Chapter 19 – Revision of Chapters 1–18

Solutions to Technology-free questions

1 f (g(x)) = f (3x + 1) 4 a f 0 (x) = 7(5x3 − 3x)6 × (15x2 − 3)
= (3x + 1)2 + 6 = 21(5x2 − 1)(5x2 − 3x)6
= 9x2 + 6x + 7 = 21x6 (5x2 − 1)(5x2 − 3)6

2 Infinitely many solutions if the b f 0 (x) = 2e4x + 2x × 4e4x

determined of the coefficients matrix is = 2e4x (1 + 4x)
zero, i.e.

lc

3  f 0 (0) = 2 × 1 × 1
=0
4 (lc + 2) =2

lc (lc + 2) − 12 = 0
lc2 + 2lc − 12 = 0 5 a !
d 2 1
(lc + 1) − 13 = 0
2
x loge (2x) = 2x loge (2x) + x2 ×
√ dx x
lc = −1 ± 13 !
= x(1 + 2 loge 2x)
" 0# " #" #
x 2 0 x
3 = b
y0 0 −3 y (2x + 1) cos(x) − 2 sin(x)
f 0 (x) =
(2x + 1)2
" #
2x
=
−3y π π π
! ! !
2 × + 1 cos − 1 sin
x0 = 2x and y0 = −3y 0 π
!
2 2 2
f = 2
1 1 2 π
!
x = x0 and y = − y0 2× +1
2 3 2
1 1 0 1
y = becomes − y = 2
x 3 1 0 =−
x (π + 1)2
2
6
i.e. y0 = − 0 or in terms of
x 6 a f 0 (x) = esin(2x) × 2 cos(2x)
6
x, y; y = −
x = 2 cos(2x)esin(2x)
Reflection in x-axis, dilation by factor
2 from y-axis, dilation by factor 3
from x-axis, OR (using the final rule)
reflection in x-axis, then dilation by
factor 6 from the x-(or y-) axis.

776
 b f 0 (x) = 3 tan(2x) + 3x × 2 sec2 (2x) x = 2 and y = 1
= 3 tan(2x) + 6x sec2 (2x) x=0: y=1−
4
0−2
0 π
! ! !
2π 2 2π
f = 3 tan + 2π sec = 1 − (−2)
3 3 3
√ 1 =3
= −3 3 + 2π × !
2π 4
cos 2 y=0: =1
3 x−2
√ = x−2=4
= −3 3 + 2π × 4
√ x=6
= 8π − 3 3
The intercepts are (6, 0) and (0, 3)
check the endpoint of the domain:
4
7 sin(2x) − cos(2x) = 0 x = −1: y = 1 −
−1 − 2
sin(2x) = cos(2x) 4
=1+
tan(2x) = 1 3
π 7
2 x = + nπ =
4 3
π(4n + 1)
=
4
π(4n + 1)
x= ,n ∈ Z
8

2π
8 a Amplitude = 4, period = =π
2
b
10 a y = 5e x−1 − 3
interchange x and y and solve for y:
x = 5ey−1 − 3
5ey−1 = x + 3
x+3
ey−1 = loge
5
4 x+3
!
9 y = f (x) = 1 − y − 1 = loge
x−2 5
x → ±∞, y → 1; x → 2, y → ±∞
x+3
!
S, the asymptotes have equations y = f (x) = loge
−1
+1
5

b range of f = (−3, ∞) = domain

of f −1

777
 1 π π 4a + b = 3 ...
!
5x 1
11 cos = ,− ≤ x ≤
2 2 2 2 dy
General solution is given by = 0 when x = −1
dx
5x π
= ± + 2nπ
2 3 dy
b = 3ax2 + b
2π 4nπ dx
x=± +
15 15 = 0 when x = −1, so
2π
n = 0: x = ± 3a + b = 0 ...
2
15
2π 4π 1 :
c - 2 a=3
n = 1: x = ± +
15 5 Substitute into :
2 b = −3 × 3
2π 14π = −9
= , (outside internal)
3 15
2π 4π
n = −1:x = ± −
3 5 15 a y = g(x) = 3 − e2x
14π 2π
=− , − (outside internal) Interchange x and y and solve for y.
15 3 x = 3 − e2y
2π 2π
Solutions are x = − ,
15 15 e2y = 3 − x
2 y = loge (3 − x)
12 g(u + v) = 5(u + v)2 1
y = g−1 (x) = loge (3 − x)
= 5(u + 2uv + v )
2 2
2
g(u + v) = 5(u − v)2 domain of g−1 = range of g = (−∞, 3)

= 5(u2 − 2uv + v2 ) b y = g(g−1 (x))

g(u + v) + g(u − v) = 10(u2 + v2 ) = x, with domain(−∞, 3)
= 2(5u2 + 5v2 )
= 2(9(u) + g(v))

Z 4
1
13 Average value = e x dx
4−0 0
" #4
1 x
= e
4 0
16 a The graph of y = f (x) is continuous
1
= (e4 − 1) and appears to be ‘smooth’ at (0, 1),
4
so the derivative exists of x = 0
where the gradient appears to be zero.
14 a x = 0, y = 6: 6=0+0+c The gradient is positive for all other
c=6 value of x. The graph of y = f 0 (x) is
shown below.
x = −2, y = 0: 0 = −8a − 2b + 6

778
 π π π π
2x = · · · − − π, , − + π, − + 2π, · · ·
3 3 3 3
4π π 2π 5π
2x = · · · − , − , , , · · ·
3 3 3 3
2π π π 5π
x = ··· − ,− , , ,···
3 6 3 6
π π π π
! !
since x ∈ , ∪ , , the solution
4 4 4 4
π π

3
are x = − , .
−8x x ≤ 0
 6 3
b f (x) = 
0

8x3

otherwise
(Note that f (0) = 0 as expected.)
0 20 X is normal with mean 84 and standard
derviation 6.
1
17 f (x) = loge ( 1 − 3x) + c a Pr(X > 84) = Pr(Z > 0)
−3
1 = 0.5
= − loge ( 1 − 3x) + c
3
b Pr(78 < X < 90)
!
3 78 − 84 90 − 84
18 y = f (x) = +3 = Pr <Z<
2x − 1 6 6
Intercharge x and y and solve for y
3 = Pr(−1 < Z < 1)
x= +3
2y − 1 = Pr(Z < 1) − Pr(Z > 1)
3
= x−3 = Pr(Z < 1) − Pr(Z > 1)
2y − 1
2y − 1 1 = Pr(Z < 1) − (1 − Pr(Z < 1)
=
3 x−3 = 2 Pr(Z < 1) − 1
3
2y − 1 = = 2 × 0.84 − 1
x−3
3 = 0.68
2y = +1
x−3
3+x−3 c Pr(X < 78 | X < 84)
= 0
x−3 Pr(0 X < 780 ∩0 X < 84 )
x =
= Pr(X < 840 )
x−3 Pr(X < 78)
x =
y = f −1 (x) = Pr(X < 84)
2(x − 3)
Pr(X < 78) = Pr(Z < −1)
√ = 1 − Pr(Z < 1)
19 tan(2x) = − 3
= 1 − 0.84
= 0.16

779
 Pr(X < 84) = 0.5 dy 1 − 2
Also, = x 3
dx 3
0.16
Pr(X < 78 | X < 84) = 1
0.5 =
3
= 0.32 2
if x− 3 = 1
Z 3 x−2 = 1
x
21 a Pr(X < 3) = dx
1 24
x2 = 1
x = ±1
" 2 #3
x
=
48 1 1
x = −1, y = −1:y + 1 = (x + 1)
9−1 3
= 1 2
48 ⇒y= x−
1 3 3
= 1
6 x = −1, y = −1:y + 1 = (x + 1)
3
Z 7
x 1 2
b Pr(X ≥ b) = dx ⇒y= x−
b 24 3 3
" 2 #7 2
x Hence a = ±
= 3
48 b
49 − b2
= 23 a b = 16 − 4a2
48
3 A = area XYZW
=
8 = 2 ab
if 49 − b = 18
2
= 2 a(16 − 4 a2 )
b2 = 31
√ = 32a − 8a3
b = 31, since b ∈ [1, 7]
dA
b = 32 − 24a2
da
1 =0
22 The gradient of the tangent is
3
32
lf a2 =
24
4
=
3
2
a=±√
3
√
2 3
=±
3 √
2 3
But a > 0, so a = , and
3

780
 √
128 3 G → G → R → R or
A= .
9 G → R → G → R or
(This clearly correspond, to a
maximum since a ∈ [0, 2] and A = 0 G→R→R→G
for a = 0 or a = 2. Alternately check where G = goes to gym, and
the sign of the derivative.)
R = goes for run
Required probability = 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.6
Z 3
24 (−3x2 + 2bx + 9) dx = 32 + 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.5
−1
" #3 + 0.5 × 0.6 × 0.4
−x + bx + 9x
3 2
= 32 = 0.15 + 0.10
−1
(−27 + 9b + 27) − (1 + b − 9) = 32 + 0.12
8b + 8 = 32 = 0.37
8b = 24
b=3 28 a Volume = area cross-section × height
1 2
= xh
25 0.36 2
= 2000

26 a Mean of X = E(X) x2 h = 4000

4000
= 0 × 0.6 + | × 0.2 + 2 × 0.15 h=
x2
+ 3 × 0.0
b The hypotenuse of the right-angled√
= 0.65 triangle cross-section has length 2x.
the mean is $0.65. The surface area is made up of three
vertical rectangles and two equal
b Pr(same amount) = Pr(0& 0 or 1&1 triangular ends.
√ 1
or 2 & 2 or 3 & 3) A = 2xh + xh + xh + 2 × x2
2
= 0.62 + 0.22 √
= xh(2 + 2) + x 2

