© 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.

org
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

Atlas of
Stress-Strain Curves

Second Edition

INTERNATIONAL

The Materials
Information Society

Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

www.asminternational.org
© 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

Copyright © 2002
by
ASM International®
All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

First printing, December 2002

Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NO WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to
be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publi-
cation is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material
use are outside of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this information. No claim of
any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication, and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount
than the purchase price of this product or publication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED
SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE
FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE
NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to specification is
essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended.

Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in con-
nection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or
trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent, copy-
right, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement.

Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.

Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001–2002), Charles A. Parker, Chair.
Prepared with assistance from the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee, P.J. Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
Director of Reference Publications.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Atlas of stress-strain curves.—2nd ed.

p. cm.
SAN: 204-586—T.p. verso.
ISBN: 0-87170-739-X
1. Stress-strain curves—Atlases. 2. Metals—Testing. I. ASM International.

TA460 .A86 2002

620.1'63—dc 21
2002027674

ASM International®
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org

Printed in the United States of America

© 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Ferrous Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cast Iron (CI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Carbon Steel (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Alloy Steel (AS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
High-Strength Steel (HS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Stainless Steel (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Tool Steel (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Nonferrous Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Cast Aluminum (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Wrought Aluminum (WA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Aluminum Laminates (LA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Copper (Cu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Magnesium (Mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Nickel (Ni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Titanium (Ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Alloy Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

UNS Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

iii
© 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved.
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves (#06825G)
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, forma-
bility, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the per-
formance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of Stress-
Strain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and Stress-
Rupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful materials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years ago—with the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database Committees—ASM International embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
● Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
● Seek out curves with a “pedigree” so readers can trace the source of
the information and have some indication regarding its reliability
● Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, spec-
imen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect materials performance and may be helpful when inter-
preting the curves
● Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in
achieving these objectives in this edition.
iv
www.asminternational.org
Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would
like to thank those who have contributed to, or assisted, this effort.
First and foremost, ASM International thanks the materials researchers
who created the original curves—without their efforts this volume
would not exist.
Donna M. Walker, FASM, Stressolvers Inc., and Veronica Flint,
ASM staff, initiated the project to revise and expand this book. ASM
International thanks them for their efforts in helping to define the
goals for this project and in acquiring many of the new curves to be
added to the book.
Special thanks are extended to Special Metals, Gil Kaufman,
FASM, Kaufman Associates, and Bruce Boardman, FASM, Deere &
Company, for their contributions of stress-strain curves.
Hiro Okamoto and his associates performed the huge task of
redrawing the curves to normalize their presentation, and we are grate-
ful for their accurate and timely work.
The organization and final quality of the data as seen in the book
are my responsibility, and any errors, omissions, or misclassifications
of alloys are mine. I thank Heather Lampman, the principal copy edi-
tor, and the members of the ASM International production staff, who
have worked diligently to keep any errors to a minimum. However, in
any endeavor of this scope, there will be mistakes. Corrections, com-
ments, and criticisms are invited.
It should be noted that most of the data included in this book are
not specified as being minimum, typical, or having any defined confi-
dence level associated with them. The reader may want to refer to the
source of a particular curve to find additional details. The
“Introduction” in this book provides a review of the information that
can be extracted from stress-strain curves, a clarification of terms used
in describing mechanical behavior, and a guide to the limitations of the
accuracy and precision of the information given.
Charles Moosbrugger
Technical Editor
ASM International
 ASM International is the society for materials
engineers and scientists, a worldwide network
dedicated to advancing industry, technology, and
applications of metals and materials.

ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA

www.asminternational.org
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Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves 06825G

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information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannot guarantee that favorable results will be
obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication is intended for use by persons having
technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions of product or material use are
outside of ASM's control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection with any use of this
information. As with any material, evaluation of the material under end-use conditions prior to
specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions is recommended.
Nothing contained in this publication shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale,
use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or
system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this
publication shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters patent,
copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for such infringement.