Chapter 3

Chapter 3
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKS USING
STANDARD AGGREGATES AND CRUSHED GLASS
ABSTRACT
In this study, entitled “Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks
Using Standard Aggregates and Crushed Glass,” two designs of interlocking
blocks will be presented, and in each design, there are two blocks with a
different mixture. The mixture will compose of sand, gravel, cement, and water,
and the other ratio will use crushed glass instead of gravel. Overall, four
interlocking blocks will undergo testing. Required amounts of sand, cement,
water, gravel, and crushed glass are measured to obtain the proper amounts of
material. Each block will undergo 7-28 days of curing before testing.
After several testing, the result in every sample will be determined which
mixture and design got the highest compressive strength will be recommended
soon for building constructions.
INTRODUCTION
The study focuses on comparing four interlocking blocks. It was to
show if crushed glass bottles can be a substitute to coarse aggregate as a
component of the interlocking block. The result of this study will not only benefit
Urdaneta City University Research
College of Engineering and Architecture Methodology | 12
the construction industry but also the environment by reducing waste glass
bottle in the surrounding.
Concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, and
water. Mixing coarse aggregates within the mixture will provide a hard-skeletal
structure and to lessen the space of the cement. Both coarse aggregates and
fine aggregates are required, but the ratios of different sizes of coarse aggregate
will range depending on the appropriate mixture needed for each particular end-
use. The smaller the size of aggregate, the better its surface and the more
cement will be mixed to bind it all together will result in a higher cost. However,
the concrete will become stronger when using a higher quantity of cement.
Therefore, a balance needs to be made between the price willing to be paid and
the strength requirements of the end-use. [23]
Glass is an inorganic solid material that is commonly transparent or clear
as well as brittle, hard, and impenetrable to the natural elements. Since ancient
times, glass has been invented into efficient, functional, rational, and ornamental
objects, and it is still very essential in operations such as building construction,
telecommunications, and housewares. [28]
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This part represents the actions required in the study. It gives an
overview of how the steps of the research will flow.
Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Crushed Glass
INPUT
Materials:
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Coarse Aggregate
-Gravel
-Crushed Glass
4. Water
Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework
The study aims to design and produce interlocking blocks that are more
economical and useful compared to the current blocks that are widely used
nowadays. Using these interlocking blocks is cheaper since plastering costs will
be reduced, including the number of workers, steel bars, cement, and other
construction materials. This kind of block can be used in weatherproof
construction, and nowadays, it is one of the key factors to finish work faster than
conventional construction.
The researchers came up with this research because they see a lot of
problems in the field of construction. One of these is the lack of materials
needed in the development of a construction project. Over the years, the supply
of materials here has diminished. Not all of us can afford to buy or build a home,
but with the help of this idea, we can now construct a house with a lesser
budget. Because using these interlocking blocks will save you a lot of money.

Crushed Glass
Also, with the use of these interlocking blocks can lessen the number of workers
needed in construction. These interlocking blocks are one of the solutions to the
shortage of workers here in our region. Not only the worker shortage can be
solved to this project, but also the lack of skill of a worker. Because these types
of blocks look like lego toys, and we all know that lego toy is a kind of block toy
that was easy to generate. In this study, the researchers also used recycled
bottle glass as a substitute to coarse aggregate to help our nature to eliminate
solid waste. Solid waste materials like glass bottles are one of the reasons of
pollution here in our country.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part of the chapter will determine the procedure of the study. It is
composed of research design, data gathering procedure, project procedure,
project testing, evaluation, and validation.
Project Identification. This part is where the researchers plan what the
study would be. This part includes problem identification, possible solutions to
the problem, and the actions that may be taken.
Project Assessment. It is the process by which the researchers planned
and evaluated the study. In this part, the researchers consider some
environmental issues and how to deal with it.

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.2 Scheme of Experimental Work
Materials and Data Gathering. In this study, the material that the
researchers used for the first block are cement, sand, and 3/8inch crushed stone,
and for the second block, the researchers used cement, sand, and crushed glass.
The researchers used portland cement because it is more economical among
others. For coarse aggregate in the second block, the researchers used a
crushed glass bottle, which provides a low cost but high quality. The process of
mixing the mixtures of the first and second blocks is just the same. The only
difference of the mixing process is the substitution of crushed glass bottles as
coarse aggregate.

