8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia

[WeP1-034] May 30-June 3, 2011, The Shilla Jeju, Korea

A Residential 10kWh Lithium-Polymer Battery

Energy Storage System
In-beom Song1, Doo-yong Jung1, Young-hyok Ji1, Seong-chon Choi1, Su-won Lee2, Chung-yuen Won1
1
Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
2
EN Technologies inc. SK Ventium 102-1101, Dangjeong-dong 522, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

Abstract-- This paper proposes a residential 10kWh

lithium-polymer battery energy storage system. Considering
a daily load profile, PV generation characteristic and
battery SOC(State of Charge), operation modes are divided
and algorithm is proposed. Concepts are to charge the
battery during the night and to use the energy charged into
the battery during the day time. A boost converter is used
for maximum power point tracking(MPPT) and a
perturbation and observation algorithm is applied to control
MPPT in this paper. A bi-directional dc-dc converter is used
to charge or discharge the battery and a constant current
control is used for charging method. A bi-directional Fig. 1. The photovoltaic system
inverter performs the synchronization between dc power
and ac power. Operation modes are verified through
simulation.

Index Terms — Photovoltaic power generation systems,

Battery energy storage systems(BESS), Maximum power
point tracking(MPPT), Bi-directional DC/DC converter.

I. INTRODUCTION

R Ecently, a renewable energy that does not emit

pollutants has been studied extensively. In addition,
studies about controlling one or several renewable energy
sources have been performed. Renewable energy sources
currently in micro-grids include photovoltaic a power
generation, wind power generation and fuel cells mainly.
However, these renewable energy sources have some
problem. A fuel cell has a slow response. A variation of
the fuel cell output is slow when the load changes[1-3].
Thus it is necessary to use a fuel cell only as a source.
Other energy sources are needed in the fuel cell system.
And both the photovoltaic and wind power generation
system need a power conditioning system(PCS) and
depend on weather conditions.[4-6]. It generates small
power during rainy or cloudy days. Other sources or
storage units are needed by these phenomena. Therefore,
studies for maintaining the stability of micro-grids have
progressed. The energy storage device has come into the
spotlight and batteries are used typically as energy
storage elements.[7,8] A study on energy storage devices
will improve the reliability, stability and efficiency using
the information on power flow in the micro-grid and deal
with a unit of the system to flow the power harmoniously
between an utility grid and micro-grid.[9-10] A research
and development for new energy storage devices are also
expected actively. In this paper, a control algorithm is
proposed for the grid-connected battery energy storage
system including a photovoltaic generation. The proposed
algorithm uses a grid power effectively according to the
photovoltaic array varying in every minute and load
demand.
Fig. 2. The photovoltaic system with BESS
II. THE PROPOSED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows the photovoltaic system and Fig. 2
illustrates the photovoltaic system with a battery energy
storage system(BESS). The photovoltaic system includes
a PV array, utility grid and load. In addition, a boost
converter for a maximum power point tracking(MPPT)
and bi-directional inverter for synchronizing between the
PV array and utility grid are used in a power conditioning
system. In the conventional system, the power generated
by the PV generation system cannot use effectively. It is
hard to deal with the excessive energy. Thus, the PV
system with battery energy storage system is proposed. A
battery energy storage system(BESS) is added to the
photovoltaic system and BESS is composed of a battery
and a bi-directional DC/DC converter. The bi-directional
DC/DC converter is used to charge or discharge battery
with constant current control. The bi-directional converter
operates like a buck converter during the charging time.
The other way, the converter operates like a boost
converter. When the BESS is applied to the system, the
excessive energy is charged in the battery and stored
energy is used when the energy is needed, that is, energy
shift is possible. And advantages when a real time pricing
is applied are obtained by using BESS.

978-1-61284-957-7/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

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Fig. 3. A daily pattern of the proposed system

A. Operation modes

A daily pattern of the proposed system is illustrated in

Fig. 3. The figure 3 includes a state of charge(SOC) and
contract demand as well as a grid power, PV power,
battery power and load power. The SOC is the indicator
of how much energy is charged in the battery and the
battery is usable from SOC 0% to 100%. Operation
modes are divided into 5 based on the daily pattern and
presented in Fig. 4.

