “Grinding”). of the conditions for doing such jobs.
12-124
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
The number of roughing and finishing cuts that are necessary enough to withstand the higher speeds safely, but some of the
depends upon the workpiece material and the nature and coarser wheels may not withstand such speeds. The wheelmaker
precision requirements of the job. The approximate depth of shows the maximum operating speed on each wheel. This limit
the ordinary roughing cut is from 0.020-0.040” (0.51-1,02 mm). should not be exceeded. The most common speeds are between
When two or more cuts are taken, it is generally advisable to 8000 and 10,000 sfm (41-51 m/s). The most important thing to
take from a minimum of 0,00 15“ (0.038 mm) to a maximum of remember, once the best speed for a given job is established, is
0.004” (O. 10 mm) depth of cut for the last finish cut. In some that a reasonably constant surface speed should be maintained
cases, two or even more light finishing cuts are advisable, even by increasing the rpm as the wheel wears down.
on the shallow threads, where extreme accuracy in lead, It is not practical to list the best work speeds for all classes of
diameter, and finish is required. work. It is, however, usually safe practice to start with a work
On large production runs, especially of close-tolerance work speed of about 10 sfm (3 m/ rein) on work of medium pitch
or work that is difficult to grind because of severe machinability where it is desired to finish from the solid in two or three passes.
conditions, it is economical to rough and finish grind in Some engineers prefer to use higher work speeds, to 50 sfm ( 15
separate operations. This allows the use of a coarser, freer m/rein) or more, with light feed on hardened high-speed steel.
cutting wheel for the rough-grinding operation and limits the Other engineers prefer fewer passes with heavy feed that
temperature conditions during finish grinding. naturally calls for slower work speed. Once a satisfactory work
surface speed has been found for a certain pitch and kind of
Operating Parameters for Thread Grinding material, the same surface speed will also be satisfactory on
Important parameters that must be established for successful other diameters within a reasonable range.
thread grinding include proper wheel and work speeds; correct The form dressed on the wheel usually stands up better and
mounting, trueing, and balancing of the wheel; and selection of the wheel has a harder action when the wheel is operated at
the cutting fluid to be used. higher peripheral speed. Rapid stock removal under coolest and
Wheel and work speeds. Suitable wheels, properly dressed best free-cutting conditions is usually accomplished by choosing
and used at correct wheel and work speeds (see Table 12-60), the coarsest grit and softest bond permissible and operating the
with the proper cutting fluid applied generously to the point of wheel close to its maximum permissible revolutions, exercising
contact, will operate with very little heat generated. When the care that the safe operating speed is never exceeded.
highest dimensional tolerances and uniformity of finish are Work speeds vary considerably. Heavy cuts are usually taken
required on hardened work, together with freedom from at low work speeds, and light cuts at higher speeds. From 24
checking or surface annealing, the appearance of an appreciable sfm (0.6- 1.2 m/ rein) is the usual range for roughing cuts. This
quantity of sparks in the grinding fluid stream indicates may be reduced for heavy cuts on large work. Higher speeds are
conditions approaching those which result in burning of the sometimes used for finishing cuts. When work is finished in one
work surface, cut, a low work speed is generally used. A workpiece having 20
Once a satisfactory surface speed has been established for a threads per inch (0.032”; 0,81 mm deep) ground from solid at
given wheel on a given class of work, it is usually desirable to one pass with a work speed of 2 sfm (0.6 m/min) was found to be
adjust the rpm of the surface speed wheel to maintain the same representative. Hardened parts should be ground by light cuts
approximate surface speed as the diameter of the wheel changes, that may be taken at relatively higher work speeds. This avoids
The speed of thread grinding wheels varies from 7500 to drawing or surface annealing of the work and reduces the
15,000 sfm (38-76 m/ s). Most thread-grinding wheels are strong probability that temperature differentials during grinding will
TABLE 12-60
Suggested Wheel and Work Speeds for
Grinding Threads in Various Materials
Workpiece Thread Wheel Speed, Work Speed,

Material Pitch* sfm (m/s) sfm (m/ rein)
Cast irons Coarse 8000-9000 (40.6-45.7) 4(1.2)
Fine 9000-10,000 (45.7-50.8)
Carbon and alloy
steels with Rc
hardness of
to 50 Coarse 8000-9000 (40.6-45.7) 4(1.2)
Fine 9000-10,000 (45,7-50.8)
over 50 Coarse 7000-8000 (35.6-40.6) 6([.8)
Fine 8000-9000 (40.6-45.7)
High-temperature
alloy steels All pitches 9000(45.7) I.5-4(0.46-1
.2)
Carbides Coarse 4000-5000 (20.3-25.4) 1.5 (0.46)
Fine 5000-6000 (25.4-30.5)
* Coarse pitches: less than 28 threads per inch.
Fine pitches: more than 28 threads per inch.
12-125
CHAPTER 12
THREAD GRINDING
cause the work to burn, check, or crack. Because soft parts are especially when a resinoid-bonded wheel is being used.
less subject to such injuries, they maybe ground at slower work 5. Distribruion of feed. If too heavv a rouszhirw cut is taken
speeds and with heavier cuts. in the desire to~eave a minimum-of wor~ for~he finishing
Mounting, trueing, and balancing of wheels. The faces of cut, the point of the wheel may break down in the
flanges and the sides of wheels should be clean and free from roughing cut and leave an excessive amount of material
any foreign material. Thin gaskets, such as those provided by to be removed on the finishing cut. On 12-pitch American
the machine maker, or blotters supplied by the wheelmaker Standard screws, a feed of 0.036” (0.91 mm) for the
should be used. Both should not be used at once. Flanges should roughing cut and 0.0 18“ (0.46 mm) for the finish cut is
be tightened evenly, but not too tightly. usually satisfactory. Several trials may be required to find
If the wheel sleeve is the removable type, the whole unit the best combination for other pitches.
should be balanced carefully. In balancing a new wheel, it
Maintenance of thread form (other than root width). Poor
usually saves time to first remove the balancing weights entirely.
thread form (other than root width) is usually attributable to
The wheel should be carefully trued before balancing to make
improper trueing. If the diamond is badly worn or loose in the
sure that it runs true on the wheel sleeve. Also, care should be
shank, it is impossible to true a correct form on the wheel. Too
taken not to use too heavy a diamond feed. This applies to
heavy a cut should not be attempted when a resinoid-bonded
trueing before, as well as after, balancing.
wheel is being trued. A dull diamond might cause enough
Grinding fluid. Straight (insoluble) oil is used predominantly
deflection of the wheel to affect the form.
for thread grinding, particularly for precision work, the best
Lead error. This occasionally occurs when resinoid-bonded
finish, and the best wheel life. A concentrated stream of fluid
wheels are being used, especially if the thread is precut and
must be applied with considerable force at the point at which
distorted in hardening. Also, on large-diameter work, there is
the wheel engages the work. A small flow of fluid should be
apt to be some slight springing of a resinoid-bonded wheel near
applied during the dressing operation to keep the diamonds
the end of the thread where the edge of the wheel is not
clean and prevent overheating. Overheating can cause diamonds
adequately supported on both sides. When an intolerable lead
to become loose in the holders. With crush-formed wheels, finer
error continues to be produced, a change to vitrified-bonded
finish and closer tolerances are obtained when the crushing
wheels is recommended.
contact is drenched with thread grinding oil. The tendency for
the wheel to chip is also reduced.
The grinding oil should be kept clean, and the settlings should THREAD ROLLING
be frequently removed. It is usually necessary to readjust fluid Thread rolling is a simple cold forging process for producing
outlets with every change in work size. A slight adjustment threads on cylindrical or conical workplaces. The helical
often eliminates burning and also reduces objectionable threads are produced by displacing or rearranging the blank
splashing. A simple splash guard, designed for a special job, material rather than by removing material as in thread cutting
often permits the full flow of fluid without trouble, thus or grinding. Production rates for rolling are generally higher
allowing the maximum rate of stock removal. than the rates for cutting or grinding; the threads produced have
Detailed information on grinding fluids and an applications improved strength and fatigue properties, the surface finish
chart may be found in Chapter 11, “Grinding.” produced is good, and the work-hardened surface often provides
additional advantages. Most rolling is performed with the
blanks at room temperature, although heat may be applied to
Grinding Troubles and Their Remedies
facilitate metal displacement, most often in the case of high-
The following statements pertain to thread grinding, for
hardness materials.
problems related to general grinding, Chapter 11, “Grinding”
In addition to forming threads, this process is also used to
should be referenced.
produce other helical or annular forms. This discussion is
Maintenance of root (flat) width. The width of flat (commonly
confined primarily to thread rolling. Form rolling of other
called root) of American Standard thread forms is equal to one
shapes is discussed in detail in Volume 11 of this Handbook
eighth of the pitch. On many classes of work it is customary to
series, “Forming.”
maintain narrower widths than this. Maintenance of root
Many types of equipment are used for thread rolling, ranging
width, therefore, often presents a real problem. The following
from machines which can thread small-diameter fasteners at
factors should be studied if trouble is being encountered:
rates of 1000 pieces per minute to equipment capable of rolling
1. Grit size. Maintaining a very sharp edge on a wheel is not 15“ (38 1 mm) diam heat-treated studs. Machines are available
practical if the wheel is too coarse. Table 12-55 shows the which can produce continuous threads to any length required or
coarsest grits recommended for producing root form of helical fins, either intermittent or continuous, on heat-exchanger
various widths (see also Table 11-11 in Chapter 11 of this tubing in lengths of 50 ft (15.2 m). Thread-rolling attachments
volume). On moderately coarse pitches ( 12-18) a coarser are used on automatic screw machines or lathes which produce
wheel often holds the desired form better than one that is threads at rates compatible with other operations being
too fine. performed and in locations not accessible to die heads.
2. Bond. As a general rule, resinoid-bonded wheels maintain Threads or other forms are produced on ductile workplaces
a better edge than do vitrified-bonded wheels. If the work by rotating the cylindrical or conical workpiece between
does not call for extreme accuracy of lead, a resinoid- hardened-steel dies so that the form on the die faces is impressed
bonded wheel is recommended to hold a fine edge. into the blank. The blank is smaller than the finished outside
3. Wheel speed. An increase in wheel speed often helps to diameter so that the material displaced at the root can flow
maintain narrow root width. outward to form the thread crests as shown in Fig. 12-89. The
4. Coolan?. Inadequate flow or improper application of oil die may be either flat or cylindrical as required by the rolling
is frequently responsible for rapid breakdown of edge, equipment to be used.
12-126
c HAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
stresses, it is absolutely necessary to thread roll after heat