+ 0.152 + 0.052 4000 √

= x × 2 × (2 + 2) + x2
= 0.36 + 0.04 x
√
+ 0.0225 + 0.0025 4000 2 + 8000
= + x2
x
= 0.425

27 The possible sequences are:

781
 √
dA 4000 2 + 8000 as the electoral role.
c =− + 2x
dx x2
=0
√ 30 a p̂ = 0.53
if 2x3 = 4000 2 + 8000 r
√ p̂(1 − p̂
i.e. x3 = 2000 2 + 4000 b p̂ ± 1.96
n
√ r
= 2000(2 + 2) 0.53 × 0.47
= 0.53 ± 1.96
100

29 a No, these people may all be at the

31 a p̂ = 0.37
same restaurant because they have
something in common eg may be
r
p̂(1 − p̂
members of a tennis club, and may b M = 1.96
r n
have better reaction times than 0.37 × 0.63
average = 1.96
n

b Use a random selection method such c Halving n will increase

√ the margin of
error by a factor of 2

782
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
Z −2
1 B Write the equations in matrix form: 2
5 C k= dx
−6 x
" #" # " #
m −2 x 0
= #−2
6 −(m + 4) y
"
0
= 2 loge |x|
These will be a unique solution if the −6
coefficients matrix has a non-zero = 2 loge 2 − 2 loge 6
determinant, i.e. x
= 2 loge
 
m −2  6
,0
6 −(m + 4)

12
!
= loge
= m(m + 4) − (−2)(6) , 0 3
−m2 − 4m + 12 , 0 1
= loge
9
m2 + 4m − 12 , 0 1
ek =
(m − 2)(m + 6) , 0 9 Z b
1
m , 2, − 6 6 D Average value = f (x) dx
So m ∈ R\{−6, 2} b−a a
1
π
! =
2 A Since sin = 1, then 3 − (−1)
2 Z 3
π loge (x + 2) dx
2x = + 2nπ −1
2
π 5 loge 5 − 4
x = nπ + =
4 4
using the integral command of a
3 D f (x − y) = (x − y)3 CAS calculator.
, x3 − y3 = f (x) − f (y) Z π
7 A 1 2 sin(2x) dx
Checking the other options shows Average value = π
− 0 0
each one is true. 2
" # π2
2 1
4 B The graph of f has! a sharp point at = − cos(2x)
π 2
4 4 0
x = − , so f 0 − is not defined. !
5 5 2 1 1
= − cos(π) + cos(0)
Hence the graph of f 0 is discontinu- π 2 2
4
ous at x = − . 2
5 =
Checking the other points shows that π
each one is true.

783
 " # " 0#
x x 10 D
8 D → 0 so that Pr(X > a) = 0.25
y y
" 0# " #" # " # π
x 3 0 x 5
Z
2
0 = + sin(2x) dx = 0.25
y 0 1 y 1 a
" # " # " 0# " #
3 0 x x 5 " # π2
= 0 − 1
0 1 y y 1 − cos(2x) = 0.25
2 a
" 0 #
x 5 1 1
= 0 − cos(π) + cos(2a) = 0.25 − (−1) + cos(2a)
y 1 2 2
1 
= 0.25 cos(2a) = −0.5
 3 0
 
Multiply both sides by   , the 2π
0 1 2a =

" # 3
3 0 π
inverse of
0 1
. a=
3
" #  1  " 0 # ≈ 1.05
x 0  x −5
=  3  0

y 0 1 y −1 4
11 C V = πr3
 1 0
  3
(x − 5)

=  3 dV
0
 = 4πr2
y −1
 dr
dV dV dr
1 =
Hence x = (x0 − 5) and y = y0 − 1 dt dr dt
3
The image of y = x2 has equation = 4π r2 × 4
1
y1 − 1 = (x0 − 5)2 = 16π r2
9
9y = (x0 − 5)2 + 9
0 When r = 2:
In terms of x and y: dV
= 16π × 4
dt
f (x) 3 = f (y)
 
9 C
= 64π cm3 /min
e3x 3 = e3y


Z 2k x
e =e
3y 9x
12 A (1 + 2e k ) dx = 1
0
3y = 9x " #2k
x
y = 3x x+ 2ke k =1
0

(2k + 2ke ) − (2k) = 1

2

2ke2 = 1
1
k=
2e2
1
= e−2
2

784
 7.5 − 8 Z 4
13 A Pr(X < 7.5) = Pr(Z < 1
0.25
) 17 C E(x) = x2 dx
8 0
= Pr(Z < −2) 1  1 3 4
= x
= Pr(Z > 2) 8 3 0
!
1 64
14 B x2 + 12x = 2kx − 2 =
8 3
x2 + (12 − 2k)x + 2 = 0
8
Quadratic has two solutions if =
3
(12 − 2k)2 − 4(1)(2) > 0
4k2 − 48k + 144 − 8 > 0 18 A Since f (2) does not exist, since
k2 − 12k + 34 > 0 loge 0 is undefined, the graph
(k − 6)2 −√2 > 0 of y = f (x) = 4 loge (x − 2)4 is
√
(k − 6 − √ 2)(k − 6 + √ 2) > 0 symmetrical about the asymptote
k < 6 − 2 or k > 6 + 2 x = 2. For a one-one function, the
domain must be restricted and for
15 a domain of [a, ∞), we must have
D e4x − 7e2x + 12 = 0 a > 2 of the available options, only
(e2x − 3)(e2x − 4) = 0 the first fits.
e2x = 3, 4
19 A e2x+4 − 3 = e2(x+2) − 3
2x = loge 3, loge 4
= f (2(x + 2)) − 3
1 1
x = loge 3, loge 4 So transform the graph of y = f (x)
2 2 using this sequences:
√
= loge 3, loge 2
1
√  dilation of factor = 0.5 from the
( )
Solution set = loge 3, loge 2 2
y-axis

3  translations of 2 left and 3 down

16 B Reflection in x – axis: −7x 2 3
Translated 3 units right: −7(x − 3) 2 The
Translated 4 units down: " dilation
# can be represented by
0.5 0
3
−7(x − 3) 2 − 4 0 1
The equation of the new graph is The
" #translation can be represented by
3 −2
y = −7(x − 3) 2 − 4
−3
" #! " #" # " #
x 0.5 0 x 2
T = −
y 0 1 y 3

785
20 E f 0 (x) = g0 (x), so For no solutions, the determinant of
f (x) = g(x) + c the coefficients matrix is zero, i.e.
(m − 4)(m − 3) − 12 = 0
Now f (1) = 2 and g(x) = −x f (x), so
So f (x) = g(x) + 4 m2 − 7m = 0

1 m(m − 7) = 0 → m = 0 or m = 7
21 A If f (x) = , then m = 0: Equations are −4x + by = 6
x
! and 2x − 3y = 10, which have no
xy 2
f = solution.
2 xy
m = 7: Equations are 3x + 6y = 6
1 1 and 2x + 4y = 4, which are
=2× ×
x y both equal to x + 2y = 2.
= 2 f (x) f (y) (x, y , 0)
Checking the other options shows
none fit. 24 D n = 1000, p̂ = 0.52
95% CI = (0.489,0.551)
22 E E(x) = 0 × a + 1 × b + 2 × 0.6
= b + 1.2 25 C The candidate needs more than 50
% of the vote to win. Based on the
= 1.6 if b = 0.4 confidence interval they will get
Then a + 0.4 + 0.6 = 1 → a = 0
between 48.9% and 55.1% of the
23 E "In matrix form: vote- they might win but its too close
#" # " #
m−4 6 x 6 to tell.
=
2 m−3 y 2m − 10

786
Solutions to extended-response questions
16x3 + 4x2 + 1
1 a i y=
2x2
dy 2x2 (48x2 + 8x) − 4x(16x3 + 4x2 + 1)
= (quotient rule)
dx (2x2 )2
96x4 + 16x3 − 64x4 − 16x3 − 4x
=
4x4
32x4 − 4x 8x3 − 1
= =
4x4 x3
dy
= 0 implies 8x3 − 1 = 0
dx
1
x3 =
8
1
∴ x=
2 !
1
∴ Stationary point at , 8
2

1
ii y = 8x + 2 + x−2 (achieved by dividing
2
by 2x2 )
Addition of coordinates gives the shape
of the graph.
To establish minimum:
when x = 0.25, y = 12
80 8
when x = 0.75, y= =8
9 9
or gradient
dy
when x = 0.25, = −56
dx
dy 152
when x = 0.75, =
dx 27

i ∆QPC
˙ ∼ ∆ABC

787
 and both are right
√ angled triangles. By Pythagoras’ Theorem
BC = 132 − 52 = 12
PC QP
and =
BC AB
12 − x y
∴ =
12 5
60 − 5x
and y =
12
x(60 − 5x)
ii Area of the rectangle A = xy =
12
iii The practical domain for A is 0 ≤ x ≤ 12
By the properties of parabolas for which the coefficient of x2
is negative, maximum point has coordinates (6, 15).
5x2
Alternately: A = 5x −
12
dA 5x
=5−
dx 6
dA
= 0, implies x = 6
dx
6(60 − 5 × 6)
when x = 6, A = = 15
12
2
∴ maximum area is 15 cm

x 0 1 3
2 a
y 6 0 0
y = k(x − p)(x − q)
Since y = 6 when x = 0, 6 = kpq 1
Also 0 = k(x − p)(x − q)
implies x = p or x = q
hence p = 1 and q = 3 as p<q
From equation 1 k=2

b i For y = m(x − p)2 (x − q)