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.3 Chart of the Materials
Research Design. The goal of this study was to determine the result of
the crushed glass as an aggregate type of improving the conventional
interlocking blocks. This part was to show that crushed glass bottles could also
be an alternative element for the mixture for interlocking blocks. It also provides
a benefit as a low-cost material. As an outcome of the study, crushed glass is
used to the concrete mix and compare the output to the usual interlocking blocks
mixture.
Project Development. In this part of the study, the samples of
interlocking blocks will be created and tested through compressive strength tests
and water absorption tests after the proper days of curing.
Project Testing. In this research, two different laboratory tests were
conducted to test the strength and durability of every block; these are the

Crushed Glass
compressive strength test and water absorption test. Before every test
performed, each block was subjected to a proper day of curing. And for the field
test of this study, the researchers constructed a study shed made up of
interlocking blocks with crushed glass.
Project Evaluation. In this part of the study, the laboratory test result
would determine if the crushed glass has the potential to replace gravel in
making interlocking blocks.
Project Presentation. In this part, the researchers needed to present
detailed information about their studies, such as the procedures, developments,
test results, and the evaluation of their project in front of their panels.
Figure 3.4 Gantt Chart of Activities with PERT-CPM

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.4 shows the schedule of activities with PERT-CPM.
Interlocking Blocks Design
The shape of the interlocking block was made by considering its hollow
arrangement and interlocking.
Interlocking Block-Design 1
The first design is a single block with a key on top and a groove on the
bottom. The dimensions of the block are 12inch by 6inch by 4inch. The diameter
of its hollow is 2 inches, while the thickness of the key is 5 mm. The key fits into
the groove, and this is how interlocking works since the interlock is in the top-
bottom, therefore, no mortar laying is needed. Design 1 is a load-bearing block.
Using this design, it can consume 34 pieces of blocks per square meter.
Figure 3.5 Top View

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.6 Front View
Figure 3.7 3D View

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.8 Interlocking arrangement of blocks
Design 2 interlocking block
In this design, interlocking blocks fit on one another with keys pointing
upwards interlocking in one another. Every key of the top block is in direct
contact with the bottom groove of another block. The dimensions of the block
are 40cm by 10cm by 20 cm. Its thickness is 2 cm from all sides. The rectangular
hollow measures 15.5cm by 6cm. The keys are 10mm thick. It is a non-load
bearing block since its width is only 10 cm. This design of the interlocking block
can consume 13 pieces of blocks per square meter.
Figure 3.9 Top View

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.10 Front View
Legend:
L=40.0cm B=6.0cm
W=10.0cm C=3.0cm
H=20.0cm D=8.0cm
A=15.5cm E=1.0cm
Figure 3.11 3D View

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.12 Interlocking arrangement of blocks
Components and Materials
In this part shows the list of components and materials needed for the
research. It also tells the descriptions of every material and where it came from.
Cement. The researchers used Portland cement because it is more
economical among the others. Portland cement is made by crushing a mixture of
limestone and shale. It is in the form of a finely ground powder. Also, Portland
cement is the most common type of general cement use around the world.
Figure 3.13 Cement
Sand. In this study, the researchers used sand from the quarry. Sand is
made up of mineral particles and finely divided rock. It is needed to use a sand
screen to obtain uniform particles so that the quality of the product will not be
affected.

