The World of Psychology 8th Canadian Edition by Samuel E. Wood - Test Bank

The World of Psychology 8th
Canadian Edition By Samuel E. Wood

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Sample Questions

Chapter 4 – States of Consciousness
1) The continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations of

which we are aware is referred to as
1. behaviour analysis.
2. unconscious processing.
3. automatic processing.
4. consciousness.
Answer: d
Correct: Consciousness is defined as the continuous flow of perceptions,
thoughts, feelings, and sensations that fill our awareness.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.1 Define circadian rhythms and explain how they influence sleep.
2) Which of the following best defines consciousness?
1. wakefulness
2. rationality
3. awareness
4. receptiveness
Answer: c
Correct: Consciousness is defined as the continuous flow of perceptions,

thoughts, feelings, and sensations that fill our awareness.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Conceptual
3) The subjective nature of consciousness has been recently examined through

objective studies by psychologists using such tools as
1. the MRI and aptitude tests.

2. the CT scan and the EEG.
3. psychotherapy and projective tests.
4. legal and illicit drugs.

Answer: b
Correct: The CT scan and the EEG have provided observations of the brain
during episodes of sleep and hypnosis.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
4) The most fundamental altered state is
1. sleep.
2. states reached through meditation.
3. alcohol induced.
4. a drug-induced state.
Answer: a
Correct: We spend approximately one-third of our lives in the altered state of

consciousness known as sleep.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
5) Circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the
1. calendar.
2. pituitary gland.
3. brain.
4. heart.
Answer: c
Correct: Daily fluctuations in bodily functions constitute our circadian rhythms

and are controlled by the brain.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
6) Which of the following is an example of an ultradian rhythm?
1. bloodpressure
2. menstruation
3. hunger
4. the body’s response to medications
Answer: c
Correct: Ultradian rhythms are biological patterns that occur more than once a

day.Hunger is the only cycle listed that occurs more than once per day.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual

7) Circadian rhythms commonly refer to physiological cycles that are
approximately ____ long.
1. 24 hours
2. 30 days
3. 7 days
4. 72 hours
Answer: a
Correct: Circadian rhythms refer to daily fluctuations and therefore typically

occur within a 24-hour cycle.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
8) Which of the following does not appear to follow a circadian rhythm?
1. menstruation
2. appetite
3. secretion of hormones
4. blood pressure and heart rate
Answer: a
Correct: This is the one pattern of the four options that does not follow the 24-
hour cycle that defines a circadian rhythm.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
9) The daily fluctuations in body temperature and the sleep-wakefulness cycle

are called
1. infradian rhythms.
2. ultradian rhythms.
3. alpha rhythms.
4. circadian rhythms.
Answer: d
Correct: These are two of the many patterns of fluctuations one experiences

during a typical 24-hour cycle known as a circadian rhythm.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
10) The two circadian rhythms which are most relevant to the study of sleep are
patterns of alertness and
1. blood pressure.
2. heart rate.
3. body temperature.
4. secretion of hormones.
Answer: c
Correct: In studying circadian rhythms and their effects on sleep, the main
areas of focus are alertness and body temperature, as these two are closely tied
to each other and to sleep patterns.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
11) For most people, 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. is a time of day when they
1. are less alert than during the rest of the day.

2. are especially prone to sexual fantasies.
3. are least likely to be able to sleep.
4. are at their intellectual peak.
Answer: a
Correct: In the natural highs and lows of many bodily functions, alertness is at a
relative low between 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m., when compared to the rest of the
daytime hours.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
12) In addition to circadian rhythms, other biological rhythms influence human

functioning. Most noteworthy among these are __________________
1. ultradian and infradian rhythms.

2. complex and simple rhythms.
3. gastrointestinal rhythms.
4. metabolic rhythms.
Answer: a
Correct: Some patterns of fluctuation are shorter and some are longer than the
24-hour circadian rhythm. These include ultradian and infradian rhythms,
respectively.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
13) All of the following are considered to be part of infradian rhythms, except
1. heartbeats.
2. alertness.
3. hunger.
4. menstruation.
Answer: d
Correct: Infradian patterns repeat more than once through a 24-hour cycle. Of

the four choices, only menstruation does not repeat its cycle more than once
through the day.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Conceptual
14) A good example of an ultradian rhythm is
1. hunger.
2. eye blinking.
3. sleep.
4. menstruation.