As before p = 1 and q = 3
Now as then x = 2, y = 2
2 = m(2 − 1)2 (2 − 3)
∴ m = −2 (Note: when x = 0, y = 6)

788
ii y = −2(x − 1)2 (x − 3)
" #
= −2 (x − 2x + 1)(x − 3)
2

= −2[x3 − 2x2 + x − 3x2 + 6x − 3]

= −2[x3 − 5x2 + 7x − 3]
= −2x3 + 10x2 − 14x + 6

dy
iii = −6x2 + 20x − 14
dx
dy
= 0 implies −6x2 + 20x − 14 = 0
dx
→ −2(3x2 − 10x + 7) = 0
→ (3x − 7)(x − 1) = 0
7
→ x = or x = 1
3

7 64
When x = 1, y = 0, When x = ,y= .
3 27  7 64 
There is a local min at (1,0) and a local max at , .
3 27
dy 11 1
Note: = − when x =
dx 2 2
dy
= 2 when x = 2
dx
dy
= −1.5 when x = 2.5
dx
A gradient chart illustrates the nature of the stationary points
1 1 1
x<1 1 1<x<2 2 x>2
3 3 3
dy
sign of –ve 0 +ve 0 –ve
dx
shape \ – / – \

789
3 a y = ax − x2
When y = 0
x(a − x) = 0
∴ x = 0, or x = a
By symmetry turning point occurs
when
a
x=
2
a a a
x = When y = 2 (a − 2 )
2
a2
=
4
#a
ax2 x3
"
Ra
b 0 ax − x dx =
2
−
2 3 0
3 3
a a
= −
2 3
3
a
=
6
a3
∴ The area is square units.
6
a a  a 2
c i When x = , y = a × −
3 3 3
2 2
a a
= −
3 9
2
2a
=
9
2a 2a2
when x = , y = by symmetry
3 9

790
 2
3a
R
ii 1 ax − x2 dx
3a
# 23 a
ax2 x3
"
= −
2 3 1
3a
a 4 2 8a3  a 1 2 1 3 
= × a − − × a − a
2 9 81 2 9 81
2a3 a3 8a3 1
= − − + a1
9 18 81 81
a3
" #
9
= 18 − − 8 + 1
81 2
13a3
=
162
a 2a2
Area of the rectangle = ×
3 9
3
12a
=
162
a3
∴ required area = square units
162
2
R
3a 2a2
Note: This area may also be found by evaluating 1 ax − x2 − dx
3a
9

4 a Equation of line
!
1.5 − 0
y= x + 1.5
0−3
1 3
=− x+
2 2

b i y = sin θ + 2 cos θ
dy
∴ = cos θ − 2 sin θ
dθ
dy
ii = 0 implies cos θ = 2 sin θ
dθ
1
which implies tanθ = (cos θ , 0)
2
−1 1
 
∴ θ = tan ≈ 26.570
2

−1 1
 
iii y ≈ 2.2361 when θ = tan
2
∴ (26.57, 2.2361) are the coordinates
 of the stationary point. The following
1 √ 
shows the exact coordinates to be tan−1


, 5.
2
791
 !
1
iv A maximum occurs when θ = tan −1
2
!! !!
1 1
Note: sin tan −1
+ 2 cos tan−1
2 2
1 2
= √ +2× √
5 5
5 √
= √ = 5
5
√
∴ r= 5
√
∴ y = 5 sin(θ + α)
2
when θ = 0, y = 2 ∴ sin α = √
5
"
∴ α = 63.435◦ The smallest positive solution is chosen.
#
Any solution will work.
√
∴ y= 5 sin(θ + 63.435)

c i coordinates of Q = (2 sin θ, 2 cos θ)

ii Q is on the line with equation

1 3
y=− x+
2 2

792
 3
∴ 2 cos θ = − sin θ +
2
3
∴ 2 cos θ + sin θ +
2
i.e. 4 cos θ + 2 sin θ = 3
3
iii 2 cos θ + sin θ =
2
From (b)(iv)
√
!!
−1 2 3
5 sin θ + sin √ =
5 2
!!
2 3
sin θ + sin−1 √ = √
5 2 5
! ! !
−1 2 3 3
∴ θ + sin √ = sin −1
√ or 180 − sin −1
√
5 2 5 2 5
! ! ! !
2 −1 2 3 −1 2
∴ θ = sin −1
√ − sin √ or 180 − sin −1
√ − sin √
2 5 5 2 5 5
= −21.3045 or 74.4346
for 0◦ < θ ≤ 90◦ , required answer θ = 74.4346◦
Alternative Method to find the point Q
Q can be considered to be on a circle
radius 2 km centre 0.
The equation of this circle is x2 + y2 = 4

∴ Solve simultaneously the equations

x2 + y2 = 4 1
1 3
and y = − x + 2
2 2
Substitute from 2 into 1
 1 3 2
∴ − x+ + x2 = 4
2 2
∴ 9 − 6x + x2 + 4x2 = 16
5x2 − 6x − 7 = 0
√
6 ± 36 − 4 × −7 × 5
∴x=
10
√
6 ± 176
=
10
√ √
6 ± 4 11 3 ± 2 11
x= =
10 5

793
 √
3 + 2 11
x must be positive ∴ x =
√ 5
3 + 2 11
i.e. 2 sin θ =
5
√
3 + 2 11
i.e. sin θ =
10
θ = 74.4346◦

5 a i Area of OXYZ = x2 cm2

1
Area of ABY = × 10 × (10 − x)
2
= 5(10 − x) cm2
∴ total area A = x2 + 50 − 5x
= x2 − 5x + 50

ii domain = (0, 10)

iii

iv minimum area = 43.75 cm2

1
b i f (x) = × base × height
2
1
= × AX × XY
2
1
= (10 − x)x domain = (0, 10)
2

794
 ii Maximum area of AY X = 12.5cm2
This occurs when x = 5
When x = 5
Area of square OXYZ = 25 cm2
Area of triangle ABY = 25 cm2
Area of trapezium CBYZ = 37.5 cm2
∴ ratio of areas AY X: OXYZ:ABY : CBYZ
= 12.5 : 25 : 25 : 37.5
= 25 : 50 : 50 : 75
=1:2:2:3

t
6 f (t) = 1000(t2 − 10t + 44)e− 10 0 ≤ t ≤ 35
Using a CAS calculator it is interesting to graph the function for t ∈ [0, 35].
!!
t 1 t
a i f (t) = 1000(2t − 10)e
0 − 10
− 1000 t − 10t + 44 e− 10
2
10
t
= 100e− 10 [20t − 100 − t2 + 10t − 44]
t
= 100e− 10 [30t − 144 − t2 ]
t
= −100e− 10 [t2 − 30t + 144]
" #
1 t t
ii f (t) = −100 − e− 10 (t2 − 30t + 144) + (2t − 30)e− 10
00
10
" #
t
= 10e − 10 2
t − 30t + 144 − 20t + 300
" #
t
= 10e − 10
t − 50t + 444
2

b i Increasing if f 0 (t) > 0

t 
−100e− 10 t2 − 30t + 144 > 0

i.e.
t
is equivalent to t2 − 30t + 144 < 0 as − 100e− 10 < 0 for all t
∴ (t − 24)(t − 6) < 0
∴ t ∈ (6, 24)
The number of unemployed was increasing for 6 < t < 24.

ii f 00 (t) < 0
t 
10 e− 10 t2 − 50t + 444 < 0


is equivalent to t2 − 50t + 444 < 0

First consider the equation

795
 t2 − 50t + 444 = 0
√
50 ± 502 − 4 × 444
t=
2
√
50 ± 724
=
2
√
= 25 ± 181 √ √
∴ t2 − 50t + 444 < 0 for t ∈ 25 − 181, 25 + 181

However, the domain of the function is [0, 35].

So f 00 (t) < 0 for t ∈ (11.546, 35)

iii (6. 24) ∩ (11.546, 38.454)

= (11.546, 24)

7 a i

A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis.

ii

1
A dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis.

iii

A reflection in the y-axis.

796
 iv

A reflection in the x-axis.

A translation of 2 to the left.

b f does not have an inverse function as it is not one-to-one.

d i g(x) = x2 (x − 2) and g : (2, ∞) → R

g0 (x) = 2x(x − 2) + x2 = x(2x − 4 + x) = x(3x − 4)
When x = 3g0 (x) = 15

ii (g ◦ g−1 )0 (x) =! 1 !
∴ g g (x) (g ) (x) = 1 (by the chain rule)
0 −1 −1 0

!0
1
∴ g −1
(x) = !
g0 g−1 (x)

797
 !0
1 1 1
∴ g −1
(9) = != =
g0 (3) 15
g0 g−1 (9)
dx 1 dy
This can also be shown by the result = dy , ,0
dy dx
dx

1
8 a i cos(0.1) ≈ 1 − (0.1)2 = 0.995
2
Actual value, correct to three decimal places = 0.995

ii cosx = 0.98
Consider the equation
1
1 − x2 = 0.98
2
∴ 2 − x2 = 1.96
0.04 = x2
x = ±0.2
Actual value correct to three decimal places x = ±0.2.00 ← (±0.200)
1
b i Let f (x) = 1 − x2
2
A reflection in the x-axis is given by
1
g(x) = − f (x) = x2 − 1
2
A translation of π units in the positive direction of the x-axis if given by
1
h(x) = g(x − π) = (x − π)2 − 1
2
1
ii h(3) = (3 − π)2 − 1 ≈ −0.98998
2
(Actual cos(3) = −0.98999 correct to five decimal places.)