Crushed Glass
Figure 3.14 Sand
Gravel. Gravel is a loose collection of rock particles. In this study, 3/8inch
crushed gravel was used. The crushed gravel is commonly available in many
hardware here in Pangasinan.
Figure 3.15 Gravel
Crushed Glass. Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into
usable products. The glass bottles used in this research came from different

Crushed Glass
junkshops here in Pangasinan. The crushed obtained the same proportion of
gravel.
Figure 3.16 Crushed Glass
Water. The water is required for the preparation of the mixing of cement
concrete and for curing. Water has many effects on the strength of cement
concrete in construction work by the quality and quantity of it. The water was
taken from a nearby deep well source, since it is free and always available.
Figure 3.17 Water

Crushed Glass
Molder. In design 1, the researchers used a hydraulic block machine,
while in design two, they used a molder made up of plastic. PHILIN Builders,
located at Calasiao, Pangasinan, provided both molders.
Figure 3.18 Hydraulic Block Machine
Figure 3.19 Plastic Molder

Crushed Glass
Table 3.1 List of Materials, Ratio and Price of One Interlocking Block-Design 1
(with gravel)
NO. MATERIALS UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE

PRICE(PHP (PHP)
)
1 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 1.00 5.625
2 Sand m.3
1,500.00 2.3625x10 -3
3.54
3 3/8inch Gravel m.3 2,200.00 1.35x10-3 2.97
4 Water m.3
--- ---
TOTAL COST(PHP) 12.135
Table 3.1 shows the list of materials and their prices. The prices listed in
this table were based on the cost of materials around Urdaneta City, Pangasinan.
The given quantities of products listed above were computed based on a single
block only.
(with glass)
NO MATERIALS UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE

. PRICE(PHP (PHP)
)
1 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 1.00 5.625
2 Sand m.3 1,500.00 2.3625x10-3 3.54
3 Crushed glass m.3 1,500.00 1.35x10-3 2.025
4 Water m.3 --- ---

Crushed Glass
Table 3.2 shows the list of materials, but instead of gravel, crushed glass
was used. The researchers bought recycled glass bottles from nearby junk
shops, and since there is no available crushing machine around Urdaneta City,
the researchers did the crushing. In the given price of the crushed glass listed
above was computed based on the cost of the glass bottles bought in junkshops
and the labor of the person.
The researchers used a ratio of 1:3.5:2 for their raw materials in
interlocking block-design 1. They used a box with a dimension of 0.3 m by 0.3 m
by 0.3 m to get the exact amount of materials. The amount of crushed glass
used has the same quantity as crushed stone. With that ratio, 40 blocks will be
produced. The prices listed above were based on the latest prices in hardware
stores around the Pangasinan area.
(with gravel)

. PRICE(PHP (PHP)
)
1 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 1.428571429 8.03571
2 Sand m.3 1,500.00 1.9286x10-3 2.8929
3 3/8inch Gravel m.3 2,200.00 1.4464x10-3 3.1821
4 Water m.3
--- ---
Table 3.3 shows the number of materials required for one block. The
prices were based around hardware stores in Urdaneta City.

Crushed Glass
(with glass)

. PRICE(PHP (PHP)
)
1 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 1.428571429 8.03571
2 Sand m.3 1,500.00 1.9286x10-3 2.8929
3 Crushed glass m.3 1,500.00 1.4464x10-3 2.1696
5 Water m.3
--- ---
Table 3.4 shows the list of materials and corresponding prices. Instead of
gravel, crushed glass was used. The computation of the cost of crushed glass
was the same as the process in table 3.2.
In interlocking block-design 2, the researchers used a ratio of 1:2:1.5. The
way of measuring material is just like the same as in design 1. Also, the amount
of crushed glass is the same as the amount of gravel. The researchers produced
28 pieces of blocks in this ratio.
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Compressive strength of individual block (Laboratory test)

Crushed Glass
To know the suitability of concrete masonry units or concrete blocks, a
compressive strength test is required. Concrete blocks are made of an
aggregate, cement, and water. It is used in the construction of the masonry
structure and usually rectangular. Concrete blocks are available in hollow and
solid forms. [26]
1MPa=145Psi
Figure 3.20 Formula of Compressive Strength and its Conversion to Psi
Design 1 interlocking block (with gravel)
Loading Bearing Area =45,750 mm2
Maximum Load (9 days of curing) =127.5 KN
9-days compressive strength =127500 N/45,750 mm2
=2.8 MPa
=406 psi
Design 1 interlocking block (with glass)

Crushed Glass
=4.6 MPa
=667 psi
Maximum Load (14 days of curing) =185 KN
=4.0 MPa
=580 psi
Interlocking block- Design 1 (with glass)
=5.8 MPa
=841 psi