Answer: d
Correct: Ultradian rhythms exceed the 24-hour cycle. Of the four options listed,
only menstruation fits that criterion.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Conceptual
15) The discomfort that results from jet lag is caused by disruption of
1. active consciousness.
2. circadian rhythms.
3. the receptive cycle.
4. the vestibular system.
Answer: b
Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time

zones, this also impacts our circadian rhythms.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
16) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the brain’s ________.
1. cortex
2. parietal lobe
3. hypothalamus
4. hippocampus
Answer: c
Correct: It is a very small region of the hypothalamus that responds to light.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 98
Topic: Factual
17) The SCN acts on this information by signalling the________, located in the
centre of the brain.
1. hippocampus
2. central lobe
3. pineal gland
4. adrenal gland
Answer: c
Correct: The pineal gland then releases melatonin.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Factual
18) Research suggests all of the following about jet lag,exceptthat

1. it can cause permanent memory loss.
2. it is made worse by exposure to melatonin.
3. it can be aided by exposure to bright light during the early morning hours.
4. it can be avoided to a certain degree by altering sleep patterns before
travel.
Answer: b
Correct: Melatonin is a treatment for jet lag.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Factual
19) Researchers believe that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as
1. our biological clock.

2. the regulator of our heart rate.
3. a trigger for thirst and hunger sensations.
4. the source of inner awareness of time.
Answer: a
Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from

the optic nerve. In the absence of light signals, the SCN signals the pineal gland,
which releases melatonin during the darkest hours, which induces sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Conceptual

20) What is regarded as the physical site of our biological clock?
1. the thalamus
2. the pineal gland
3. the suprachiasmatic nucleus
4. the heart
Answer: c
Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from

the optic nerve. In the absence of light signals, the SCN signals the pineal gland,
which releases melatonin during the darkest hours, which induces sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Conceptual
21) Simone flew from Edmonton, Alberta, to London,England, two days ago.
Since then, she has been feeling sleepy during the day but has had difficulty
sleeping during the night. The probable reason for her difficulty is that
1. airline travel has temporarily disrupted her hypothalamus.

2. she is exhausted from sight-seeing.
3. her body clock is not synchronized with clock time.
4. she has eaten meals at odd hours, disrupting her digestive system.
Answer: c
Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time

zones, this also impacts our circadian rhythms—one of the most noteworthy
being sleep patterns.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Applied
22) Which of the following is an effective strategy for combating jetlag?
1. Skipping an extra night’s sleep after arriving at your destination.

2. Avoiding sunlight in the morning and exposure to bright light in the
evening.
3. Gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an hour a night before you
leave home.
4. The consistent use of caffeine throughout the day.
Answer: c
Correct: Research suggests that gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an

hour a night before leaving home can help adjust the circadian rhythm and
prevent jetlag.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Conceptual
23) Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for

people who
1. travel abroad every summer.

2. work rotating shifts.
3. don’t go to sleep and wake up at approximately the same time every day.
4. have an inner-ear infection.
Answer: b
Correct: Like travel across time zones, shift work also disrupts the normal
circadian rhythms by disturbing our biological clock.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work.
24) All of the following statements are true of shift workers, except that
1. they have more digestive problems.

2. they perk up during their subjective night.
3. they use more caffeine and alcohol.
4. they sleep fewer hours.
Answer: b
Correct: During subjective night, our biological clock is telling us to go to sleep.

Shift workers are no different in this regard.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Conceptual
25) The negative impacts of shift work
1. are typically resolved within three months of resuming normal sleep

patterns.
2. are usually reversed after one full night of normal sleep.
3. are usually reversed after three consecutive nights of normal sleep.
4. can last for years, and some effects may be permanent.

Answer: d
Correct: Some effects of chronic circadian rhythm disruption, such as memory

loss in airline pilots and flight attendants, may be permanent. Other effects of
shift work have been observed to last for months or years after shift work ends.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 99
Topic: Factual
26) All of the following help shift workers feel better,except
1. a drug called modafinil.

