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Heat transfer analysis of a 6-Nodal triangular

element under steady state


Chethan Mohan Kumar 950843
May 14, 2010

LATEX

Under the guidance of :

Prof. H.Yuan

MSc. Ravindra Ambati

1
Abstract
The UEL Subroutine in Abaqus can be used for various user de-
fined applications. In this project, we program a user element for a
steady state heat transfer case using Fortran. This user element is
used subsequently to analyze a part geometry which is subjected to
varying boundary conditions of temperature and heat transfer coeffi-
cient along its surface. Part geometry was meshed using the Abaqus
6-Nodal element and then a set of user elements were generated using
the input file. Finally, the accuracy of the temperature analysis was
compared with the results generated by Abaqus.

2
Contents
1 Task Formulation 4

2 Introduction 5

3 Formulation of governing equation 6

4 Shape Functions 9

5 Part Geometry 11

6 Results 12
6.1 Temperature distribution across the element . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 Comparison of nodal temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

7 Conclusion 14

Appendices 15

A Fortran code 15

B Input File 23

3
1 Task Formulation
Heat transfer computation under steady-state condition, using the 6 nodal
triangular isotropic element formulation.

Tasks:

1. Write a UEL program for ABAQUS for the problem above.

2. Consider the heat convection boundary condition in the UEL program.

3. Analysis of temperature distribution in plates and discs.

4
2 Introduction
In a steady state analysis, the temperature is not a function of time.Hence
the whole analysis is done in one step even though the number of increments
used to finish one step may vary. Since, it is an isotropic element, the heat
transfer in both x and y directions are equal. These are important consider-
ations since they influence the final governing equations to be formulated.

A Two-Dimensional heat transfer element in space is always under the


influence of forces. The forces are in the form of Internal heat generated,
Flux, and Force due to convection. Hence suitable boundary conditions have
to be applied in order to deduce the appropriate governing equation.

A schematic diagram of force function is as shown below:

Figure 1: Types of boundary conditions for a two dimensional conduction


and convection.

1. S1: Surface on which the temperature is known.

2. S2: Surface on which heat flux acts.

3. S3: Surface on which convection has to be considered.

5
3 Formulation of governing equation
Consider a differential element of a solid body that has a small dimension
in z direction. Thus now, the whole domain is reduced to two dimensions x
and y.We consider for the time being that the differential element is in the
interior of the body. Hence, only the lateral convection is considered but not
the edge convection.
Under the assumptionof steady state conditions, we obtain the equation

! !
∂qx ∂qy
qx tdy+qy tdx+Qtdydx = qx + dx tdy+ qy + dy tdx+2h(T −Ta )dydx
∂y ∂y

(1)

Figure 2: Two Dimensional case of conduction and convection

where

1. t=thickness

2. h=heat transfer coefficient

3. Ta =ambient temperature of the surrounding fluid

6
Utilizing Fourier’s law,

qx = −kx ∂T
∂x
(2)
∂T
qy = −ky
∂y
(3)

After substituting flux values and simplifying, the equation is of the


form:
! !
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
tkx + tky + Qt = 2h(T − Ta )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

(4)

For Finite element formulation, we describe the temperature distribu-


tion by :
M
X
T (x, y) = Ni (x, y)Ti = [N ][T ]
i=1

(5)

Considering equation (1)and applying Galerkin’s formulation and con-


sidering first two integrals and manipulating it mathematically, we ob-
tain
" ! ! #
Z
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
Ni (x, y) tkx + tky + Qt − 2h(T − Ta ) dA = 0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
A

(6)

7
Applying Green Gauss theorom, and substituting and re-ordering the
terms, we get the final equation,
 " #T " # " #T " #
Z
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N  Z
kx + ky {T }tdA+2h [N ]T N {T }dA
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
A A
Z Z I
= [N ]T tdA + 2hTa [N ]T dA − qs ns [N ]T dS
A S

(7)

which is of the form


h i n o n o n o
(e) (e)
k (e) {T } = fQ + fh + fg(e)

(8)

In our specific task, the Internal heat generated is zero and there is no
flux surrounding the part. Hence the governing equation reduces to the
form of
" #T " # " #T " #
Z
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N  Z
k  + {T }tdA + 2h [N ]T N {T }dA
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
A A
Z
= 2hTa [N ]T dA

(9)

Thus, equation (9) is the governing equation for the given task.The
further coding in fortran for the user element is done for this governing
equation.

