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Transformers
Driving
emf (V) V mmf (F) At
Force
Field
Intensity ∫ E . dl = V V ∫ H . dl = I A
Relationship
Ferromagnetic Material
d d
Vp N p Vs Ns
dt dt
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 8
Principle of Operation
Conservation of Energy
d d
E E
dt dt 9
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers
Principle of Operation
• The primary winding is connected to an alternating
voltage source, which results in an alternating flux
whose magnitude depends on
- the input voltage magnitude and
- the number of turns of the primary
winding
Vp Np Vp Vs
Vs Ns Np Ns
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 14
Transformer Analysis
Current relationship
To find the relationship between the currents we apply
Ampere’s Law, which states that the mmf around a
closed path is given by
H .dl Ni
For the ideal transformer the net mmf around the
magnetic circuit is ‘0’; hence IP and IS are the primary
and secondary currents, respectively, then :
Np Is
NpI p NsIs 0
Ns I p
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 15
Transformer Analysis
Conservation of Energy
VpI p VsIs
Np Is Vp Is
Ns I p Vs I p
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 16
Transformer Analysis
Ideal Transformer Equivalent Circuit
2250
Ip 2 50 A
90
Vp Np Ns
Vs Vp
Vs Ns Np
2250
Vs 200 5000 V
90
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 19
Actual Transformers
• Resistance of the windings
• Not all of the flux produced by one winding
links with the other i.e. there is flux leakage
• Energy used by core (hysteresis) and Eddy
Currents induced
• The core saturates
• Permeability is finite
Power transformer
On site at substation
3, 5-500 kVA (small),
500 kVA - 7500 kVA (medium),
7500 kVA - 100 MVA (large),
> 100 MVA (extra large)
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 27
Practical Transformers
Generator transformer
3, 15kV - 230kV, 700 MVA
R1 jX1 jX2 R2
IIN I1 N1:N2 I2
INL
Im
Io
V1 Primary Secondary V2
Ro jXm
Im
Io
V1
Ro jXm
2
It would be easier for calculations to refer N1
all losses on one side of the transformer.
R2 R2
N2
2
How did we get this??? N1
X 2 X 2
N2
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 32
Equivalent Circuit jX1 jX2
IIN I1 R1 I2 R2
N1:N2
INL
Im
Io Primary Secondary
V1 V2
Ro jXm
Z R jX
Slosses I 2Z
S P jQ
2
Ssec_ losses I2 2Z2 -Represented on the secondary side
S I Z
Ssec_ losses I12Z2' -Represented on the primary side
Im
Io Primary Secondary
V1 V2
Ro jXm
2
All secondary impedances N1
Req R1 R2
referred to the primary side
2
N
2
N1
What about referring to the X eq X1 X 2
secondary side? N2
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 35
Referring Impedances
2
N2
N1
N1:N2
Primary Secondary
VNL Vout
100
Vout
Output voltage magnitude Output voltage magnitude
without load with load
Dividing by I2
𝑉2 cos 𝜃
𝜂= 2 × 100
𝐼𝑜 𝑅𝑜
𝑉2 cos 𝜃 + + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒𝑞
𝐼2
0.251
6600
INL Io jIm Xm
0.968
6.82 k
N2
E2 E1 V2
Andrew Balgobin N1 ECNG 1007 - Transformers 44
Example – Solution
b) (i) To perform calculations on primary side
R1 jX1 jX2 R2
IIN I1 N1:N2 I2
INL
Im
Io
V1 Primary Secondary V2
Ro jXm
2
N1
Refer impedances to primary Zeq Z1 Z2
2 N2
6600
Req 1.56 0.005 5.68
230 𝑁
Since 𝑁1 =
𝑉p_rated
2 𝑉s_rated
6600
2
cos1 0.8
I1 15.15 36.87A
36.87
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 46
Example – Solution
Voltage drop
VR2eq6600
jX eq 15.15
5.68 j17.84
36.87
18.72
18.78 72.34
71.76
VE21 6600
2
6600015.15
284.52
15.15 36.87
34.89
36.87 18.72
18.78 72.34
71.76
E211
V 6600
6600
6600 283.61
284.52
233.38 35.47
34.89 230.98 j164.57
6600
j162.75
E1
V 6600
6600 233.38
6369 164.57j162.75
j233.38 j6371.13
162.75 1.48 V
2
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 47
Example – Solution
Refer primary voltage to secondary side
E1 6371.13 1.48 V
N2 𝑁 𝑉
E2 E1 V2 Since 𝑁2 = 𝑉2
1 1
N1
230
V2 6371.13 1.48 V 222 1.48 V
6600
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 48
Load Calculations (2)
Im
Io
V1 Primary Secondary V2
Ro jXm
2
N2
Refer impedances to secondary Zeq Z2 Z1
230
2
N1
Req 0.005 1.56 0.0069
6600 𝑁 𝑉
Since 𝑁2 = 𝑉 s_rated
2 1
230
p_rated
cos1 0.8
I2 434.78 36.87A
36.87
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers 51
Example – Solution
Refer primary voltage to secondary side
V1 E1 66000 V
N2 𝑁 𝑉
E2 E1
Since 𝑁2 = 𝑉2
1 1
1
N
230
E2 66000 V 2300 V
6600 52
Andrew Balgobin ECNG 1007 - Transformers
Example – Solution
6600
R2eq
V jX eq 0.0069
15.15 j 0.0217
36.87 18.78
0.0228 72.36
71.76
V2 230
6600 0 15.15 34.89
434.78
284.52 18.78
36.87
36.87 71.76
0.0228 72.36
E21 230
V 284.52
66009.91 35.49 230 8.07 j 5.75
j162.75
34.89
233.38
E21 6600
V 233.38
221.93 j 5.75 222 V
1.48
j162.75 Same answer
No Load
2 2
Losses Io Ro I1 Req
0.251 26300 15.15 5.68
2 2