Vintage Gibson PAF (Patent Applied For)

Humbucker Pickup Info.

Because of the amount of "bogus" PAF (Patent Applied For) Gibson humbucker
pickups out there, I was asked to create this web page (thanks to GW Dean and
BurstMeUp for information and pictures). This web page includes information on the
pickups themselves *and* their plastic mounting rings. The originality of the pickups
and their mounting rings are both important factors in the integrity of a vintage
Gibson guitar.

There are some basic facts that should be known about these first-generation
humbucking pickups. First PAF pickups came about in 1956 on Gibson steel guitar
models, and on 1957 on many Gibson spanish guitar models, and lasted to about
1962 to 1965. Nickel plated part models transitioned away from PAF pickups first
around 1962, since these guitars were sold in greater numbers. Gold plated part
guitars can often be found with PAFs (or one PAF and one Patent# pickup) as late as
1965. PAF pickups of course have two internal coil bobbins under a 1.5" x 2.75"
metal cover with one bobbin having a row of six adjustable slot-head poles, and the
other bobbin being non-adjustable.

PAF History.
I guess we should start with a little history of the Gibson PAF pickup. By the mid-
1950s, Gibson wanted to counter the latest electric guitars introduced by Fender. Leo
Fender had built a company that was a sizable competitor in the solid-body guitar
market place. Gibson believed they could beat Fender with their high quality Les
Paul, and by developing a low-noise pickup.

The problem with Gibson's P-90 and Fender's single-coil pickups was inherent in their
designs, allowing 60-cycle hum (noise) to interfer with the sound. Seth Lover was
the Gibson engineer assigned to solve the problem. Seth connected two single coil
pickups in series (opposed to parallel) and connected the coils out-of-phase
electrically and magnetically. Thus the signal noise of each separate coil canceled out
the noise of the other coil. That is how the pickup came to be known as a
"humbucker".

Seth/Gibson filed their patent for the pickup design on June 22, 1955. Gibson added
the new pickups to steel guitars in 1956, and in 1957 on electric solid-body and
arch-top guitars including the Les Paul Model. During late 1957, a small black decal
with gold lettering was added to the underside of the pickup that read, "PATENT
APPLIED FOR" (hence the PAF abbreviation).

Seth Lover received his pickup patent #2,896,491 on July 28, 1959. By mid to late
1962, Gibson changed the pickup decal to read, "PATENT NO 2,737,842".
Interestingly the patent number listed on the decal was not for Seth's pickup design
but was for Les Paul's trapeze tailpiece! Perhaps this was a research roadblock for
the competition, or maybe just a mistake?

PAF Magnets.
From 1956 until 1961 Gibson used different Alnico magnets in their PAF pickups.
Alnico magnets (alloys ALuminum, NIckel, and CObalt) come in a different grades
based on their magnetic strength. Gibson generally used the same magnets
(size/grade) which was available for their P-90 pickups. But Gibson randomly used
Alnico 2,3,4,5 grade magnets in PAFs until 1961 (remember the higher the magnet's
number, the higher the magnetic strength). This can often account for how two PAF
pickups can sound quite different. In July 1961 Gibson began consistently using a
smaller Alnico 5 magnet (smaller as in the flat top side of the magnets were smaller
length-wise). Since inconsistency was king at Gibson during this time, Alnico 2 short
magnets are sometimes seen too. By 1965 though Alnico 5 was the standard for all
Gibson humbuckers.

The original PAF magnet length was 2.5" long, which was decreased by 1/8" to 1/4"
to around 2.25" in July 1961. But the "short magnet" PAF can be seen as early as
1959 and is still original. Gold plated guitars (ES-345, LP Custom, etc) seem to use
the short magnet PAFs before nickel plated guitars (like the ES-335, LP Standard,
etc). Just from a consistency point of view, July 1961 is the date considered by most
as when short magnets were the norm for PAFs. Generally speaking decreasing the
length decreases the power of the pickups, but this was somewhat counteracted by
the Alnico 5's added strength. When new, the shorter A5 magnet is more powerful
than the longer A2 magnet. So do short magnet PAFs sound worst than 1957-1960
long magnet PAFs? NO. In fact, they may sound better in many cases. But there are
lots of things that effect sound, with the magnet only being one piece of the
equation.

Dimensions of PAF magnets follow (measured using a micrometer, and obviously this
will vary a bit from magnet to magnet): 2.509" long ("long magnet" version), .506"
wide, .131" thick. The "short magnet" PAF length was the a bit different: 2.371"
long, .491" wide, and .121" thick.

Another interesting point are the magnets in 1950s P-90 pickups (remember P-90
pickups are single coil predecessors to PAFs). There are *two* magnets in the P90
pickups, and yes they are identical to the 1950s PAF magnets (rough sand casted).
Because of this, there has been a fair bit of "magnet hijackings" where players take
p90 pickup magnets and put them into newer pickups, hoping to get that original
PAF sound.

