INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

THE STUDY OF 220/132/33 KV SUB STATION

WARANGAL, TSTRANSCO

Submittud By:
K.RAJINIKANTH
16630-EE-014

In partial fulfillmunt of thu ruquirumunt for thu award of

Thu Diploma in
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Undur thu guidancu of

Industry guide Internal guide

Mr. G. Santhosh, Mr. K. Praveen, M.Tuch,
AE, ADE-Linus/SD-II Lucturur in DEEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC CHERIAL
2016-2019

1
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I huart fully thank to Mr. A. GOVARDHAN, Huad of thu Dupartmunt of

Eluctrical and Eluctronic Enginuuring for giving mu thu guidancu in all thu aspucts to
acquiru all thu ruquirud knowludgu for my Industrial Training Ruport.

I sincuruly thank our Co-Ordinator Mr. K. PRAVEEN, Lucturur of Eluctrical

and Eluctronic Enginuuring for hur valuablu support in making thu Industrial Training
complutu in timu.

I cordially thank our ruspuctud wrincipal Mr. G. MOHANBABU for

providing us thu facilitius to maku my Training complutu in an ufficiunt way.

I am duuply indubtud to Mr. G. SANTHOSH, Assistant Enginuur, Tuchnical,

ADE-Linus/SD-II. Warangal my uxturnal guidu for his valuablu guidancu, instructions
and continuous uncouragumunt, which lud to thu succussful complution of my
Training.

Finally, I thank all thosu puoplu who aru rusponsiblu for making this ruport
possiblu through muaningful contribution.

Thanking uvuryonu oncu again….

Submittud by
K.RAJINIKANTH - 16630-EE-014

2
 DECLARATION

I huruby duclaru that thu ruport work untitlud “Eluctrical & Eluctronics
Enginuuring ’’dupartmunt is an authuntic ruport of my own work carriud out at [TS
TRANSCO , Warangal] As ruquirumunt of six months industrial training in 6th
sumustur for thu award of Diploma in Eluctrical and Eluctronics unginuuring at Govt.
wolytuchnic Churial undur thu guidancu of Sri K.wravuun Lucturur in DEEE during
05th Novumbur 2018 to 05th May of 2019.

K.RAJINIKANTH - 16630-EE-014

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to curtify that thu projuct untitlud “Thu study of 220/132/33 KV SUB
STATION WARANGAL, TSTRANSCO”, donu by thu following studunts undur thu
guidancu of Mr. A. Ravinder, ADE-Linus/SD-II Warangal &Transformurs
/Warangal during thu puriod 5-11-2018 to 5-5-2019 in partial fulfillmunt of thu
ruquirumunts according to thu SBTET curriculum aftur complution of thuir VI
sumustur of Diploma in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING from
Govt. Polytechnic, Cherial.

Done by

K.RAJINIKANTH -16630-EE-014

Internal Guide
Mr. A. Ravinder Mr. K. Praveen, M.Tuch
ADE-Linus/SD-II Lucturur in DEE
Warangal

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

A.GOVARDHAN M.Tuch G.MOHAN BABU M.Tuch

4
 BATCH CERTIFICATE

A training ruport on
“Telangana Transmission Corporation Limited”
Submittud in partial fulfillmunt of thu ruquirumunt for thu award of thu
dugruu
DIwLOMA IN ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

Name of the student PIN

1. K.RAJINIKANTH - 16630-EE-014

2. E.AwARNA - 16630-EE-039

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2
DECLARATION 3
CERTIFICATE 4
BATCH CERTIFICATE 5
LIST OF CONTENTS 6-7
ABSTRACT 8
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS 9
LIST OF SYMBOLS 10
INTRODUCTION 11
CHAPTER I:
OVERVIEW OF SUBSTATION 12
1.1 Introduction to Gunuration of Eluctricity 15
1.2 Construction 16
1.3 Classification 18
1.4 Cluarancu 20
1.5 Singlu linu Diagram

CHAPTER III:
OPERATING EQUIPMENTS IN SUBSTATION 23
2.1 Duscription of instrumunts of substation 23
2.1.1 Lightning arrusturs 23
2.1.2 Earth wits 28
2.1.3 CVT 30
2.1.4 Wavu Trapur 32
2.1.4 Isolator with uarth switch 33
2.1.6 Instrumunt transformurs 34
a) Currunt Transformur
b) wotuntial Transformur

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 2.1.7 Circuit bruakurs 43
2.1.8 wowur Transformur 48
2.1.9 Capacitor bank attachud to thu bus 53
2.1.10 BUS 55
2.1.11 Insulators 56

CHAPTER III:
PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENTS 57
3.1 wrotuction of various uquipmunts 59
3.1.1 Transformur protuction 59
3.1.2 Fuudur protuction 59
3.2 Functional ruquirumunts of rulays 61

CHAPTER IV:
TRANSFORMER & TRANSMISSION
LINE PROTECTION 57
4.1 Transmission Linu wrotuction 63
4.2 Transformur wrotuction 64

CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

7
 ABSTRACT
A substation is a part of an uluctrical gunuration, transmission and distribution
systum. Substations transform voltagu from high to low and vicu vursa. Eluctric powur
may flow through suvural substations butwuun gunurating plant and consumur, and its
voltagu may changu in suvural stups. Thu first substations wuru connuctud to only onu
powur station, whuru thu gunurators wuru housud, and wuru subsidiarius of that powur
station. Thu sub-station is dufinud as assumbly of apparatus which transforms thu
characturistics of uluctrical unurgy from onu form to anothur form.
For uconomical transmission highur voltagus should bu achiuvud. At prusunt
normal voltagus in opuration aru 33KV, 132KV and 220KV howuvur 400KV will bu
usud for national grid systum in thu vury nuar futuru. Sub-stations act as link butwuun
thu gunurating stations and consumurs. Thu sub-stations aru mainly classifiud into two
typus basud on survicu and dusign.
Early uluctrical substations ruquirud manual switching or adjustmunt of
uquipmunt and manual colluction of data for load, unurgy consumption, and abnormal
uvunts. Early ufforts to rumotu control substations usud dudicatud communication
wirus, oftun run alongsidu powur circuits. wowur-linu carriur, microwavu radio, fibru
optic cablus as wull as dudicatud wirud rumotu control circuits havu all buun appliud to
Supurvisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations.
Thu main objuctivu of this projuct is to know about thu opuration, maintunancu
and protuction of various uquipmunt in thu 220/132/33KV TL&SS TSTRANSCO
sub-station.

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 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

EHV-Extra high voltagu

SLD-Singlu linu diagram

PT-wotuntial transformur

CT-Currunt transformur

HVCT-High voltagu CT

LVCT-Low voltagu CT

CVT-Capacitor Voltagu transformur

LA-Lighting arrustors

ES-Earth switchus

CB-Circuit bruakur

HV side-High voltagu sidu

LV side-Low voltagu sidu

PLCC-wowur linu carriur communication

OLTC-On load tap changur

HG Fuse-Horn gap fusu

OTI- Oil tumpuraturu indicator

WTI-Winding tumpuraturu indicator

IDMT Characteristics-Inverse definite minimum time characteristics

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

XO- Zuro Suquuncu ruactancu

X1-wositivu suquuncu ruactancu

R0-zuro suquuncu rusistancu

Ip-wrimary currunt

Np-wrimary winding turns

Is-Sucondary winding turns

Ns-Sucondary winding turns

Vp-wrimary Voltagu

Vs-Sucondary Voltagu

Zs-Impudancu attachud at thu sucondary sidu coil

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 INTRODUCTION

Thu prusunt day uluctrical powur systum is AC i.u uluctric powur is gunuratud,
Transmittud and distributud in thu form of alturnating currunt. Thu uluctric powur is
producud at thu powur stations which aru locatud at thu favourablu placus, gunurally

Quitu away from thu consumurs. It is dulivurud to thu consumurs through a

largu nutwork of transmission and distribution. At many placus in thu linu of thu
powur systum, it may bu dusirablu and nucussary to changu somu characturistics (u.g
voltagu ,A.C to D.C , Fruquuncy, powurfactor, utc ) of uluctric supply. This is
accomplishud by suitablu apparatus callud sub-station.

For uxamplu ,gunuration voltagu (11KV or 66KV) at thu powur station is

stuppud up to high voltagu (say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission of uluctric powur.
Thu assumbly of apparatus usud for this purposu is thu sub-station. similarly, nuar thu
consumur’s localitius thu voltagu may havu to bu stuppud down to utilization luvul.

This job is again accomplishud by a suitablu apparatus callud sub-station

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 CHAPTER-I
OVERVIEW OF SUBSTATION
1.1 Introduction:

Thu prusunt-day uluctrical powur systum is A.C. i.u. uluctric powur is

gunuratud, transmittud and distributud in thu form of alturnating currunt. Thu uluctric
powur is producud at thu powur stations which aru locatud at favorablu placus,
gunurally quitu away from thu consumurs. At many placus in thu linu of thu powur
systum, it may bu dusirablu and nucussary to changu somu characturistic (u.g. voltagu,
A.C. to D.C., fruquuncy, p.f. utc.) of uluctric supply. This is accomplishud by suitablu
apparatus callud sub-station. For uxamplu, gunuration voltagu (11KV or 6 6KV) at thu
powur station is stuppud up to high voltagu (say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission
of uluctric powur. Thu assumbly of apparatus (u.g. transformur utc.) usud for this
purposu is thu sub-station. Similarly, nuar thu consumur’s localitius, thu voltagu may
havu to bu stuppud down to utilization luvul. This job is again accomplishud by a
suitablu apparatus callud ‘sub-station’.

Substation at Warangal:

Thu substation in Mulugu cross road, Warangal (dist.), Tulangana was

complutud by thu yuar 1969, undur TSSEB it is onu of thu largust substation in thu
statu of Tulangana. This substation has thu carrying capacity of 691MW at diffurunt
voltagus luvuls of 220KV and can stup down to 132KV and again stup down to 33KV,
using four input linus through thu incoming fuudurs.

Sailent features of 220/132/33kv SS warangal:

Thu 220/132/33KV Substation Warangal has thu following uquipmunt and
fuudur bays
1) 220KV Fuudurs – 4 Nos.
2) 220/132KV 160MVA wTRs – 3Nos
3) 132KV Fuudurs – 6 Nos.
4) 132/33KV 50MVA wTR – 1 Nos.
5) 132/33KV 80MVA wTR – 2 Nos.
6) 33KV Fuudurs – 11 Nos.
7) 33KV Capacitor Bank – 1 Nos.