2. eating a large meal before, during, and immediately after a night shift.
3. brief naps during each shift.
4. light exposure during the last four hours of sleep.
Answer: b
Correct: Because the body naturally slows down during the night, digestion
does not work at optimum levels at this time, thus necessitating the need for
lighter food consumption when working the night shift.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Conceptual
27) Whichof the following statements is nottrue about subjective night?

1. The urge to sleep is greatest.
2. Energy and efficiency are at their lowest points.
3. Productivity diminishes.
4. Body temperature is at its highest.
Correct: Body temperature naturally drops during subjective night.
Answer: d
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Factual
28) Research has shown that the hour change during daylight savings time
1. is a popular travel day because of its effects on jet-lag.

2. is associated with increased traffic accidents and deaths.
3. is associated with an increased rate of violent crime.
4. has no significant effects on behaviour.
Answer: b
Correct: Research shows the one-hour sleep loss we experience when we put

our clocks forward in the spring for daylight saving time is associatedwith a
significant increase in traffic accidents and deaths.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Factual

29) In order to reduce the impact of circadian rhythm disruption, light masks
should be used
1. for the entire sleep session.

2. during the last four hours of a sleep session.
3. during the first four hours of a sleep session.
4. For the four hours just prior to a sleep session.
Answer: b
Correct: Light masks expose the person sleeping to bright light through the
eyelids.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Factual
30) Your company is creating a new rotating night shift for its workers. How
would you advise them to proceed in order to reduce the risks associated with
circadian rhythm disruption?
1. Make sure that night shifts always span the entire night.
2. Install a free coffee machine for the workers to use when the feel sleepy.
3. Rotate shifts every night by at least 6 hours, so that no worker is left on
the night shift for very long.
4. Allow a break for workers to have a brief nap during their shifts.
Answer: d
Correct: Brief nap periods during each shift help sleepy workers adjust to
rotating shifts.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Applied
31) Research suggests that problems with night shifts can be overcome by
1. higher personnel turnover.

2. exposure to periods of high light while working.
3. asking for volunteers.
4. the playing of soft music in the workplace.
Answer: b
Correct: Light exposure is believed to help reset the biological clock to combat

the disruption to the circadian rhythms associated with shift work.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Factual
32) All of the following are believed to decrease problems associated with
working night shifts, except
1. staying awake for 24 hours after a night shift by increasing caffeine

intake.
2. exposure to bright light during the last four hours of sleep.
3. use of a wakefulness drug called modafinil.
4. brief nap periods during a shift, where possible.
Answer: a
Correct: All of the three remaining options for this item are supported by
research that suggests they may minimize the difficulties associated with shift
work. No research has suggested that staying awake for 24 hours is a viable
strategy to alleviate problems with shift work.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 100
Topic: Conceptual
33) Early research on sleep included monitoring subjects in all of the following
areas except
1. chin-muscle tension.
2. heart and respiration rates.
3. eye movements.
4. large-muscle twitches.
Answer: d
Correct: In early research on sleep, subjects were measured on all areas in the
remaining three options, but not on large-muscle twitches.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.4 Define and compare NREM and REM sleep.
34) As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep,
1. heart rate gradually increases.

2. blood pressure rapidly increases.
3. brain activity decreases.
4. respiration rates increase slowly.

Answer: c
Correct: In the early stages of sleep, as we gradually leave the waking state,
our level of brain activity decreases.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Factual
35) How many different stages of NREM sleep have been identified?
1. two
2. three
3. one
4. four
Correct: There are known to be four stages of non-REM sleep.
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Factual
36) Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?
1. delta waves
2. increased brain temperature
3. activation of large muscles
4. decrease in adrenaline
Answer: b
Correct: Among the many physiological changes that occur during REM sleep is
a rise in brain temperature rises.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Factual
37) Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?
1. slower and irregular respiration

2. lower blood pressure
3. paralysis of the large muscles
4. decreased brain activity
Answer: c
Correct: While the internal systems and brain are activated during REM sleep as
though an emergency is occurring, the large muscles are essentially paralyzed.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Factual
38) Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?