3x2
a Area of a triangle RBS = area of triangle PDQ = cm2
2
1
Area of a triangle CPS = area of triangle ARQ = × (30 − 3x)(10 − x)
2

798
 ∴ Area of parallelogram = 300 − 3x2 − 3(10 − x)2
= [300 − 3x2 − 3(100 − 20x + x2 )]
= (60x − 6x2 ) cm2

b 0 < 3x < 30 and 0 < x < 10

∴ 0 < x < 10

c A = 60x − 6x2
dA
and = 60 − 12x
dx
dA
= 0 implies x = 5
dx
Since the expression is quadratic with negative coefficient of x2 a local maximum at
(5, 150).

10 a i

From triangle OT P
1
= sin θ
OP
1
∴ OP =
sin θ
ii BQ = OP − NP
NP = T P as ∆QNP is congment to ∆OT P
1
and T P =
tanθ
1 1
∴ BQ = −
sin θ tanθ

799
 1 cos θ
= −
sin θ sin θ
1 − cos θ
=
sin θ
1 1 − cos θ
!
1
b Area of the trapezium = +
2 sin θ sin θ
2 − cos θ
=
2 sin θ
2 − cos θ
c S =
2 sin θ

dS sin θ × 2 sin θ − 2 cos θ(2 − cos θ)

=
dθ (2 sin θ)2
2 sin2 θ − 4 cos θ + 2 cos2 θ
=
(2 sin θ)2
2 − 4 cos θ
=
4 sin θ
dS 2 − 4 cos θ π
d = 0 implies, 0<θ<
dθ 2 − 4 cos θ = 0 2
1
∴ cos θ =
2
π
∴ θ=
3
dS π
and < 0 when θ =
dθ 4
dS π
and > 0 when θ =
dθ 2
π
∴ a minimum when θ =
3

800
 1 √
π 3 12− 3
When θ = S = 2
√ = × √ =
3 3 2 3 2
2×
2
and AP = OP − 1
1
= −1
sin( π3 )
1
= √ −1
3
2
2
= √ −1
3
√
2− 3
= √
3
√
2 3−3
=
3
11

a i distance AP = acosθ
a
distance PB = × 2θ = aθ(for arc PB)
2
a cos θ
time for AP = 1
= 2a cos θ
2
aθ
time for PB = = aθ
1
∴ total time, T = a(θ + 2 cos θ)

801
 dy
b = 200(1 − 2 sin θ)
dθ
dy 1
= 0 implies sin θ =
dθ 2
π
∴ maximum when θ =
6

πa
c The minimum value for T is . This is obtained
2
by the dog running around outside of the lake.

12 a i f (x) = (x − 1) g(x) and f 0 (x) = (x − 1)h(x)

f 0 (x) = g(x) + (x − 1)g0 (x) (product rule)
∴ g(x) + (x − 1)g0 (x) = (x − 1)h(x)
∴ g(x) = (x − 1)h(x) − (x − 1)g0 (x)
= (x − 1)[h(x) − g0 (x)]
∴ (x − 1) is a factor of g(x)

ii F(1) = 1 − k − 3 + 2k − k + 2 = 0 where F(x) = x3 − kx2 − (3 − 2k)x − (k − 2)

F 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2kx − (3 − 2k)
∴ F 0 (1) = 3 − 2k − 3 + 2k = 0

iii By the factor theorem x − 1 is a factor of F(x) and F 0 (x).

∴ F(x) = (x − 1)g(x) and F 0 (x) = (x − 1)h(x) where g(x) and h(x) are
polynomials.
∴ x − 1 is a factor of g(x)
∴ F(x) = (x − 1)2 w(x) where w(x) is a linear polynomial)
(x2 − 2x + 1)(x − p) = x3 − kx2 − (3 − 2k)x − (k − 2)
∴ −p = −(k − 2)
i.e. p = k − 2
∴ F(x) = (x − 1)2 (x − (k − 2))
and F(x) = 0 implies x = 1 or x = k − 2

802
 b i For y = ax2 + bx + c
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
Given that (1, 1) is on the parabola and the
gradient is the same as y = x3 at x = 1 we have
a + b + c(1) = 1
 dy dy 
2a + b = 3(2) y = x3 , = 3x2 and when x = 1, =3
dx dx
From 2 b = 3 − 2a

From
1 c=1−a−b
= 1 − a − (3 − 2a)
= 1 − a − 3 + 2a
= −2 + a
=a−2

ii y = ax2 + (3 − 2a)x + a − 2
y = x3
to find Q consider
ax2 + (3 − 2a)x + a − 2 = x3
i.e. x3 − ax2 + (2a − 3)x + (2 − a) = 0
Let F(x) = x3 − ax2 + (2a − 3)x + (2 − a) (the polynomial of a)
∴ F(x) = (x − 1)2 (x − (a − 2))
∴ The parabola meets the curve y = x3 at the point ((a − 2), (a − 2)3 ) and
h = a − 2.

iii If a − 2 = −2, a = 0, b = 3 and c = −2

Q is the point of intersection of y = x3 with the straight line y = 3x − 2.
Note: y = 3x − 2 is the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x3 at the point
with coordinates (1, 1)

iv If a − 2 = −3, a = −1, b = 5 and c = −3

Q is the point of intersection of y = −x2 + 5x − 3 and y = x3

13

803
  t
a coordinates of A t,
2
coordinates of B(t, t(4 − t))
t 1 1
Length of AB = Z = t(4 − t) − = (8t − 2t2 − t) = (7t − 2t2 )
2 2 2
b For the intercepts consider:
1 
7t − 2t2 = 0
2
∴ t(7 − 2t) = 0
7
∴ t = 0 or t =
7 7 2
Note: , is the point of intersection of
2 4
x
y = and y = x(4 − x)
2

49 7
c The maximum value of Z = and this occurs when t = .
16 4
14 a Let X be the number of boys.
X is the random variable of a Binomial distribution.
!
4 3
i Pr(X = 2) = (0.5)2 (0.5)2 =
2 8

ii Pr(X = 1 | X ≥ 1) =?
Pr(X ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(X = 0)
= 1 − (0.5)4
15
=
16
4
Pr(X = 1) 1 (0.5)4 1 16 4
Pr(X = 1 | X ≥ 1) = = =4× × =
Pr(X ≥ 1) 15 16 15 15
16
b Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4

1 3 3 3 27
i Pr(all boys) = × × × =
2 5 5 5 250

804
 1 3 3 3 27
Pr (all girls) =× × × =
2 5 5 25 250
27 27 27
∴ Pr (same sex) = + =
250 250 125
1 2 2 2 8 4
ii Pr(BGBG) = × × × = =
2 5 5 5 250 125
1 2 2 2 8 4
Pr(GBGB) = × × × = =
2 5 5 5 250 125
8
∴ Pr(no two consecutive children will be of the same sex) =
125
iii Two males and two females. The possible combinations are BBGG GGBB
4! 24
BGBG Note: No. of ways of arranging = = =6
2! 2! 4
GBGB
BGGB
GBBG
1 3 2 3 18
Pr(BBGG) = × × × =
2 5 5 5 250
18
Pr(GGBB) =
250
4
Pr(BGBG) = (see part ii)
125

4
Pr(GBGB) = (see part ii)
125
1 2 3 2 12
Pr(BGGB) = × × × =
2 5 5 5 250
12
Pr(GBBG) =
250
18 + 18 + 8 + 8 + 12 + 12
∴ Pr(two males and two females) =
250
76
=
250
38
=
125
15 a

y = kx2
805
∴ b = ka2
b
∴ k= 2
a
b
b i Gradient of DB = and it passes through (−a, 0)
2a
b
∴ y − 0 = (x + a)
2a
b b
i.e. y = x+
2a 2
b 2
ii crosses y = x
a2
b b b
where x + = 2 x2
2a 2 a
Multiply both sides by 2a2
bax + ba2 = 2bx2
i.e. 2bx2 − bax − ba2 = 0
which implies
2x2 − ax − a2 = 0
∴ (2x + a)(x − a) = 0
a
∴ x = − or x = a
2
a
∴ at T x=−
2
b −a
  2 b
and y = 2 =
a 2 4
a b
∴ coordinates of T are − ,
2 4
Ra b 2
c Area = −a
b− x dx
a2
Ra x2
= 2b 0 1 − 2 dx (by symmetry)
a
#a
x3
"
= 2b x − 2
3a 0
a3
" #
= 2b a − 2
3a
" #
a
= 2b a −
3
4
= ab
3

806
 Z a !
b b b 2
d S1 = −a
x + − 2 x dx
2a 2 a
2
a
1 x2
Z
x
= b −a + − dx
2a 2 a2
2
" 2 #a
x x x3
=b + −
4a 2 3a2 − a
2
" 2 3
a2 a a3
! !#
a a a 1 1
=b + − − × − + ×
4a 2 3a2 4 4a 4 8 3a2
" !#
a a a a a a
=b + − − − +
4 2 3 16 4 24
ba
= [12 + 24 − 16 − (3 − 12 + 2)]
48
ba
= [20 + 7]
8
27ba 9ba
= =
48 16
4 9ba
Now S 2 = ab − from c
3 16
(64 − 27)ba 37ba
= =
48 48
∴ ratio S 1 : S 2 = 27:37

807
16 a Let X be the thickness of the washer
Let Y be the diameter of the hole
For X: µ = 0.25, σ = 0.002
For Y: µ = 0.5, σ = 0.05

i Pr(X < 0.253)

!
0.253 − 0.25
= Pr z <
0.002
!
3
= Pr Z <
2
= 0.9332

ii Pr(X < 0.247) !