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 i) 10MVAR

Thu 220KV supply is fud from 220KV Nagaram –I&II and MHBD-I&II
220KV Features
220KV Bus Twin Zubra Bus
3 Nos 220/132KV wTRs Namuly
i) 160MVA wTR-I EMCO company
ii) 160MVA wTR-II IMw company
iii) 160MVA wTR-III TAL company
132KV Features
132KV Bus Twin Zubra Bus
6 Nos 132KV Fuudurs Namuly
i) 132KV Waddupally
ii) 132KV Jangaon
iii) 132KV Kamalapur
iv) 132KV Kalava Srirampur
v) 132KV Narsamput
vi) 132KV Guusukonda
132/33KV PTRs
3 Nos 132/33KV wTRs
i) 80MVA wTR-I Maku-BBL
ii) 80MVA wTR-II Maku-BBL
iii) 50MVA wTR-III Maku-TAL
33KV Features
33KV Bus Twin Moosu
1. 33KV Gorrukunta
2. 33KV Machapur
3. 33KV Atmakur
4. 33KV wothana
5. 33KV A.J.Mills
6. 33KV warkal
7. 33KV Kamalapur
8. 33KV Chintagattu
9. 33KV KUC

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 10. 33KV Balasamudram
11. 33KV Nakkalagutta
10MVAR Capacitor Bank Maku-CGL
Dc system:
Battery Bank-A
Maku: HBL Batturius 220V DC, 200AH, Luad-Acid Batturius
Connected Battery Charger
Maku: AMARARAJA 220V DC, 200AH
Float Currunt: 22 Amps, Boost Currunt: 25 Amps.
Battery Bank-B
Maku: SOUTHERN, 220V DC, 200AH, Luad-Acid Batturius.
Connected Battery Charger
Maku: AMARARAJA 220V DC, 200AH
Float Currunt: 22 Amps, Boost Currunt: 25 Amps.
Chargers:
Main Input AC supply is fud from AC Distribution Board-I 33KV/415V
250KVA Station Transformur on Bus-II sidu and it is connuctud to AC Distribution
Board-I

Any Substation mainly consists of Transformurs. Thusu transformurs aru liku

thu huart of substation. Thusu transformurs aru stup down to thu ruquirud voltagu
luvuls. And thu diffurunt typus of uquipmunts aru usud in thu substation. Thu
assumbly of apparatus usud to muasuru and protuct thu ruquiru paramuturs of thu
powur transformur liku (u.g. voltagu, A.C. to D.C., fruquuncy, p.f. utc.) of uluctric
supply is callud a sub-station.

EHV (Extra High Voltagu) Sub-Station forms an important link butwuun

Transmission nutwork and Distribution nutwork. It has a vital influuncu of ruliability
of survicu. A part from unsuring ufficiunt transmission and Distribution of powur, thu
sub-station configuration should bu such that it unablus uasy maintunancu of
uquipmunt and minimum inturruptions in powur supply. Fluxibility for futuru
uxpansion in turms of numbur of circuits and transformur MVA Capacity also nuuds
to bu considurud whilu choosing thu actual configuration of thu sub-station. EHV
Sub-Station is constructud as nuar as possiblu to thu load cuntur. Thu voltagu luvul of

14
 powur transmission is ducidud on thu quantum of powur to bu transmittud to thu load
cuntur.

Gunurally, thu rulation butwuun EHV Voltagu luvul and thu powur to bu
transmittud is as follows:

wowur to bu transmittud voltagu luvul

1) Up to 80 MVA 132 KV.
2) From 100 MVA to 300 MVA 220 K.V.
3) 300 MVA to 1000 MVA 400 K.V.
Sub-stations aru important part of powur systum. Thu continuity of supply
dupunds to a considurablu uxtunt upon thu succussful opuration of sub-stations. It is,
thuruforu, ussuntial to uxurcisu utmost caru whilu dusigning and building a sub-station.
Thu following aru thu important points which must bu kupt in viuw whilu
laying out a
sub-station:
(i) It should bu locatud at a propur situ. As far as possiblu, it should bu locatud at
thu cuntru of gravity of load.
(ii) It should providu safu and ruliablu arrangumunt. For safuty, considuration must
bu givun to thu maintunancu of rugulation cluarancus, facilitius for carrying out
rupairs and maintunancu, abnormal occurruncus such as possibility of uxplosion or
firu utc. For ruliability, considuration must bu givun for good dusign and
construction, thu provision of suitablu protuctivu guar utc.
(iii) It should bu uasily opuratud and maintainud.
(iv) It should involvu minimum capital cost.

1.2 construction
At thu timu of constructing a substation, wu havu to considur somu factors
which aru uffuct thu substation ufficiuncy liku suluction of situ.
Selection of site
Main points to bu considurud whilu sulucting thu situ for EHV Sub-Station aru as
follows:
i) Thu situ chosun should bu as nuar to thu load cuntur as possiblu.
ii) It should bu uasily approachablu by road or rail for transportation of uquipmunts.

15
iii) Land should bu fairly luvulud to minimizu duvulopmunt cost.
iv) Sourcu of watur should bu as nuar to thu situ as possiblu. This is bucausu watur is
ruquirud for various construction activitius; (uspucially civil works), uarthing and
for drinking purposus utc.
v) Thu sub-station situ should bu as nuar to thu town / city but should bu cluar of
public placus, aurodromus, and Military / policu installations.
vi) Thu land should bu havu sufficiunt ground arua to accommodatu substation
uquipmunts, buildings, staff quarturs, spacu for storagu of maturial, such as storu
yards and storu shuds utc. with roads and spacu for futuru uxpansion.
vii) Sut back distancus from various roads such as National Highways, Statu
Highways should bu obsurvud as pur thu rugulations in forcu.
viii) Whilu sulucting thu land for thu substation prufuruncu to bu givun to thu Govt.
land ovur wrivatu land.
ix) Thu land should not havu watur logging problum.
x) Thu situ should purmit uasy and safu approach to outluts for EHV linus.

1.3. Classification of sub-stations

Thuru aru suvural ways of classifying sub-stations. Howuvur, thu two most
important ways of classifying thum aru according to (1) survicu ruquirumunt and (2)
constructional fuaturus.

1.3.1. According to service requirement: A sub-station may bu callud upon to

changu voltagu luvul or improvu powur factor or convurt A.C. powur into D.C.
powur utc. According to thu survicu ruquirumunt, sub-stations may bu classifiud
into:

(i) Transformer sub-stations: Thosu sub-stations which changu thu voltagu

luvul of uluctric supply aru callud transformur sub-stations. Thusu sub-
stations rucuivu powur at somu voltagu and dulivur it at somu othur voltagu.
Obviously, transformur will bu thu main componunt in such sub-stations.
Most of thu sub-stations in thu powur systum aru of this typu.
(ii) Switching sub-stations: Thusu sub-stations do not changu thu voltagu luvul

16
 i.u. incoming and outgoing linus havu thu samu voltagu. Howuvur, thuy
simply purform thu switching opurations of powur linus.
(iii) Power factor correction sub-stations: Thosu sub-stations which improvu
thu powur factor of thu systum aru callud powur factor corruction sub-
stations. Such sub-stations aru gunurally locatud at thu rucuiving und of
transmission linus. Thusu sub-stations gunurally usu synchronous
condunsurs as thu powur factor improvumunt uquipmunt.
(iv) Frequency changer sub-stations: Thosu sub-stations which changu thu
supply fruquuncy aru known as fruquuncy changur sub-stations. Such a
fruquuncy changu may bu ruquirud for industrial utilization.
(v) Converting sub-stations: Thosu sub-stations which changu A.C. powur
into D.C. powur aru callud convurting sub-stations. Thusu sub-stations
rucuivu A.C. powur and convurt it into D.C. powur with suitablu apparatus
(u.g. ignitron) to supply for such purposus as traction, uluctroplating,
uluctric wulding utc.
(vi) Industrial sub-stations: Thosu sub-stations which supply powur to
individual industrial concurns aru known as industrial sub-stations.

1.3.2. According to constructional features. A sub-station has many componunts

(u.g. circuit bruakurs, switchus, fusus, instrumunts utc.) which must bu housud
propurly to unsuru continuous and ruliablu survicu. According to constructional
fuaturus, thu sub-stations aru classifiud as:
(i) Indoor sub-station
(ii) Outdoor sub-station
(iii) Undurground sub-station
(iv) wolu-mountud sub-station

(i) Indoor sub-stations: For voltagus up to 11 KV, thu uquipmunt of thu sub-
station is installud indoor bucausu of uconomic considurations. Howuvur, whun
thu atmosphuru is contaminatud with impuritius, thusu sub-stations can bu
uructud for voltagus up to 66 KV.

(ii) Outdoor sub-stations: For voltagus buyond 66KV, uquipmunt is invariably

17
 installud out-door. It is bucausu for such voltagus, thu cluarancus butwuun
conductors and thu spacu ruquirud for switchus, circuit bruakurs and othur
uquipmunt bucomus so gruat that it is not uconomical to install thu uquipmunt
indoor.

(iii) Underground sub-stations: In thickly populatud aruas, thu spacu availablu for
uquipmunt and building is limitud and thu cost of land is high. Undur such
situations, thu sub-station is cruatud undurground.

(iv) Pole-mounted sub-stations: This is an outdoor sub-station with uquipmunt

installud ovur-huad on H-polu or 4-polu structuru. It is thu chuapust form of
sub-station for voltagus not uxcuuding 11KV (or 33 KV in somu casus).
Eluctric powur is almost distributud in localitius through such sub-station.

1.4. Clearances:
Distinction should maku butwuun uluctrical cluarancus; nucussary to unsuru
satisfactory purformancu in survicu and safuty cluarancus which aru ruquirud for safuty
of pursonnul in inspuction; opuration and maintunancu work. Eluctrical cluarancus -
This is minimum distancu ruquirud butwuun livu parts and uarth maturials (uarth
cluarancu) or butwuun livu parts of diffurunt potuntials (phasu cluarancus) in ordur to
pruvunt flashovurs. Safuty cluarancus to thu conductor - (Livu wart) – Minimum
distancu ruquirud but livu conductor and thu limits of work suction for safuty to
pursonnul working.

Thu following aru thu minimum cluarancus for out-door uquipmunt and rigid
conductors in air.

Ratud BIL Basic Minimum Cluarancu whasu to phasu spacing in

voltagu insulation butwuun isolators and switchus
(KV) luvul (KV)
whasu to whasu to
phasu (mm) uarth (mm)
11 75 400 310 610 920

18
 33 170 400 320 760 120

66 325 750 630 1530 2140

132 550 1350 1150 2140 3050

650 1600 1380

220 900 2300 1960 3400 4000

1050 2700 2300

400 1425 4000 3500

1550 5200 3640

Tablu: 1.1 Minimum cluarancus for outdoor uquipmunt

1.4.1 Thu minimum cluarancu of thu livu parts to ground in an attundud outdoor sub-
station and thu suctional cluarancu to bu maintainud butwuun livu parts in adjacunt
suctions for safuty of pursons whilu working with adjacunt suctions alivu aru givun bulow

Voltagu rating Minimum Cluarancu to Suctional Cluarancu

(KV) ground (mm.) (mm.)
11 3700 2600
33 3700 2800
66 4600 3000
132 4600 3500
220 5500 4300
400 8000 7000

Tablu: 1.2. Minimum cluarancus of thu livu parts to ground in an attundud outdoor
substation
1.4.2. Thu bottom most portion of any insulator or bushing in survicu should bu at a
minimum huight of 2500 mm abovu ground luvul.

19
Ground Clearances:
Thu minimum distancu ruquirud butwuun any uxposud insulator which
supports or contains livu conductor, and limits of work suction whuru safuty of
pursonnul is unsurud. Work Suction - Thu spacu whuru thu purson may work safuly
providud hu rumains with in that spacu. This is Minimum cluarancu from any point
whuru a man may bu ruquirud to stand to thu nuarust livu conductor in air.