Mode 1
The PV power is absent and the grid power supplies
the grid power is larger than the load power. The grid
power supplies the load and charge the battery
simultaneously. The battery charging current can be
expressed as given in (1).

Pgrid  Pload
I batt _ ch
Vbatt (1)

Mode 2
The PV power is smaller than load power, thus, it is
necessary to compensate an insufficiency. The
insufficiency is supplied by the battery while the battery
SOC is upper than 30[%]. If the SOC is lower than the
reference, load power is supplied all by the grid to realize
an uninterruptable power supply(UPS). The battery is not
used in this mode, thus, both the battery power and
current is zero. When the battery compensates the
insufficiency, the battery discharging current is derived.

Pload  Ppv
I batt _ dis
Vbatt (2)
Fig. 4. Operation modes of the proposed system
 Fig. 5. The proposed algorithm for the bi-directional DC/DC converter
Mode 3
The PV power is larger than the load power and
enough to supply load power. The PV power supplies the
load power and excessive power charges the battery until
the battery SOC is 90[%].The battery current can be
expressed.
Ppv  Pload
I batt _ ch
Vbatt
Mode 4
The PV power is sufficient to supply the load power
like mode 3 but the SOC is upper than 90[%].
Considering battery is fully charged, the energy PV
generates transfer to the grid.
I batt _ ch 0 (4)
Mode 5
The PV power is decreased to the zero and the battery
power is not enough to supply the load power. Therefore,
grid power is needed to compensate the insufficiency.
The battery discharging current can be derived as given in
(5).
Pload  Ppv  Pgrid
I batt _ dis
Vbatt
B. The Proposed Algorithm
The proposed algorithm for the system is illustrated in
Fig. 5. If the irradiance is under 200[W/m2], the boost
converter does not operate, thus, PV power can be
considered to be zero. The battery SOC is considered to
be fully charged when the SOC is upper 90[%] and
should maintain upper than 30[%] to realize the UPS. The
algorithm is written based on expressions (1)-(5).
To control as a direct current, a d-q transformation is
performed about the utility grid and load. A Sinusoidal
waveform is converted into a DC waveform though the d-
q transformation. The algorithm can be realized with
values of the q-axis.
First of all, we have to confirm if the photovoltaic
(3) generation energy exists. If the irradiance is higher than
200W/m2, the boost converter performs a maximum
power point tracking(MPPT) and if the irradiance is
lower than 200W/m2, the PV generation energy cannot be
used. So, it is possible to compare the irradiance with
200W/m2. When the irradiance is higher than 200W/m2,
modes are divided into 2 according to a load power. We
set over the 2.5kW for the power when the peak load
occurs. If the load power is higher than 2.5kW, it is
considered as a mode 5. Thus, the utility grid power(Pgrid),
PV generation power(Ppv) and battery power(Pbatt) supply
the load. However, the bi-directional converter does not
operate in case of under the 30% of the SOC. When the
PV generation exists, if the load demands under 2.5kW, it
is considered as a mode 1. In this mode, battery is
charged with 1kW. Considering in case that the irradiance
is larger than 200W/m2, it can be divided into three
modes. If the PV generation energy(Ppv) is larger than the
energy demanded from the load, it can be divided into
mode 3 or mode 4 according to a battery SOC. In the case
(5) of under the 90% of SOC, the bi-directional converter is
operated to charge the battery and in the case of over the
90% of SOC, the converter is stopped. So, excessive
energy transfers to an utility grid. If the energy generated
by the PV is smaller than the load power, considering the
SOC, it is considered as mode 2 in case of over 30% of
the SOC. Thus battery power and PV power deliver to the
load. Constant values in the mode 3 and 5 can be changed
fluidly.
 Pds
Pc _ min
Vbatt
Pc _ max
Pch
Fig. 6. The system block diagram
C. The controller of the proposed system
The system block diagram is illustrated in Fig. 6. The
boost converter, bidirectional inverter and bi-directional
converter is used as a power conditioning system(PCS) in
the proposed system. Thus, 3 controllers are needed to
control a PCS. And the controller of the bi-directional
converter is divided into charging mode and discharging
mode. Each controller uses a PI controller. The PI
controller is easy to design and has a good response.
1) The boost converter controller
The boost converter controls the voltage and current of
the photovoltaic(PV) array through the MPPT. The
output voltage and current of the PV array have to be
sensed. The P&O algorithm is used as a MPPT method.
The P&O algorithm defines the increase or decrease of
the voltage after compared with present power and
previous power. The voltage is proportioned to the duty
ratio in the boost converter. So, PWM signal is generated
according to the duty ratio.
I ds*
Ib
I ch*
2) The bi-directional inverter controller
The bi-directional inverter performs a phase locked
loop(PLL) as well as DC link voltage control. The PLL is
a method detecting a phase of the utility grid. The current
of the grid is controlled synchronizing the voltage. The
bi-directional inverter needs a dc link voltage and the
current and voltage of the utility grid.
3) The bi-directional converter controller
The bi-directional converter performs to charge and
discharge a battery. First of all, it needs to calculate the
power of each part. Because the load and utility grid have
a alternate voltage and current, a d-q transformation is
needed. The power is calculated on the basis of the q-axis
value of the voltage and current. The reason why we use
a d-q transformation is convenience of the calculation. It
is hard to calculate the power in the alternated system
because the power is varying every time. The current
reference is generated in consequence of the proposed
algorithm.
 Fig. 7. The simulation schematic