8
4 Shape Functions
Shape functions are important factors in any analysis for appropriate
interpolation of field variables.Its imperative to find the right position-
ing of the element in the co-ordinate system. In most of the cases, the
best way to do this is to write shape functions for the element in the
natural co-ordinates, when the ξ co-ordinate varies from −1 to +1 and
the η co-ordinate varies from −1 to +1.
In the case of a 6-node triangular element, selecting the natural co-
ordinate system would create complications during the coding for the
surface convetion forcing functions since on two edges of the element,
both the co-ordinates ξ and η would vary and neither of them would
be constant.
Hence a better way to write shape functions for the element would be
in terms of the area co-ordinates, where the two-dimensional system is
expressed in terms of three co-ordinates ξ,η and ζ which vary from 0
to 1 with the condition
ξ+η+ζ =1

(10)

Figure 3: Element expressed in Area Co-ordinates

9
Shape functions are :

(a) N1=ξ(2ξ-1)
(b) N2=η(2η-1)
(c) N3=ζ(2ζ-1)
(d) N4=4ξη
(e) N5=4ζη
(f) N6=4ξζ

The gauss points for integration choses are

(a) (2/3,1/6,1/6)
(b) (1/6,2/3,1/6)
(c) (1/6,1/6,2/3)

The weight for the integration points is 1/6

10
5 Part Geometry

Figure 4: Part Geometry for Analysis

The part geometry to be analysed is as shown. A noticable factor here


is that the heat transfer coefficient of the surrounding fluid is varying at
two sections along the surface. Hence, the edge number of the element
on specific surfaces should be considered in order to program for the
surface convection factor. Additionally, the mesh must be in a way that
in no element, both the edges are exposed to surface convection. All
these factors are taken into consideration and the geometry is meshed.

11
6 Results

6.1 Temperature distribution across the element

Figure 5: Comparison of Abaqus and UEL temperature contour

The above figure establishes the fact that the UEL results when com-
pared with the Abaqus results are pretty accurate. The red region in-
dicates regions of high temperature and blue indicates low temperature
regions. The result is quite logical since the temperature at the upper
edge is 10000 with the heat transfer coefficient of 10000W m−2 K −1 and
at the lower edge, the surrounding temperature is 3000 with a heat
transfer coefficient of 20W m−2 K −1 .

6.2 Comparison of nodal temperatures


In order to have an idea of the accuracy of the results, the following
table shows the values of temperatures at a specific node.The values
are observed for nodes on different edges and surfaces.

12
1- Comparison of Nodal temperature values
Node Number Abaqus UEL Accuracy in %
348 991.682 999.915 0.83
177 500.13 500 0.02
29 408.701 404.998 0.9
331 920.821 913.406 0.8
71 316.962 302.382 4.59
39 389.319 395.474 1.5

The above table shows that there is a small deviation in the tempera-
ture values of Abaqus and UEL.

13
7 Conclusion
The deviations in the results of abaqus and user element is in most
of the cases around 0.5% to 1.25%. In a few regions , i.e right upper
region of the geometry, the maximum deviation is around 5.02%. The
factors influencing the accuracy in case of a six nodal quadratic element
may be the use of a B bar element by abaqus, repeated integration at
the gauss points while calculating the temperatures developed due to
surface convection. The change of gauss points also has no dominant
change in the results obtained.A better accuracy was obtained at the
inner nodes than at the outer nodes where the geometry was exposed
to surface convection.