treating in order to obtain full advantage of this feature.
The use of such hard-rolled fasteners has been common in
I I Threod-rolllng dle
I I Thread-rolling die
I I aircraft and other aerospace applications for many years;
however, with increased emphasis on product reliability, and
particularly highway safety, the use of these fasteners is
expanding rapidly in areas such as automotive and machine-
tool and related automation equipment.
Fasteners of extremely high hardness may be rolled warm.
The blanks are heated prior to rolling to a temperature less than
I
Fig. 12-89 Material displacement in thread rolling.
the tempering temperature, so that the rolling stresses and
therefore the fatigue resistance are maintained. Dies for this
Advantages and Limitations of Rolled Threads

Rolled threads have improved physical properties and surface
finish compared with those provided by other production
methods; in addition they provide material savings and in many
cases lower production costs. Tables 12-61 and 12-62 show the
material savings at the threaded portion and also comparative
surface finishes produced by the various methods.
The cold working which takes place in roll forming produces
a work-hardened surface with an increase of up to 1070 in tensile
strength. In addition, because of the surface hardness and (b)
excellent finish, wear characteristics and antigalling properties I
are greatly improved. Fig. 12-90 Typical grain flow: (a) in a rolled thread and (b) in a
machined or ground thread.
Rolled threads also provide improved shear strength, since
the material fibers are reformed into lines following the thread
type of rolling are generally made with an expanded thread
contour as shown in Fig. 12-90, view a. Such threads resist
pitch so that the lead of the threaded part is correct after cooling
stripping because a shear failure can occur only across the grain,
to room temperature. Special die steels may also be used to
while in cut or ground threads, the shear failure would occur
withstand the higher than normal operating temperatures. On
parallel to the grain (see view b).
materials over RC35, considerable improvement in die life is
An important effect of thread rolling is an improvement in
obtained compared to that possible with cold rolling; and on
fatigue life of up to ten times that provided by cut or ground
materials of RC45 or higher, cold rolling is generally not
threads. The fatigue resistance is provided by the residual
practical. Warm-rolled fasteners are in use which have a room-
compressive stresses induced in the screw during rolling.
temperature Rockwell C in the middle fifties. Even when the
Because any subsequent heat treatment would relieve the
material permits rolling at 900 to 1000° F (480-540° C), the die
TABLE 12-61 life is extremely low, and rolling in this hardness range is done
Percentage of Material Saved by Thread Rolling only when strength requirements make a rolled thread absolutely
necessary.
Thread Material Thread Material The rolling of hard materials requires greater care on the part
Size Saving, YO Size Saving, % of the operator in the matter of adjustment and matching of the
dies and in the use of blanks of proper diameter and uniformity
8–32 24 3A—10 16 of size. Matching of the dies is determined by viewing the initial
1/4—20 25 1 —8 18 impressions produced by one die relative to the impressions
~B—16 27 1!/-7 16 produced by the other die. Some thread rolling machines
IA—13 19 1%—6 16 require the use of shims; machines of later design usually pro-
ys—1 I 19 2 —4% 15 vide a simple means of adjusting for proper die matching.
TABLE 12-62
Comparison of Typical Thread Surface Finishes
Surface Roughness
250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 ~ in.
Type of Thread 4 2 1 0.5 0.1 pm
Screw machine f
chased threads
Milled threads
Ground threads I I
Rolled threads
12-127
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
extremely good rollability must be used; a standard 60° thread

