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Govt’s top civil service reformer unveils

reform agenda
ISLAMABAD: Government’s top adviser on civil service reforms Dr Ishrat Hussain
unveiled the variety of changes being made in the country’s bureaucratic structures
and systems from civil servants’ induction, recruitment, training, performance,
promotion, compensation and retirement to institution building, devolution,
accountability and service delivery.

Dr Hussain shared with The News details of the Imran Khan government’s vision on
civil service reforms to improve government’s performance for the progress and
prosperity of the country and its people. The salary raise to government servants will
be given on the basis of performance, present pension system is being changed to
defined contribution mechanism, CSS system is being overhauled, specialists or non-
cadres officers are being given more opportunities to grow and serve better, more
posts in grade 17 and above are being created, e-governance is being introduced to cut
lower staff etc.

He said that the entire package of proposed civil service reforms is part of an
integrated, interwoven value-chain of human resources policies, therefore it would be
a mistake to examine each component as stand alone without realising its inseparable
linkages with other parts of the chain. He said, “We are looking at how we can
enhance the quality of human resource in the whole government. A weak link in the
chain, if left to itself, would not allow that qualitative change to take hold,” he said,
explaining that the value chain starts with recruitment induction, and then it goes to
training, performance management, career progression and promotion policy,
compensation and benefits, and finally retirement. “It must be emphasised that these
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reforms should be seen in the context of an empowered, devolved and fully resourced
local government system as the delivery of public services takes place at the village
and town level and not federal and provincial capitals. The new Local Government
Acts approved by Punjab and KP assemblies would strengthen the local bodies whose
heads would be directly elected by the people and operate with the assistance of the
civil servants.” He said, “we may bring about changes in recruitment system to attract
the best talent but if they are not compensated well, have no clear career path and lack
a transparent performance management system then it would be difficult to retain the
brightest among them or to early retire non-performers.”

Similarly, he said, “we may increase compensation across the board without
distinguishing between those who produce quality output and those who slack in their
duties but it will end up in lowering motivation and morale, and the overall
productivity would suffer resulting in poor service delivery to the public and
impediments in the way of economic actors.” “Under the present performance system
it would be difficult to identify officers who have received unsatisfactory ACRs for
three years and the purpose of early retirement would be defeated in actual practice.
So, the new Performance Management System is the pre-requisite for the success of
the early retirement rules. All elements are intricately linked and tinkering with one or
two without making consequential changes in the others would bring no beneficial
results. Thus simultaneous changes in all components are required.” For recruitment,
he said, the government is bringing in some element of domain knowledge at the time
of the appearing in the civil services exam. So right now, you may be an English
Literature graduate but because of the quota system and if you are from Punjab, you
are not allocated a place in DMG or Foreign Service, and you end up in Audit and
Accounts Service. As a result, your domain knowledge becomes absolutely
incompatible with the job you are going to do. So either you are a frustrated person or
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you rely on your clerks and juniors. The government, therefore, is currently unable to
make an optimal utilisation of these bright young men and women. He added, “We
have to move towards a blended approach in which the relative strengths of the
generalists and specialists are optimally utilised. Therefore, at the time of induction,
we create incentives for candidates to match their preferences with some prior domain
knowledge. There would be no restrictions of any academic qualification to apply and
appear at the Central Services examination. You may be a doctor or an engineer, but if
you want a career in Foreign Service, you must appear at International Relations and
International Law as optional papers. If you prefer to work in the Police Service, you
must have chosen papers on Criminology and Civil & Criminal Procedural Codes as
optional subjects. So that is the mapping the government is attempting to introduce.

Additionally, he said, they are proposing a screening test for CSS exam as right now it
is very difficult to assess 16,000 scripts from the exam every year. So we should try to
bring in MCQs which will help to eliminate a lot of people at the screening stage but
respect the observance of regional/provincial and other quotas. As a result, the
residual bunch of 2,000 people or so will go through a psychometric test modeled on
the British Civil Service. After this round, the candidates will appear at compulsory
and optional subjects' written exams, and then the interviews.

