UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH

PHY351 (MATERIALS SCIENCE)

Aircraft Wing

GROUP MEMBERS :
1) NUR ATIKAH BINTI ABDUL 2015719517
RAHIM
2) NUR AIN NAZURAH BINTI 2016789305
MOHD NOOR
3) SITI SURAINI BINTI AHMAD 2016107743

LECTURER’S NAME: MS.MAZLINI MAZLAN

TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Pages

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Method/Processing involved 2-3

3.0 Application 4

4.0 Conclusion (current trends) 5

5.0 References 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION

A composite material is made by combining two or more materials. It have very

different properties. In composite material, two materials work together to give the
composite its unique properties. However, within the composite, it can easily tell the
different materials apart as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.

Composite materials are widely used in the Aircraft Industry and have allowed
engineers to overcome the obstacles. The constituent materials retain their identities in
the composites and do not otherwise merge completely into each other. Together, the
materials create a 'hybrid' material that has improved its structural properties.
Common composite materials used on airplanes include fiberglass, carbon fiber, and
fiber-reinforced matrix systems or any combination of any of these. Of all these
materials, fiberglass is the most common composite material and was first widely
used in boats and automobiles in the 1950s. [1]

Composite parts used for aircraft applications are defined by its material, process,
and manufacturing specifications. In engineering definition, material is allowable. All
of these have a basic in regulatory requirements. Most efficient use of advanced
composites in aircraft structure is in applications with the highly loaded parts with
thick gages, high fatigue loads in fuselage and wing structure and the areas
susceptible to corrosion like fuselage. Critical weight reduction empennage which is
an arrangement of stabilizing surfaces at the tail of an aircraft and wings fuselage. The
uses must be justified by weighing benefits against costs.

1
2.0 METHOD/PROCESS INVOLVED

In order to produce aircraft wing, composite materials such as fiberglass, carbon

fiber and fiber-reinforced matrix systems are required. The wing of a fixed-wing
aircraft provides the lift necessary for flight. Wing geometry will affects every aspect
of an aircraft's flight. The wing area will usually be dictated by the desired stalling
speed but the overall shape of the planform and other detail aspects may be influenced
by wing layout factors. The wing can be mounted to the fuselage in high, low and
middle positions. The wing design depends on many parameters such as selection
of sweepback angle, thickness ratio, section profile, washout and dihedral. The
cross-sectional shape of the wing is its airfoil. The construction of the wing starts with
the rib which defines the airfoil shape. Ribs can be made of wood, metal, plastic or
even composites.

Forging

Forging is a manufacturing process in which a piece of hot metal is formed into

the desired shape by hammering, pressing, rolling and squeezing in one or
more forging equipment. Aircraft contain more than 450 structural forgings as well as
hundreds of forged engine parts. Forged parts include bulkheads, wing roots and spars,
hinges, engine mounts, wheels, brake carriers and discs, and arresting hooks. Forgings
of stainless steels, maraging steels, titanium, and aluminum find similar applications
at lower temperatures. Forged missile components of titanium, columbium, super
alloys, and refractory materials provide unduplicated mechanical and physical
properties under severe service conditions. The isothermal forging process for an
aircraft wing made of higher at a temperature 300 °C with a speed of 10 mm/s. The
die impressions that provided with heating systems designed. Forging is used
in aircraft when extremely high strength is needed.

Figure 1: Forging process

2
Casting

The increased application of castings has been fueled by advances in process

technology and the need to reduce manufacturing costs. Casting occur when most
metals are first melted in a furnace. Cast products produced by the centrifugal casting
technique using the composite mold consisting of ceramics and metal molds are
inspected. In order to observe the effect of centrifugal forces on the graphite particles
present for discussing the changes observed in the graphite particle distribution, the
hardness values and the microstructural formation in the direction from the outer to
the center part of the cast product. Casting processes make aircraft and engines more
efficient, safer and durable.

Figure 2: Casting process

3
3.0 APPLICATION

In aircraft wing the material that was used is fibreglass and carbon fibre, this is
because both of material have a strength and light weight, that’s why they are suited
for aircraft.[3] Fibreglass is strong and long-lasting.[4] Therefore Pound for Pound
fibreglass that was used in aircraft wing is stronger than sheet metal.[4] Fibreglass has
a high resistance to corrosion, it will not rust.[4] Perfect for products used outside, in
states near the ocean, with the high salt content in the air.[4] Next, for carbon fibre is
commonly used to reinforce composite materials to produce something strong, yet
lightweight.[5] Once bound with a polymer or resin (such as epoxy) carbon fibre
creates a composite that is then used in a variety of consumer and technical based
industries. Properties of the carbon fibre composite are affected by the carbon fibre
reinforcement, the polymer resin matrix that binds the carbon fibre together, and any
additives introduced to the resin.[5] That’s why both of this material was selected to
make aircraft wings.

Another application that was used the same material like aircraft such as

i. Helmet motorcycle[6]
ii. Car bodies [3]
iii. Boat bodies[3]

4
4.0 CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, it can be conclude that aircraft wing is one of the type of
composite materials. Aircraft wing contain fiberglass, carbon fiber and
fiber-reinforced matrix systems. The technique involved in the making of aircraft
wing are forging and casting technique. It is required in order to provide exceptional
strength and durability and can resist the expansion stresses and torsion placed upon
an aircraft flying thousands of feet high at speeds. The other application that can be
relate are helmet, car bodies and boat bodies.

5
5.0 REFERENCES

[1] S. Houston, "Advanrages and disadvantages of composite materrials in airplane," 04

November 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/composite-materials-aircraft-structure. [Accessed
2019].

[2] (the nasional academics of science engineering medicine, 2019)

[3] (sciencing by brock cooper, 2017)

[4] (Digital Handyman LLC and Jay D Rogers, 2018)

[5] (Appear Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2015)

[6] (blogmotomail, 2018)