14
Appendices
A Fortran code
C 6 POINTS
SUBROUTINE UEL(RHS,AMATRX, SVARS,ENERGY,
NDOFEL,NRHS,NSVARS,
1 PROPS,NPROPS,COORDS,MCRD,NNODE, U,DU, V, A,
JTYPE, TIME,DTIME,
2 KSTEP, KINC,JELEM,PARAMS,NDLOAD, JDLTYP,
ADLMAG,PREDEF,
3 NPREDF, LFLAGS,MLVARX,DDLMAG,MDLOAD,
PNEWDT, JPROPS,NJPROP,
4 PERIOD)
C
INCLUDE ’ABA PARAM. INC ’
C
DIMENSION RHS(MLVARX, ∗ ) ,AMATRX(NDOFEL,NDOFEL)
,
1 SVARS( ∗ ) ,ENERGY( 7 ) ,PROPS( ∗ ) ,COORDS(MCRD,
NNODE) ,
2 U(NDOFEL) ,DU(MLVARX, ∗ ) ,V(NDOFEL) ,A(
NDOFEL) ,TIME( 2 ) ,
3 PARAMS( ∗ ) ,JDLTYP(MDLOAD, ∗ ) ,ADLMAG(MDLOAD
,∗) ,
4 DDLMAG(MDLOAD, ∗ ) ,PREDEF( 2 ,NPREDF,NNODE) ,
LFLAGS( 4 ) ,
5 JPROPS( ∗ )
C
DIMENSION PHI ( 6 ) ,PHIX( 6 ) ,PHIY( 6 ) ,PHIC ( 6 ) ,PHIE
(6) ,
1 GPX( 3 ) ,GPY( 3 ) ,IFACE ( 7 )
C
PARAMETER (ZERO=0.D0 ,FOURTH=0.25D0 ,HALF=0.5
D0 ,ONE=1.D0 ,TWO=2.D0)
PARAMETER (FOUR=4.D0 ,THREE=3.D0 , SIX=6.D0)

15
DATA IFACE/ 1 , 4 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 6 , 1 /
C
C MATERIAL PROPERTY DEFINITION
C
THICK = PROPS( 1 )
COND = PROPS( 2 )
C
C INITIALIZATION (NRHS=1)
C
DO 6 K1=1,NDOFEL
RHS(K1 ,NRHS)=ZERO
DO 4 K2=1,NDOFEL
AMATRX(K2 , K1)=ZERO
4 CONTINUE
6 CONTINUE
C
IF (LFLAGS( 3 ) .EQ. 4 ) RETURN
C Steady−S t a t e ANALYSIS
IF (LFLAGS( 1 ) .EQ. 3 1 ) THEN
C
C DETERMINE GAUSS POINT LOCATIONS
C
CALL GSPT(GPX,GPY)
C
C ASSEMBLE AMATRX AND RHS
C
DO 300 K=1 ,3
C LOOP THROUGH GAUSS PTS
C=GPX(K)
E=GPY(K)
CALL DER(C, E ,GPX,GPY,GWEI, PHI , PHIX , PHIY ,
PHIC , PHIE
1 ,DXDC,DXDE,DYDC,DYDE,AJACOB,COORDS
,MCRD,NNODE)
C
DTDX=ZERO
DTDY=ZERO
T =ZERO

16
C
DO I =1 ,6
DTDX=U( I ) ∗PHIX( I )+DTDX
DTDY=U( I ) ∗PHIY( I )+DTDY
T =U( I ) ∗PHI ( I )+T
END DO
C
WE=(ONE/SIX ) ∗(ONE/SIX ) ∗(ONE/SIX )
GWE=WE∗AJACOB
C
DO KI=1 ,6
C LOOP OVER NODES
RHS( KI ,NRHS) = RHS( KI ,NRHS) −
1 GWE∗(COND∗(PHIX( KI ) ∗DTDX +
PHIY( KI ) ∗DTDY) )

DO KJ=1 ,6
AMATRX( KI , KJ)= AMATRX( KI , KJ) + GWE∗
1 (COND∗(PHIX( KI ) ∗PHIX(KJ) +
PHIY( KI ) ∗PHIY(KJ) ) )

END DO
END DO
300 CONTINUE
C
IF (JDLTYP( 1 , 1 ) .EQ. 1 ) THEN
C ZETA=1−C−E=0
C E=1−C
C
HCOEF123=PROPS( 3 )
SINKT1=ADLMAG( 1 , 1 )
C
DO KI=1 ,3
C LOOP THROUGH GAUSS PTS
C=GPX( KI )
E=1−C
C
C