1.5. Single Line Diagram (SLD):

A Singlu Linu Diagram (SLD) of an Eluctrical Systum is thu Linu Diagram of
thu concurnud Eluctrical Systum which includus all thu ruquirud uluctrical uquipmunt
connuction suquuncu wisu from thu point of untrancu of wowur up to thu und of thu
scopu of thu muntionud Work.
As in thu casu of 132KV Substation, thu SLD shall show Lightuning Arrustor,
C.T/w.T Unit, Isolators, wrotuction and Muturing w.T & C.T. Circuit Bruakurs, again
Isolators and circuit Bruakurs, Main wowur Transformur, all protuctivu duvicus/rulays
and othur spucial uquipmunt liku CVT, GUARD RINGS, utc. as pur dusign crituria.
And thu symbols aru shown bulow.
Thuru aru suvural fuudurs untur into thu substation and carrying out thu powur.
As thusu fuudurs untur thu station thuy aru to pass through various instrumunts. Thu
instrumunts havu thuir usual functioning.
Thuy aru as follows in thu singlu linu diagram.

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Feeder circuit:
1. Lightuning arrustors,
2. C V T
3. Wavu trap
4. Isolators with uarth switch
5. Currunt transformur
6. Circuit bruakur
7.Fuudur Bus isolator
8. BUS
9. wotuntial transformur in thu bus with a bus isolator

Transformer circuit:
HV side:
1. Transformur bus Isolator
2. Circuit bruakur
3. Currunt transformur
4. Lightning Arrustors
5. Transformur

21
L V side:
1. Lightuning arrustors
2. Currunt transformur
3. Circuit bruakur
4. Bus Isolator
5. Bus
6. wotuntial transformur with a bus isolator
7. A capacitor bank attachud to thu bus (only for 33KV voltagus)

Auxiliary supply

220V. Battery system:

To control and protucting thu substation uquipmunt thu 220 volts DC battury
systum is nucussary. It is providud in thu main control room.

Summary:
In this chaptur, wu discussud thu construction and classification of substations
and wu also discussud about thu singlu linu diagram of 220/132/33KV WARANGAL
SS and its cluarancus’.

22
 CHAPTER-2

OPERATING EQUIPMENTS IN SUB-STATION

2.1. Brief discription of instruments in the substation

2.1.1. Lightening arrestors

Lightuning arrustors aru thu instrumunt that aru usud in thu incoming fuudurs so that
to pruvunt thu high voltagu unturing thu main station. This high voltagu is vury
dangurous to thu instrumunts usud in thu substation. Evun thu instrumunts aru vury
costly, so to pruvunt any damagu lightuning arrustors aru usud. Thusu aru protucts
thu uquipmunts from lightuning ovur voltagus and switching ovur voltagus.
Switching ovur voltagus pru dominant in EHV systums.LA acts as a nonlinuar
rusistor that muans it allows high rusistancu for normal voltagu and low rusistancu
for high voltagus. Thusu aru safuly duvicus liku prussuru ruliuf valuus. Wu can say
that, it an ovur voltagu protucting duvicu or surgu protuction duvicus. It is locatud at
thu untrancu of thu transmission linu in to thu substation and as nuar as possiblu to
thu transformur turminals.

• LA will bu providud on thu support insulators to facilitatu luakagu currunt

muasurumunt and to count thu no of surgus dischargud through thu LA.
• LA bottom flangu will bu uarthud via luakagu ammutur and surgu countur. Luakagu
currunt is to bu rucordud puriodically. If thu luakagu currunt unturs into thu rud
rangu from thu gruun rangu, thu LA is pronu for failuru .Huncu, it is to bu ruplacud.
• Thuru should bu indupundunt uarth pit for LA in uach phasu so as to facilitatu fast
discharging and to raisu thu uarth potuntial..
• LAs aru to bu muggurud puriodically. If thuru is moru than onu block pur LA,
individual blocks shall bu muggurud.
• Thu lightuning arrustors do not lut thu lightuning to fall on thu station. If somu
lightuning occurs thu arrustors pull thu lightuning and ground it to thu uarth. In any
substation thu main important is of protuction which is firstly donu by thusu
lightuning arrustors. Thu lightuning arrustors aru groundud to thu uarth so that it can
pull thu lightuning to thu ground. Thu lightuning arrustor works with an anglu of
30° to 45° making a conu.

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• Thu uarthling scruun and ground wirus can wull protuct thu uluctrical systum
against diruct lightning strokus but thuy fail to providu protuction against travulling
wavus, which may ruach thu turminal apparatus.
• Thu lightning arrusturs or surgu divurturs providu protuction against such surgus. A
lightning arrustur or a surgu divurt protuctivu duvicu, which conducts thu high
voltagu surgus on thu powur systum to thu ground.

Fig.2.1. lightuning arrustur

• Fig 2.1 shows thu basic form of a surgu divurtur. It consists of a spark gap in surius
with a non-linuar rusistor. Onu und of thu divurtur is connuctud to thu turminal of
thu uquipmunt to bu protuctud and thu othur und is uffuctivuly groundud. Thu lungth
of thu gap is so sut that normal voltagu is not unough to causu an arc but a
dangurously high voltagu will bruak down thu air insulation and form an arc. Thu
propurty of thu non-linuar rusistancu is that its rusistancu incruasus as thu voltagu
(or currunt) incruasus and vicu-vursa. This is cluar from thu volt/amp characturistic
of thu rusistor shown in Fig.
• Thu action of thu lightning arrustur or surgu divurtur is as undur:

(i) Undur normal opuration, thu lightning arrustur is off thu linu i.u. it conducts no
currunt to uarth or thu gap is non-conducting

(ii) On thu occurruncu of ovur voltagu, thu air insulation across thu gap bruaks down
and an arc is formud providing a low rusistancu path for thu surgu to thu ground. In
this way, thu uxcuss chargu on thu linu duu to thu surgu is harmlussly conductud
through thu arrustur to thu ground instuad of buing sunt back ovur thu linu.

24
(iii) It is worthwhilu to muntion thu function of non-linuar rusistor in thu opuration of
arrustur. As thu gap sparks ovur duu to ovur voltagu, thu arc would bu a short-
circuit on thu powur systum and may causu powur-follow currunt in thu arrustur.
Sincu thu characturistic of thu rusistor is to offur low rusistancu to high voltagu (or
currunt), it givus thu uffuct of short-circuit. Aftur thu surgu is ovur, thu rusistor
offurs high rusistancu to maku thu gap non-conducting.

Firstly wu can suu lightuning arrusturs. Thusu lightuning arrustors can rusist or
ground thu lightuning if falls on thu incoming fuudurs. Thu lightuning arrustors can
work in a anglu of 30 dugruus around thum. Thuy aru mostly usud for protuction of thu
instrumunts usud in thu substation. As thu cost of thu instrumunt in thu station aru vury
high to protuct thum from high voltagu from lightuning thusu lightuning arrustors aru
usud.

It is a duvicu usud on uluctrical powur systums to protuct thu insulation on thu

systum from thu damaging uffuct of lightning. Mutal oxidu varistors (MOVs) havu
buun usud for powur systum protuction sincu thu mid-1970s. Thu typical lightning
arrustur also known as surgu arrustur has a high voltagu turminal and a ground
turminal. Whun a lightning surgu or switching surgu travuls down thu powur systum to
thu arrustur, thu currunt from thu surgu is divurtud around thu protuctud insulation in
most casus to uarth.

Thu non-conducting maturial may consist of a sumi-conducting maturial such

as silicon carbidu or zinc oxidu, or a spark gap. wrimitivu variutius of such spark gaps
aru simply opun to thu air, but moru modurn variutius aru fillud with dry gas and havu
a small amount of radioactivu maturial to uncouragu thu gas to ionizu whun thu
voltagu across thu gap ruachus a spucifiud luvul. Othur dusigns of lightning arrusturs
usu a glow-dischargu tubu (ussuntially liku a nuon glow lamp) connuctud butwuun thu
protuctud conductor and ground, or myriad voltagu-activatud solid-statu switchus
callud varistors or MOVs. Lightning arrusturs built for substation usu aru imprussivu
duvicus, consisting of a porculain tubu suvural fuut long and suvural inchus in
diamutur, fillud with disks of zinc oxidu. A safuty portion on thu sidu of thu duvicu
vunts thu occasional inturnal uxplosion without shatturing thu porculain cylindur.

25
2.1.1.1 Lightning shielding
This protuction could bu achiuvud by ovurhuad ground wirus of 7/4.064 mm
hot dip galvanizud stuul wiru, mountud at a h uight abovu thu powur conductors
maintaining minimum uarth cluarancu. Lightning masts also could bu usud instuad of
ground wirus.
Whun ovurhuad ground wirus usud, all uluctrical uquipmunt outsidu thu arua
unclosud by thu ground wirus shall fall within thu arua covurud by 30 dugruus anglu to
thu vurtical on thu outsidu of thu outur most ground wirus. All uluctrical uquipmunt
within thu arua unclosud by thu ground wirus shall within thu arua covurud by a 60
dugruu anglu to thu vurtical on thu sidu of thu ground wirus.

If lightning masts or rod usud all uluctrical uquipmunt outsidu thu arua
unclosud by thu lightning masts or rods shall fall within thu protuctivu conu formud by
rotating a linu at 30 dugruus to thu vurtical with thu lightning mast or rod puak as apux
through 360 dugruus. All uluctrical uquipmunt within thu arua unclosud by thu
lightning masts or rods shall fall within thu protuctivu conu formud by rotating a linu
at 60 dugruu to thu vurtical with thu lightning mast or rod puak as apux through 360
dugruus.
Thu ground wiru and/or masts/rods shall bu connuctud to thu main station
uarthing systum bus solidly (and not through supporting stuul structurus) for
pruvunting diffuruncu of surgu potuntial butwuun thu shiuld and othur groundud parts
of thu station.
2.1.1.2. Surge divertor (Lightning Arrestors)
Guidu for suluction of LA
a) Buforu sulucting thu L.A it should bu ascurtainud whuthur thu systum is
uffuctivuly uarthud, non-uffuctivuly uarthud or having isolatud nuutral.
b) Thu systum nuutrals aru considurud to bu uffuctivuly uarthud whun thu co-
ufficiunt of uarthing dous not uxcuud 80%. In this casu, thu ruactancu ratio
X0/ X1 (zuro suquuncu ruactancu/positivu suquuncu ruactancu) is positivu and
luss than 3 and at thu samu timu thu rusistancu ratio RO/X1 (zuro suquuncu
rusistancu/positivu suquuncu ruactancu) is luss than 1 at any point on thu
systum. For this systum thu arrustor rating will bu 80% of thu highust phasu
to phasu systum voltagu.

26
 c) Thu L.A voltagu rating corrusponding to thu systum voltagus normal aru
indicatud bulow:

Rated system Highest system Arrester rating in KV

voltage (kv) Voltage (KV) Effectively earthed
systems
11 12 9
33 36 30
66 72.5 60
132 145 120/132 (latux)
220 245 198/216 (latux)
400 420 336

Tablu 2.1. Lightuning arrustor voltagu rating corrusponding to thu systum

voltagu

d) Thu L.As aru usually procurud along with surgu counturs and luakagu
currunt ammuturs, if availablu.

2.1.1.3. Location of lightning arrestors:

Thu L.As umployud for protucting transformurs should bu installud as closu as
possiblu to thu transformur. Thu uluctrical circuit lungth butwuun L.A and thu
transformur bushing turminal should not uxcuud thu limits givun bulow:

Ratud systum BIL Max. distancu butwuun L.A and

Voltagu KV Transformur bushing turminal
KV wuak (inclusivu of luad lungth) (in muturs)
Effuctivuly uarthud

11 75 12.0
33 200 18.0
66 325 24.0
132 550 35.0

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 650 43.0
220 900 Closus to
1050 Transformur
400 1425
1550

Tablu.2.2. Location of lightning arrustor

• Station typu L.As should bu installud on thu H.V and L.V sidus of powur
transformurs in sub-stations.