1. paralysis of large muscles
2. rapid eye movements
3. slow, regular respiration and heart rate
4. dreaming
Answer: c
Correct: The internal systems and brain are activated during REM sleep as
though an emergency is occurring. As a result, breathing and heart rate are
usually hastened during REM sleep.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Conceptual
39) Which of the following is more typical of NREM than REM sleep?
1. fast, regular respiration and heart rate

2. vivid dreams
3. eye movements
4. some bodily movement
Answer: d
Correct: During REM sleep, the large muscles are essentially paralyzed.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 101
Topic: Conceptual

40) Which statement is the best description of sleep cycles in normal sleep?
1. Each consists of four stages of REM sleep followed by NREM sleep.

2. Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep.
3. Each consists of one or more stages of NREM sleep followed by REM
sleep.
4. Each consists of one or more stages of REM sleep.
Answer: c
Correct: The sleep cycle is such that we pass through some stages more than
once before reaching REM sleep.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Conceptual
41) The stage of sleep in which most people spend the least amount of time
during the night is
2. Stage 2.
3. Stage 3.
4. Stage 1.
5. REM.
Answer: c
Correct: We pass from wakefulness into Stage 1 usually only once in the night,
unless we are awakened. It is a brief stage and only occurs while we are
entering the sleep state.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102

Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.5 Describe the pattern of sleep cycles.
42) The brain waves that occur in Stage 4 sleep are primarily
1. beta waves.
2. alpha waves.
3. delta waves.
4. theta waves.
Answer: c
Correct: Delta waves signify the deepest level of sleep, which characterizes

Stage 4.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Factual
43) A sleeping person is most easily awakened from
1. Stage 2 sleep.
2. Stage 3 sleep.
3. Stage 1 sleep.
4. Stage 4 sleep.
Answer: c
Correct: The lightest sleep occurs during Stage 1, which is why we are most
easily awakened from this stage.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Conceptual
44) The deepest sleep is called
4. Stage 4.
5. Stage 3.
6. Stage 2.
7. Stage 1.
Answer: a
Correct: Delta waves signify the deepest level of sleep, when a person is also
hardest to awaken.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Factual
45) About 50% of a night’s sleep is spent in
1. Stage 2 sleep.
2. Stage 4 sleep.
3. Stage 3 sleep.
4. Stage 1 sleep.
Answer: a
Correct: The other 50% is distributed across the other stages.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Factual
46) Stage 4 sleep begins when
1. dreams begin.
2. more than 50 percent of brain activity is delta waves.
3. delta waves begin to appear.
4. one first falls asleep.
Answer: b
Correct: EEG data revealing more than 50 percent delta waves has been shown
to correspond to Stage 4 sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Factual
47) Sleep cycles last approximately
1. 45 minutes.
2. 60 minutes.
3. 90 minutes.
4. 100 minutes.
Answer: c
Correct: During each sleep cycle, which lasts about 90 minutes, we have one or
more stages of NREM sleep followed by a period of REM sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Factual
48) Stage 3 is known as the beginning of
1. slow-wave sleep.
2. REM sleep.
3. the sleep cycle.
4. active sleep.
Answer: a
Correct: Stage 3 marks the beginning of slow-wavesleep, or deep sleep, in

which delta waves begin to appear in the EEG.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102
Topic: Conceptual
49) After the first two sleep cycles, the sleeper will spend the rest of the night
1. dreaming.
2. alternating between stage 2 and REM sleep.
3. in slow-wave sleep.
4. in Stages 2 and 3.
Answer: b
Correct: Only the first few sleep cycles in the night include Stages 2, 3, and 4.
As the night progresses, the sleeper only experiences Stage 2 sleep and REM.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 102-103
Topic: Conceptual
50) Compared to the first two sleep cycles, sleep cycles later in the night are
characterized by less
1. REM sleep.
2. dreaming.
3. Stage 2 sleep.
4. slow-wave sleep.
Answer: d
Correct: Only the first few sleep cycles in the night include stages 2, 3, and 4.
As the night progresses, the sleeper only experiences Stage 2 sleep and REM.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Conceptual
51) Which age group has the most difficulty sleeping, the most awakenings, and
the lightest sleep?
1. infants
2. young adults
3. adolescents
4. the elderly