17
CALL DER(C, E ,GPX,GPY,GWEI, PHI , PHIX ,
PHIY , PHIC , PHIE
1 ,DXDC,DXDE,DYDC,DYDE,AJACOB,
COORDS,MCRD,NNODE)
C
T=ZERO
DO I =1 ,6
T=U( I ) ∗PHI ( I )+T
END DO
C
DS=SQRT(DXDE∗DXDE + DYDE∗DYDE)
C
DO KJ=1 ,3
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
RHS(IFACE(KJ) ,NRHS) = RHS(IFACE(KJ)
,NRHS) −
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗(T−SINKT1)
DO KK=1 ,6
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
AMATRX(IFACE(KJ) ,KK)= AMATRX(IFACE(
KJ) ,KK) +
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗PHI (KK)
END DO
END DO
END DO
C
END IF
C
C END IF
C
IF (JDLTYP( 1 , 1 ) .EQ. 2 ) THEN
C
C=0
C
HCOEF123=PROPS( 3 )
SINKT1=ADLMAG( 1 , 1 )

18
C
DO KI=1 ,3
C LOOP THROUGH GAUSS PTS
E=GPY( KI )
C
C
CALL DER(C, E ,GPX,GPY,GWEI, PHI , PHIX ,
PHIY , PHIC , PHIE
1 ,DXDC,DXDE,DYDC,DYDE,AJACOB,
COORDS,MCRD,NNODE)
C
T=ZERO
DO I =1 ,6
T=U( I ) ∗PHI ( I )+T
END DO
C
DS=SQRT(DXDE∗DXDE + DYDE∗DYDE)
C
DO KJ=3 ,5
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
RHS(IFACE(KJ) ,NRHS) = RHS(IFACE(KJ)
,NRHS) −
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗(T−SINKT1)
DO KK=1 ,6
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
AMATRX(IFACE(KJ) ,KK)= AMATRX(IFACE(
KJ) ,KK) +
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗PHI (KK)
END DO
END DO
END DO
C
END IF
C
C END IF
C

19
C
IF (JDLTYP( 1 , 1 ) .EQ. 3 ) THEN
C
E=0
C
HCOEF123=PROPS( 3 )
SINKT1=ADLMAG( 1 , 1 )
C
DO KI=1 ,3
C LOOP THROUGH GAUSS PTS
C=GPX( KI )
C
C
CALL DER(C, E ,GPX,GPY,GWEI, PHI , PHIX ,
PHIY , PHIC , PHIE
1 ,DXDC,DXDE,DYDC,DYDE,AJACOB,
COORDS,MCRD,NNODE)
C
T=ZERO
DO I =1 ,6
T=U( I ) ∗PHI ( I )+T
END DO
C
DS=SQRT(DXDE∗DXDE + DYDE∗DYDE)
C
DO KJ=5 ,7
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
RHS(IFACE(KJ) ,NRHS) = RHS(IFACE(KJ)
,NRHS) −
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗(T−SINKT1)
DO KK=1 ,6
C LOOP THROUGH NODES
AMATRX(IFACE(KJ) ,KK)= AMATRX(IFACE(
KJ) ,KK) +
1 THREE∗WE∗DS∗PHI (IFACE(KJ) ) ∗
HCOEF123∗PHI (KK)
END DO

20
END DO
END DO
C
END IF
C
END IF
RETURN
END
C
C
SUBROUTINE GSPT(GPX,GPY)
INCLUDE ’ aba param . i n c ’
DIMENSION GPX( 3 ) ,GPY( 3 )
C
PARAMETER(ONE=1.D0 ,TWO=2.D0 ,THREE=3.D0 , SIX=6.
D0)
C
C GPX: X COORDINATE OF GAUSS PT
C GPY: Y COORDINATE OF GAUSS PT
C
C GPX( 1 )=ONE/TWO
C GPY( 1 )=ONE/TWO
C GPX( 2 )=ZERO
C GPY( 2 )=ONE/TWO
C GPX( 3 )=ONE/TWO
C GPY( 3 )=ZERO
GPX( 1 )=TWO/THREE
GPY( 1 )=ONE/SIX
GPX( 2 )=ONE/SIX
GPY( 2 )=TWO/THREE
GPX( 3 )=ONE/SIX
GPY( 3 )=TWO/THREE
RETURN
END
C
C
SUBROUTINE DER(C, E ,GPX,GPY,GWEI, PHI , PHIX , PHIY
, PHIC , PHIE ,