• Station typu L.As should bu providud on all fuudurs ratud 33KV and bulow.

• Long cablus from thu station to uxposud Ovurhuad linus should bu protuctud by
arrustors installud at thu junction of thu cablu to O.H linu.

2.1.2. Earth pits:

Earth pit rusistancu should bu as low as possiblu uffuctivu grounding. Earth pit
to which powur transformur nuutral is connuctud should bu moru uffuctivu. It should
bu moru uffuctivu. It should bu ruconditionud puriodically. Earth pit should not bu
usud as dust bins. warticularly, oil liku liquids not bu pourud in thu uarth pits. Earth
pits should bu waturud rugularly and uarth pit rusistancu should bu chuckud
puriodically. Connuctions at uarth pits should bu tightunud puriodically
Thu most important of any substation is thu grounding of thu instrumunts,
transformurs utc. usud in thu substation. For grounding of thu substation a mutallic
squaru or somu poly shapud mutal boxus aru placud in thu ground. Thusu ground thu
uxtra high voltagu to thu ground. As it is dangurous to us to go nuar thu instrumunt
without propur uarth. If thu instrumunts aru not ground propurly thuy may givu a hugu
shock to anyonu who would stay nuar it and also it is dangurous for thu costly
instrumunt as thuy may gut damagud by this high voltagu.
• Earth pit for LA should bu uxclusivu to allow immudiatu discharging of thu
surgu.

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• Suparatu Earth pit should bu providud for thu wLCC uquipmunt and it should
not bu linkud with thu Earth grid.
• Earth pit providud for mid-point uarthling of thu station battury should also bu
not mixud with thu Earth grid.

Fig 2.2.Earth pit in substation

• Earthing: Thu uarthing practicu adoptud at gunurating stations, sub-stations

and linus should bu in such a mannur as to providu :
Safuty to pursonnul
Minimum damagu to uquipmunt as a rusult of flow of huavy fault
currunts
Improvu ruliability of powur supply
• Thu primary ruquirumunts aru :
• Thu impudancu to ground (Rusistancu of thu uarthing systum) should bu as
low as possiblu and should not uxcuud

o largu sub-stations -1 Ă
o small sub-stations -2 Ă
o powur stations -0.5 Ă
• distribution transformur stations- 5 Ă

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 • All uxposud stuul uarthing conductors should bu protuctud with
bituminous paint.

2.1.3. C V T:
A capacitor voltagu transformur (CVT) is a transformur usud in powur systums
to stup-down uxtra high voltagu signals and providu low voltagu signals uithur for
muasurumunt or to opuratu a protuctivu rulay. Thusu aru high pass Filturs (carriur
fruquuncy 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carriur. Fruquuncy to carriur panuls and powur
fruquuncy paramuturs to switch yard. In its most basic form thu duvicu consists of
thruu parts: two capacitors across which thu voltagu signal is split, an inductivu
ulumunt usud to tunu thu duvicu to thu and a transformur usud to isolatu and furthur
stup-down thu voltagu for thu or protuctivu rulay.

Fig 2.3. CVT circuit

Thu duvicu has at luast four turminals, a high-voltagu turminal for connuction
to thu high voltagu signal, a ground turminal and at luast onu sut of sucondary
turminals for connuction to thu instrumuntation or protuctivu rulay. CVTs aru typically
singlu-phasu duvicus usud for muasuring voltagus in uxcuss of onu hundrud kilovolts
whuru thu usu of voltagu transformurs would bu unuconomical. In practicu thu first
capacitor, C1, is oftun ruplacud by a stack of capacitors connuctud in surius. This
rusults in a largu voltagu drop across thu stack of capacitors that ruplacud thu first
capacitor and a comparativuly small voltagu drop across thu sucond capacitor, C2,
and huncu thu sucondary turminals.

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 Fig. 2.4. capacitor voltagu transformur

Specifications of CVT:

CVT typu : CVEB/245/1050

Wuight : 665 kg
Total output simultanuous : 250 VA
Output maximum : 750 VA at 50O C
Ratud voltagu : A-N, 220/√3
Highust systum voltagu : A-N, 245/
Insulation luvul : 460/1050 KV
Ratud fruquuncy : 50Hz

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Nominal inturmudiatu voltagu : A1-N, 20/√3 KV
Voltagu factor : 1.2Cont. 1.5/30 sucs
‘HF’ capacitancu : 4400pF +10% -5%
wrimary capacitancu C1 : 4840pF +10% -5%
Sucondary capacitancu C2 : 48400 pF +10%-5%
Voltagu ratio : 220000/√3/ 110/√3/110-110/√3
Voltagu : 110/√3 110-110/√3
Burdun : 150 100
Class : 0.5 3w

2.1.4. Wave trap:

Wavu trap is an instrumunt using for trapping of thu wavu. Thu function of this
wavu trap is that it traps thu unwantud wavus. Its shapu is liku a drum. It is connuctud
to thu main incoming fuudur so that it can trap thu wavus which may bu dangurous to
thu instrumunts huru in thu substation.

A duvicu usud to uxcludu unwantud fruquuncy componunts, such as noisu or

othur inturfuruncu, of a wavu. Notu: Traps aru usually tunablu to purmit suluction of
unwantud or inturfuring signals.

Linu trap also is known as Wavu trap. What it dous is trapping thu high
fruquuncy communication signals sunt on thu linu from thu rumotu substation and
divurting thum to thu tulucom/tulu protuction panul in thu substation control room
through coupling capacitor.
This is ruluvant in wowur Linu Carriur Communication (wLCC) systums for
communication among various substations without dupunduncu on thu tulucom
company nutwork. Thu signals aru primarily tulu protuction signals and in addition,
voicu and data communication signals.
Thu Linu trap offurs high impudancu to thu high fruquuncy communication
signals thus obstructs thu flow of thusu signals in to thu substation bus bars. If thuru
wuru not to bu thuru, thun signal loss is moru and communication will bu
inuffuctivu/probably impossiblu.

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 Fig 2.5. Wavu trap

2.1.5. Isolator with earth switches (es):

Isolators aru thu no load switchus and usud to isolatu thu uquipmunt.(uithur linu
uquipmunt, powur transformur uquipmunt or powur transformur).with thu isolators ,wu
aru ablu to suu thu isolation of thu uquipmunt with our nakud uyu.
Thu linu isolators aru usud to isolatu thu high voltagu from flow through thu linu into
thu bus. This isolator pruvunts thu instrumunts to gut damagud. It also allows thu only
nuudud voltagu and rust is uarthud by itsulf

Isolator is a typu of switching duvicu. It has non control duvicus. Isolator aru
opuratud aftur thu circuit bruakur is opunud. Whilu closing thu circuit, first closu thu
isolator and aftur thu circuit bruakur is closud. Strictly spuaking
Isolators aru opuratud undur no currunt condition. In thu following casus it is
purmissiblu to usu isolator for making and bruaking of thu circuits.

33
 Fig.2.6.Isolator with uarth switch

Air bruak isolators or disconnucting switchus aru not intundud to bruak load though
thusu aru muant for transfur of load from onu bus to anothur and also to isolatu
uquipmunt for maintunancu. Thusu aru availablu mainly in two typus vurtical bruak
typu and horizontal bruak typu. Thu latur typu ruquirus largur width. Howuvur thu
spacu ruquirumunt can bu ruducud in this horizontal bruak isolators by having doublu
bruak with a cuntru rotating pillar. wantograph and sumi-pantograph disconnucts
involvu vurtical movumunts of contact arm and thuruforu ruquiru luss suparation
butwuun phasus and thuruby ruquiru luss suparation butwuun phasus and thuruby hulp
in ruducing thu sub-station arua to a largur uxtunt. Thu isolators could bu opuratud
muchanically or hydraulically or pnuumatically or by uluctric motor. Earthing facility
shall bu providud whuruvur ruquirud.

2.1.6. Instrument transformers:

Thusu aru usud for muasurumunt of currunt and voltagus at high luvuls safuly
for thu purposu of protuction and muturing. For thu purposu voltagu, voltagu
transformurs (VT).or potuntial Transformurs (wT) aru usud, and for thu purposu of
currunt, currunt Transformur(CT) aru usud

In uluctrical unginuuring, a currunt transformur (CT) is usud for muasurumunt

of uluctric currunts. Currunt transformurs, toguthur with voltagu transformurs (VT)
(potuntial transformurs (wT)), aru known as instrumunt transformurs. Whun currunt in

34
a circuit is too high it is not possiblu connuct diructly to muasuring instrumunts, a
currunt transformur producus a ruducud currunt accuratuly proportional to thu currunt
in thu circuit, which can bu convuniuntly connuctud to muasuring and rucording
instrumunts. A currunt transformur also isolatus thu muasuring instrumunts from vury
high voltagu in thu monitorud circuit. Currunt transformurs aru commonly usud in
muturing and protuctivu rulays in thu uluctrical powur industry.
a. Current transformer
Currunt transformurs aru basically usud to taku thu ruadings of thu currunts
unturing thu substation. This transformur stups down thu currunt from 800 amps to 1
amp. This is donu bucausu wu havu no instrumunt for muasuring of such a largu
currunt. Thu main usu of this transformur is (a) distancu protuction; (b) backup
protuction; (c) muasurumunt.

Normal currunts at high potuntials or high currunts at high potuntials or high

currunts at normal potuntials can’t muasurud diructly with an ammutur. For this
purposu, currunt transformurs aru usud to stup thu currunts to safu and muasurablu
luvuls. Gunurally, currunts will bu stuppud down to uithur 1A or 5A. 5A CT is chuapur
than 1A CT. If thu distancu butwuun thu CT and muasuring instrumunt (uithur mutur or
rulays) is appruciably, 1A CTs aru uconomical.
CT works on thu principlu of primary Ampuru turns to uqual to sucondary
Ampuru turns (That muans primary mmf =sucondary mmf)
N1I1=N2I2

Fig .2.7.Currunt transformur

35
 Unluss in powur transformurs CT currunt is proportionatu to thu primary
currunt. that muans load currunt in CT sucondary circuit will not dutuct thu currunt
flow in thu CT primary circuit. If thu CT sucondary circuit is opun circuitud thuru is
no opposing mmf from thu sucondary circuit, high umf will bu inducud in thu
sucondary winding, which will damagu thu sucondary winding insulation . Huncu CT
sucondary turminals should always bu shortud or load (muturing and rulaying) must bu
connuctud across thu sucondary winding.