may be rolled satisfactorily with a material of poor rollability.
A crest seam as illustrated in Fig. 12-93 is typical in most
thread-rolling applications and, except in unusual circum-
stances, is not considered detrimental. If a thread is rolled full so
that the die root is completely filled, the seam may be hidden
and can be seen only by grinding away the thread crest. Since
the seam is restricted to a limited depth at the crest, it can have
no appreciable influence on the strength of the fastener. In the
interest of die life, it is desirable to roll an unfilled or open-seam
crest as shown in Fig. 12-94. Tbe exact nature and depth of the
seam depends upon the rolling method used, in some cases the
die design used, and to a very great extent the blank diameter
and material used. The amount or depth of seam is reduced
when harder materials are rolled and also when those materials
which work-harden considerably during rolling are rolled.
Table 12-63 is helpful in determining blank diameters for
rolling of solid blanks with American Standard threads when
the thread depth is equal to twice the addendum. Suggested
blank diameters for various materials may be obtained from
this table by adding a given percentage of the pitch diameter
tolerance to the minimum pitch diameter of the desired thread.
rig. 12-91 Typical die life when materials of different hardness are
rolled.
““?V”V’L
Fig. 12-92 Acme thread with modified root for improved rollability.
Assuming proper blank diameter, uniformity of size, and
proper setting and matching of the dies, the effect of decreased
die life when harder materials are rolled is illustrated in
Fig. 12-91.
Rollability
The ability to roll a specific part depends upon the type of
thread to be produced and the method of rolling, as well as the
ductility and cold-flow properties of the blank material.
The type of form, that is, the shape, to be produced affects the
rollability of a part to a great extent. Fortunately the Unified
and similar 60° thread forms, which represent a majority of the
threads produced, are very suitable for rolling. Dies for rolling
these forms have comparatively sharp crests, usually with a
radius contour rather than sharp corners, and penetrate most
materials easily. The 30° flank angles provide force components Fig. 12-93 Typical crest seam in a thread rolled with a full crest.
which cause the blank material to flow axially and radially in a
satisfactory manner.
Flat-crested forms such as Acme or worm threads produce
high pressures at the wide crests, and the displaced material
must flow a great distance. Therefore, flakes may be prod~ced
on the rolled surface, as well as checked crests or rough cre.;ts,
and in some cases an exaggerated crest seam. The rollability of
Acme and similar threads is improved by modifying the root
contour to permit a full radius or a chamfered crest on the dies
as shown in Fig. 12-92. Some firms that roll threads find that a
vee shape in the bottom or root of Acme threads works better in
many cases than the radius shown. The vee provides a parting
line in the center of the root. Flank angles of less than 10°
should also be avoided when possible,
To produce good results when threads with poor rollability, 1 I
such as the unmodified Acme, are rolled, a material with Fig. 12-94 Threads rolled with unfilled crests.
12-128
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
TABL~ 12-63 the die-tooth configuration can be varied throughout its

Method of Determining Approximate Diameter of Solid penetration to provide appropriate material displacement.
Blanks for Rolling American Standard Threads Figure 12-96 illustrates the development of a modified Acme
thread at successive increments of penetration using infeed
Percentage of Pitch rolling and throughfeed rolling.
Diam Tolerance to be Rolling difficulties increase as flank angles approach zero,
Added to Min Pitch and values less than 10° should be specified only when
W orkpiece Diam for Determining absolutely necessary. Forms which are not symmetrical about
Material Hardness Solid Blank Diam the tooth centerline, such as buttress threads, require special
Aluminum alloys soft 30-50 consideration because of the unbalanced displacement which
Hard 20-40 results. Use of appropriate rolling methods and die designs
provides satisfactory results in most cases.
Brass and bronze --- 2040
Steels having carbon
%
content of, ~o: 25
0.10-0.20 soft 0-20
0.20-0.30 soft 10-30
0.30-0.50 soft 20-40
0.30-0.50, or alloy Rc 15-25 30-50 20
0.30-0.50, or alloy RC26-32 40-60
0.30-0.50, or alloy RC33-40 50-70
Stainless steels:
-— 15
300 series 60-80 #
400 series --- 40-60
As the blank diameter is decreased below the recommended 10

maximum, both the load on the dies and the power required are
decreased and by the same percentage. This illustrates that the
best rolling conditions and greatest amount of die life may be
expected when the thread rolling dies are properly set up and 5
the threads are rolled with an unfilled or open-seam crest. It
further emphasizes the value of using proper blank diameter
tolerances and limits for a given die setting, and the smallest
possible blank diameters for rolling minimum major and pitch 10 40
0 20 30 50%
diameter threads.
Amount of overrolling
When the blank diameter is increased above the diameter
due to Improper sefilng of fhe d[es, or use of oversize blanks
required to completely fill the thread form on the dies, the dies Expressed as a percentage of recommended blank diameter tolerance
can no longer penetrate without a stretching of the blank,
distorting the blank to an out-of-round condition, or an undue Fig. 12-95 Die overload and excess power required as a result of
springing of the die support members of the thread rolling overrolling.
machine. As a consequence, an increase of blank diameter
above the recommended maximum is accompanied by a rapid
rise in die load as shown by the die overload curve in Fig. 12-95. ~ Dle at first contoct
The resulting increase in power required is even more pro-
nounced as illustrated by the curve for excess power required.
-k..
An increase in die load and power required means that a
tremendous amount of heat is generated at the contact areas
between the dies and blank. This results in the excess power
Comoleted
being converted into heat on the surfaces of the dies and blank.
thread form
Overloading of this type leads to reduced die life. The extra (a)
loading results in early die failures from wear and crumbling.
Dies might also fail due to chipping at the edges as a result of r Die ot first contoct
endwise extrusion of the work. The dies, in many instances,
are subject to high thermal stresses. Overloading of the dies .. f--
,.---<, ,-_-.-m
also places excessive and undesirable loads on the thread rolling
machines.
The ability to produce Acme or other forms of less than ideal
rolling configuration depends upon the rolling method used. Comtdeted
thread form
Infeed rolling on cylindrical-die machines is limited to a
constant die configuration throughout its penetration. Flat (b)
dies, cylindrical and planetary dies with radial contour, and ig. 12-96 Acme thread at successive stages of development by: (u)
cylindrical throughfeed dies are more versatile, however, in that in-feed rolling and (b) cylindrical-die throughfeed rolling.
12-129
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
TABLE 12-64
Rollability of Common Materials for Thread Rolling in Terms of Thread Finish and Die Life
Rollability Rating
Relative Die Life
Thread Rc Rc Rc
Material Finish* soft 15-25 26-32 33-40 Remarks
Straight carbon steel
1005-1095 E H H-M M L Preferred materials for rolling
Free-machining steel:
1111-1141 except 1112, G H H-M M --- These have high sulfur content and may
1113,1116,1119, and not be satisfactory for severe forming
1139 such as Acme or other wide root forms.
1112,1113,1116,1119, F H H-M M --- /
and 1144
Leaded steel 11L17, 1IL41, G H M --- --- Leaded steels have a tendency to produce
12L14, and 12L15 laps or flakes and are not recommended
for severe forming
Alloy steel:
1330-1345 E H H-M M L Generally excellent finish and quality. Die
4012-4047,4118-4161 E H-M M M-L L life decreases with higher hardness and
4320-4340, 4615-4626, in some cases with higher alloy content
4815,4817,4820, I
5120-5160,51100,
52100
Stainless steel:
301-347 E --- L L --- Work-hardening type, minimum crest
seam but low die life
403-446 E --- M L --- Better die life and moderate crest seam as
compared with 300 series
Titanium:
Gal-4V G-P --- --- L --- Finish varies depending on material and
rolling conditions
Copper:
Phosphor, electrolytic E H
Leaded G H
Brass:
Free-cutting F H
Cartridge E H
Naval F-G H
Leaded naval P H
Bronze:
Commercial E H
5% phosphor, grade A E H
free-cutting phosphor F H
Nickel aluminum P M
Manganese (A) P M
Cupronickel, 20%
Nickel, Monel
Inconel
Aluminum:
E
E
F
M
M
M I Generally excellent rollability, but work-
hardening properties reduce die life
1100-0
I1OO-H18
2011 -T3
201 7-T4. 2024-T4
* Thread finish rated E, excellent;
E
G
F
G
H
H
H
H
G, good; F, fair; P, poor; Relative die life indicated
1 Susceptibility to slivering increases with
hardness, particularly
or slightly overrolling
by H, high; M, moderate;
when rolling full
L, low.
12-130
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
Straight carbon steels such as those used in cold-headed