Crushed Glass
=4.6 MPa
=667 psi
=6.5 MPa
=943 psi

Crushed Glass
=6.3 MPa
=914 psi
=7.4 MPa
=1,073 psi
Table 3.5 Summary of test results of Interlocking Block-Design 1
(Compressive Strength Test)
SAMPLE DAYS OF CURING REMARKS

9 days 14 days 21 days 28 days
With Gravel 406 psi 580 psi 667 psi 914 psi Passed
With Glass 667 psi 841 psi 943 psi 1,073 psi Passed
Note: Each block must be at least 800 psi (NSCP standard) strength in 28 days
to obtained passed remark.

Crushed Glass
=1.9 MPa
=276 psi
=2.5 MPa
=363 psi
=2.4 MPa
=348 psi

Crushed Glass
Maximum Load (14 days of curing) =40.0KN
=3.0 MPa
=435 psi
=2.9 MPa
=421 psi
=3.5 MPa

Crushed Glass
=508 psi
=3.3 MPa
=479 psi
=4.1 MPa
=595 psi
(Compressive Strength Test)
SAMPLE DAYS OF CURING REMARKS

9 days 14 days 21 days 28 days
With Gravel 276 psi 348 psi 421 psi 479 psi Failed
With Glass 363 psi 435 psi 508 psi 595 psi Passed

Crushed Glass
Note: Each block must be at least 550 psi (DPWH standard) strength in 28 days
to obtained passed remark.
Conclusion
Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 shows the results of the interlocking block with
a different mixture of each design at different curing age. At day 9, the design
2(with gravel) got the lowest compressive strength, while the design 2(with
glass) and design 1(with gravel) failed to meet the required compressive
strength of 550 psi. Design 1(with glass) got the highest compressive strength of
667 psi. Hence it passed the required strength.
On day 14, only design 1 with glass and without glass got the
necessary compressive strength to pass the required compressive strength. And
design 2, failed the test.
On day 21, design 2 failed to meet the required strength. But design 1,
continuously rising its strength.
On day 28, only design 2(with gravel) failed to meet the required
compressive strength. Maybe one of the reasons why interlocking block design
2(with gravel) does not achieve the needed strength is because of the ratio of
materials used. Design 1(with glass) got the highest compressive strength of
1,073 psi, while design 1(with gravel) got 914 psi.

Crushed Glass
Based on the above observations, the interlocking blocks with glass is
stronger in terms of compressive strength than those with gravel.
Water absorption test (Laboratory test)
Water absorption tests on blocks are used to determine the durability of
blocks such as the degree of burning, quality, and behavior of blocks in
weathering. A block with water absorption of less than 7% provides better
resistance to damage by freezing. The degree of compactness of block can be
obtained by water absorption test, as water absorbed by pores in blocks. The
water absorption by blocks increases with the increase in pores. [16]
(Water Absorption Test)
SAMPLE AGE SSD IMMERSE OVEN- ABSORP- ABSORP-

(days) WEIGHT D (grams) DRIED TION TION
(grams) (grams) (kg/m.3) (%)
With 14 5720 3620 5382 160.95 6.28
Glass
With 14 5858 3520 5453 173.05 7.42
Gravel

Crushed Glass
(Water Absorption Test)
SAMPLE AGE SSD IMMERSE OVEN- ABSORP- ABSORP-

(days) WEIGHT D (grams) DRIED TION TION
(grams) (grams) (kg/m.3) (%)
With 14 6747 4813 6420 168.86 5.09
Glass
With 14 6716 5016 6348 216.24 5.79
Gravel
Conclusion
Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 shows the result of the water absorption test
of two designs of interlocking blocks. It shows that the interlocking blocks with
crushed glass got lesser absorption percentages than the interlocking block with
gravel. Therefore, the interlocking block with crushed glass is more durable.
Comparing Interlocking Blocks Design 1 to a Load Bearing Hollow
Blocks
To prove that using interlocking blocks can reduce other construction
materials, the researchers estimated the materials to be in a 4-meter-long and 3-
meter-high wall by using a load-bearing hollow block and then using interlocking
blocks design 1. We used the book “Simplified Estimate” by Max Fajardo as the
reference. [12]
Using 6” Concrete Hollow Blocks