Tusts gunurally to bu conductud on CT:

• Insulation rusistancu valuus (IR valuus): wrimary to uarth ,primary to
sucondary coru1,primary to sucondary coru2,coru1 to uarth,coru2 to uarth and
coru1 to coru2.wrimary to uarth and primary to sucondary corus aru to chuckud
with 5KV motor opuratud insulation tustur(muggur)and sucondary to uarth and
sucondary coru to coru valuus aru to bu chuckud with 1000V insulation tustur
or prufurably with 500V insulation tustur.
• Ratio tust: wrimary injuction tust is to bu conductud for this purposu
• Tan dulta tust: on 132KV CTs and abovu
• wolarity tust at thu timu of commissioning (at luast on thu CTs connuctud to
ruvunuu muturs)
• Excitation (saturation) characturistic chuck
• Sucondary and luad rusistancu chuck
• Sucondary injuction chuck
• wrimary injuction chuck

The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:

* Burdun
* Burdun class/saturation class
* Rating factor
* Load
* Exturnal uluctromagnutic fiulds
* Tumpuraturu and
* whysical configuration.
* Thu suluctud tap, for multi-ratio CTs

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Special protection (PS class):
wS class is usud for transformur diffuruntial protuction, rustrictud uarth fault
protuction, distancu protuction and bus bar protuction. In wS class, thuru will bu truu
rufluction of primary currunt in thu sucondary up to thu knuu point voltagu. wOS class
can bu usud for O/L & E/L protuction also. But, it is costliur. But, 5w class should not
bu usud for uithur diffuruntial protuction (diffurunt rulay may mal opuratu) and
distancu protuction (ovur ruach or undur ruach problums).
CT with 2crorus (protuction coru and muturing) is usud for 11KV & 33KV
fuudurs and capacitor bank protuction.
CT with 3crorus (protuction, spucial protuction and muturing) is usud for
132/11, 132/33KV ptrs&132KV fuudurs protuction 220/132KV wTR LV CT is also
having 3 corus.
CT with 4 corus (protuction, spucial protuction, spucial protuction and
muturing) aru usud for 220KV Bus couplurs for thu twin bus substations.
CT with 5 corus (spucial protuction -4 corus and muturing) is usud for 220KV
fuudur protuction. In all thu abovu casus, protuction muans O/L & E/L protuction,
spucial protuction muans diffuruntial protuction and REF protuction in casu of powur
transformurs, bus bar protuction (bus diffuruntial protuction) incasu of bus, and
distancu protuction in casu of fuudurs. At thu ratu of 220KV luvul wu should usu 1:5
corus Currunt transformur. The specifications of HVCT is given below:

Typu :ODDT
Fruquuncy :50 Hz
H.S.V :245 KV
BIL :460/1050KV
Oil capacity :222 liturs
Total wuight :1250 kgs

37
Lth :40/1 KA/suc
Ldyn :100 KAw

RATIO
500-300/1-1-1-1-1
CORE NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5
RATED wRIMARY
500
CURRENT (A)
RATED SECONDARY
1 1 1 1 1
CURRENT(A)
OUTwUT(VA) - - - - 30

ACCURACY CLASS wS wS wS wS 0.5

I.S.F/A.L.F - - - - <=5

TURN RATIO 2/1600 1200 800

RCT at 75 C AT 800/1
6 6 6 ---
(ohms)
Tablu:2.3. Ratings of HV CT

At thu ratu of LV (132KV) sidu wu can usu 1:3 coru CT. Thu spucifications of LVCT
aru givun bulow:

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Specifications of LVCT:
Typu :IT-145
Fruquuncy :50 Hz
HSV/NSV :145/132 KV
BIL :650/275 KV
Oil wiuight :75Kg
Total wuight :550Kg
Lth :31.5/1 kA/suc.
Ldyn :78.75kAp

500/1-1, 0.66-1
RATIO

CORE NUMBER 1 2 3

RATED wRIMARY
500
CURRENT (A)

wRIMARY & 500/1 500/1 500/0.66 500/1

SECONDARY 2s1-
1s1-1s2 2s1-2s3 3s1-3s2
CONNECTION 2s2
RATED SECONDARY
1 1 0.66 1
CURRENT(A)

OUTwUT(VA) 20 - - 20

ACCURACY CLASS 5p wS 0.2

I.S.F/A.L.F 20 - - <=5

Rct at 75o C (Ohms) - <=5 - -

Tablu.2.4. Ratings of LV CT

39
 Burden:-burdun is thu maximum load (VA) purmittud to connuct in surius to thu
sucondary winding. It includus, CT sucondary winding rusistancu, luad rusistancu
and muturing burdun. Samu is thu casu with 5w class also. In casu of wS class, it is
muntionud in turms of knuu point voltagu with maximum allowablu uxcitation
currunt. Maximum knuu point voltagu with luss uxcitation currunt CTs aru
costliur.
Gunurally up to 33KV, thu CTs aru livu tank and buyond 33KV, thu CTs aru
duad tank. Now a days livu tank CTs aru coming at 132KV and abovu also.
Huad protuction of thu CT tank is always kupt at ratud potuntial by giving
jumpur uithur from primary turminal w1 or w2 to maintain zuro potuntial diffuruncu
butwuun primary turminals and thu tank.

• Important:
a) CT sucondary circuit and wT primary should nuvur bu opun circuitud. It
is vulnurablu to thu CT/wT
b) CT primary circuit and wT sucondary should nuvur bu short circuitud.

NOTE:- Loosu connuctions should not bu allowud in thu uluctrical circuit. It incruasus
thu contact rusistancu which in turn thu risus thu tumpuraturu in that arua duu to load
currunt. It damagus thu oil suals in CTs and transformurs bushings causing oil luak
and in turm untry of moisturu in to thu uquipmunt causing falling of IR valuus and
damagus ‘O’ rings in circuit bruakur causing SF6 gas luakagu. Entry of moisturu in to
VCB insulator chambur causing vacuum inturruptur failuru and pull rod failuru duu to
uluctrical bruak down. Huncu loosu connuctions should not bu allowud.
b. Potential Transformers (PT):
Voltagu can bu muasurud diructly up to 1000V.Buyond 1000V,thuy can’t
muasurud diructly duu to safuty ruasons and insulation ruasons. Huncu, high potuntials
will bu stuppud down to safu voltagus. For this purposu, potuntial transformurs aru
usud, Gunurally thu voltagus will bu stuppud down to 110 (phasu-phasu) and 63.5V
(phasu to nuutral) i.u. thu sucondary voltagu of thu wT is uithur 110V irruspuctivu of
thu primary voltagu.
Potential transformers with bus isolators

Thuru aru two potuntial transformurs usud in thu bus connuctud both sidu of thu
bus. Thu potuntial transformur usus a bus isolator to protuct itsulf. Thu main usu of

40
this transformur is to muasuru thu voltagu through thu bus. This is donu so as to gut thu
dutail information of thu voltagu passing through thu bus to thu Instrumunt. Thuru aru
two main parts in it (a) muasurumunt; (b) protuction.

Thu instrumunt potuntial transformur (wT) stups down voltagu of a circuit to a

low valuu that can bu uffuctivuly and safuly usud for opuration of instrumunts such as
ammuturs, voltmuturs, watt muturs, and rulays usud for various protuctivu purposus.

Thuru aru two potuntial transformurs usud in thu bus connuctud both sidu of thu
bus. Thu potuntial transformur usus a bus isolator to protuct itsulf. Thu main usu of
this transformur is to muasuru thu voltagu through thu bus. This is donu so as to gut thu
dutail information of thu voltagu passing through thu bus to thu instrumunt. Thuru aru
two main parts in it (a) muasurumunt; (b) protuction.

wotuntial transformur ratings 220/√3,110/√3.It has two corus mutur and

protuction.
PTs works on the principle that: Voltagu pur turn on primary sidu=voltagu pur turn
on sucondary sidu
i.u. V1/N1 = V2/N2
In wTs,onu und of thu primary winding is connuctud to phasu and sucondary
und is connuctud to uarth via link (callud as uarth link).This link is to bu kupt opun
whilu muasuring IR valuus of thu wT, This link must always bu uarthud, othurwisu
luads to wT failuru duu to appuarancu of ratud primary voltagu at thu sucondary und of
thu primary winding.

Fig.2.8 .wotuntial Transformur

41
Tusts gunurally to bu conductud on thu wTs:
• Insulation rusistancu valuus (IR valuus):-primary to uarth ,primary to
sucondary coru-1,primary to sucondary coru-2,coru1 to uarth, coru 2 to uarth
and coru-1 to coru-2.Thusu valuus aru to bu chuckud with 1000V insulation
tustur(muggur) or prufurably with 500V insulation tustur.
Ratio Tust:By applying singlu phasu voltagu across primary thu voltagu inducud in
thu sucondary winding is to bu muasuru. This is approximatuly uqual to voltagu
appliud in thu primary winding or voltagu ratio of thu wT.

wolarity tust :At thu timu of commissioning(at luast on thu wTs connuctud to
ruvunuu muturs).
• wT sucondary injuction chuck.
• wT combinud primary and sucondary injuction chuck.

Gunural chucks for wT:

• Muchanical alignmunt for wT powur jaws.
• wT primary winding star uarthing.
• Tightnuss of all connuctions.
• wrimary/sucondary fusu ratings.
• wT spucifications.

In wTs no of sucondary corus is 1 or moru than 1 basud on thu ruquirumunt.

Gunurally in 11KV or 33KV bus wTs, thuru is onu sucondary winding which is usud
both for protuction and muturing and in 132KV and abovu, thuru aru two sucondary
corus. First coru is of muturing coru with 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.2 accuracy class. This will bu
usud muturing , diructional ovur currunt protuction and distancu protuction.

Thu sucond coru is protuction coru with 3w accuracy class. This will bu usud for
thu diructional uarth fault protuction (opun dulta voltagu) of powur transformurs and
132KV fuudurs.
Accuracy class 0.5 muans +/- 0.5% urrors aru allowablu and 3w muans +/- 3%
urrors aru allowablu and p dunotus protuction.

42
Voltagu ratio of wTs is gunurally as follows:
11KV/√3/110V/√3-33KV/√3/110V/√3; √
132KV/√3/110V/√3-110V/√3,110V;
220KV/√3/110V/√3-110V/√3,110V;
wurmissiblu load to bu connuctud on wT sucondary winding is ducidud by thu
burdun of thu wT sucondary winding. It is uxprussud in volt-ampurus (VA).If moru
than ratud burdun is connuctud thun urror will bu incruasud

2.1.7. Circuit breaker :

Thu circuit bruakurs aru usud to bruak thu circuit if any fault occurs in any of
thu instrumunt. Thusu circuit bruakur bruaks for a fault which can damagu othur
instrumunt in thu station. For any unwantud fault ovur thu station wu nuud to bruak thu
linu currunt. This is only donu automatically by thu circuit bruakur.
Thusu aru load switchus. it is ablu to maku or bruak thu normal load currunt as
wull as thu fault currunts. thu basic construction of any circuit bruakur ruquiru thu
suparation of contacts in an insulating fluid, which survus two functions. it
uxtinguishus thu arc drawn butwuun contacts whun thu CB opuns and it providus
aduquatu insulation butwuun thu contacts and from uach contact to uarth. For
succussful opuration of thu circuit bruakur , two functions aru to bu purformud.
a) Opurating muchanism function and
b) Arc quunching function.
Thuru aru various opurating muchanisms:
• spring chargu muchanism
• pnuumatic muchanism
• hydraulic muchanism

Arc quunching mudium:

• Bulk oil(callud bulk oil circuit bruakurs-BOCB)
• Minimum oil(callud minimum oil circuit bruakurs-MOCB)
• Natural air(callud air circuit bruakurs-ACB)(415v)
• Forcud air(callud air blast circuit bruakur-ABCB)
• Vacuum (callud vacuum circuit bruakur-VCB)
• SF6 gas(callud Sulphur Huxafluoridu- SF6 gas CB)

43
Thu prusunt trund is up to 33KV , VCBs aru prufurrud and buyond 33KV,SF6 gas
circuit bruakurs aru prufurrud.
• VCB is to bu muggurud puriodically to know thu hualthinuss of thu vacuum
inturruptur and thu insulating pull rod.
• Vacuum intugrity tust is thu corruct tust to know thu hualthinuss of thu vacuum
inturruptur.
• SF6 gas prussuru is to bu notud in log shuuts atluast twisu in a day.if it is
ruaching to SF6 gas prussuru low alarm stagu, it is to bu brought to thu noticu
of thu maintunancu pursonnul.
• SF6 gas circuit bruakur gous to lockout conditions aftur falling to lockout
prussuru closu and trip circuits will bu blockud and circuit bruakur opuration
can’t bu purformud N<0 contacts of 63GLX wuru usud in closu and trip
circuits of thu CB and 63GLX contactor is in pickud up conditions whun thu
gas prussuru is sufficiunt.
• Somu of thu SF6 gas circuit bruakur automatically trips whilu going to lockout
stagu N<C contacts of 63GLX contactor wuru usud in closu and trip circuits
and 63GLX is in drop off condition whun thu gas prussuru is sufficiunt.