Answer: d
Correct: As humans age, they tend to sleep fewer hours, and the sleep they do
get is characterized by more frequent awakenings and difficulties returning to
sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.6 Explain how age influences sleep.
52) Which age group gets the most sleep in a typical 24-hour cycle?
1. adults
2. infants and young children
3. the elderly
4. teenagers
Answer: b
Correct: Infants and children get the most sleep, with the longest periods of
REM and deepest sleep of all age groups.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
53) Eunice is 55 years old. Compared to when she was 35, if her sleep patterns
have been typical, she will most likely experience which of the following?
1. more frequent, but shorter periods of awakening during the night
2. lighter sleep
3. deeper sleep
4. fewer awakenings in the night
Answer: b
Correct: As we age, we do not spend as many hours in deep sleep.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Applied
54) Harriet is 85 years old. She finds her sleep at night to be lighter and less
satisfying. This shouldbe considered
1. typical for adolescence.

2. a sign of terminal decline.
3. infantile sleep pattern syndrome.
4. normal.
Answer: d
Correct: The elderly tend to have multiple awakenings in the night, with greater
difficulty returning to sleep; they also tend to be light sleepers.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Applied

55) In terms of sleep, adolescents
1. have the same sleep patterns as the elderly.

2. typically require two more hours of sleep per night than they usually get.
3. actually have the most problem in going to sleep.
4. sleep longer hours than infants.
Answer: b
Correct: On average, teenagers need about two hours more sleep than they are
getting, in order to meet the challenges of their daytime hours.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
56) Which age group is most likely to fall asleep easily, sleep soundly for more
than eight hours, and feel awake and alert during the day?
1. children from age six to puberty

2. adolescents
3. the elderly
4. infants
Answer: a
Correct: The most “efficient” sleepers are children from age six to puberty, who
fall asleep quickly, sleep soundly through the night, and get an adequate number
of hours of sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
57) Which of the following groups spends many hours in bed, but is the least
likely to experience satisfying sleep?
1. children from six to puberty

2. the elderly
3. adolescents
Answer: b
Correct: Though the elderly need rest, and therefore spend more hours in bed,
their sleep is marked by frequent awakenings through the night, and very light
sleep.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Conceptual
58) Which of the following groups has the longest sleep time and the highest
percentage of REM sleep?

3. adults
4. adolescents
Answer: b
REM and deep sleep of all age groups.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
59) Which of the following groups has the most REM sleep?
1. the elderly
2. adolescents
Answer: c
REM and deep sleep of all age groups.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
60) Which of the following groups is considered to contain champion sleepers—

who sleep long but stay awake and alert through the day?
1. adolescents
4. adults
Answer: b
REM and deep sleep of all age groups. They feel the most rested through the
day.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Factual
61) Larks are to ________ as owls are to ________.
1. lower body temperatures; higher body temperatures

2. few sleep problems; easily adapting to night shifts
3. sleeping quietly; sleep apnea
4. eating during the day; eating throughout the night
Answer: b
Correct: Larks are known to have the fewest problems with sleep, while owls
are reported to adapt more easily to night shifts.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.7 Define larks and owls and describe their different sleep patterns.
62) Which of the following is an accurate statement about sleep patterns?
1. About 25 percentof people are classified as larks.
1. An owl’s body temperature peaks earlier in the day than does a lark’s.
2. Only 10 percentof people are true owls.
3. Larks have higher average intelligence than owls.
Answer: a
Correct: About 25 percent are owls and 50 percent who are somewhere in
between.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 103
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.7 Define larks and owls and describe their different sleep patterns.
63) The increase in the percentage of REM sleep to make up for REM deprivation
is called
1. sleep appreciation.
2. REM accommodation.
3. REM rebound.
4. REM accrual.
Answer: c
Correct: The intensity of REM in this situation often leads to nightmares.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.8 Describe the function of sleep and how sleep deprivation affects
functioning.

64) What are the momentary lapses from wakefulness into sleep that usually
occur when a person has been sleep-deprived?
1. sleep insertion
2. microsleeps
3. rem intrusion
4. momentary sleep reversal
Answer: b
Correct: Microsleeps are two- to three-second lapses into sleep that occur after
a period of sleep deprivation.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Factual
functioning.
65) Which of the following is notlikely to happen if you go without sleep for two
days?
1. You will hallucinate.