21
1 DXDC,DXDE,DYDC,DYDE,AJACOB,COORDS,MCRD,NNODE
)
INCLUDE ’ aba param . i n c ’
DIMENSION PHI ( 6 ) ,PHIX( 6 ) ,PHIY( 6 ) ,PHIC ( 6 ) ,PHIE
(6) ,
1 COORDS(MCRD,NNODE)
C
PARAMETER(ZERO=0.D0 ,FOURTH=0.25D0 ,HALF=0.5D0 ,
ONE=1.D0 ,TWO=2.D0)
PARAMETER(FOUR=4.D0 ,THREE=3.D0)
C
C INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS
C
PHI ( 1 ) = C∗(TWO∗C−ONE)
PHI ( 2 ) = E∗(TWO∗E−ONE)
PHI ( 3 ) = (ONE−C−E) ∗(TWO∗(ONE−C−E)−ONE)
PHI ( 4 ) = FOUR∗C∗E
PHI ( 5 ) = FOUR∗(ONE−C−E) ∗E
PHI ( 6 ) = FOUR∗C∗(ONE−C−E)
C
C DERIVATIVES WRT TO C
C
PHIC ( 1 ) = FOUR∗C−ONE
PHIC ( 2 ) = ZERO
PHIC ( 3 ) = FOUR∗C+FOUR∗E−THREE
PHIC ( 4 ) = FOUR∗E
PHIC ( 5 ) = −FOUR∗E
PHIC ( 6 ) = FOUR∗(ONE−TWO∗C−E)
C
C DERIVATIVES WRT TO E
C
PHIE ( 1 ) = ZERO
PHIE ( 2 ) = FOUR∗E−ONE
PHIE ( 3 ) = FOUR∗C+FOUR∗E−THREE
PHIE ( 4 ) = FOUR∗C
PHIE ( 5 ) = FOUR∗(ONE−C−TWO∗E)
PHIE ( 6 ) = −FOUR∗C
C

22
DXDC=ZERO
DXDE=ZERO
DYDC=ZERO
DYDE=ZERO
C
DO 3 I =1 ,6
DXDC=DXDC+COORDS( 1 , I ) ∗PHIC( I )
DXDE=DXDE+COORDS( 1 , I ) ∗PHIE( I )
DYDC=DYDC+COORDS( 2 , I ) ∗PHIC( I )
DYDE=DYDE+COORDS( 2 , I ) ∗PHIE( I )
3 CONTINUE
C
C CALCULATION OF JACOBIAN
C
AJACOB=(DXDC∗DYDE−DXDE∗DYDC)
C
C DERIVATIVES WRT TO X AND Y
C
DO 5 I =1 ,6
PHIX( I ) =(PHIC( I ) ∗DYDE−PHIE( I ) ∗DYDC) /AJACOB
PHIY( I ) =(PHIE( I ) ∗DXDC−PHIC( I ) ∗DXDE) /AJACOB
5 CONTINUE
RETURN
END

B Input File
∗ Heading
∗ P r e p r i n t , echo=NO, model=NO, h i s t o r y=NO, c o n t a c t=
NO
∗∗
∗Node
1, 1 7 . 5 , −101.699997
2, 1 6 . 5 , −101.699997
3, 16.5 , −129.
4, 17.5 , −130.