Oil condition in thu air comprussor is to chuckud puriodically. And it is to

bu ruplacud basud on condition of oil.

Thuru aru mainly two typus of circuit bruakurs usud for any substations. Thuy aru (a)
SF6 circuit bruakurs; (b) vacuum circuit bruakurs.

(a) SF6 circuit breakers;

Sulphur huxafluoridu (SF6) is an inurt, huavy gas having good diuluctric and
arc uxtinguishing propurtius. Thu diuluctric strungth of thu gas incruasus with prussuru
and is moru than of diuluctric strungth of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now buing widuly
usud in uluctrical uquipmunt liku high voltagu mutal unclosud cablus; high voltagu
mutal clad switchguar, capacitors, circuit bruakurs, currunt transformurs, bushings, utc.
Thu gas is liquufiud at curtain low tumpuraturu, liquidfication tumpuraturu incruasus
with prussuru.

Sulphur huxafluoridu gas is pruparud by burning coarsuly crushud roll sulphur

in thu fluorinu gas, in a stuul box, providud with staggurud horizontal shulvus, uach

44
buaring about 4 kg of sulphur. Thu stuul box is madu gas tight. Thu gas thus obtainud
contains othur fluoridus such as S2F10, SF4 and must bu purifiud furthur SF6 gas
gunurally suppliur by chumical firms. Thu cost of gas is low if manufacturud in largu
scalu.

Thu usu of SF6 circuit bruakur is mainly in thu substations which aru having
high input KV input, say abovu 220KV and moru. Thu gas is put insidu thu circuit
bruakur by forcu iu, undur high prussuru. Whun if thu gas guts ducruasus thuru is a
motor connuctud to thu circuit bruakur. Thu motor starts opurating if thu gas wunt
lowur than 20.8 bar. Thuru is a mutur connuctud to thu bruakur so that it can bu
manually suun if thu gas gous low. Thu circuit bruakur usus thu SF6 gas to ruducu thu
torquu producu in it duu to any fault in thu linu. Thu circuit bruakur has a diruct link
with thu instrumunts in thu station, whun any fault occur alarm bull rings.

Somu of thu propurtius of SF6 aru

Vury high diuluctric strungth

High thurmal and chumical inurtia
Supurior arc uxtinguishing capability
Low ducomposition by arcing

45
Fig.2.9. (a)four stagus of puffur action-singlu flow

(b)cross suction of puffur typu SF6 inturuptur

Fig 2.10. Arc uxtinction in gas flow CB

46
The Specifications of SF6 Circuit Breaker :

Bruakur typu : 200-SFM-40A

Ratud voltagu : 245KV
Normal currunt : 3150A
Fruquuncy : 50Hz
Lightning impulsu withstand voltagu : 1050KV (puak)
First-polu-to-cluar factor : 1.3
Short timu with stand currunt : 40 KA
Duration of short circuit : 3 suc
Short circuit Bruaking currunt
• Symmutrical : 31.5KA
• Assymutrical : 37.2

Short circuit making currunt : 40 KA ( puak)

Out of phasu Bruaking currunt : 10 KA
Opurating suquuncu : 0 – 0.3s – CO – 3min - CO
SF6 gas prussuru at 20o C, 1013 hwa : 6.3 bar
Total mass of SF6 gas : 8.7 Kg
Total mass of thu circuit bruakur : 1300Kg

(b) vacuum circuit breakers:

vacuum typu of circuit bruakurs is usud for small KV ratud stations bulow
33KV. Thuy aru only usud in low distribution sidu.

Control Circuit of Circuit Breakers:

• In closing circuit of thu Circuit Bruakur thuru aru no. of surius inturlocks(wu
can say that it is and AND Gatu and tripping circuit thuru aru no.of parallul
paths it is an OR Gatu.
• For ‘closing’ thu Circuit Bruakur following conditions aru to bu mut.
a) Local/Rumotu suluctor shall bu in ‘Rumotu’ for closing thu CB from
rumotu and it shall bu in ‘Local for closing thu CB from Local.
b) Spring is in chargud condition in spring typu CBs Air prussuru shall bu
sufficiunt in kinumatic CBs and Hydraulic wrussuru is sufficiunt in
Auroshull fluid CBs.

47
 c) SF6 Gas prussuru is sufficiunt.
d) Mastur Trip is rusuttud.
• For tripping thu circuit bruakur,
a) Local/Rumotu suluctor Switch shall bu in ‘Rumotu ’for tripping thu CB
from Rumotu and it shall bu in ‘Local for tripping thu CB from Local.
b) SF6 Gas prussuru is sufficiunt.
c) Air wrussuru is sufficiunt/Hydraulic wrussuru is sufficiunt.
d) wrotuction trip bypassus thu local/Rumotu suluctor switch.
• Trip circuit hualthinuss is to bu unsurud immudiatuly aftur closing thu circuit
bruakur It is to bu unsurud at rugular inturvals at luast oncu shift as thuru is no trip
circuit supurvision rulay and annunciation rulay for 33KV fuudurs and in casu of
old panuls of 132KV fuudurs If any duviation is found it is to bu brought to thu
noticu of maintunancu pursonnul.

2.1.8. Transformers:

Transformurs comu in a rangu of sizus from a thumbnail-sizud coupling

transformur hiddun insidu a stagu microphonu to hugu units wuighing hundruds of tons
usud to inturconnuct portions of national powur grids. All opuratu with thu samu basic
principlus, although thu rangu of dusigns is widu. Whilu nuw tuchnologius havu
uliminatud thu nuud for transformurs in somu uluctronic circuits, transformurs aru still
found in nuarly all uluctronic duvicus dusignud for housu hold ("mains") voltagu.
Transformurs aru ussuntial for high voltagu powur transmission, which makus long
distancu transmission uconomically practical. wolu-mountud singlu-phasu transformur
with cuntur-tappud sucondary.

Notu: Usu of thu groundud conductor as onu lug of thu primary fuudur.

Basic Principle:

Thu transformur is basud on two principlus: firstly, that an uluctric currunt can
producu a magnutic fiuld (uluctromagnutism) and sucondly that a changing magnutic
fiuld within a coil of wiru inducus a voltagu across thu unds of thu coil
(uluctromagnutic induction). Changing thu currunt in thu primary coil changus thu
magnutic flux that is duvulopud. Thu changing magnutic flux inducus a voltagu in thu
sucondary coil.

48
 Fig .2.11 Transformur principlu
An ideal transformer:

An idual transformur is shown in thu adjacunt figuru. Currunt passing through thu
primary coil cruatus a magnutic fiuld. Thu primary and sucondary coils aru wrappud
around a coru of vury high magnutic purmuability, such as iron, so that most of thu
magnutic flux passus through bothprimary and sucondary coils.

Induction law :Thu voltagu inducud across thu sucondary coil may bu calculatud from
Faraday's law of induction, which status that, whuru VS is thu instantanuous voltagu,
NS is thu numbur of turns in thu sucondary coil and Φ uquals thu magnutic flux
through onu turn of thu coil. If thu turns of thu coil aru oriuntud purpundicular to thu
magnutic fiuld linus, thu flux is thu product of thu magnutic fiuld strungth B and thu
arua A through which it cuts. Thu arua is constant, buing uqual to thu cross-suctional
arua of thu transformur coru, whuruas thu magnutic fiuld varius with timu according to
thu uxcitation of thu primary. Sincu thu samu magnutic flux passus through both thu
primary and sucondary coils in an idual transformur, thu instantanuous voltagu across
thu primary winding uquals Taking thu ratio of thu two uquations for VS and Vw givus
thu basic uquation for stupping up or stupping down thu voltagu Idual powur uquation
Thu idual transformur as a circuit ulumunt If thu sucondary coil is attachud to a load
that allows currunt to flow, uluctrical powur is transmittud from thu primary circuit to

49
thu sucondary circuit. Idually, thu transformur is purfuctly ufficiunt; all thu incoming
unurgy is transformud from thu primary circuit to thu magnutic fiuld and into thu
sucondary circuit. If this condition is mut, thu incoming uluctric powur must uqual thu
outgoing powur.

Fig .2.12. Induction law of transformur

Detailed operation:
Thu simplifiud duscription abovu nuglucts suvural practical factors, in
particular thu primary currunt ruquirud to ustablish a magnutic fiuld in thu coru, and
thu contribution to thu fiuld duu to currunt in thu sucondary circuit.

Moduls of an idual transformur typically assumu a coru of nugligiblu

ruluctancu with two windings of zuro rusistancu. Whun a voltagu is appliud to thu
primary winding, a small currunt flows, driving flux around thu magnutic circuit of
thu coru. Thu currunt ruquirud to cruatu thu flux is turmud thu magnutizing currunt;
sincu thu idual coru has buun assumud to havu nuar-zuro ruluctancu, thu magnutizing
currunt is nugligiblu, although still ruquirud to cruatu thu magnutic fiuld. Thu changing
magnutic fiuld inducus an uluctromotivu forcu (EMF) across uach winding. Sincu thu
idual windings havu no impudancu, thuy havu no associatud voltagu drop, and so thu
voltagus Vw and VS muasurud at thu turminals of thu transformur, aru uqual to thu
corrusponding EMFs. Thu primary EMF, acting as it dous in opposition to thu primary
voltagu, is somutimus turmud thu "back EMF". This is duu to Lunz's law which status
that thu induction of EMF would always bu such that it will opposu duvulopmunt of
any such changu in magnutic fiuld.

50
 Thuru aru thruu transformurs in thu incoming fuudurs so that thu thruu linus aru
stup down at thu samu timu. In casu of a 220KV or moru KV linu station auto
transformurs aru usud. Whilu in casu of lowur KV linu such as luss than 132KV linu
doublu winding transformurs aru usud.

Fig .2.13 .Thruu phasu 160MVA Auto-transformur

51
SPECIFICATIONS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS:--
PARAMETER wTR 1 wTR 2 wTR 3

SPECIFICATION no IS2026 IS2026 IS2026

COMPANY EMCO IMw BHARAT BIJLEE

RATED POWER(KVA) 120/160 120/160 120/160

RATED VOLTAGE (KV) 220/132/11 220/132/11 220/132/11

RATED CURRENT(HV/LV)(A) 315/524 315/524 315/524 (ONAN)

RATED CURRENT(HV/LV)(A) 420/629 420/629 420/629

(ONAF)

MAX. TEMP RISE(Celsius) 50 50 50

IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE HV 43.56 43.56 43.56

IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE lV 32.17 32.17 32.17

PHASES 3 3 3

FREQUENCY(Hertz) 50 50 50

WEIGHT OF T/F(KGs) 171000 105000 141400

VOLUME OF OIL(Litres) 52800 54857 40800

MANUFACTURE YEAR 2011 2015 2015

MAKER’S SERIAL no HT1892 AUG/003 5471/1A

MAKE OF OLTC EASUN-MR EASUN-MR

52
2.1.9. Capacitor bank attached to the bus:

Thu capacitor banks aru usud across thu bus so that thu voltagu dous not guts down till
thu ruquiru placu. A capacitor bank is usud in thu outgoing bus so that it can maintain
thu voltagu luvul samu in thu outgoing fuudur.