Pickup Wire and Winding Methods.

The pickup were wound with #42 plain enamel wire. On original PAFs the bobbin wire
appears purple, versus later PAF and patent# pickups that appear reddish. Gibson
eventually switched to polyurethane coated wire around 1963. When wire coatings
change, the sound of the pickup does change, contributing to the PAF following. The
amount of wire (and coating) wound on each bobbin determines the pickup's
resistance. When the bobbins are wound with more than a nominal amount of wire
(either on purpose or by accident), they are more powerful with fatter midrange but
less treble. Due to the human factor and the wide tolerance of the manually-run
pickup winding machines used by Gibson from 1956-1961, PAF pickups usually
measure between 7.5 and 9.0 thousand ohms (K ohms). By 1962 (the end of the
PAF era), Gibson was making pickups very consistently with 7.5k ohms of wire (give
or take .25k ohms).

The separate bobbins of a PAF can measure very differently due to Gibson's
manufacturing techniques. For example one bobbin could measure 3.5k, and the
other 4.5k ohms (for a total of 8k ohms). This mis-matched ohms is actually a good
thing, as certain frequencies will stand out if both bobbins have different resistance.
This contributes to why two PAF pickups can sound quite different. The coil winder
was a Leesona 102, and did have auto stop counters to keep pickups windings
consistent. But these winders ran using a fiber gear and were prone breakage. The
work around to fixing the counters is to time the winding process. That is one reason
for the randomness of PAF pickup resistance.

Around 1965 to 1968 (exact date unknown), Gibson changed from a manually-run
pickup winding system to a fully automated system. Because of this their
humbucking pickups all became a consistent 7.5k ohms from 1965 and later. The
manual-run system had a machine operator that decided when a pickup bobbin
reach about 5000 turns of wire. So there was plenty of room for under and over-
winding. When the fully automated system came into place, the pickups were very
consistent in their windings (and hence total ohms).

Gibson Models which Used PAF Pickups.

The 1957 to 1962 Les Paul Standard model is probably the most famous of the
models to have PAFs pickups, though other models had them too. Like the ES-175,
ES-295, Byrdland, ES-350, ES-5 switchmaster, L-5CE, the Super 400 and the ES-
335/ES-345/ES-355 (when introduced in 1958/1959).

Jazz Guitar PAF Versions.

The hollowbody jazz guitars often used a slightly different PAF in the neck position
which had different (narrower) string spacing, where the bridge position jazz PAF
was identical to the neck & bridge PAF in say a Les Paul Standard. The models that
used this narrow spacing neck PAF was the Byrdland, ES-350T, L-5CE, S-400CE and
some Barney Kessel models. The distance on a narrow PAF from center to center of
the two "E" adjustable poles is 1 13/16", compared to 1 15/16" on the "normal"
spaced PAF pickup. Also since most of these models had gold plated parts, the
narrow spaced PAFs would be gold plated (except on some Barney Kessels). If the
pickup cover is removed from a narrow spaced PAF pickup, the "normal" pole
position tooling marks can be seen on the narrow spaced PAF pickup.
A narrow spaced neck position PAF on a 1959 L-5CES.
A "normal" spaced bridge position PAF on a 1959 L-5CES.

The internals of a narrow spaced neck position PAF pickup.

Notice the tooling marks (circled in red) where the "normal" spaced poles would be.
Pic by D.Paetow

PAF Guts (Covers, Decals, Bobbins, Tooling Marks, etc).

First and foremost, never ever remove the cover from an original PAF pickup, unless
you have a darn good reason. There is just no need for this, and it really makes the
pickup "unoriginal" if you remove the metal cover. If you are dying to see the color
of the pickup bobbins, just remove one of the underside bottom mounting screws
and look in the hole, instead of removing the pickup cover.

Early P.A.F. pickups as used on the 1956 lapsteels and 1957 Les Paul Standard had
brushed stainless steel pickup covers (brushed to make them look nickel plated).
This quickly changed to brass covers with a nickel plating. If the cover was gold, the
brass was first nickel plated and then gold plated. Early PAFs also have four brass
bobbin attachment screws, instead of steel screws. Also the early PAFs with stainless
covers often did *not* have a PAF decal on the bottom (so some 1957 Gibson
guitars will have unlabeled PAF pickups with brushed stainless covers).

With that in mind, the first picture shows the bottom side of the PAF pickup, and the
decal that declares the humbucker is "Patent Applied For" (PAF). Note the lettering
and style of the decals. The lettering is gold, and sometimes the gold does turn
green just a bit. The clear edge decal border around the black PAF decal has a slight
green tint to it. Again remember very early stainless steel covered PAF pickups will
not have any decal on the bottom. Also note the untouched solder joints holding the
pickup cover to the pickup base plate. And the single stranded black cloth-covered
lead wire, which is shielded with a braided metal wrap.
The "L" shaped tooling marks can be clearly seen on the feet of these PAFs.
Here is a pre-PAF sticker 1957 Les Paul goldtop pickup. Notice the lack of a PAF
sticker, which is common for many 1957 PAF guitars. Picture by XO.