0.247 − 0.25
= Pr Z <
0.002
!
3
= Pr Z < −
2
!
3
= 1 − Pr Z < −
2
= 1 − 0.9332
= 0.0668

iii Pr(Y > 0.56)

!
0.56 − 0.5
= Pr Z >
0.05
!
6
= Pr Z > −
5
= Pr(Z > 1.2)
= 1 − Pr(Z < 1.2)
= 0.1151

iv Pr(Y < 0.44) !

0.44 − 0.5
= Pr Z <
0.05
!
0.06
= Pr Z < −
0.05
= Pr(Z < −1.2)
= Pr(Z > 1.2)
= 0.1151

808
 b i Let A be the event 0.247 < X ≤ 0.253
Let B the event 0.44 ≤ Y ≤ 0.56
Pr(A) = Pr(X ≤ 0.253) − Pr(X ≤ 0.247)
= 0.9332 − 0.0668
= 0.8664
Pr(B) = Pr(Y ≤ 0.56) − Pr(Y ≤ 0.44)
= 0.8849 − 0.1151
= 0.7698
Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) Pr(B) X and Y are independent and therefore
= 0.8664 × 0.7698 A and B are independent events.
= 0.6670
∴ Probability of rejecting a washer is 0.333.
∴ 33.3% of washers are rejected.

ii Pr(A) = 0.8664
∴ expected number of washers of acceptable thickness in a batch of 1000 is
866.4.

iii Pr(A ∩ B0 ) = Pr(A) Pr(B0 )

= 0.8664 × (1 − 0.7698)
= 0.8664 × 0.2302
= 0.1994
∴ Expected number with acceptable thickness but not acceptable diameter is
199.4.

17 Let AC = x
Then CE =p90 − x
and CB = (90 − x)2 + 242
∴ total cost C = 100(90 − x) + 200(90 −
1
x)2 + 576) 2
"
dC 1 1
= −100 + 200 × ((90 − x)2 + 576)− 2 ×
dx 2
#
−2(90 − x)
dC 200(x − 90)
= 0 implies 100 = 1
dx
((90 − x)2 + 576) 2

809
 1
which implies [(90 − x)2 + 576] 2 = 2(x − 90)
∴ [(90 − x)2 + 576] = 4(x − 90)2
∴ 3(x − 90)2 = 576
24
∴ x − 90 = ± √
√3
∴ x = 90 ± 8 3
as 0 ≤ x ≤ √
90 √
x = 90 − 8 3, [x = 90 − 8 3, as 0 ≤ x ≤ 9.]
dC √ dC √
> 0 when x > 90 − 8 3 and < 0 when x < 90 − 8 3
dx dx
√
∴ a minimum when x = 90 − 8 3 ≈ 76.1436 m

dy
18 a i = −e−x
dx
dy
When x = n, = −e−n
dx
∴ equation of tangent is y − e−n = −e−n (x − n)
∴ y = −e−n x + e−n n + e−n

ii When y = 0
∴ e−n x = e−n n + e−n
x = n + 1(e−n , 0)
The line DB is a segment of the tangent at D.
Z n+1
e−x dx = [−e−x ]n+1
n
n
b i
= −(e−(n+1) − e−n )
= −e−n (e−1 − 1)
!
1 1
∴ area of region ABCD = n 1 −
e e
!
1 1
∴ The area under the curve y = e −x
between x = n and x = n + 1 is n 1 − .
e e

810
 1 1 1
∴ The area of the second part = n
− n+1 − n
e e 2e
1 1
= n − n+1
2e e
!
1 1 1
= n −
e 2 e
!
1 1 1 1
∴ The ratio of the two parts = n : n −
2e e 2 e
1 1 1
= : −
2 2 e
= e:e − 2

ii

Z n+1
The shaded area = −e−n x + e−n n + e−n dx
n
#n+1
e−n x2
"
= − + (e−n n + e−n )x
2 n
e (n + 1)−n 2
e−n n2
! !
= − + e (n + 1)(n + 1) − −
−n
+ e (n + 1)n
−n
2 2
e−n (n + 1)2
" 2 #
n
= −e − +n +n
−n 2
2 2
e−n
= [(n + 1)2 − (n2 + 2n)]
2
e−n 2
= [n + 2n + 1 − n2 − 2n]
2
e−n
=
2
19 a i Volume of cylinder = πr2 h
2
Volume of hemisphere = πr3
3
2 3
∴ total volume, V = πr + πr2 h
3
πr2
= (2r + 3h)
3

811
 ii Surface areas of capsule = surface area of hemisphere
+ curved surface of cylinder + base
= 2πr2 + 2πrh + πr2
= πr(3r + 2h)

b i If V = πa3
πr2
πa =
3
(2r + 3h)
3
3πa3 − 2πr3 = 3πr2 h
a3 2
∴h= − r
r2 3
3a3 − 2r3
=
3r2

ii S = πr(2h + 3r)
2 × (3a3 − 2r3 )
!
= πr + 3r
3r2
2 × (3a3 − 2r3 )
!
=π + 3r2
3r
2a3 4r2
!
=π − + 3r 2
r 3
2a3 5r2
!
=π +
r 3

c i

2a3 5r2
!
ii S = π +
r 3
2a3 10r
!
dS
=π − 2 +
dr r 3
dS 2a3 10r
= 0 implies 2 =
dr r 3

812
 ∴ r3 = 0.6a
√3
3

∴ r = ( 0.6)a
2a3 5  √3 2 !
smin = π √3 + 0.6a
0.6a 3
5 √3
!
2
= πa √3
2
+ ( 0.6) 2
0.6 3
20 a Let X be the cylinder diameter.
Pr(3 − d < X < 3 + d) = 0.75
!
−d d
∴ Pr <Z< = 0.75
0.002 0.002
!
d
∴ 2 Pr Z < − 1 = 0.75
0.002
!
d
Pr Z < = 0.875
0.002
d
∴ = 1.15
0.002
d = 0.0023

q s − 1 −1
b 3 1
Pr(Q = q)
4 4
3 1 3
c E(Q) = (s − 1) − 1 × = s − 1
4 4 4
3 1
E(Q2 ) = (s − 1)2 × + 1 ×
4 4
!2
3 1 3s − 4
Var (Q) = (s − 1) × + −
2
4 4 4
3 1 1
= (s2 − 2s + 1) + − (9s2 − 24s + 16)
4 4 16
! !
3 9 2 24 6 3 1
= − s + − s+ + −1
4 16 16 4 4 4
!
3 2
= s
16
√
3
∴ sd (Q) = s
4
21 Let X be the length of a worm.
µ = 20 and σ = 1.5.

813
 !
22 − 20
a Pr(X ≥ 22) = Pr Z ≥
1.5
!
2
= Pr Z ≥
1.5
= Pr(Z ≥ 1.3333)
= 1 − Pr(Z ≤ 1.3333)
= 0.09121
!
19.5 − 20 20.5 − 20
b Pr(19.5 ≤ X ≤ 20.5) = Pr ≤Z≤
1.5 1.5
!
1 1
= Pr − ≤ Z ≤
3 3
= Pr(0.3333 ≤ Z ≤ 0.3333)
= 2 Pr(Z ≤ 0.3333) − 1
= 2 × 0.63056 − 1
= 0.2611

c Let Y be the number of worms out of five of 20 cm in length, So Y has a binomial

distribution with! n = 5 and p = 0.2611.
5
Pr(Y = 2) = (0.2612)2 (0.7392)3
2
= 10 × (0.2611)2 (0.7389)3
= 10 × 0.0682 × 0.4039
= 0.275

x2
22 a P = (56 − x) x ∈ [1, 40]
90
1
= (56x2 − x3 )
90
dP 1
= (112x − 3x2 )
dx 90
b i
1 402
P(1) = × (56 − 1) P(40) = × [56 − 40]
ii 90 90
11 4
= = 284
18 9

814
 dP 1
=0⇒ (112x − 3x2 ) = 0
dx 90
∴ x(112 − 3x) = 0
1
∴ x = 0 or x = 37
3

1 351232
when x = 37 P(x) = ≈ 289.0798
3 1215
The maximum value of P is 289.0798 tonnes
1 x2 x
c i A= × (56 − x) = (56 − x)
x 90 90

32
ii The maximum value of A is 8 tonnes/man, when x = 28.
45
23 f (x) = (k + 2)x2 + (6k − 4)x + 2

a i When k = 0
f (x) = 2x2 − 4x + 2
= 2(x2 − 2x + 1)
= 2(x − 1)2

ii When k = −2
f (x) = −16x + 2

815
 iii When k = −4
f (x) = −2x2 − 28x + 2
= −2x[x2 + 14x − 1]
= −2[x2 + 14x + 49) − 1 − 49]
= −2[(x + 7)2 − 50]
f (0) = 2; when
√ f (x) = 0, (x + 7) = 50
2

∴ x = −7 ± 50
√
= −7 ± 5 2
f (x) = −2((x + 7)2 ) + 100
√
∴ axes intercepts
√ are (0, 2) (−7 − 5 2, 0) and
(−7 + 5 2, 0)
Vertex is at (−7, 100)

b f 0 (x) = 2(k + 2)x + (6k − 4)

f 0 (x) = 0 implies
4 − 6k 2 − 3k
x= =
2 (k + 2) k+2
 2 − 3k  !2
2 − 3k (2 − 3k)
f = (k + 2) × + (6k − 4) +2
k+2 k+2 k+2
(2 − 3k)2 (3k − 2)(2 − 3k)
= +2 +2
k+2 k+2
(2 − 3k)2 − 2(2 − 3k)2 + 2(k + 2)
=
k+2
−(2 − 3k) + 2(k + 2)
2
=
k+2
A check from previous results
−4 + 4
When k = 0, x = 1, f (1) = =0
2
When k = −2, f is undefined
14
When k = −4, x = = −7
−2
−(2 + 12)2 + 2(−2)
f (−7) = −
−2
−196 − 4
=−
−2
= 100