blanks are usually ideal for rolling, as are carbon and alloy Reclprocotlng dte
steels used for machine blanks of various types. Materials for ,.”, /“
parts which require extensive machining often have free-
machining additives such as sulfur or lead. Although
advantageous for machining, they do not improve the roll-
ability of the material and have a tendency to produce laps or
X@@I@
flakes, particularly in severe forming required for Acme or Stationary
similar threads. dle
Aluminum generally forms well and produces a good finish in (a) (b) (c)
the softer conditions. Higher tensile-strength aluminum,
obtained by either strain hardening or heat treatment, may Fig. 12-97 Flat dies: (a) start of thread-rolling cycle, (b) relation of dies
form a rough orange-peel finish, particularly at the crest. The after completing half of stroke, (c) completion of thread-rolling stroke.
harder aluminum alloys are susceptible to slivering, particularly
if variations in blank diameter result in overrolling. penetrated progressively so that final size is reached prior to the
Copper and copper alloys, except those containing lead, roll blank’s rolling off the finish end of the dies. In this type of
well. Copper-zinc alloys used in screw machines usually have rolling the penetration rate is established by the total number of
free-machining additives; and when such blanks are to be blank revolutions provided by the available die length. Each
thread rolled, the material specifications must be carefully machine size has a maximum die length which establishes the
considered to provide a satisfactory compromise on machina- number of work revolutions and therefore the diameter of
bility and rolling properties. Cupronickel and phosphorous thread which can be rolled satisfactorily. Preferred work
bronzes generally roll satisfactorily, while silicon and aluminum revolutions vary from 5 to 10, as shown in Table 12-65, with the
bronze may provide poor results depending upon the specific higher work revolutions required for harder materials. Fewer
alloy used. than 4 revolutions, however, are commonly used on softer
Table 12-64 lists rollability ratings in terms of finish produced materials. In applications in which machine loading is high,
and relative die life for some of the materials commonly rolled. such as long thread lengths or the harder materials, more work
revolutions, that is, larger machines, may be advantageous.
Flat-Die Rolling Also, under ideal conditions and with soft materials, the fewer
The threads on many screws and bolts are rolled on flat-die work revolutions provided by a smaller machine may be
machines. These machines operate by rolling the blank across practical and can provide higher production rates.
the face of a stationary die with a traversing stroke of the Flat-die machines are available in a number of sizes, each
moving die, as illustrated in Fig. 12-97. A mechanical or suitable for a limited diameter range, and with automatic or
pneumatically operated starting finger positions the blank in manual feeding. Small machines for rolling machine screw
the dies, The blank then rolls between the die faces and is threads are capable of threading 1000 or more pieces per
TABLE 12-65
Preferred Work Revolutions for Flat-Die or Planetary Rolling
Preferred
Revolutions
Twre of Thread Material Hardness of Blank*
Machine screw, Types B, C Aluminum soft 5-6
tapping screw Brass soft 5-6
Steel, 1010-1025 soft 5-6
Steel, 0.30-0.50% Rc 15-25 6-7
carbon or alloy RC 26-32 7-8
Rc 33-40 8-10
Stainless steel 300 series 7-8
400 series 6-7
Type F tapping screw Steel, 1010-1025 soft 6-7
Type A tapping, and Aluminum soft 5-6

wood screw Brass soft 5-6
Steel, 1010-1020 soft 5-6
(basic wire)
Lag screw Steel, 1010-1020 soft 7-8
Pipe Aluminum soft 5-6

Brass soft 5-6
Steel, 1010-1025 soft 5-6
Steel, 0.30 -O.5090 Rc 15-25 6-7
carbon or allov
* Long threads on steel sometimes require more revolutions than shorter threads.
12-131
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
minute, while 5/ 8“ ( 16 mm) diam capacity machines can roll 180 modified penetration rate contributes to product quality.
pieces per minute. These production rates may be reduced Tapered-face dies are necessarily single rather than duplex face.
depending upon the hardness or other features of the blank Besides screws and bolts, knurls, serrations, annular forms,
material, and also depending upon the part configuration, fluted dowels, gimlet-pointed screws, and other forms are rolled
which often limits the ability to feed blanks to the dies at the in flat dies. Combinations of various threads, or forms, or
maximum rolling rates. threads and flutes can be rolled simultaneously as shown in Fig.
The dies used for flat-die rolling are made in matched pairs 12-99. Annular grooves for retaining rings on the ends of axial
with a reverse image of the desired thread form ground or shafts can be produced by rolling; also, oil grooves can be
machined on the rolling faces. When each die has two rolling produced on small-diameter shafts. In the case of rolled oil
faces as shown in Fig. 12-98, they are known as duplex-face grooves, the bearing diameter must be ground after rolling to
dies, as opposed to the single-face type. The thread form is provide a suitable bearing surface. Screw and washer assemblies
angled across the face of the die at an angle equivalent to the are also produced on flat-die machines. The washer, which has a
lead angle of the workpiece so that the screw progresses across hole only large enough to accept the screw blank, is assembled
the dies with no appreciable axial movement, allowing threads on the blank before rolling. When the thread is rolled with the
to be rolled close to a shoulder or screw head. washer positioned adjacent to the head, the screw diameter is
The rate at which the die penetrates into the work blank is rolled up to a diameter considerably larger than the ID of the
governed primarily by the length of the die, but can be modified washer so that it is permanently retained between the head and
slightly by adjusting the die-supporting pocket. Dies with a thread.
tapered face also provide a modified penetration rate. Tapered- Diameters and thread lengths rolled with flat dies are limited
face dies have been used for many years in a type of cold- by the capacities of available machines. To provide a satisfactory
heading machine which, in effect, has a thread rolling machine number of work revolutions, the dies for large diameters are
or station built onto the heading machine so that a finish- very long and the machines capable of using them are very large.
threaded bolt is completed from the wire that is fed into the Only a few machines are capable of rolling sizes 1 to 1 1/ 2“
heading dies. The tapered-face, or boltmaker-type, die is also (25-38 mm) diam. Thread-length capabilities vary from 1 to 1
used extensively in other types of thread rolling machines for 1/ 4“ (25-32 mm) on small sizes to 101 / 2“ (267 mm) and in some
threading aircraft-quality ‘heat-treated fastene~s because the cases longer on the Iarge machines.
Rolling bent rods, or other parts, which swing a large radius
while rotating, may be restricted by interference with die
clamping or other parts of the machine. The overall length of
parts is restricted primarily by the necessity to support, or the
difficulty in supporting, such parts as they rotate in traversing
across the dies. Other methods of rolling are often more
practical for irregular or long parts.
Cylindrical-Die Rolling
I Common types of cylindrical-die machines have two or three
Jig. 12-98 A pair of duplex-face dies. dies, as shown in Fig. 12-100. They produce threads by the
~-
Blank Blank Blank Blank - -
Right and left-hand Thread and annular Thread and chamfer Thread and knurl of
t breads groaves large diameter in ane
machine cycle
lTice
Blank
Tapered annular
.,
aroave. chamfer.
and diamond knu~l
r~nginert
[f ~~$e
Blank
[~i~
Thread
of
and a number
flutes
Machine screw, gimlet
ooint threads, and
knurl
Blonk
Raised onnulor forms