Dr Hussain said that the second most important element of this value chain is the
training. Right now, there is no differentiation in the products of training at various
stages of civil service. The training is not linked to job requirements. The reforms will
address that issue. But the biggest change is that we have to systematically train
specialists as well as generalists. Out of 29,000 federal government officers, only
6,000 are generalists or what we call cadre officers. The remaining 23,000 are non-
cadre officers – there are engineers, doctors, accountants, financial analysts and others
among them. They don't have either any prescribed training or any career path. They
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are frustrated and demotivated and therefore they are not contributing much. They are
sulking because despite having their degrees from some of the best universities in the
world and in Pakistan, they haven't been promoted for 12 years from grade 18 to
grade-19. “We are trying to bring them into the mainstream and eliminate this
artificial barrier between the superior services and other services. Have we ever
thought for a moment as to why there is so much corruption in PWD, Irrigation,
Customs, Revenue, Development Authorities such as CDA and LDA, lower Police
etc? As they don’t find any prospects for future career progression they use their
enormous discretionary powers for enriching themselves and buying influence to
protect themselves. Despite NAB, FIA and Anti Corruption agencies it is generally
perceived that the level of corruption today in these departments is much higher than
three decades ago. It has also permeated in Education, Health and AG offices too,” he
said.

He disclosed that the cabinet has already approved the plan to have post-induction
training for all the specialists and then in-service training at grades 18, 19 and 20. So
there will be an equality of opportunity for both the generalists and the specialists.
And this discrimination that exists today and has led to a lot of heartburn will be
removed and we would be able to utilise their services effectively. He said, “We have
mega projects and engineers have never had any chance to refresh their knowledge or
learn new tools. The government is spending a lot of money on highly paid
consultants from outside and we cannot even judge whether the work of the
consultants is up to the quality. According to the PM Inspection Commission, the cost
overruns on development projects are 150 percent higher than the original estimated
costs. So, we will create a cadre of specialists who will be exposed to training, up-
gradation of their skills over time and defined career paths with results based
monetary rewards so that we can do a better job in project screening, project appraisal,
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and project evaluation. That training scheme for the non-cadre and ex-cadre officers
has already been approved by the cabinet and now it is being implemented.

Hussain added that the government is also making changes to ‘performance

management,' which is the third area of intervention and has been approved by the
cabinet. Today we follow the colonial system of ‘annual confidential report' that
provides no substantive evidence of performance on the job or future potential. So, we
are replacing these subjective evaluation reports by an objectives-based, KPI-driven
evaluation, which a subordinate can discuss with his or her superior officer. Both of
them will sign the KPIs that are to be achieved during the year. Only 20 percent in the
cohort will be categorised as outstanding, 60 percent as satisfactory, and 20 percent as
below average. Performance will also be related to promotion, so that the officer's
training outcomes and placement in the promotion ladder will be determined by his or
her performance. So, there is an incentive for the officer to work hard because he or
she wants to get promoted to the next grade. This categorisation would also feed in
early retirement policy. If an officer has not consistently performed satisfactorily and
keeps falling in 20 percent or below average then his/her case would be placed before
the committee for early retirement.

He said there is a lot of criticism against the promotion policy that has been notified as
it is alleged to reward those “in good books of the government and penalise those in
bad books”. He said the Selection Board consists of 14 senior most officers drawn
from different services, provinces, backgrounds and they are given a standard
assessment sheet for marking 10 pre-defined attributes. It is the average of all the
independent but structured assessments made by the Board members, which
determine the final marks out of 30 marks at the disposal of the board. The
discretionary element is minimised and biases are nullified in this process and that is
the beauty of large group collective judgment compared to the sole discretion of an
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individual or 3 to 4 individuals making the decision. The ACRs are given lower
weight at present because by and large they are highly non differentiated and skewed
in favour of outstanding and excellent categories. Once the new Performance
Management system becomes fully operational, the relative weight of performance
reports would be raised.