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

Pgrid
In this paper, the software PSIM 9.0 is used for the
2K
simulation. The simulation schematic of the proposed 1K

system is illustrated in Fig. 7. The PV array is designed 0K

using the DLL block in PSIM 9.0. The P&O algorithm is

-1K

Ppv
applied for the MPPT control. The switch which is used 3000

in the boost converter is controlled by the MPPT. A Bi- 2000

1000
directional inverter performs PLL which detects the phase 0

of the utility grid and DC link voltage control.

Pbat
Fig. 8 presents power waveforms of the each part. The
1K
grid power, photovoltaic generation power, battery power 0K

and load demanded power belong to part of the proposed -1K

system. We vary the irradiance in the DLL block and

-2K

Pload
simulate the real irradiance pattern. The PV generation
3000
power exists from 7 am to 6 pm and has a maximum 2000

value at 1 pm. And the load demands a maximum power 1000

0
from 7 pm to 11 pm and middle power from 8 am to 2 pm. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (s)
The utility grid power is 2kW after the peak load occurs
from 11 pm to 6 am and the battery is charged with 1kW
simultaneously. And then, the grid power is maintained Fig. 8. Power waveforms of the each part
with zero until the peak load occurs except from 2 pm to
5 pm. At that time, the grid receives the energy. When the
peak load occurs, battery demands a power of 3kW. Thus, Table 1. System powers on modes
the utility grid supplies the load a 1.5kW and battery is
discharged with 1.5kW. Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 2 Mode 5
[kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW]
System powers on modes are shown in table 1. A sum
of each part becomes zero.
Pgrid 2 0 0 -0.5 0 1.5
A reference of the battery power and current and a real
current are shown in Fig. 9. The battery reference power Ppv 0 0.5 3 1.9 0 0
is calculated using the proposed algorithm. A battery
current can be given by a reference power and voltage of Pbatt -1 0.5 -1 0 1.5 1.4
the battery. The battery current is controlled according to
the battery reference current by control the bi-directional Pload -1 -1 -2 -1.4 -1.5 -2.9
DC/DC converter.
 Fig. 10 illustrates the reference and real voltage of the P_Batt_ref

DC link. The reference of the DC link voltage is set to 2K

380[V] and the real voltage is controlled nearby the 1K

reference. 0K

-1K

-2K
IV. CONCLUSIONS -3K

This paper proposes the residential 10kWh lithium- Ibat_ref Ibatt

polymer battery energy storage system. Modes are 20

divided based on the daily pattern of the photovoltaic 10

0
power, battery power and load power. The algorithm -10

which is that excessive power supplies the grid during -20

day time and is used in peak load is presented. In addition, -30

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

the grid power supplies the battery and battery is charged Time (s)

from the night to the early morning. This algorithm is

Fig. 9. The battery power, current and current reference waveforms
verified through the simulation. In the full paper, we will
perform the additional experiment and demonstrate from
the experiment. Vdc_ref Vdc

410

400

390

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 380

370
This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & 360

Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology 350

Evaluation and Planning(2010T100200295) grant funded 0 0.5 1

Time (s)
1.5 2 2.5

by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge

Economy Fig. 10. The DC link voltage and reference waveforms

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