Crushed Glass
A. Footing
1. Find the volume of the footing
V = t x w x L = 0.15 x 0.25 x 4.0 = 0.15m.3
2. Using class “A” concrete 40 kg. cement
Cement = 0.15 x 9.0 = 1.35 bags
Sand = 0.15 x 0.5 = 0.075m.3
Gravel = 0.15 x 1 = 0.15m.3
B. Concrete Hollow Blocks
1. Divide the height of the wall by the height of one block.
3m. / 0.20m. = 15pcs.
2. Divide the total length of the wall by the length of one block.
4m. / 0.40m. = 10pcs.
3. Multiply the result of 1 and 2.
15 x 10 = 150pcs.
C. Mortar for Block Laying: Average thickness at .0125
1. Find the volume of the mortar (one layer)
V = 0.0125 x 0.15 x 4.0 = 7.5x10-3 m.3
2. Multiply by the number of layers to get the total volume. (15 layers)
Total V = 15 x 7.5x10-3 = 0.1125m.3
3. Using class “B” mixture 40 kg. cement
Cement = 0.1125 x 12 = 1.35 bags
Sand = 0.1125 x 1.0 = 0.1125m.3

Crushed Glass
D. Mortar filler for hollow cell
1. Find the volume of one cell
V = 0.10m. x 0.075m. x 0.20m. = 0.0015m.3
2. Volume of 4 cells per block
V = 0.0015m.3 x 4 = 0.006m.3
3. Total volume of cells for 150 hollow blocks
V = 0.006m.3 x 150 = 0.90m.3
Cement = 0.90 x 12 = 10.8 bags
Sand = 0.90 x 1.0 = 0.90m.3
E. Metal reinforcement of concrete hollow blocks
1. Area of the wall.
A = 4.0m. x 3.0m. = 12.0m.2
2. Vertical reinforcement @ 0.60cm. o.c.
12 x 2.13 = 25.56m.
Select: 5pcs. 10mm. x 6.0m. long steel bar
3. Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers
12 x 2.15 = 25.80m.
F. Plastering at an average of 16 mm (0.016 m.) thick

Crushed Glass
1. Find the total area of the wall.
A = (4.0m. x 3.0m.) x 2 = 24.0m2
2. Solve for the volume
V = 24.0m2 x 0.016m. = 0.384m.3
3. Using class “A” mixture of 40 kg.
Cement: 0.384 x 18 = 6.912 bags
Sand: 0.384 x 1 = 0.384m.3
Table 3.9 Summary of Materials using 6” Concrete Hollow Blocks and its Price
NO MATERIALS UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE(PHP)

. PRICE(PHP
)
1 6” CHB Pc. 16.00 150 2,400.00
2 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 21 4,725.00
3 Sand m.3 1,500.00 1.47 2,205.00
4 Gravel m.3 2,200.00 0.15 330.00
5 Steel Bar Pc. 148.00 10 1,480.00
10mm.ø
TOTAL COST 11,140.00
Using Interlocking Blocks Design 1
A. Footing

Crushed Glass
1. Find the volume of the footing
V = t x w x L = 0.15 x 0.25 x 4.0 = 0.15m.3
Cement = 0.15 x 9.0 = 1.35 bags
Sand = 0.15 x 0.5 = 0.075m.3
Gravel = 0.15 x 1 = 0.15m.3
B. Interlocking Blocks Design 1
1. Divide the height of the wall by the height of one block.
3m. / 0.10m. = 30pcs.
2. Divide the total length of the wall by the length of one block.
4m. / 0.30m. = 13.33pcs.
3. Multiply the result of 1 and 2.
30 x 13.33 = 400pcs.
(1 layer must be deducted for the space of lintel)
C. Mortar filler for hollow cell
1. Find the volume of one cell
V = (pi(0.25)(0.05)2) x 0.10m. = 1.96x10-4 m.3
2. Volume of 2 cells per block
V = 1.96x10-4 m.3 x 2 = 3.93x10-4 m.3
3. Total volume of cells for 387 hollow blocks
V = 3.93x10-4m.3 x 387 = 0.1520m.3