Blonk
Speaker maunting ball
Fig. 12-99 Combinations of threads and forms rolled simultaneously.
12-132
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
Two and three-die machines can also produce threads by the

throughfeed method or by a method combining infeed and
throughfeed. Dies for infeed rolling are designed with the
thread lead angle approximately equal to the lead angle of the
product thread so that a minimum of axial travel occurs during
rolling, permitting full threads to be produced close to a
shoulder. By modifying the lead angle, axial movement can be
produced and in many cases used to advantage. A common
application involves infeed/tbrougbfeed rolling of thread
lengths longer than the die width. The dies are fed into the blank
to roll the back end of the thread first, then the part is gradually
fed out of the dies so that threads are produced to the end of the
Fig. 12-100 Types of cylindrical-die thread rolling machines: (a) two blank. This type of rolling allows long thread lengths to be
die and (b) three die. produced in machines of relatively low capacity.
Production feed rates, however, are lower with the infeed/
infeed process. The work blank rotates with the rotating dies as throughfeed method than with the regular throughfeed rolling
they close in to impress the die form into the blank. When the method. Speed-up dies are available to double or triple the feed
dies have penetrated the blank to a preset dimension, they are rate over standard annular-ring dies without rotating the
retracted, the threaded workpiece is removed, and a new blank workplaces faster. These dies are used for vee-threaded rods to
is inserted. 3/4”( 19 mm) diam. Combination dies are used as the reverse of
Machines of this type are versatile by virtue of the infinite die speed-up dies to slow the feed rate when multiple-start threads
length and number of work revolutions available, so relatively having helix angles to 40° are being rolled. With such combina-
small machines are capable of rolling large-diameter threads in tion dies, the workplaces feed slowly to give the material a
hard materials. A medium-sized two-die machine, for example, chance to form the threads. Combination dies are also used for
rolls diameters from 0.060-3” ( 1.52-76 mm). Two-die machines bar-length, multiple-start wormgear threads.
normally provide a greater die-load capacity than comparable Long thread lengths are also produced by the throughfeed
three-die machines because they can use large-diameter dies method. The parts are started in closed dies and allowed to feed
regardless of work diameter, permitting heavy bearings and axially until sufficient thread length is rolled. The choice of
supporting members. method depends upon part configuration and upon the type of
The maximum die diameter on three-die machines is five to machine and tooling available. Also, the length of imperfect
six times the work diameter, so spindle-bearing sizes are threads produced is usually longer when the infeed~ throughfeed
restricted. For this reason such machines are not commonly method is used, although the length of such runout threads in
used for thread sizes below 1/4” (6 mm), and they also have both cases is affected by the rate of axial feed and other factors
limited thread lengths and blank-hardness capacity in the related to die life and ease of operation.
smaller sizes. Continuous throughfeed rolling is used for parts which are
Cylindrical-die machines are recommended for work that is threaded full length, such as setscrews, commercial threaded
too large to roll satisfactorily in flat-die or planetary machines rod, and fully threaded studs. Feed rates vary from 28 ipm (203
or that, because of size or unbalanced configuration, cannot mm/min) to 2 sfm (0.6 m/ rein) on 3–-8 UN heat-treated studs
conveniently be rolled in such machines. They are popular for to 50 sfm (15.2 m/ rein) on 1/4—20 UNC threaded rod. Three-
job shops or for manufacturing plants because one machine die machines can have simplified work fixturing. As it is not
provides capacity for limited quantities in a wide range of sizes. necessary to retract the dies for throughfeed rolling, some
Threads up to 15“ (38 I mm) diam can be rolled. Two-die machines, both two and three-die, have a simplified construction
machines normally provide the greater range of diameters and with fixed spindles. Such machines of course cannot be used for
capacity, but require various types of work support, such as infeed rolling.
centers, bushings, or carbide rest blades. In addition to carbide Either two or three-die machines used for throughfeed rolling
work support blades, roller supports, which do not limit the should be equipped so that the die spindles can be skewed or set
speed of rolling (as do carbide blades), are available. Cast at an angle to the work axis. With the die spindles parallel to the
aluminum-bronze supports, which give an excellent OD finish work axis, the throughfeed rate, except in large diameters, is
to threads being rolled, are sometimes used for certain types of restricted to 10-50$z0of that possible with skewed-axis rolling.
alloy and stainless steels. Such equipment adds to the cost and Feeding for the throughfeed method of rolling varies from
setup time and in some cases limits production rates. Three-die fully automated to manual. Rods 10-20 ft (3-6. 1 m) long maybe
machines support the work at three points so that a minimum of placed automatically, or manually, into a tube or V-trough and
work fixturing, often none, is required. Three dies are also then pushed into the rotating dies. As the work rotates, it
advantageous for threading hollow parts which tend to collapse progresses through the dies and the threaded rod is then
under the diametrically opposite pressures of a two-die machine. removed from the fixture, again automatically or manually.
Tube fittings and spark plugs are typical examples of large- Bundles of steel rods maybe placed on the worktable or rack of
volume parts thread-rolled in three-die machines, often fully an automatic-feed unit, which then feeds them individually into
automated and with production rates up to 100 pieces per the dies and stacks the threaded rods on a rack or pile as they
minute. Three-die machines are preferred for pipe threads on exit from the machine. Setscrew blanks or short studs may be
either hollow fittings or solid plugs because the very sharp fed from vibratory bowls or elevator hoppers so that a
thread crests necessary to provide a leakproof threaded con- continuous stream flows into the rolling machine. Socket
nection are easily damaged by the types of work support or setscrews tend to collapse during rolling, so specially designed
feeding equipment necessary in other rolling machines. dies are necessary to minimize this problem.
12-133
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
Automatic fixtures usually have some type of pushing