23
5, 0 . , −101.699997
6, 0. , −129.
7, 0. , −130.
8, 17.5 , −100.
9, 1 6 . 5 , −100.699997
10 , 1 . , −85.1999969
..............................
..............................
..............................
1876 , 0.555608571 , 89.5484161
1877 , 0. , 88.6999969
1878 , 2.20770359 , 97.039978
1879 , 0.705307961 , 96.3490448
1880 , 1.72614408 , 96.3371887
1881 , 5.11766768 , 98.2440186
1882 , 5.78360796 , 98.9597778
1883 , 4.81517267 , 99.1901932
1884 , 3.90620136 , 96.9871292
1885 , 4.47842216 , 97.6834106
1886 , 3.83831215 , 99.2984848
1887 , 0. , 96.6999969
∗USER ELEMENT,NODES=6,TYPE=U1 ,PROP=4,COORDINATES=2,
VAR=1
11 ,
∗ Element , type=U1 , ELSET=UEL
1, 1, 2, 2 7 , 5 3 6 , 5 3 7 , 538
2, 27 , 46 , 1 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 0 , 538
3, 46 , 27 , 2 8 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 1 , 542
4, 28 , 45 , 4 6 , 5 4 3 , 5 4 4 , 542
5, 45 , 28 , 2 9 , 5 4 3 , 5 4 5 , 546
6, 29 , 44 , 4 5 , 5 4 7 , 5 4 8 , 546
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
8 1 5 , 5 3 4 , 3 9 6 , 3 9 0 , 1 8 3 4 , 1 8 7 2 , 1870
8 1 6 , 5 3 4 , 3 8 9 , 5 2 7 , 1 8 7 1 , 1 8 3 0 , 1868
8 1 7 , 5 3 5 , 3 9 4 , 3 9 5 , 1 8 3 7 , 1 8 8 7 , 1879
8 1 8 , 5 3 5 , 5 2 7 , 5 3 0 , 1 8 8 0 , 1 8 5 2 , 1878

24
∗ELEMENT,TYPE=DC2D6, ELSET=ALLE
1000 , 1, 2, 27 , 536 ,
537 , 538
2000 , 27 , 46 , 1, 539 ,
540 , 538
3000 , 46 , 27 , 28 , 539 ,
541 , 542
4000 , 28 , 45 , 46 , 543 ,
544 , 542
5000 , 45 , 28 , 29 , 543 ,
545 , 546
6000 , 29 , 44 , 45 , 547 ,
548 , 546
7000 , 44 , 29 , 30 , 547 ,
549 , 550
8000 , 30 , 43 , 44 , 551 ,
552 , 550
9000 , 43 , 30 , 31 , 551 ,
553 , 554
10000 , 31 , 42 , 43 , 555 ,
556 , 554
11000 , 42 , 31 , 32 , 555 ,
557 , 558
............................... ....
............................... ....
............................... ....
814000 , 533 , 528 , 532 , 1865 ,
1860 , 1886
815000 , 534 , 396 , 390 , 1834 ,
1872 , 1870
816000 , 534 , 389 , 527 , 1871 ,
1830 , 1868
817000 , 535 , 394 , 395 , 1837 ,
1887 , 1879
818000 , 535 , 527 , 530 , 1880 ,
1852 , 1878
∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗

25
∗MATERIAL,NAME=MAT−1
∗CONDUCTIVITY
0.000000000000001 ,
∗SOLID SECTION, ELSET=ALLE,MATERIAL=MAT−1
∗UEL PROPERTY, ELSET=UEL
1. ,50. ,1000. ,20
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=BOTTOMEDGE2, g e n e r a t e
177 , 189 , 2
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=BOTTOMEDGE
∗∗BOTTOMEDGE2, S2
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=RIGHTLOWEREDGE1, g e n e r a t e
2 , 22 , 2
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=RIGHTLOWEREDGE
∗∗RIGHTLOWEREDGE1, S1
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=MIDDLEEDGE1
192 , 236 , 238 , 240 , 242 , 244 , 246 , 248 , 250 , 252 ,
2 5 4 , 2 5 6 , 2 5 8 , 2 5 9 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 3 , 265
267 , 269 , 271 , 273 , 275 ,278 , 280 , 282 , 284 , 286 ,
288 , 290 , 292 , 294 , 296 , 298 , 300 , 302 , 304 ,
3 0 6 , 308
310 , 312 , 314 , 316 , 318 , 320 , 322 , 324 , 326 , 328 ,
3 3 0 , 3 3 2 , 3 3 4 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 8 , 340
342 , 344 , 346 , 348 , 350 , 352 , 354 , 356 , 358 , 360 ,
3 6 2 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 8 , 3 7 0 , 372
374 , 376 , 378 , 380 , 382 , 384 , 386 , 388 , 390 , 392 ,
3 9 4 , 3 9 6 , 3 9 8 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 2 , 404
406 , 408 , 752 , 754 , 756 , 758 , 760 , 762 , 764 , 766 ,
7 6 8 , 7 7 0 , 7 7 2 , 774
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=MIDDLEEDGE
∗∗MIDDLEEDGE1, S1
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=UPPEREDGE3, g e n e r a t e
581 , 593 , 2
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=UPPEREDGE
∗∗UPPEREDGE3, S3
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=SYMMETRICEDGE1
5 9 4 , 800
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=SYMMETRICEDGE2