2 − 3k
i If a > 0, >0
k+2
Multiply both sides of the inequality by (k + 2)2 (2 − 3k)(k + 2) > 0

816
 ( )
2
A sign diagram reveals {k : a > 0} = k : −2 < k <
3

2
ii a = 0 implies k =
( )3
2
{k : a = 0} =
3

−(2 − 3k)2 + 2(k + 2)

iii If b > 0, >0
k+2
Multiply both sides of inequality by (k + 2)2
(−(2 − 3k)2 + 2(k + 2))(k + 2) > 0
(−(4 − 12k + 9k2 ) + 2k + 4)(k + 2) > 0
∴ (−4 + 12k − 9k2 + 2k + 4)(k + 2) > 0
(14k − 9k2 )(k + 2) > 0
k(14 − 9k)(k + 2) > 0
Consider the sign diagram

( )
14
∴ {k : b > 0} = k : 0 < k < ∪ {k : k < −2}
9
( )
14
iv {k : b < 0} = {k : −2 < k < 0} ∪ k: k >
9

c f has a local maximum when k + 2 < 0

i.e. when k < −2

d For f (x) = (k + 2)x2 + (6k − 4)x + 2

∆ = (6k − 4)2 − 4(k + 2)2
= 36k2 − 48k + 16 − 8k − 16
= 36k2 − 56k

i f (x) is a perfect square if ∆ = 0

i.e. 36k2 − 56k = 0
4k(9k − 14) = 0

817
 14
k = 0 or k =
9
ii If there are no solutions ∆ < 0
i.e. 4k(9k − 14) < 0
14
0<k<
9
24 a e2−2x = 2e−x
∴ e2 = 2e x
e2
∴ ex
2
e2
!
∴ x = loge
2
∴ = loge (e ) − loge
2 2
= 2 − loge 2

b i y = e2−2x − 2e−x
dy
= −2e2−2x + 2e−x
dx
dy
ii = 0 implies e2−2x = e−x
dx
∴ e x = e2
x=2

iii When x = 2, y = e2−4 − 2e−2

= e−2 − 2e−2
1
=− 2
e
∴ coordinates of turning point 2, − e12

iv

818
 c The equation e2−2x − 2e−x = k has two !
1
distinct positive solutions for k ∈ − 2 , 0
e

25 a

3 3
b +2= 2 +2
(x + 1) 2 x + 2x + 1
3 + 2x2 + 4x + 2
=
x2 + 2x + 1
2x2 + 4x + 5
= 2 , x , −1
x + 2x + 1
c • A dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
• A translation of 1 unit in the negative direction of the x-axis.
• A translation of 2 units in the positive direction of the y-axis

2x + 4x + 5
Z 1 2 Z 1
3
d dx = + 2 dx
0 x + 2x + 1
2
0 (x + 1)
2
Z 1
= 3(x + 1)−2 + 2 dx
0
1
= −3(x + 1)−1 + 2x

0
3
= − + 2 − (−3)
2
7
=
2

819
 e

26 a i y = 50
25 − 0
ii y − 25 = (x − 50)
50 − 25
∴ y − 25 = x − 50
∴ y = x − 25

b y = ax2 + 4x + c
∴ 50 = 252 a + 100 + c 1
25 = 50 a + 200 + c
2 2
Subtract 2 from 1
25 = (25 − 50 )a − 100
2 2

125
=a
25 − 502
2

125 −1
a= =
75 × −25 15
Substitute in 1
1
50 = 625 × − + 100 + c
15
1
∴ c = −50 + 625 ×
15
25
=−
3
∴ equation of parabola
1 25
y = − x2 + 4x −
15 3
1
= − (x2 − 60x + 125)
15
c i area of rectangle OABE
= 25 × 50
= 1250 square units

820
 Z 50
1 2
ii area of region EBC = − (x − 60x + 125) − (x − 25) dx
25 15
Z 50
1
=− x2 − 45x − 250 dx
15 25
#50
1 x3 45x2
"
=− − − 250x
15 3 2 25
14375
=
18
36875
iii total area = square units
18

27 a Area of rectangle PQS T = (4 cos θ + 4 cos θ) × 2

= 16 cos θ
1
Area of triangle QRS = × 8 cos θ × 4 sin θ
2
= 16 cos θ sin θ
π
∴ Area of metal plate = 16(cos θ + cos θ sin θ), 0 < θ <
2
dA
b = 16[− sin θ + sin θ(− sin θ) + cos θ cos θ]
dθ
= 16[− sin θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ]
= 16[− sin θ + (1 − sin2 θ) − sin2 θ]
= 16[1 − sin θ − 2 sin2 θ]

dA
c = 0 implies = 16[1 − a − 2a2 ] = 0 (where a = sin θ)
dθ
⇔ 2a2 + a − 1 = 0
⇔ (2a − 1)(a + 1) = 0
1
⇔a= or a = −1
2
1
∴ sin θ = or sin θ = −1
2
π π
θ = since O < Q <
6 2

821
 d A(0) = 16
π
!
A =0
2
π π π π
! !
A = 16 cos + cos sin
6 6 6 6
√
3 3
= 16 × ×
2 2
√
= 12 3

28 a Let X be the length of the engine part.

The engine part must be between 4.81 cm and
5.20 cm.
Pr(X < 4.81) = 0.008
Pr(X > 5.20) = 0.03

4.81 − µ
!
Pr Z < = 0.008
σ
µ − 4.81
!
∴ Pr Z < = 0.992
σ
5.20 − µ
!
Pr Z > = 0.03
σ
 5.20 − µ 
∴ Pr Z < = 0.97
σ
∴ we have the equations
µ − 481 5.20 − µ
= 2.41 and = 1.881
σ σ
µ − 4.81 = 2.41σ 1 and 5.20 − µ = 1.881σ
2
Add 1 and 2
5.20 − 4.81 = (2.41 + 1.881)σ
0.39 = 4.291σ
0.0909 = σ (correct to four decimal places)
Substitute in 1
µ − 4.81 = 2.41 × 0.0909
µ = 5.0290

b Let $C be the cost to produce a part that meets the specifications. Then with
probability 0.962, the cost is $4; with probability 0.03, the part is priced at a cost
of $(4+2)= $6 ;with probability 0.008, the part is rejected and the process begins
again: so with probability 0.008 × 0.962 = 0.007697, a good part is made at a cost of

822
 $(4+4) = $8, and with probability 0.008 × 0.03 = 0.000 24, a good part is made at a
cost of $(4 + 4 + 2) = $10.
But with probability (0.008)2 = 0.000064, it is part is rejected and the process
repeats ad infinitum.
METHOD 1
C 4 6 8 10 12 > 12
Pr(C = c) 0.962 0.03 0.001696 0.00024 0.0000616 insignificant
E(C) = 4 × 0.962 + 6 × 0.03 + 8 × 0.007696 + 10 × 0.00024 + 12 × 0.0000616 =
4.092707
The expected cost of producing 100 parts is $409.27.

29 a θ = 21
T = 21 + Ae−kt
When t = 0, T = 100
∴ 100 = 21 + A
∴ A = 79
∴ T = 21 + 79e−kt
When t = 10, T = 84
∴ 84 = 21 + 79e−10t
63
= e−10k
79
63
∴ −10k = loge
79
1 79
∴k= loge ≈ 0.02
10 63
b 70 = 21 + 79e−kt
49
∴ = e−kt
79
49
∴ −kt = loge
79
1 49
∴ t = − loge
k 79
1 10 10  79 
As = ,t =  79  × loge ≈ 21.1
k 79 49
loge loge
63 63
The temperature of the kettle will be 70◦ C after 21.1 minutes i.e. at approximately
2.44 pm.

823
c

d When t = 0, T = 100
When t = 10, T = 84
84 − 100 ◦
∴ the average rate of change = C min
10
−16 ◦
= C/min
10
= −1.6 ◦ C/min
dT
e = −kAe−kt
dt
i When t = 6
dT
= −k × 79 × e−6k
dt
≈ −2.0479 ◦C/min

dT
= −kAe−kt
dt
= −k(T − θ)

ii = −k(60 − 21)
= −k(39)
= −39k
= −0.8826 ◦ C/min

824
30 Let X be the number of good components

a Probability of a batch being accepted

! !4 ! !5
5 1 1 1
= Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5) = +
4 2 2 2
!5 !5
1 1
=5× +
2 2
!5
1
=6×
2
6
=
32
3
= = 0.1875
16

A(p) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)

!
5
= (1 − p)4 p + (1 − p)5
4
b
= (1 − p)4 [5p + (1 − p)]
= (1 − p)4 [4p + 1]
∴ b=4
c A0 (p) = −4(1 − p)3 (1 + 4p) + 4(1 − p)4
= (1 − p)3 [−4(1 + 4p) + 4(1 − p)]
= (1 − p)3 [−4 − 16p + 4 − 4p]
= (1 − p)3 [−20p]
= −20p(1 − p)3
Note: no stationary point for p ∈ (0, 1)

d i A(p) = 0.95: using the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculate with 0 < P < 1
gives P ≈ 0.076

ii A(p) = 0.05: again using ‘solve’ gives P ≈ 0.657

e i A0 (p) = −20p(1 − p)3

825
 ii

A00 (p) = −3(1 − p)2 (−20p) − 20(1 − p)3

= −20[1 − p]2 [−3p + (1 − p)]
iii
= −20(1 − p)2 (1 − 4p)
1 1
A00 (p) = 0 implies p = 1 or p = so A0 (p) is a minimum in p = .
4 4
1
iv Most rapid rate of change of probabilities occurs when p = .
4
31 h(t) = (4.5 − 0.3t)3

a When t = 0, h(0) = 4.53 = 91.125 cm

b h(t) ≥ and t ≥ 0
∴ (4.5 − 0.3t)3 ≥ 0 and t ≥ 0
equivalently 4.5 − 0.3t ≥ and t ≥ 0
4.5
∴ ≥ t and t ≥ 0
0.3
∴ t ≤ 15 and t ≥ 0
i.e. t ∈ [0, 15]

c V = (0.8)2 (4.5 − 0.3t)3

= 0.64(4.5 − 0.3t)3

d h is a 1 to 1 function
domain of h is [0, 15]
range of h = [0, 91.125]
Consider x = (4.5 − 0.3y)3
1
x 3 = 4.5 − 0.3y
1
∴ 0.3y = 4.5 − x 3
1
10x 3
∴ y = 15 −
3

826
 1
10t 3
∴ inverse function is h (t) = 15 −
−1
3
domain = [0, 91.125]

32 µ = 3 mm
Let X be the diameter
Pr(X < 2.9) = 0.063
Pr(X > 3.1) = 0.063
 3.1 − 3 
a Pr Z > = 0.063
σ
!
0.1
∴ Pr Z > = 0.063
σ
!
0.1
∴ Pr Z ≤ = 0.937
σ
0.1
∴ = 1.53
σ
0.1
σ=
1.53
= 0.06536

b Let Y be the number of ball bearings accepted out of 8.