arrangement to start the blanks into the dies, but when feeding Stationary segment die,
is manual or from vibratory bowls, the dies must be designed so
that the parts start easily.
Throughfeed rolling is popular for producing traversing
screws such as those used in jacks, door openers, and machine
feed and position screws. Traversing threads are usually
modified or standard Acme type, or they are recirculating-ball
type. An advantage in rolling this type of part, in addition to
economy, is that a work-hardening steel can be used to obtain a
rolled surface that has good hardness and wear properties.
Integral-fin heat-exchanger tubing in lengths to 50 ft ( 15.2 m)
is produced on three-die standard or sometimes specially
designed throughfeed machines. The thread form is designed to
provide a thin helical fin or tooth which increases the surface
area of the tube approximately 2 1/ 2 to 15 times, depending
upon the thread configuration used, and thereby also increases
its capacity to transfer heat by a similar factor. The most
common thread used is 16-20 threads per inch with a height of Fig. 12-101 Planetary thread-rolling principle.
0.050-0.060” ( 1.27-1.52 mm) and an average thread thickness of
0.0 12“ (0.30 mm). The tubes may be finned intermittently so
position, or any other desirable position. The vertical position
that plain portions or lands provide surfaces for mounting in
lends itself to long-headed parts. The horizontal position lends
tube plates or other supports.
itself to rods and studs or unheaded blanks.
Other applications inchrde the high-production rolling of
Planetary Rolling tube nuts and other hollow parts. Due to the continuous rotary
Planetary thread rolling machines have a cylindrical die motion of the circular die, it is possible to place a series of pins
rotating on a fixed axis and one or more stationary concave die over the spindle that are rotating in the same orbit as the blank.
segments located a spaced distance from the periphery of the Consequently, a pin can be insertd into a blank to support its
rotary die as shown in Fig. 12-101. The blanks are inserted inner diameter while the threads are being formed. This, of
between the rotary and segment dies at the proper instant by a course, prevents the collapse of the part and assures obtaining
starting finger, and the blank then rolls between the two dies full threads. Other internal and external forming can be
and progresses to the finish end of the segment. Starting accomplished with this method.
mechanisms can insert more than one blank per die revolution,
generally 3-8, so that high production rates are possible on Rolling with Attachments
small diameters, typically 300 pieces per minute on 1/ 2“ Four types of thread-rolling attachments are used in auto-
workplaces. Actual feed rates are often determined by the matic machines such as screw machines, chuckers, lathes, and
feeding characteristic of the blank itself. Planetary machines are special multiple-operation machines (see Chapter 8, “Turning
used extensively for the high-production rolling of threads on and Boring,” and Chapter 15, “Multifunction Machines”). All
machine screws, as well as for nails. of these attachments use one or more cylindrical dies, commonly
As in the case of flat-die rolling, the size capacity is referred to as thread rolls. The simplest type is a single-roll
determined by the available number of work revolutions as holder commonly called a bump attachment, which is quite
determined by die length, in this case the length of the segment descriptive of the operation. The roll holder (see Fig. 12-102) is
die. Several sizes of machines are in common use, with the clamped on a machine slide so that the roll, mounted on its
largest size machine accommodating 1 1/ 4“ (32 mm) diam supporting pin, is plunged into the workpiece until the thread is
work. fully formed and then is quickly retracted. The radial force
Planetary dies vary in size from 4-15“ ( 102-381 mm) diam, applied tends to deflector bend the workpiece, so bump rolling
with approximately 7“ (178 mm) diam being most common. is limited to rigid workplaces or those which can be sup-
The cost and life of the dies are generally proportional to their
size, so die costs per piece are comparable with other types of
dies. Because the dies are relatively large, however, a sizable die
inventory may result unless production is extremely high. Also,
considerable die life is lost in repeated setups, so maximum life
can be expected only when machines can be run continuously
without setup changes.
The planetary system lends itself to complete flexibility in
regards to the actual spindle placement. As with flat-die rollers,
the 30° plane, which has been generally accepted as a good
angle and perhaps optimum for feeding headed parts, has
generally been adopted as a standard plane for conventional
planetary thread rollers. One machine manufacturer recom-
mends the 30° plane for short workplaces up to 5/ 16“ (8 mm)
diam and 22° for longer workplaces of larger diameter. The
spindle, however, can be placed in a vertical position, horizontal Fig. 12-102 Single-roll threading attachment.
12-134
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
ported and to short thread lengths in soft materials.

Also, size is difficult to control because of possible variations in
the slide travel.
The most popular attachment for this type of work is a
two-roll straddle attachment (see Fig. 12- 103). The straddle
attachment is mounted on the machine slide and advanced so
that both rolls contact and penetrate the work until a full thread
is formed when the work is on the common roll centerline. After
reaching full penetration, the slide is rapidly retracted. The two
rolls approach the work on a tangential path; at full penetration,
the rolling loads on the work are diametrically opposite so that
work deflection is minimized and long thread lengths in
stainless steels and other harder materials can be threaded. The rig. 12-104 End-rolling attachment for throughfeed threading.
distance between the rolls is adjusted to provide the correct size
so that the slide travel is less critical.
types of lathes. Nonrotating types of end-rolling attachments
A modification of the straddle attachment is the two-roll
may be mounted stationary on a lathe turret to thread a blank
radial-feed arrangement, which is also mounted on the machine
rotating in the headstock, and rotating types of end-rolling
slide and advanced so that the rolls are directly over the work.
attachments may be mounted in the headstock to thread work
They are moved together radially to contact and penetrate the
clamped in a stationary work fixture.
work to full depth. The rolls are then opened and the slide
These attachments can roll threads only on the end of the part
retracted. The radial actuation is by mechanical linkage to the
opposite the collet or clamp; however, because there is no
machine slide or by a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder. Size is
bending force, long thread lengths can be produced on small
determined by mechanical stops in the attachment linkage.
diameters and at any distance from the collet.
Although more complicated than the straddle attachment, the
Threads on screw machines and lathes are rolled with as few
radial feed produces a minimum bending force so that longer
revolutions as possible. The spindle speeds used are the same as
threads can be rolled on parts with small diameters or parts that
those for other operations. Table 12-66 gives the approximate
lack rigidity.
number of work revolutions for different threads per inch and
All the attachments described can produce threads at the
different materials when a two-roll attachment is used. The
collet end of workplaces or behind shoulders where threads
lower number of revolutions are for smaller diameter work and
would otherwise have to be cut in secondary operations. The
softer materials; the higher revolutions are for larger diameter
rolling operation is very fast, and the size and quality of thread
work and harder materials.
are consistent, so it is usually more economical to roll threads
even where die heads could be used. TABLE 12-66
End-rolling attachments (see Fig. 12-104) utilize the through- Approximate Work Revolutions for Two-Roll Attachments
feed principle. These are similar to self-opening die heads
except that thread rolls, usually three but sometimes only two Threads Carbon and Carbon and Alloy
for small sizes, are exchanged for the thread-cutting chasers. per Brass or Alloy Steel Steel Rc 16-20
The rolls rotate freely on their support pins and are usually Inch Aluminum up to Rc 15 and Stainless
mounted in roller or bronze sleeve bearings.
32 10-15 11-18 14-23
The rolls are adjusted radially for proper size; and then the
24 11-17 13-20 16-25
attachment, with rolls closed, is pushed onto the rotating work
18 12-19 15-22 18-28
and is fed toward the collet as the thread is rolled. At a preset
14 14-21 17-25 20-31
length, a stop or trip dog opens the head so that it can be moved
10 17-24 21-28 25-34
clear of the work. After retracting, the rolls are again moved
8 21-27 25-31 29-37
into the closed position ready for the next cycle.
End-rolling a~tachments ar~ positioned on ~he work centerline
and move only axially; therefore, they are well suited for rolling Rigidity of work and equipment affects the rate of feed that
threads on common types of threading machines and on all can be applied to the rolls. A slower rate of penetration is
normally used for single rolls unless the workpiece is heavy and
very rigid. Upon reaching full thread depth, thread rolls should
be immediately withdrawn from the work. Proper cam selection
and design are most important for thread rolling on bar-type
automatics. The continual change of relation of diameters
between the thread roll and the work during the rolling cycle
results in a side or axial motion of the rolls and directly affects
the total work revolutions and design of the thread roll. This
motion, if not controlled, creates undesirable side pressures on
the rolls.
Suggested Blank Specifications

Since rolling does not remove or compress material, it is
necessary that the blank contain the correct amount of material
Fig. 12-103 Straddle-type thread rolling attachment. to form the finished thread. The blanks for American National
12-135
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
Standard screw threads approximate the pitch diameter (see