2. You are less able to concentrate.
3. You are likely to have microsleeps.
4. You are easily irritated.
Answer: a
Correct: Lack of sleep for two days results in diminished ability to concentrate,

greater irritability, and a tendency toward microsleeps. Feelings of
disorientation are not typical.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104

Topic: Conceptual
functioning.
66) Following REM deprivation, there is usually
1. an increase in REM sleep.

2. a decrease in REM sleep.
3. an absence of REM sleep.
4. no change in the amount of REM sleep.
Answer: a
Correct: When REM sleep is diminished one night due to lack of sleep, one
usually experiences an increase in REM sleep the next night.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Factual
functioning.
67) Which type of sleep seems to aid in learning and memory in humans and
other animals?
1. Stage 2
2. REM sleep
3. Stage 1
4. Stages 3 and 4
Answer: b
Correct: Some research proposes that REM sleep aids in learning and the
consolidation of memories.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Factual
functioning.
68) What is the term for an increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM
deprivation, which is often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares?
1. REM rebound
2. REM reversal
3. microsleep
4. REM intrusion
Answer: a
usually experiences an increase in REM sleep the next night. This pattern is
known as REM rebound, and is often marked by an increase in nightmares.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Conceptual
functioning.
69) Gary has not experienced a normal amount of REM sleep for the past few
nights due to alcohol use. During the next night’s sleep, Garywould be expected
to
1. sleep for significantly fewer hours.

2. get an increased amount of REM sleep.
3. show neither an increase nor decrease in REM sleep.
4. get a decreased amount of REM sleep.
Answer: b
usually experiences an increase in REM sleep the next night.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Applied
functioning.
70) Psychologists believe one of the purposes of REM sleep is to
1. help organize and store relevant information.

2. replenish our energy level.
3. grow new neurons.
4. support NREM sleep activity.
Answer: a
Correct: Some research proposes that REM sleep aids in learning and the
consolidation of memories.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Conceptual
functioning.

71) Compared to REM dreams, NREM dreams are
1. more visual.
2. more vivid.
3. more thought-like.
4. more emotional.
Answer: c
Correct: REM dreams tend to be more visual in nature, while NREM dreams are
more thought-like.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.9 Compare REM and NREM dreams.
72) Compared to NREM dreams, REM dreams are
1. more thought-like.
2. more vivid.
3. less emotional.
4. less visual.
Answer: b
Correct: REM dreams tend to be more visual in nature, while NREM dreams are
more thought-like.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Conceptual

73) Dream memories usually do not last more than ________ after the dream is
over.
1. 30 minutes
2. 1 minute
3. 20 seconds
4. 10 minutes
Answer: d
Correct: Only the bizarre aspects of dreams are remembered for longer than 10
minutes; the majority of dream content is forgotten fairly quickly upon
awakening.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Factual
74) As part of a research study, Alicia keeps a journal beside her bed and she
records what she was dreaming about as soon as she awakens from a dream.
Based on evidence presented in the text, this technique is used probably
because
1. manifest content is more difficult than latent content to recover if the

dreams are recorded much after they occur.
2. dream memories only last about 10 minutes after the dreams have
occurred.
3. she is very forgetful and easily distracted.
4. latent content is more difficult than manifest content to recover if the
dreams are recorded much after they occur.
Answer: b
Correct: Only the bizarre aspects of dreams are remembered for longer than 10
minutes; the majority of dream content is forgotten fairly quickly upon
awakening.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 104
Topic: Applied
75) According to researchers, each of the following statements about the

content of dreams is correct,except that
1. dreams are generally consistent with the overall concerns of the dreamer.
2. most dreams are lucid dreams.
Correct: Lucid dreaming is a learnable skill that enables the dreamer to control

the content of their dreams.
1. males’ dreams tend to have more aggressive content.

2. females’dreams tend to contain more references to animals.
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Factual
76) Which of the following best describes the typical content of dreams?
1. Dreams typically reflect the preoccupations of waking life.

2. Dreams are typically focused on anxiety-provoking problems from daily
life.
3. Dreams are filled with remote and frightening images that we hide from
consciousness.
4. Dreams with pleasant contents are actually quite rare.
Answer: a
Correct: It is uncommon for dream content to be bizarre or highly emotional.