26
35 , 49 , 63 , 77 , 91 , 105 , 119 , 133 , 147 , 161 ,
1 7 5 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 5 , 2 0 1 , 203
206 , 229 , 409 , 411 , 413 , 415 , 417 , 419 , 421 , 423 ,
4 2 5 , 4 2 7 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 3 , 435
437 , 439 , 441 , 443 , 445 , 447 , 449 , 451 , 453 , 455 ,
4 5 7 , 4 5 9 , 4 6 1 , 4 6 3 , 4 6 5 , 467
469 , 471 , 473 , 475 , 477 , 479 , 481 , 483 , 485 , 487 ,
4 8 9 , 4 9 1 , 4 9 3 , 4 9 5 , 4 9 7 , 499
501 , 503 , 505 , 507 , 509 , 511 , 513 , 515 , 517 , 519 ,
5 2 1 , 5 2 3 , 5 2 5 , 5 2 7 , 5 2 9 , 531
533 , 535 , 537 , 539 , 541 , 543 , 545 , 547 , 549 , 551 ,
5 5 3 , 5 5 5 , 5 5 7 , 5 9 6 , 6 1 0 , 624
638 , 652 , 666 , 680 , 694 , 708 , 722 , 736 , 777 , 786 ,
817
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=SYMMETRICEDGE3
1 9 6 , 7 9 4 , 7 9 7 , 798
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=SYMMETRICEDGE
∗∗SYMMETRICEDGE1, S1
∗∗SYMMETRICEDGE2, S2
∗∗SYMMETRICEDGE3, S3
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=TOPRIGHTEDGE1, g e n e r a t e
560 , 580 , 2
∗ E l s e t , e l s e t=TOPRIGHTEDGE2
750 ,
∗∗ S u r f a c e , type=ELEMENT, name=TOPRIGHTEDGE
∗∗TOPRIGHTEDGE1, S1
∗∗TOPRIGHTEDGE2, S2
∗NSET, NSET=UPPERNODES
22 , 1544 , 348 , 1540 , 347 , 1536 , 346 , 1532 , 345 ,
1 5 2 8 , 3 4 4 , 1 5 2 4 , 3 4 3 , 1 5 2 0 , 20
∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
∗∗ S e c t i o n : S e c t i o n −1
∗∗ S o l i d S e c t i o n , e l s e t=ALLE, m a t e r i a l=M a t e r i a l −1
∗∗ ,
∗∗
∗∗ MATERIALS
∗∗
∗∗ M a t e r i a l , name=M a t e r i a l −1

27
∗∗ C o n d u c t i v i t y
∗∗50 ,
∗∗ D e n s i t y
∗∗7830
∗∗
∗∗ INTERACTION PROPERTIES
∗∗
∗∗ Film Property , name=IntProp −1
∗∗100.
∗∗ Film Property , name=IntProp −2
∗∗20.
∗∗
∗∗
∗∗ STEP : Step −1
∗∗
∗ Step , name=Step −1, i n c =10000
∗ Heat T r a n s f e r , s t e a d y s t a t e
0 . 0 0 5 , 1 . , 1e −05 , 0 . 0 0 5 ,
∗∗
∗∗ BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
∗∗
∗∗ INTERACTIONS
∗∗
∗∗ I n t e r a c t i o n : Int −1
∗BOUNDARY
UPPERNODES, 1 1 , 1 1 , 9 9 9 . 9 1 5
∗DLOAD
UPPEREDGE3, U3 , 1 0 0 0 . ,
MIDDLEEDGE1, U1 , 5 0 0 .
RIGHTLOWEREDGE1, U2 , 4 0 0 .
BOTTOMEDGE2, U2 , 3 0 0 .
∗∗
∗∗ OUTPUT REQUESTS
∗∗
∗ R e s t a r t , write , f r e q u e n c y=0
∗∗
∗∗ FIELD OUTPUT: F−Output−1
∗∗

28
∗Output , f i e l d , v a r i a b l e=PRESELECT
∗Output , h i s t o r y , f r e q u e n c y=0
∗End Step

29

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