Blank Finished work
Table 12-59). Oversize blanks result in overloading of the dies.
Blank-diameter tolerances are related to thread accuracy.
Variation in the blank diameter causes variation in the pitch
and major diameters of the thread. In general, blank diameters
should be less than the maximum pitch diameter of the thread,
and tolerances should be as small as practical for economical
manufacturing.
*.7 *: “fd’ef”cer
Blanks for common fasteners, such as bolts, cap screws, and
Minor
0.005”
diamete%ss
(O. I 3 mm) 1 length of thread
r
machine screws, are usually preformed in heading machines.
For more accurate threads with higher hardness, blanks are
usually centerless ground. Overloading
material is very detrimental
of dies with hard
to die life, and close control of
‘-# --4 Width of dle face
b
ifl==$a
blank size is required.
Blanks should be as round and straight as possible, since
rolling may not correct these inaccuracies. Variation of diameter
along the length of the blank should be avoided, because uneven
Minor dtameter Ies
distribution of pressure may overload the dies and result in
reduced die life. Taper in the blanks appears to a degree, as
0.005” (O.I3 mm) 1- 1
taper in the finished thread. Also, blanks that are out of round
produce out-of-round threads. Blank diameters should be kept ~ ~,,,:<;
uniform and within specifications to ensure uniform accuracy
in the finished threads. Blanks should have smooth surfaces d Width of de face
F
P
where accurate threads are required. The importance of proper
preparation of blanks cannot be overemphasized. Recom-
mended designs for various kinds of blanks are shown in Figs.
30”
12-105 and 12-106.
Straight blanks without points are also used on reciprocating b Minor diameter less
+
Y+ Length of thread
k
and planetary machines for which dies may be provided for 0005” (O. I 3 mm)
both pointing the blanks and threading the screws at the same
time. The length of the blank approximates the length of the ~,lfhesg;p
finished screw, and the material at the end of the blank is
B!!m
formed into a point by the dies. This usually applies only to
ductile materials that can be formed easily.
The ends of the blanks for machine screws and various types
of threads, such as those illustrated in Fig. 12-100, should be
30”
beveled to prevent excessive chipping of the threads on the dies.
The angle and depth of bevel are important. A bevel of 30° from ‘-h Minor diameter Ies
0005” (0.1 3 mm)
the axis of the blank, which gives 60° included angle, is
generally preferred for infeed and throughfeed rolling. A bevel Small diameter of bevel equals
/“ E. less cme thread depth plusO010“ (0,25 mm) I ,
of 15° from the axis, which gives 30° included angle, is
commonly used for end-feed rolling.
The diameter at the small end of the bevel should be less than
the minor diameter of the thread as shown in Fig. 12-100.
During rolling, the end threads on the blank bend outward so
that a 30° bevel on the blank looks like a 45° bevel on the t+tt’l”t-r-++
finished thread. Bevels on blanks in excess of 30°, such as 45
and 60° with the axis, are detrimental to die life and are not
recommended. Angles of 25, 20, and sometimes 15° are
I
(opposite small diameter thread
preferred for infeed rolling of harder blanks. of bevel)
I
The blank-diameter limits are affected by the kind and
hardness of the material used and the nature of the surface Fig. 12-105 Width of die face and blank design for infeed rolling of
finish on the blank. The proper blank-diameter limits must threads.
permit both the smallest and largest blanks to produce finished
threads to satisfy the required pitch and major-diameter limits. depth is equal to twice the addendum. Minimum blank
The minor diameter is controlled by the thread form on dies and diameters for various materials of different harnesses maybe
the setting of the dies. The blank diameter must be increased obtained by adding a given percentage of the pitch-diameter
somewhat on short thread lengths, especially with very soft tolerance to the minimum pitch diameter of the thread. The
materials, to compensate for endwise stretching of the blank maximum blank diameter may be obtained by adding the
that takes place during rolling. blank-diameter tolerance to the minimum blank diameter. The
Table 12-63 may be used for determining approximate tolerance on the blank diameter for common threads is
minimum blank diameters for rolling of solid blanks with approximately one third of the pitch-diameter tolerance of the
American National Standard screw threads when the thread thread. When the major-diameter tolerance is less than twice
12-136
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
must be used, and more attention should be given to the matter

of coolants and lubricants.
Degree of fullness of formed-thread crest. Die life can be
Moch,ne Screws greatly influenced by the degree to which the crest of the thread
being rolled is forced to fill the full form of the die threads. The
Q== D==
PllOt point Cone point
degree of fullness of thread crest depends upon the blank
diameter, the desired appearance
specifications
of crest, and the tolerance
of pitch and major diameters of the finished
Type A Topping Screws thread.
Any combination of blank diameter and die setting that tends
to displace more material than is necessary to fill the die threads
will result in overrolling, which leads to greatly accelerated die
failure. Overloading causes failures from wear and crumbling.
Chipping of the dies at the edges may also result because of
ED== log bolt

b Pinch pont-
endwise extrusion of the work. The dies, in many instances, may
be subjected to excessively high thermal stresses. Overloading
for miscellaneous work
of the dies also places excessive and undesirable loads on the
thread-rolling equipment.
Fig. 12-106 Typical blanks used for rolling threads on common When conditions permit, longer die life may be secured by
fasteners.
rolling slightly less than a full thread or burnished crest. This
practice greatly reduces the load on the dies and leaves a factor
the pitch-diameter tolerance, about one sixth of the major- of safety so that an occasional slightly oversized blank may not
diameter tolerance should be used for the blank tolerance. overload the dies to the point of destruction.
Blank diameters for knurling, serrations, and splines are It is preferable to set the dies or rolls relative to the
approximately equal to the diameter of the knurling, serration, maximum-diameter blank so that all variations in blank
or spline, minus the depth of tooth. diameter reduce rather than increase the loading of the dies.
The blank information given is approximate, and all blank When dies are set to roll full threads on blank diameters less
diameters should be confirmed by actual rolling before blanks than the recommended maximum, the maximum-diameter
are produced in quantities. blanks are overrolled and the dies are overloaded. Setting the
dies in this manner results in reduced die life.
Improving Die Life Design and preparation of blanks. Whether the blanks are
The life of a set of thread-rolling dies, or thread rolls, is cold formed, turned, shaved, or ground, it is important
determined primarily by the rate at which the profile of the die that the blank diameter be controlled with as much precision as
threads progressively deteriorates under the action of complex possible. Information regarding bevels and blank-diameter
stress systems imposed by the thread-forming operation. The selection is discussed in a preceding section under the subject of”
dies must be discarded when this deterioration has progressed suggested blank specifications.
to the point at which threads can no longer be rolled to meet the Type and size of equipment used. To sccurc the most
requirements of appearance and dimensional specifications. satisfactory rolling conditions and die life, the proper size and
The most common die failures are those which are referred to design of thread-rolling equipment must be used. Rugged
as fatigue or progressive failure, because they take place under equipment with ample power is required to roll threads on
stress conditions that show no perceptible effect until thousands heat-treated parts. The correct die speeds and number of blank
or even millions of threads have been rolled. These failures fall revolutions are important, especially when close accuracy for
into four categories: ( 1) distortion of die-thread profile by roundness and size is required. Too many revolutions of the
compression or bending, (2) chipping, (3) crumbling, and (4) blank may have a tendency to work-harden some types of
abrasive wear. materials, and thereby reduce the life of the dies.
Die life depends upon a number of factors including die Installation and use of dies. The care exercised in the
design, thread size, blanks and equipment, and several other installation, adjustment, and day-to-day use of rolling dies has a
considerations. great effect upon die life. Chipping, crumbling, and abrasive-
Design and quality of dies. To roll uniform and accurate wear failures are progressive in nature and involve thousands of
threads, it is necessary that the dies be of the highest quality applications of loading die threads. The rate at which these
from the standpoint of structure, dimensional accuracy, and failures progress is always accelerated by improper setting of
uniformity. The die-thread form and surface finish must meet the dies and by the presence of abrasive material on the surface
the requirements and specifications for a particular job. of the blanks and in the lubricant.
Size and form of thread. Die life is influenced to some extent Careful examination of the matching samples and of the
by the form and size of the thread to be rolled. Coarse threads finished rolled threads, preferably with a magnifying glass, is of
are generally subject to more rapid abrasive wear. Die-thread considerable help in obtaining precise adjustment of the dies.
crests that are too sharp may have higher initial crumbling The presence of laps, slivers, and other markings or imperfec-
action. Blunt-thread crests tend to develop higher compressive tions usually is an indication of improper setup. Improper setup
stress between the dies and the blanks. may also result in overloading of the dies with subsequent
Nature of material. Generally, die life is closely related to the reduction of die life.
hardness and work-hardening characteristics of the material
being rolled. The use of high-hardness dies is common when Troubleshooting
hard material is rolled, and greater care is needed in matching Table 12-67 lists some of the problems commonly encountered
and adjusting the dies. Also, uniform blanks of proper design in thread rolling and possible causes of the problems.
12-137
CHAPTER12
THREAD ROLLING
w“ F:
m
al
.-
-0
12-138
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
-g
i-l
‘a-
Cd
12-139
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
w“ tiw
-4 &
12-140
CHAPTER 12
THREAD ROLLING
-time”
12-141
CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
References
1. “Nomenclature, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Screw