Most often, dreams consist of uneventful occurrences, including the normal
preoccupations of daily life.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Topic: Factual
77) Two of the most common themes of dream content are
1. being chased and sexual experiences.

2. illness of a loved one and death.
3. failing an exam and flying.
4. being attacked and falling.
Answer: a
Correct: Though there are many commonly experienced themes in dream

content, the two that are most common are being chased and sexual
experiences.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Topic: Factual

78) Which of the following reflects one of the known differences in dream
content between men and women?
1. Men dream about street scenes and tool usage more than women.
2. Women dream about sunny vacation destinations more than men.
3. Men’s dreams are more vivid than those of women.
4. Women dream about sexual encounters more than men.
Answer: a
Correct: While women dream more about friendly encounters, clothing and

animals, men tend to dream more about street scenes and tools.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105
Topic: Factual
79) People who havefrightening recurring dreams experience all of the

following,except
1. greater stress.
2. greater depression and anxiety.
3. repeated awakenings in the night.
4. minor physical complaints.
Answer: c
Correct: Connections have been made between recurring themes and greater

likelihood of depression, anxiety, stress, and physical complaints, but not
increased awakenings.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 105-106
Topic: Factual
80) Annie has troubling, recurring dreams, and is practising the ability to control
her dreams. What is the name for this skill?
1. active dreaming
2. lucid dreaming
3. activation-synthesis dreaming
4. parasomnia
Answer: b
Correct: Dreaming while exerting control over one’s dreams is called lucid

dreaming. It is a learnable skill that can be perfected with regular practice .
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Factual
81) Lucid dreaming refers to the ability to
1. dream while awake.

2. remember dreams at all times.
3. control the dream content of others.
4. control the content of one’s own dreams.
Answer: d
Correct: Lucid dreaming is the ability to control or change the content of one’s

dreams. Some people are able to dream about specific content at will.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Conceptual
82) One observed benefit of lucid dreaming is that it can
1. reduce confusion during waking hours.

2. improve memory and learning in daytime hours.
3. inhibit unwanted sexual urges during daytime hours.
4. reduce or eliminate unpleasant recurring themes in dream content.
Answer: d
Correct: Lucid dreams have been used to bring about successful resolution to

unpleasant recurring dreams.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Conceptual
83) Freud emphasized the ________ content of dreams, which he claimed revealed
the hidden and repressed desires of the unconscious.
1. manifest
2. ulterior
3. intrinsic
4. latent
Answer: d
Correct: According to Freud, the unconscious sexual desires and wishes are
disguised in dream content, and as such, were only identified in the latent
content of dreams.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Conceptual
84) When Su Mei told Pearl about her dream, Freud would say that Su Mei was
relating the ________ of her dream.
1. manifest content
2. superficial aspect
3. day residue
4. latent content
Answer: a
Correct: The manifest content of a dream refers to the events and details that
the dreamer can remember.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Conceptual
85) Hobson’s initial physiological view of dreaming is that dreams are simply the
brain’s attempt to make sense of
1. early childhood memories.

2. the random firing of brain cells.
3. distressing life events.
4. our personal experiences.
Answer: b
Correct: According to Hobson’s initial theory, dreams stem from the brain’s

organization of random firings of neurons.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Factual
86) Brain-imaging studies suggest that several brain structures such as the
________ and the ________ play important roles in dream activity.
1. cortex; ventricles
2. prefrontal cortex; cingulate gyrus
3. hypothalamus; pineal
4. hippocampus; amygdala
Answer: d
Correct: These brain structures are involved in the formation of memories and

the attachment of emotions to the new memories.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 106
Topic: Conceptual
87) A “short sleeper” refers to someone who needs

1. less space in which to sleep.
2. little preparation to fall asleep
3. short naps during the day.
4. less than six hours of sleep per night.
Answer: d
Correct: Approximately 20 percent of the population is known as “short

sleepers;” they are individuals who require less than six hours of sleep per night.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.10 Describe the factors that influence how much sleep we need.
88) A person who needs less than 6 hours of sleep per night is called
1. a microsleeper.
2. an insomniac.
3. sleep resistant.
4. a short sleeper.
Answer: d
Correct: Approximately 20 percent of the population is known as “short

sleepers;” they are individuals who require less than six hours of sleep per night.
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Factual