The probability of rejection = Pr(X < 2.9) + Pr(X > 3.1)
= 0.063 × 2
= 0.126
For the binomial distribution, p = 0.126 and n = 8

Pr(Y ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(Y = 0)
= 1 − (0.874)8
i
= 1 − 0.34047
= 0.6595

827
 !
8
Pr(Y = 2) = (0.126)2 (0.874)6
ii 2
= 0.198 14

c i µ = 3.05, σ = 0.065 36 ! !
2.9 − 3.05 3.1 − 305
Pr(X ≤ 2.9) + Pr(X ≥ 3.1) = Pr Z ≤ + 1 − Pr Z ≤
0.065.36 0.065.36
= Pr(Z ≤ −2.295) + 1 − Pr(Z ≤ 0.765)
= 2 − Pr(Z ≤ 2.295) − Pr(Z ≤ 0.765)
= 2 − 0.9891 − 0.7779
= 0.233
So 23.3% will now filloutside the given range.

ii Pr(3.05 − c ≤ X ≤ 3.05 + c) = 0.9

!
−c c
∴ Pr ≤Z≤ = 0.9
0.06 536 0.06 536
!
c
∴ 2 Pr Z ≤ − 1 = 0.9
0.06 536
!
c
∴ Pr Z ≤ = 0.95
0.065 36
c
∴ = 1.6449
0.065 36
∴ c = 0.1075

33

a From tree diagram

i Pr(oversleeping ∩ missing breakfast) = 0.4 × 0.8 = 0.32

ii Pr(not oversleeping ∩ missing breakfast) = 0.6 × 0.3 = 0.18

iii Pr(oversleeping ∩ missing breakfast) + Pr (not oversleeping ∩ missing breakfast) =

0.32 + 0.18 = 0.5

828
 Pr(overslept ∩ missing breakfast)
Pr(overslept | missing breakfast) =
Pr(missing breakfast)
b 0.32
=
0.5
= 0.64

c This is a binomial distribution problem if it is assumed that a student’s behaviour is

independent of any other students behaviour.
Let X be the number of students who miss breakfast

i Pr(X = 2) =10 C2 (0.5)2 (0.5)8 = 0.043955

ii Pr(X ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(X = 0) = 1 − (0.5)10 = 0.999

iii Probability of at least 8 not missing breakfast

= Pr(X ≤ 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= (0.5)10 + 10 × (0.5)10 +10 C2 (0.5)2 (0.8)8
7
=
128
34 a

1
c y = + ex
x
dy 1
= − 2 + ex
dx x
dy 1
d i = 0 ⇔ − 2 + ex = 0
dx x
1
which implies 2 = e x
x
∴ x2 = e−x
∴ loge (x2 ) = −x
i.e. 2 loge x = −x

ii As x > 0, 2 loge x = −x < 0

∴ 2 loge x < 0

829
 ∴x<1
∴ local minimum lies in the interval (0, 1)

iii

iv local minimum occurs when x = 0.7

1
∴y= + e0.7
0.7
= 3.4 correct to one decimal place
i.e. coordinates local minimum are (0.7, 3.4)

35 a i From the diagram

amplitude = 7.5 ∴ b = 7.5
and centre is at y = 7.5 ∴ a = 7.5

2π
period = 2π ÷ = 50
50
∴ m = 12.5, n = 15 and d = 37.5

ii

!
2πx
b 10 = 7.5 + 7.5 sin
50

830
 !
2.5 2πx
∴ = sin
7.5 50
!
1 2πx
= sin
3 50
2πx
Let θ =
50
! !
1 −1 1
∴ θ = sin−1
or π − sin
3 3
! !!
50 −1 1 50 −1 1
∴ x= sin or π − sin
2π 3 2π 3
= 2.704 or 22.296
! !!!
x 2π x
c g(x) = 2 f = 2 7.5 + 7.5 sin
5 50 5
!
2πx
= 15 + 15 sin
250
πx
!
= 15 + 15 sin
125
∴ amplitude = 15
centre y = 15
π
period = 2π ÷ = 250
125

d ! = g(x − 10)
i the new function has rule h(x)
π
= 15 + 15 sin (x − 10)
125

ii






 0 i f x < 20

 5
36 a f (x) =  2<x≤

k(5 − 2x)

 2
 5
x>


0


2

831
 5 5
k
f (x) dx = [k(5x − x2 )]22 =
R
2
2 4
For f to be a probability density function k = 4.
5 5
13
i E(X) = x f (x) dx = 4 5x − 2x2 dx =
R R
2 2
b 2 2 6
Ra
ii Solve 0 f (x) dx = 0.5 for a
4(5a − a2 − (10 − 4)) = 0.5
8(−a2 + 5a − 6) = 1
−8a2 + 40a − 49 = 0√
10 − 2 5
Therefore a = as 2 < a
4√ 2
10 − 2
The median is
4
1
iii Var(X) = E(X 2 ) − [E(X)]2 =
√ 72
2
Therefore σ =
12
√ !
13 2
Pr(X < µ − σ) = Pr x < −
iv 6 12
= 0.1857

37

Ra
a f (x) dx = 1
0
1
Therefore ka2 = 1
2
2
and k = 2
a

832
 Z a
E(X) = x f (x) dx
0
3
ak
=
6
a
=
3
b Var(X) = E(X ) − [E(X)]
2 2

Z a
a2
= x2 f (x) dx −
0 9
a4 k a2
= −
12 9
2
a
=
18
! √
a 2a 6−4 2
c Pr(X > µ + 2σ) = Pr x > + √ =
3 3 2 9
R 1000
d Solve 0 f (x) dx = 0.5 for a
√
a = 1000( 2 + 2)
x
38 y = − loge (x + 3) , x > −3
10
dy 1 1
a = −
dx 10 x + 3
dy
and = 0 implies x + 3 = 10. Hence x = 7
dx
dy 1 1 1
b = − > for x > −3
dx 10 x + 3 10
!
7
c The coordinates of M are 7, − loge (10)
10
 
7
Equation of line is y − 10 − loge (10) = 101
(x − 7) , i.e. y = 1
10 x − loge 10

1
d i “The line in c has gradient 10 and hence if corners the x-axis at a point to the left
of P (since the gradient of the curve π < 10
1
).
For the line, when y = 0,
x = 10 loge 10.
Hence the x-axis intercept at P is granter than 10 loge 10."

ii Using the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculator shows that the intercept at P has
x coordinate 36.852

833
 dy x
39 a = √
dx x2 + 24
dy √ √
b = 0 → x = 0; then y = 24 = 2 6.
dx √
So the coordinates of the local minimum are (0, 2 6).
√
c f (−x) = (−x)2 + 24 = x2 + 24 = f (x), so the function is even.
p

dy 1
e When x = 1, = .
dx 5
So the gradient of the normal at (1, 5) is −5.
Its equation is y − 5 = −5(x − 1)
y = −5x + 10:
dy
f = 10 at the point (5, 7):
dt
dy dy dx
= (chain rule)
dt dx dt
x dx
10 = √
x2 + 24 dt
5 dx
10 = at (5, 7)
7 dt
dx
= 14 units/second
dt
 √x 2
x + 24
 √ !
d
g 12 loge  x + 24 + x +
 2 
dx 2
x
√ +1 √ 2
x2 + 24 x + 24 x2
= 12 × √ + + √2
x2 + 24 + x 2 x2 + 24
12 x + 24
2
x 2
= √ + √ + √
x + 24 2 x + 24 2 x2 + 24
2 2

834
 x2 + 24 √
= √ = x2 + 24 as required.
x2 + 24
Z 5√
h Area = x2 + 24 dx
2
√ #5
x2 + 24
"  √ 
x
= 12 loge  x + 24 + x +
 2 
2 2
√ √
!
35
= 12 log12e + − (12 log e (2 7 + 2) + 2 7)
2
√
!
6 35
= 12 loge √ −2 7+
7+1 2
√ √ 35
= 12 loge ( 7 − 1) − 2 7 +
2
40 a i

ii

iii

iv interquartile range = 1.3490

v Pr(q1 − 1.5 × IQR < Z ≤ q3 + 1.5 × IQR)

= Pr(−0.6745 − 1.5 × 1.3490 < Z < 0.6745 + 1.5 × 1.3490)
= Pr(−2.698 < Z < 2.698)
= 0.993 or 99.3%

835
 vi 0.7%

b i µ

ii µ − 0.6745σ

iii µ + 0.6745σ

iv 1.3490σ

v 0.993 or 99.3%

vi 0.7%
R1
41 a 0 f (x) dx = 1
k
=1
n+1
Therefore k = n + 1
R1 n+1
b E(X) = x f (x) dx =
0 n+2
R1 n+1
c E(X 2 ) = x 2
f (x) dx =
0 n+3
n+1
Var(X) =
(n + 2)2 (n + 3)
d If m is the median, then
Rm 1
k 0 x4 dx =
" #m2
1 n+1 1
k x =
n+1 0
2
mn+1
!
1
k =
n+1 2
n+1
mn+1 =
2k
1
= since n = x+
2 r
1
m=n+1
2
e No turning pts → mode = 1.