According to the Adviser, “The other thing that we are looking to change is the
practice where a 15 percent across-the-board annual increment is given whether an
officer has performed or not. We are going to give a 20-25 percent raise to the people
who are in the outstanding category, 10 percent to 15 percent increment to those in the
satisfactory category, and no increment to those who are below average. We want to
give a signal that the officers need to improve. In performance management, we are
also giving attention to officer's personal development and linking it to training
objectives. For instance, if an officer feels that he or she needs training to improve
writing or presentation skills, it will be the job of the supervisor to provide adequate
training in that particular field.”

He said, “The fourth area of our value-chain approach deals with the career path.
Today, you may be a Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and
tomorrow you may become a Joint Secretary of Industries Ministry. Now, how you
can actually contribute to that position because you don't have any prior background.
To tackle this issue, we are following the clustering model. At grade 19, you may be a
medical doctor or an engineer or an agriculture researcher or a PAS officer or a PSP,
but at this stage we will try to sort people out into clusters. So some people will
remain only in the financial and economic ministries' cluster; some may remain in the
social sectors' cluster; some in the technical ministries; and some in the general
administrative cadre.”
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According to Hussain, the idea is to have an officer's performance and career path
tailor-made so that if he or she has the inclination and the capacity to go to the
economic ministries, then we will train him or her in that path. Hence, after grade 19,
you will specialise in that area. So, the clustering will promote a plank between a
generalist and a specialist. Both the theory and the empirical evidence show that you
need a generalist at the leadership position who synthesises the various strands of
expert ' knowledge to make cogent and coherent decision. So you may be a very good
engineer and you may have a very beautiful design for a bridge, but your chief
financial officer says that the cost is so much that it outweighs the benefits. “So, as a
Secretary, I will listen to the engineer as well as the finance person and make a
decision whether this is really a viable solution to the problem.” “We are doing that
for specialist cadres. We have introduced technical advisers to assist each minister
directly. Fifteen ministries have been chosen for that. The technical advisers will be
picked from the market. They will be employed on a contract basis,” he said.

The Adviser added that the government is looking at several areas under
‘compensation and benefits,' which is the fifth element of our value chain. Out of
640,000 people currently working in the federal government, about 95 percent are
staffed in grades 1 to 16, and only 5 percent are employed in grades 17 to 22. This
reflects an imbalance in our human resource deployment. We have too many naib
qasid's, too many clerks, and too many assistants – and they are paid much higher than
the private-sector counterparts because of the national pay scale. As a result, a private
secretary gets the same pay and emoluments as the neurosurgeon working in PIMS,
because both of them are in grade 19. So we are trying to bring in e-governance, so
that this secretarial support staff is eased out over time.

Additionally, he said, “We are trying to create more positions from grade 17 all the
way to grade 22. Even today, at grade 22 salaries, you cannot get people who are
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specialists in their fields to work for the government. We don't want to get rid of
anybody, but through the process of attrition we will not replace the people who are
retiring or resigning in the lower grades. In the process, we will use the savings to
push up the salaries to reward performance. This experiment has been successfully
implemented in the State Bank of Pakistan for last 15 years where an entry-level
officer receives salary comparable to that in the MNCs.

And finally, he said, “We have the regular retirement policy in addition to the early
retirement policy, which has been notified. Pension, he said, is a bomb that is going to
explode in the future, because our pension bill is just going up and up every year. In
fact, our pension bill is now more than our salary bill. We want to go the defined-
contribution mechanism, as identified after actuarial analyses during my time as the
Chairman of Pay and Pension Commission in 2010-11. The government has appointed
a Pay and Pension Commission, which would present recommendations for pension
reform moving away from pay as you go to Defined Contribution and creating a
Pension Fund. This would not only save the government from future fiscal burden but
also help in deepening the capital markets in Pakistan.

He said that these reforms would take a long time to reach the culmination point and
would pose a lot of challenges on the way. “There would be resistance from those
who are benefitting from the status quo and their entitlements and perks without much
effort. There would be losers who would not be promoted nor given annual
increments and those who would be given early retirement. They would approach the
politicians, media and challenges in the courts for violation of their fundamental
rights. There would be delays, set backs and temporary reversals. We would travel not
on a linear straight path free of pebbles, stones and boulders but zig zag unknown
alleys and therefore the expectations for quick, successful results should be tampered
with a sense of realism,” he said. 
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