Threads, ” ANSI Standard B1 .7, published by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
2. “Unified Inch Screw Threads, ” ANSI Standard B1 .1,
published bythe American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York.
3. “Pipe Threads (Except Dryseal), ” ANSI Standard B2.1,
New York. (Note: A new standard, ANSI B1 ,20.1, is beina
prepared on pipe threads. )
4. “Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch), ” ANSI Standard B1.20.3,
New York.
5, “Acme Screw Threads,” ANSI Standard 81.5, published by
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
(Note: This standard is currently being revised, eliminating
classes 5C and 6C. )
6. “Stub Acme Screw Threads, ” ANSI Standard B1 ,8, pub-
lished by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York.
7. “Metric Screw Threads—M Profile, ” ANSI Standard
B1.13M, published bythe American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York.
8. “American Gaging Practice for Metric Screw Threads,”
ANSI Standard B1.16, published bythe American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York.
9. “Metric Screw Threads—MJ Profile, ” ANSI Standard
B1 .21 M, published by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York.
10. “Gaging and Gaging Practice for M-J Series Metric Screw
Threads,’’ ANSl Standard 81.22, published bythe American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
11. “’Screw Thread Gaging System for Dimensional Acceptability
of Metric Screw Threads, M and MJ Profiles, ” ANSI
Standard B1 .3M, published by the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York.
12, Philip F. Bitters, Metric Screw Threads, Present Status,
SME Technical Paper IQ79-373, 1979.
13. Ibid.
14, “Taps-Cut and Ground Thraads, ” ANSI Standard B94.99,
New York.
15. Ibid.
16, “Pipe Threads and Pipe Tapping Fundamentals,” Mata/
Cuttings, National Twist Drill, Rochester, Ml, October 1962.
17. Mark Dieterle, “Taps for Special Threads, ” Too/ing &
Production (February 1982), m. 110-112.
18. Mets/ Cutti;g Too/Handbook,’ Metal Cutting Tool Institute,
Cleveland, 1969.
Bibliography
Henderer, W. E. Cutting and Cold Form Tapping. SME Technical

Paper MR77-350, 1977.
Koonz, B. R. “Statusof U.S. Standards for Metric Screw Threads.”
Modern Machine Shop (October 1981 ), pp. 102-111.
Oxford, Jr., Carl. “Cutting Tools/Taps—Chip Load per Tooth. ”
Manufacturing Engineering (J u Iy 1976), p. 15.
“Cutting Tools/Taps—Forming Taps. ” Manufac-
turing Engineering (January 1977), p. 25,
“Cutting Tools/Taps—Tapping Torque. ” Manufac-
turing Engineering (September 1976), p. 21, and (October
---, .-0.23.
1976). ——
Usa and Cara of Taps, Cleveland Twist Drill, 1978
12-142

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CHAPTER 12

THREAD NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMS Metric

Terms Relating to Geometrical

:=1 –- -m Plone af hand -tight engagement

:=5— - Plane af camplete thread length

❑4 Plane of vanish paint

threading tool or, in the case employing a cam-actuated INTERNAL THREAD

Terms Relating to Dimensions

LETTER SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATION

Symbols Dimensions Remarks Symbols Dimensions Remarks

LETTER SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATION

Symbols Dimensions Symbols Dimensions

LETTER SYMBOLS AhlD DESIGNATION

UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS

TABLE 12-3 -Continued

Limits of Size Designation Feature

UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS

Threads per Inch

1,/4 0.2500 20 28 32 UNC UNF UNEF 1/4

UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS

Threads per Inch

0.25H ‘s, ,z’ O 2.5H Fl&ks to be stro,ghi L

~,AxIs of mierna’ thread

Fl&nks to be strmght L Max desgn

\ O 14434p R~d[us root

Fig. 12-4 Design profiles for Unified Inch Screw Threads.z

UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS

~ In pracke, crests rmoy be pcIMly or

$. a 112 PD toleronce on nut

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS

/ 112 Tolerance on malordmm

For UNR threads, this root IS

adopted in the United States for pipe fittings and other

Internal Straight Threads in Pipe

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS

Height of Truncation,f’ Equivalent Width of Flat. F

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS

Outside Handtight Engagement Effective ”Ihread, External

14 OD 14.000 8 0.12500 I3.77500 1.562 12.50 13,87262 2.2500 18.00 13.91562

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS

Outside Diameter Threads

1 1.315 1.5 1.161 1.2305 1.2468

MECHANICAL STRAIGHT PIPE THREADS

I external and internal, designated as NPSL. Refer to Table

AxIs -q p *1”47’ -+ P+ I”47’

External thread Internal thread

MECHANICAL STRAIGHT PIPE THREADS

H =0. 866025P ho=0.54126p

A~i~ External thread Internal thread

OD External Thread, Class 2A Internal Thread, Class 2B

MECHANICAL STRAIGHT PIPE THREADS

External Threads Internal Threads

3.500 8 3.503 3.4198 3.4081 3.344 3.4276 3.4393

8 8.625 8 8.615 8.5313 8.5196 8.456 8.5391 8.5508

DRYSEAL PIPE THREADS

1/2 —14 0.7700 0.7767 0.7133 0.66 9.19

Fig. 12-10 General-purpose Acme form of thread.’ Symbols: 2 a ❑29°;

ACME SCREW THREADS

ACME SCREW THREADS

Detail of optanol fillet

ACME SCREW THREADS

Total Max Fillet

ACME SCREW THREADS