Crushed Glass
Cement = 0.1520 x 12 = 1.82 bags
Sand = 0.1520 x 1.0 = 0.1520m.3
D. Metal reinforcement of interlocking blocks
1. Area of the wall.
A = 4.0m. x 3.0m. = 12.0m.2
2. Vertical reinforcement @ 0.60cm. o.c.
13 x 2.13 = 25.56m.
E. Lintel
1. Find the volume of the lintel
V = t x w x L = (0.05 x 0.15 x 4.0) x 2 = 0.06m.3
Cement = 0.06 x 9.0 = 0.54 bags
Sand = 0.06 x 0.5 = 0.03m.3
Gravel = 0.06 x 1 = 0.06m.3
Table 3.10 Summary of Materials using Interlocking Bocks Design 1 and its Price
NO MATERIALS UNIT UNIT QUANTITY PRICE(PHP)

. PRICE(PHP
)
1 Interlocking Pc. 15.00 387 5,805.00
Block-Design

Crushed Glass
1
2 Cement Bag/40klg. 225.00 4 900.00
3 Sand m.3 1,500.00 0.257 385.00
4 Gravel m.3 2,200.00 0.21 462.00
5 Steel Bar Pc. 148.00 7 1,036.00
10mm.ø
TOTAL COST 8,588.00
Conclusion
Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 shows the summary of materials and their
prices. Maybe the price of individual interlocking blocks is higher than the
conventional hollow blocks; it still proves that using interlocking blocks can
reduce the primary material that we usually used in construction. And by using
interlocking blocks, it can also minimize the cost of construction.

Crushed Glass
REFERENCES
Journals
[1] A. Al-Fakih, B. Mohammed, F. Nuruddin, and E. Nikbakht, Development of
Interlocking Masonry Bricks and its’ Structural Behaviour: Vol 140. IOP Publishing
Ltd April 01, 2018.
[2] B. Qu, B. Stirling, D. Jansen, D. Bland, and P. Laursen, Testing of flexure-
Dominated Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls. Vol. 83. May 15, 2015.
[3] H. Ayed, O. Limam, M. Aidi, and A. Jelidi, Experimental and Numerical Study
of Interlocking Stabilized Earth Blocks Mechanical Behavior. Vol. 07. June 01,
2016.
[4] H. Du and K. Tan, Concrete with Recycled Glass as Fine Aggregates. Vol.
111. January 01, 2014.
[5] L. Fay, P. Cooper, and H. Morais, Innovative Interlocked Soil–Cement Block
for the Construction of Masonry to Eliminate the Settling Mortar. Vol. 52. Elsevier
Ltd. February 01, 2014.
[6] M. Aizuddin and B. Kamar, The Water Resistance of Interlocking Block Wall.
Malaysia: July 2015.

Crushed Glass
[7] S. Ahmad, S. Hussain, M. Awais, M. Asif, H. Muzamil, R. Ahmad And S.
Ahmad, Study of the Behavior of Interlocking of Masonry Units/Blocks. Vol. 04.
Issue 03. March. 2014.
[8] S. Assiamah, H. Abeka, and S. Agyeman, Comparative Study of Interlocking
and Sandcrete Blocks for Building Walling Systems. Vol. 05, Issue 01. Ghana:
January 2016.
[9] T. Ganiron Jr, N. Ucol-Ganiron, and Tommy Ganiron III, Recycling of Waste
Coconut Shells as Substitute for Aggregates in Mix Proportioning of Concrete
Hollow Blocks. Vol. 77. January 06, 2017.
[10] Tomas Ucol Ganiron Jr, Pelletized Cut Rubber: An Alternative Coarse
Aggregate for Concrete Mixture. Vol. 64. March 31, 2014.
[11] Vinay Raj, Cement Stabilized Masonry Interlocking Blocks. August 05, 2019.
Books
[12] Max B. Fajardo Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate
Internet
[13] Better Home and Gardens, How to Build and Interlocking Retaining Wall
www.bhg.com
[14] Garry Steck, How to Mix Brick Mortar, www.doityourself.com