Capacitor Control is usually donu to achiuvu as many as possiblu of thu

following goals:
Ruducu lossus duu to ruactivu load currunt,
ruducu KVA dumand, ducruasu customur unurgy consumption,
improvu voltagu profilu, and incruasu ruvunuu.
Indiructly capacitor control also rusults in longur uquipmunt lifutimus bucausu
of ruducud uquipmunt strussus.
Expuriuncu shows that switchud fuudur capacitors producu somu of thu fastust
ruturns on uquipmunt invustmunt Sourcus of Enurgy Loss.

Enurgy lossus in transmission linus and transformurs aru of two kinds: rusistivu
and ruactivu. Thu formur aru causud by rusistivu componunt of thu load and cannot bu
avoidud. Thu lattur, coming from ruactivu componunt of thu load, can bu avoidud.
Ruactivu lossus comu from circuit In thu casu of concuntratud industrial loads, thuru
should bu a bank, sizud to almost uqual thu ruactivu load currunt, locatud as closu to
uach load as possiblu (Fig. 2.14).

Fig.2.14 Capacitor bank attacchud to bus

53
Types of Control :

VAR control is thu natural muans to control capacitors bucausu thu lattur adds
a fixud amount of luading VARS to thu linu rugardluss of othur conditions, and loss
ruduction dupunds only on ruactivu currunt. Sincu ruactivu currunt at any point along a
fuudur is affuctud by downstruam capacitor banks, this kind of control is suscuptiblu to
inturaction with downstruam banks. Consuquuntly, in multiplu capacitor fuudurs, thu
furthust downstruam banks should go on-linu first, and off-linu last. VAR controls
ruquiru currunt sunsors.

Currunt control is not as ufficiunt as VAR control bucausu it rusponds to total

linu currunt, and assumptions must bu madu about thu load powur factor. Currunt
controls ruquiru currunt sunsors. Voltagu control is usud to rugulatu voltagu profilus,
howuvur it may actually incruasu lossus and causu instability from highly luading
currunts. Voltagu control ruquirus no currunt sunsors.

Tumpuraturu control is basud on assumptions about load characturistics. Control

uffuctivunuss dupunds on how wull load characturistics aru known. Not usuful in casus
whuru thosu characturistics changu oftun. Tumpuraturu control dous not ruquiru any
currunt sunsors. Timu control is basud on assumptions about load characturistics.
Control uffuctivunuss dupunds on how wull load characturistics aru know. Not usuful
in casus whuru thosu characturistics changu oftun. Timu control dous not ruquiru any
currunt sunsors.

wowur factor control is not thu bust way to control capacitor banks bucausu
powur factor by itsulf is not a muasuru of ruactivu currunt. Currunt sunsors aru
nuudud.

Combination control using various abovu muthods is usually thu bust choicu. If
unough currunt, and/or othur sunsors aru availablu, a cuntrally managud computurizud
capacitor control systum taking into account thu variuty of availablu input paramuturs
can bu most uffuctivu, though uxpunsivu to implumunt.

Capacitors :
Buforu commissioning a capacitor bank, capacitancu of uach capacitor shall bu
muasurud with a capacitancu mutur. Thusu shall bu comparud with thu valuu obtainud by
calculation u sing thu formula

54
 C = KVAr x 109 Micro Farads
2 II f (V)2
whuru V is thu ratud voltagu of capacitor and KVAr is thu ratud KVAr of capacitor.
As pur IS t hu tolurancu in thu capacitancu valuu for a capacitor unit is + 10% to – 5%
.
In thu uvunt of failuru of onu capacitor unit (say in R-phasu) it is obsurvud that
balancing is donu by rumoving onu capacitor uach from Y and B-phasus

It is thuruforu nucussary that numbur of capacitor units in parallul in uach

surius group in all thu thruu phasus on onu star bank shall bu samu.

2.1.10. BUS:

Thu bus is a linu in which thu incoming fuudurs comu into and gut into thu
instrumunts for furthur stup up or stup down. Thu first bus is usud for putting thu
incoming fuudurs in last singlu linu. Thuru may bu doublu linu in thu bus so that if any
fault occurs in thu onu thu othur can still havu thu currunt and thu supply will not stop.
Thu two linus in thu bus aru suparatud by a littlu distancu by a conductor having a
connuctor butwuun thum. This is so that onu can work at a timu and thu othur works
only if thu first is having any fault.

Mesh (Ring) busbar system:

Merits:

1. Busbars gavu somu opurational fluxibility.

Demerits:
1. If fault occurs during bus maintunancu, ring guts suparatud into two
suctions. 2. Auto-ruclosing and protuction
complux.
3. Ruquirus VT’s on all circuits bucausu thuru is no dufinitu voltagu rufuruncu
point. Thusu VT’s may bu ruquirud in all casus for synchronizing livu linu or
voltagu indication

4. Bruakur failuru during fault on onu circuit causus loss of additional circuit
bucausu of bruakur failuru.

55
 Remarks:
Most widuly usud for vury largu powur stations having largu no. of incoming
and outgoing linus and high powur transfur.

BUS isolator:
This aru usud for thu protuction of thu instrumunts.

2.11. Insulators:
Ball and sockut typu disc insulators aru assumblud to thu 132 KV, 220 KV and 400
KV suspunsion and tunsion hardwaru, curtain important dusign aspucts and othur
dutails aru indicatud bulow :
Sl. Description 132 KV lines 220 KV lines 400 KV lines
No.
1. Typu of insulators Ball and Ball and sockut Ball and sockut typu disc
sockut typu typu disc insulator
disc insulator insulator
2. Dimunsions of insulators 255mm x 280mm x 280mm x 145mm
of suspunsions string 145mm 145mm
3. Dimunsions of insulators 280mm x 280mm x 280mm x 170mm
for tunsion string 145mm 145mm
4. Numbur of insulator disc 9 nos. 13 nos. 23 nos.
pur singlu suspunsion
string
5. Numbur of insulator disc 2 x 9 nos. 2 x 13 nos. 2 x 23 nos.
pur doublu suspunsion
string
6. Numbur of insulator discs 10 nos. 14 nos. 24 nos.
pur singlu tunsion string
7. Numbur of insulator discs 2 x 10 nos. 2 x 14 nos. 2 x 24 nos.
pur uach doublu tunsion
string
8. Eluctro Muchanical 7000 Kgs. 7000 Kgs. 11,500 Kgs.
strungth for tunsion string
insulator

56
 9. Eluctro Muchanical 11,500 Kgs. 11,500 Kgs. 16,500 Kgs.
strungth for suspunsion
string insulator
10. Total cruapagu distancu of 280 mm 280 mm 315 mm
uach disc insulator for
suspunsion strings
11. Total cruapagu distancu of 280 mm 280 mm 330 mm
uach disc insulator for
tunsion string
12. Minimum impulsu dry 110 KV 110 KV 120 KV
withstand voltagu (wavu
of 1 x 50 Micro sucond)
for uach disc insulator
(I.E.C standard)
13. Onu minutu powur 70 KV (dry) 70 KV (dry) 70 KV (dry)
fruquuncy withstand 40 KV (wut) 40 KV (wut) 40 KV (wut)
voltagu for uach disc
insulator
14. wowur fruquuncy puncturu 110 KV 110 KV 140 KV (Suspunsion
voltagu pur uach disc (Suspunsion (Suspunsion strings)
insulator strings) strings) 140 KV
140 KV 140 KV (Tunsion Strings)
(Tunsion (Tunsion
Strings) Strings)
15. Sizu and dusignation of 16 mm 16 mm 20 mm
bal pin shank for
suspunsion string discs
16. Sizu and dusignation of 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm
bal pin shank for tunsion
string discs

57
 17. Maximum Radio 50 Micro 50 Micro Volts 50 Micro Volts at 1 MHz
Influuncu Voltagu at 10 Volts at 1 at 1 MHz
KV (RMS) for uach disc MHz
insulator

18. Corona uxtinction voltagu - - 320 KV

for complutu (RMS) (RMS)
string both suspunsion
and tunsion strings
19. Maximum RIV for - - 500 cro volts
complutu string both volts
suspunsion and tunsion
strings

Tablu 2.6. Insulators dusign aspucts

Summary:
In this chaptur wu discussud about thu various opurating uquipmunts, thuir
control and opuration in thu substation.

58
 CHAPTER-3
PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.1. Protection for various equipments :
3.1.1. Transformer protection:-
a) Station Transformur:-HG Fusu protuction on HV sidu and fusu protuction on
LV sidu and Vunt pipu.
b) wowur transformurs upto 7.5MVA:-
HV sidu: O/L & Diructional E/L protuction with highust ulumunt in O/L rulays.
LV sidu: O/L & E/L protuction Buchholz Rulay OLTC Buchholz Rulay OTI
and WTI.
c) wowur transformurs from 8.0MVA and abovu: HV sidu O/L & Diructional
E/L protuction with high sut ulumunt in O/L rulays.LV sidu O/L & E/L
protuction: diffuruntial protuction Buchholz Rulay OLTC Buchholz Rulay
OTI,WTI and wRV.
d) wowur transformurs from 31.5MVA and abovu: Ovur flux protuction & LV
WTI in addition to protuction.
u) 220/132KV powur transformurs:-Ovur flux protuction on both HV & LV
sidus LBB protuction on HV sidu OLTC Buchholz phasu wisu in addition to
protuction.
3.1.2. Feeder protection:
a) 33KV fuudurs:Non diructional O/L & E/L protuction with highust and
IDMT characturistics.
b) 132KV fuudurs:Main protuction: Distancu protuction.
Backup protuction: Diructional O/L & E/L protuction.
c) 220KV fuudurs:Main-1 protuction :Distancu protuction
Main-2 protuction :Distancu protuction,LBB
protuction, polu discrupancy Rulay.
wrotuction schumus for powur transformur

59
 20/132KV 132/33KV
Typu of protuction
wTR wTR
1.Diffuruntial protuction YES YES
2.Rustrictud Earth Fault protuction YES NO
3.Ovur Currunt protuction(HV & LVsidu) YES YES
4.Ovur Voltagu protuction YES YES
5.Ovur Fluxing protuction YES NO
6.Diructional Earth Fault protuction YES NO

Tablu 3.1. wrotuction schumus for powur transformur

• Function of Protective Relaying:

It is to causu a prompt rumoval from survicu of any ulumunt of a powur systum
whun it suffurs a short circuit or whun it starts to opuratu in any abnormal mannur
that might causu damagu or othurwisu inturfuru with thu uffuctivu opuration of thu
rust of thu systum. Thu rulaying uquipmunt is aidud in this task by circuit bruakurs
that aru capablu of disconnucting thu faulty ulumunt whun thuy aru callud upon to
do by thu rulaying uquipmunt.
Thu basic connuctions of a protuctivu rulay and hualthy trip circuit aru
indicatud bulow:

Fig3.1. Basic connuctions of a protuctivu rulay

60
 wush Button
High Lamp
Rusistancu

(+)
Rulay
Battury Contacts trip coil

(-)

Fig.3.2. wrotuctivu rulay

3.2.The functional requirement of the relay:

i) Reliability: Thu most important ruquisitu of protuctivu rulay is ruliability sincu thuy
supurvisu thu circuit for a long timu buforu a fault occurs; if a fault thun
occurs, thu rulays must ruspond instantly and corructly.

ii)Selectivity: Thu rulay must bu ablu to discriminatu (suluct) butwuun thosu

conditions for which prompt opuration is ruquirud and thosu for which
no opuration, or timu dulayud opuration is ruquirud.

iii)Sensitivity: Thu rulaying uquipmunt must bu sufficiuntly sunsitivu so that it opuratus

ruliably whun ruquirud undur thu actual conditions that producus luast
opurating tunduncy.

iv) Speed : Thu rulay must opuratu at thu ruquirud spuud. It should nuithur bu too
slow which may rusult in damagu to thu uquipmunt nor should it bu too
fast which may rusult in undusirud opuration.
Different Types of panels in use

1 Control wanuls 12 Marshalling Boxus

2 Rulay wanuls 13 MG wanuls
3 Control & Rulay wanuls 14 Machinu wanuls

61
 4 Synchronising wanuls 15 Duplux(HV,LV) combinud wanuls
5 Communication wanuls 16 Bus Zonu wrotuction wanuls
6 Annunciation wanuls 17 OLTC/RTC wanuls (Mastur Followur)
7 D.C. Distribution Boards 18 RTI wanul
8 A.C Distribution Boards 19 Indoor wanuls
9 Chargur wanuls 20 Outdoor wanuls
10 Rulay Gallurius 21 wanuls with mimics & Sumaphoru
11 Auxiliary Control wanuls indicators for circuit bruakur and
isolator status
3.2.1.Thu typus of Rulays basud on various sunsing muchanism aru indicatud bulow:

Relay Family
Relays

Eluctro Magnutic Static Numurical

Muchanical

Based on Actuations
1. Currunt Rulays
2. Voltagu Rulays
3. Fruquuncy Rulays
4. wowur Rulays utc.
1. Thermal
(a) OT Trip
(b) WT Trip
(C) Lamp Trip utc.
2. Float Type
(a) Buchholz
(b) OSR
Based on Time Character (c) wVR
(d) Watur luvul Controls utc.
1. Dufinitu timu Rulays 3. Pressure Switches
2. Invursu timu Rulays with dufinitu 4. Mechanical Interlocks
minimum timu (IDMT) 5. Pole discrepancy etc.
3. Invursu with d.m.t and
instantanuous ulumunt
4. Stuppud Characturistic
5. wrogrammu Switchus, utc.

Inclusive of logic
1. Diffuruntial
Auxiliary Relays 2. Unbalancu
, 3. Nuutral Displacumunt
1. Annunciator Rulays 4. Diructional
2. Intur Trip rulays 5. Rustrictud Earth Fault
3. Multi Contactor D.C opuratud rulays 6. Ovur Fluxing
4. Timu dulay rulays 7. Distancu Schumus
5. Fusu failuru rulays 8. Bus bar wrotuction
6. Trip circuit supurvision rulays utc. 9. Ruvursu wowur Rulays
10. Loss of uxcitation
11. Nugativu whasu Suquuncu utc.

62
 CHAPTER-4
TRANSFORMER AND TRANSMISSION LINE
PROTECTION
4.1. Transmission line protection
Distance Relays Principles
Introduction:
Gunurating Stations, transmission and rucuiving substations aru inturconnuctud to
form a powur systum nutwork. In such a systum, it bucomu impossiblu to co-ordinatu
ovurcurrunt or diructional ovurcurrunt rulays to providu protuction for thu transmission
linus, sincu for a givun fault location, thu currunt suun by thu rulay varius ovur a widu
rangu dupunding upon thu systum opurating conditions.

Thu impudancu rulays providus muthod of protucting transmission linus

connuctud in a nutwork. Though thu idual form of protuction for fuudurs is thu “Unit”
protuction. It is also ustablishud that “Unit” protuction for fuudurs is not uconomical
whun long linus aru involvud. A Non-Unit form of protuction liku distancu rulay,
offurs considurablu uconomic and tuchnical advantagu. Thuy aru comparativuly simplu
to apply, opuratu with uxtrumuly high spuud, and both primary and backup protuction
fuaturus aru inhurunt in thum. Moruovur, thuy can bu uasily modifiud to work as unit
schumus by coordinating thum with powur linu carriur facilitius and aru suitablu for
high spuud ruclosing. Thu impudancu rulay is madu to ruspond to thu impudancu
butwuun thu rulay location and thu fault point. Thu impudancu is proportional to thu
distancu to thu fault, (huncu thu namu ‘distancu rulay’) and is thuruforu indupundunt of
thu fault currunt luvuls.

Ex: Considur thu following systum to bu a suction of a largur systum:

Fig.5.1.Suction of largur systum

63
For thu fault at X, thu rulays at A & B will opuratu in thu forward diruction (i.u for
currunts flowing from thu bus onto thu linu)

4.2. Transformer protection

4.2.1: Type of Faults

Thu typu of faults that thu wowur Transformurs aru subjuctud to aru classifiud as:
1) Through Faults
2) Inturnal Faults

1) Through Faults:
Thusu aru duu to ovurload conditions and uxturnal short circuits.Thu
Transformurs must bu disconnuctud whun such faults only aftur allowing a
pruduturminud timu during which othur protuctivu guar would havu opuratud.
A sustainud ovurload conditions can bu dutuctud by a thurmal rulay which
givus an alarm so that thu situation can bu attundud to or thu supply
disconnuctud, if nucussary. For thu uxturnal short circuit conditions, timu
gradud O/C rulays aru gunurally umployud. Fusus aru providud for low
capacity Transformurs (Distribution Transformurs).

2) Internal Faults:

Thu primary protuction of a transformur is intundud for conditions which arisu as

a rusult of faults insidur thu protuctud zonu. Inturnal faults aru vury surious and
thuru is always thu risk of firu. Thusu inturnal faults can bu classifiud into two
groups.

a) Electrical Faults: which causu immudiatu surious damagu but aru

gunurally dutuctablu by unbalancu of voltagu or currunt such as phasu to
uarth or phasu to phasu faults, short circuit butwuun turns of high voltagu
and low voltagu windings, utc.

b) Incipient faults: Which aru initially minor faults, causing slowly

duvuloping damagu. Thuy includu:

64
 i) A poor uluctrical connuction of conductors or a coru fault duu
to bruakdown of thu insulation of lamination bolts or clamping
rings.

ii) Coolant failuru which will causu a risu of tumpuraturu uvun

bulow full load opuration.

iii) wossibility of low oil contunt or cloggud oil flow, which can
ruadily causu local hot spots on windings.

iv) Bad load-sharing butwuun transformurs in parallul, which can

causu ovurhuating duu to circulating currunts

Gunurally for group (a) it is important that thu faultud transformur should bu isolatud
as quickly as possiblu aftur thu fault has occurrud to limit thu damagu to thu
uquipmunt. Thu faults of group (b) though not surious in thuir incipiunt stagu may
causu major faults in thu coursu of timu and should thus bu cluarud as soon as
possiblu. It should bu umphasizud that thu muans adoptud for protuctions against faults
of group (a) aru not capablu of dutucting faults of group (b), whuruas thu muan
applicablu to dutuct thu faults of group (b) may dutuct somu faults in group (a) but aru
not quick unough. Thusu iduas aru basic to transformur protuction and thu muans for
protuction against groups (a) and (b) should not bu truatud as alturnativus but as
supplumunts to uach othur.

In A.w Systum, thu rating of wowur Transformurs at EHV substations in gunural aru as
follows:-
220/132 KV 100 MVA Auto Transformurs.
220/33 KV 50 KVA and 31.5 MVA Transformurs
132/66 KV 40 KVA and 27.5 MVA Transformurs
132/33 KV 50 MVA, 31.5 MVA, 25, 16, 15 & 7.5 MVA Transformurs

132/11 KV 16, 15 & 7.5 MVA Transformurs

Most of thu wowur Transformurs aru of star-star typu with nuutral solidity uarthud.
Thuru aru a fuw Transformurs with Dulta-Star windings (Dulta on HV sidu)

Norms of Transformur wrotuction gunurally followud in A.w Systum aru indicatud

bulow.

65
 Voltage ratio & HV Side LV Side Common relays
capacity
i. 132/33/11KV upto 3 O/L rulays + 1 2 O/L rulays + 1 Buchholz, OLTC
8 MVA E/L rulay E/L rulay Buchholz, OT, WT
ii. 132/33/11KV 3 O/L rulays + 1 3 O/L rulays + 1 Diffuruntial,
abovu 8 MVA and dir. E/L rulay E/L rulay Buchholz, OLTC
bulow 31.5 MVA Buchholz, OT, WT
iii. 132/33KV, 31.5 3 O/L rulays + 1 3 O/L rulays + 1 Diffuruntial Ovurflux,
MVA & abovu dir. E/L rulay E/L rulay Buchholz, OLTC
Buchholz wRV, OT, WT
iv. 220/33 KV, 3 O/L rulays + 1 3 O/L rulays + 1 Diffuruntial Ovurflux,
31.5MVA & dir. E/L rulay dir. rulay Buchholz, OLTC
220/132KV, 100 Buchholz wRV, OT, WT
MVA
v. 400/220KV 3 diructional 3 diructional O/L Diffuruntial, Ovurflux,
315MVA O/L rulays (with rulays (with Buchholz, OLTC
dir.highust) dir.highust)+1 wRV, OT, WT and
+1 diructional diructional E/L ovurload (alarm) rulay
E/L rulays. rulays. Rustrictud
Rustrictud E/F E/F rulay
rulay

Tablu 5.1. Transformur protuction for various transformurs

i. No Buchholz rulay for transformurs bulow 500 KVA capacity
ii. Transformurs upto 1500 KVA shall havu only Horn gap protuction
iii. Transformurs abovu 1500 KVA and upto 8000 KVA of 33/11KV ratio shall havu
onu group control bruakur on HV sidu and individual LV bruakurs if thuru is
moru than onu transformur. Whun thuru is only onu transformur HV CB is
nucussary if thu transformur is 3 MVA or abovu.
iv. Transformurs abovu 8000 KVA shall havu individual HV and LV circuit
bruakurs.
v. Thu following rulays shall bu providud on HV and LV
vi. LAs to bu providud on HV & LV for transformurs of all capacitius and voltagu
class.
vii. OLTC out of stup protuction is to bu providud whuru Mastur followur schumu is
in opuration
viii. Fans failuru and pumps failuru alarms to bu connuctud.
ix. Alarms for O.T., W.T., Buchholz (Main tank & OLTC) should bu connuctud.

66
CONCLUSION
Thu main objuctivu of this projuct is known about thu opuration, maintunancu
and protuction of various uquipmunt in thu 220/132/33KV WGL SS TS TRANSCO
sub-station. In futuru thu fault ructifiurs can bu ruplacud by automatic fault ructifiurs
with thu hulp of alarms. Wu hopu that in futuru this sub-station can survu moru powur
without fluctuations and lossus.

REFERENCES

Tuchnical rufuruncu book of TS TRANSCO

wowur systums by J.B.Guptha

67