836
 1
−1
Gradient AB = b−1
42 a i b−2
2−b
=
(b − 1)(b − 2)
1
=−
b−1
1
=
1−b
1
ii g0 (x) = −
(x − 1)2
1
=
1−b
if (x − 1) = b − 1
2

√
x − 1 = b − 1 (positive square root since x > 1)
√
x=1+ b−1
Z e+1
1
b i dx = [loge (x − 1)]e+1
2
2 x−1
= loge e − loge 1
=1−0
=1
Z 1+e
1
ii dx = 8
c x−1
[loge (x − 1)]c1+e = 8
loge e − loge (c − 1) = 8
1 − loge (c − 1) = 8
loge (c − 1) = −7
c − 1 = e−7
c = 1 + e−7

1  1 
c i Area of trapezium = (b − 2) 1 +
2 b−1
1  b 
= (b − 2)
2 b−1
b(b − 2)
=
2(b − 1)

837
 b(b − 2)
ii =8
2(b − 1)
b2 − 2b = 16b − 16
b2 − 18b + 16 = 0
√
by the formula or completing the square gives b = 9 ± 65 but b > 2. so
Solving √
b − 9 + 65.
m
1
R mn+1 R +1 1
d 2 dx + 2 n dx = 2
x−1 x−1
Now the upper terminals must be greater than 1 since we can not integrate over the
discontinuity at x = 1. Hence:
m
+1
[log (x − 1)]mn+1 + [loge (x − 1)]2n = 2
 e 2
m 
loge (mn) + loge ( ) = 2 ( n positive so m positive)
n
 m 
loge (mn) × ( ) = 2
n
loge m2 = 2
m2 = e2
m = e (m > 0)
1
2
−1
43 a i Gradient AB = b
b−1
1 − b2
= 2
b (b − 1)
(1 − b)(1 + b)
=
b2 (b − 1)
b+1
=− 2
b
2
f 0 (x) = −
x3
b+1
=− 2
b
ii 2b2
if x3 = −
(b + 1)
!1
2b2 3
x=
b+1
!
1 1
b i Area of trapeziums = (b − 1) 2 + 1
2 b

838
 (b2 + 1)(b − 1)
S (b) =
2b2
(b2 + 1)(b − 1) 10
ii =
2b2 9
9(b − b + b − 1) = 20b2
3 2

9b3 − 29b2 + 9b − 9 = 0
Using the factor theorem or a CAS calculator shows that b − 3 is a factor of the
cubic, giving (b − 3)(9b2 − 2b + 3) = 0
The quadratic has no zeroes (B2 − 4AC < 0) , so b = 3 is the only solution.
Z b Z b
1
iii f (x) dx = dx
1 1 x2
" #b
1
= −
x 1
−1
+1=
b
1
=1−
b
1
< 1 since b > 1 and so 0 < < 1
b
Z b
D(b) = S (b) − f (x) dx
1
(b + 1)(b − 1)
2
1
= − (1 − ) from b i and b iii
2b2 b
(b2 + 1)(b − 1)
!
b−1
= −
c 2b2 b [t]
b−1 2
= (b + 1 − 2b)
2b2
b−1
= (b − 1)2
2b2
(b − 1)3
=
2b2
To show that the function is strictly increasing for b > 1, it is sufficient to show that
D0 (b) > 0 for b > 1.

839
     
2b2 )(3(b − 1)2 − (b − 1)3 4b
D0 (b) =
4b4
3b(b − 1)2 − 2(b − 1)3
=
2b3
(b − 1)2 (3b − 2(b − 1))
=
2b3
(b − 1)2 (b + 2)
=
2b3
> 0 for all b > 1

44 a f 0 (x) = xm (−ne−nx+n ) + mxm−1 e−nx+n

= xm−1 e−nx+n (−nx + m)
=0
m
if x = 0 or x = .
n
m
So for the stationary point not at the origin, x = and then
! !m n
m m −m+n
f = e
n n
!m !
m m −m+n
The Point with coordinates , e is a local maximum tuning point (by
n n
reference to the given graph or by checking the sign of the first derivative which goes
m
from positive to negative through x = ).
n
b Find the equation of the tangent at a general point x = a on the curve.
x = a : f (a) = am e−an+n
f 0 (a) = am−1 e−an+n (−an + m)
using y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) , the equation of the tangent is
y − am e−an+n = am−1 e−an+n (−an + m)(x − a)
The tangent passes through the origin, so (0, 0) satisfies the equation.
−am e−an+n = am−1 e−an+n (−an + m)(−a)
1 = (−an + m) (a m + 0, e−an+n + 0)
an = m − 1
m−1
a=
n
substitute to find the y-coordinate:
m−1
f (a) = f
n !m
m − 1 n−m+1
= e
n

840
  
n ,( n ) e
m−1 m−1 m n−m+1
So the tangent at passes through the origin.
(Note: the tangent at (0, 0) also passes though the origin!)

c i Using CAS calculator, we find that

R∞ e2
0
x 2 −2x+2
e dx =
4
4 R ∞ 2 −2x+2 4
So: 2 0 x e dx = 1 and k = 2
e e
Z 1
4 2 −2x+2
Pr(X < 1) = 2
xe dx
0 e

= (e2 − 5)e−2 (using a CAS calculator)

ii
= 1 − 5e−2
5
=1−
e2
iii The made is the value for which f is a maximum. Use calculus to solve
f 0 (x) = 0.
f 0 (x) = x2 (−2e−2x+2 ) + 2xe−2x+2 dx
= 2xe−2x+2 (−x + 1)
=0
if x = 1
So the mode is 1.
Alternatively, note that x2 e−2x+2 is the function from part a with m = 2 and n = 2
From That question, the x-coordination of the stationary point is x = mn = 22 = 1
in this case.
Z ∞ Z ∞
45 a i e dx = lim
−qx
e−qx dx
0 a→∞ 0
" #a
1
= lim − e−qa
a→∞ q 0
!
1 1
= lim − e−qa +
a→∞ q q
1
=0+
q
1
= (sincee−qa → 0asa → ∞)
q
Z ∞
k
Hence ke−qx dx =
0 q
= 1ifk = q

841
 Z ∞
ii E(x) = x × qe−qx dx
0
1
=(using a CAS calculator)
q
Z ∞
E (x ) =
2
x2 × qe−qx dx
0
2
= (using a CAS calculator)
q2
iii var (X) = E(X ) − [E(X)]
2 2

!2
2 1
= 2−
q q
1
=
q2
1
iv If m = loge (2), then
2
Z m
qe−qx dx = [−e−qx ]m
0
0

= −e−qm + 1
2
= −e− loge + 1
1
= −e− loge 2 + 1
1
=− +1
2
1
=
2
So m is the medium.
Rm 1
Alternatively, solve 0 f (x) dx = for m.
2
!
1
! Pr X > loge (3)
1 1 q
b Pr X > loge (3) | X > loge (2) = !
q q 1
Pr X > loge (2)
q
Since the median is q loge (2) from part a iv, the denominator is 12 .
1

842
  1  1
Pr X > loge 3 = 1 − Pr(X ≤ loge (3))
q q
Z 1 loge (3)
=1− q qe−qx dx
0
1
loge (3)
q
= 1 − [−e−qx ]0
3
= 1 + eloge − 1
1
loge
=e 3
1
For the numerator: =
3
So
1
1 1
Pr(X > loge (3) | X > loge (2)) = 3
q q 1
2
2
=
3
c i The graph of y = f (x) = 0.01e−0.01x , x ≥ 0, is that of an exponential function
with y-axis intercept (0, 0.01) and horizontal asymptote y = 0 (the x-axis).

ii Pr(X > 100) = 1 − Pr(X ≤ 100)

Z 100
=1− 0.01e−0.01x dx
0
" #100
= 1 − −e −0.01x

=1+e −1
−1
= e−1 ≈ 0.37

1
iii From part a iv, m = loge (2)
0.01
= 100 loge (2) ≈ 69.31

843
46 a 0.527

b (0.4961, 0.5580)
r
0.527 × 0.473
c For a 95% CI, M = 1.96 × ≈ 0.0309 Half this width is 0.0155
1000
Thus,rwe need to find a such that
0.527 × 0.473
a× = 0.0155
1000
a = 0.981
To find the level of confidence associated with a = 0.981 we use the normal cdf
function.
Level of confidence = Pr(−0.981 < Z < 0.981) = 0.6734
Ie, 67.34% confidence interval

d Twice this width is 0.0618 Thus, we need to find a such that Thus, we need to find a
suchr that
0.527 × 0.473
a× = 0.0618
1000
a = 3.914
To find the level of confidence associated with a = 3.914 we use the normal cdf
function. Level of confidence = Pr(−3.914 < Z < 3.914) = 0.9999
ie, 99.99% confidence interval

844