89) Which of the following factors does not seem to influence our need for
sleep?
1. the amount of stress we experience

2. genetics
3. increases in mental and physical effort
4. our occupation
Answer: d
Correct: Genetics, stress, and degrees of mental and physical exertion

throughout the day can all impact on our need for sleep. In and of itself, one’s
occupation does not have such an effect.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Factual
90) Short sleepers are the 20 percent who require fewer than _____ hours of
sleep; long sleepers are the 10 percent who require more than _____.
1. 3; 8
2. 8; 12
3. 2; 9
4. 6; 9
Answer: d
Correct: Short sleepers are the 20 percent who require fewer than six hours;
long sleepers are the 10 percent who require more than nine.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107

Topic: Factual
91) According to data from a number of studies more than ______ percent of the
population is chronically sleep deprived.
1. 12
2. 36
3. 50
4. 27
Answer: b
Correct: Many people do not get enough sleep.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Factual
92) Behaviours and other states that usually occur only when you are awake are
called ________ if they occur when you are asleep.
1. insomnias
2. parasomnias
3. sleep apneas
4. narcolepsies
Answer: b
Correct: The definition of a parasomnia is an activity that normally occurs only

during waking hours, but is instead being exhibited during sleeping hours.
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Conceptual
Objective: 4.11 Define parasomnia.
93) Which of these characteristics is not common to sleepwalking and night

terrors?
1. The disturbances occur most often in children.

2. Episodes are usually forgotten the next morning.
3. They occur during a partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep.
4. In children, the disturbances indicate a psychological problem, which
should be treated by a mental health professional.
Answer: d
Correct: Sleepwalking and night terrors are actually very common in childhood

and do not reflect a psychological problem.
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 107
Topic: Factual
Objective: 4.12 Describe and compare the different types of parasomnia.

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Chapter 4 – States of Consciousness

1) The continuous stream of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and sensations of

2) Which of the following best defines consciousness?

Correct: Consciousness is defined as the continuous flow of perceptions,

3) The subjective nature of consciousness has been recently examined through

1. the MRI and aptitude tests.

4) The most fundamental altered state is

Correct: We spend approximately one-third of our lives in the altered state of

5) Circadian rhythms are controlled largely by the

Correct: Daily fluctuations in bodily functions constitute our circadian rhythms

6) Which of the following is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

Correct: Ultradian rhythms are biological patterns that occur more than once a

Correct: Circadian rhythms refer to daily fluctuations and therefore typically

8) Which of the following does not appear to follow a circadian rhythm?

9) The daily fluctuations in body temperature and the sleep-wakefulness cycle

Correct: These are two of the many patterns of fluctuations one experiences

1. are less alert than during the rest of the day.

12) In addition to circadian rhythms, other biological rhythms influence human

1. ultradian and infradian rhythms.

Correct: Infradian patterns repeat more than once through a 24-hour cycle. Of

14) A good example of an ultradian rhythm is

Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

16) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the brain’s ________.

Correct: It is a very small region of the hypothalamus that responds to light.

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Correct: The pineal gland then releases melatonin.

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

18) Research suggests all of the following about jet lag,exceptthat

Correct: Melatonin is a treatment for jet lag.

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

19) Researchers believe that the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as

1. our biological clock.

Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

20) What is regarded as the physical site of our biological clock?

Correct: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is activated by light signals coming from

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

1. airline travel has temporarily disrupted her hypothalamus.

Correct: Because the body’s biological clock is disrupted when we cross time

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

22) Which of the following is an effective strategy for combating jetlag?

1. Skipping an extra night’s sleep after arriving at your destination.

Correct: Research suggests that gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an

Objective: 4.2 Explain the importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

23) Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for

1. travel abroad every summer.

Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work.

1. they have more digestive problems.

Correct: During subjective night, our biological clock is telling us to go to sleep.

Page Reference: 100

Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work.

25) The negative impacts of shift work

1. are typically resolved within three months of resuming normal sleep

Correct: Some effects of chronic circadian rhythm disruption, such as memory

Objective: 4.3 Describe the problems associated with shift work.

26) All of the following help shift workers feel better,except

1. a drug called modafinil.

Page Reference: 100