Crushed Glass
[15] Gopal Mishra, Mortarless Interlocking Masonry System,
www.theconstructor.org
[16] Gopal Mishra, Water Absorption Test on Bricks-Values and Procedures,
www.theconstructor.org
[17] Home Building and E Improvement, The Benefits of Compressed Earth
Blocks for the Environment, www.treeliving.com
[18] Hydraform India Private Limited, Rectangular Interlocking Block for Walls,
www.indiamart.com
[19] Interlocking Brick Malaysia, What is Eco Clay Bricks?, www.ecoclaybrick.com
[20] Jerod Gerken, Self-locking Precast Concrete Block, www.pinterest.com
[21] Jonathan Balbuena, Aerated, Concrete, Lightweight Concrete, and Foamed
Concrete, www.pinterest.com
[22] Little Precast Concrete, Vee Interlocking Precast Concrete Blocks for
Temporary Works and Cofferdams, www.pinterest.com
[23] Mineral Industry Research, Aggregate www.designingbuildings.co.uk
[24] Putra JAYA, Ramadhansya, www.researchgate.net
[25] Raqifa Rahman Chowdhury, What is Concrete?, Composition and Types of
Concrete, www.civiltoday.com

Crushed Glass
[26] Sadanandam Anupoju, Testing of Concrete Masonry Blocks for Compressive
Strength and Density, www.theconstructor.org
[27] Sri Nakshathra Creations, Rectangular Interlocking Concrete Block,
www.indiamart.com
[28] The Editors of Encyclopedia Brittanica, Glass, www.britannica.com

Crushed Glass

Chapter 3

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 3

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 3

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKS USING

STANDARD AGGREGATES AND CRUSHED GLASS

In this study, entitled “Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks

Using Standard Aggregates and Crushed Glass,” two designs of interlocking

interlocking blocks will undergo testing. Required amounts of sand, cement,

soon for building constructions.

The study focuses on comparing four interlocking blocks. It was to

show if crushed glass bottles can be a substitute to coarse aggregate as a

bottle in the surrounding.

Concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, and

the strength requirements of the end-use. [23]

Glass is an inorganic solid material that is commonly transparent or clear

objects, and it is still very essential in operations such as building construction,

telecommunications, and housewares. [28]

This part represents the actions required in the study. It gives an

overview of how the steps of the research will flow.

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework

construction materials. This kind of block can be used in weatherproof

problems in the field of construction. One of these is the lack of materials

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

bottle glass as a substitute to coarse aggregate to help our nature to eliminate

pollution here in our country.

composed of research design, data gathering procedure, project procedure,

project testing, evaluation, and validation.

the problem, and the actions that may be taken.

Project Assessment. It is the process by which the researchers planned

environmental issues and how to deal with it.

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.2 Scheme of Experimental Work

The researchers used portland cement because it is more economical among

difference of the mixing process is the substitution of crushed glass bottles as

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.3 Chart of the Materials

the crushed glass as an aggregate type of improving the conventional

a benefit as a low-cost material. As an outcome of the study, crushed glass is

Project Development. In this part of the study, the samples of

and water absorption tests after the proper days of curing.

Project Testing. In this research, two different laboratory tests were

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

test of this study, the researchers constructed a study shed made up of

interlocking blocks with crushed glass.

making interlocking blocks.

Project Presentation. In this part, the researchers needed to present

detailed information about their studies, such as the procedures, developments,

Figure 3.4 Gantt Chart of Activities with PERT-CPM

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.4 shows the schedule of activities with PERT-CPM.

Interlocking Blocks Design

arrangement and interlocking.

bottom, therefore, no mortar laying is needed. Design 1 is a load-bearing block.

Figure 3.5 Top View

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.6 Front View

Figure 3.7 3D View

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and

Figure 3.8 Interlocking arrangement of blocks

Design 2 interlocking block

can consume 13 pieces of blocks per square meter.

Figure 3.9 Top View

Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks Using Standard Aggregates and