Double black bobbin PAF. Note the "circle around the square" tooling hole at the top
of both bobbins. Notice the hole on the adjustable pole piece side has a smaller circle
around it. The non-adjustable side always has a slightly larger circle. Reissue pickups
copy this somewhat but don't copy it just right. Also on newer pickups the circle and
square is very clean and crisp. On original PAFs they are less perfect. Also look inside
the bobbin holes for the bobbin wire color. It should be a copper wire with a purplish
hue. The color of the wire is very important, and it shouldn't look too clean (the
pickup is 40+ years old!)

One bobbin removed on an late PAF pickup, showing the magnet.

The length of this magnet changed in summer 1961 from 2.5" to around 2.25"
(decreased in length 1/8 to 1/4").
Gibson also had PAF mini-humbuckers, used on Epiphone guitars in 1960 to 1962.

Zebras PAF Pickups.

Zebra PAF pickups. Starting in early 1959, PAF pickup bobbins started to be
(randomly) white. On all zebra (half black, half white) PAF pickups, the white bobbin
is almost always the non-adjustable bobbin (though there are rare exceptions).
"Normal" zebra PAFs with the black bobbins with adjustable poles.
"Rare" zebra PAFs with the white bobbins with adjustable poles. Picture by 58burst (or
johnnyjellybean?)

This picture shows the tape that is used to wrap the bobbins. It is *not* a PVC
plastic tape, but instead is a black paper-ish adhesive tape. It should not look like it
was ever removed, unless the pickup was rewound (rewinds are a bad thing).
Double White PAF Pickups.
A double-white PAF pickup. Again in 1959 white bobbins were fairly common, and
some pickups were Zebras (as seen above) and some were "double whites" (as seen
below). For example, on Les Paul Standards around serial number "9 0600", the
plastic humbucker pickup bobbins can often be white. By mid-1960 the use of white
PAF bobbins ceased, and PAF pickups again because all black ("double black"). Again
notice the "circle around the square" tooling holes at the top of both white bobbins.
Thanks as many pictures by GW Dean, BurstMeUp.

PAF Pickup Detail Summary.

Here's a summary of Humbucking pickups. Just be aware that changes occur over
time. When I say "1965" that does not mean January 1, 1965. All changes transition
in as parts are used up and replaced by new parts.

• 1956 to Fall 1957: Original PAF. Long magnet, *no* PAF sticker, purple
bobbin wire, black leads on both coils, brushed stainless steel covers, phillips
screws on base, ohms can run from 7k to high 9k ohms, black bobbins PAF
style bobbins ("circle in a square"), "L" shaped tool marks on feet. PAFs were
first installed on lapsteels in 1956. The long magnet dimensions are 2.5" long,
.5" wide, about .125" thick.
• Fall 1957-1960: Original PAF. Long magnet, "Patent Applied For" (PAF)
sticker, purple bobbin wire, black leads on both coils, nickel covers, phillips
screws on base, ohms can run from low 7k to high 9k ohms, black bobbins
PAF style bobbins ("circle in a square") until 1959 cream colored pickup
bobbins are often seen, 'L' shaped toolmarks on feet.
• 1961-1962: last PAF pickups. Short magnet (starting July 1961), PAF sticker,
purple wire, black leads on both coils, nickel covers, phillips screws on base,
both bobbins are black again, PAF style bobbins ("circle in a square"), "L"
toolmarks on feet. The short magnet dimensions are 2.37" long, .5" wide,
about .125" thick (decreased magnet length 1/8").
• 1962-1965: Early "patent no." sticker, nickel cover, short magnet, PAF style
bobbins ("circle in a square"), redish/copper colored bobbin wire (probably
happened in 1963), some point in here bobbin lead wires change to one black
and one white, phillips screws on base. Plastic on bobbins more durable and
bobbins are flat (PAF style pickups often have bowed pickup bobbins), "L"
toolmarks on feet.

Note the last version of the PAF (1961-1962) is basically identical to the
nickle plated 1963 Patent# pickup (and on guitars with gold parts, probably
as late as 1967 Patent# pickups are equivalent to 1961-1962 PAFs, since
Gibson used less gold plated parts and inventories lasted longer). Because the
wire color changed around 1963 from purple to a redish/copper color (and
some other changes, listed above), technically the 1964-1965 Patent#
pickups are different than the 1963 Patent# and late PAF pickups (though the
tone is very similar). Also keep in mind gold plated PAFs used in archtop
electric guitars (especially varitone guitars) can be seen as late as 1965 (yes
PAFs as late as 1965!) The reason for this was simple - Varitone guitars had
gold plated pickups with one pickup having a reversed magnet. This style of
pickup was used far less than a nickel plated pickup. Hence these gold plated
varitone equipped archtops are sometimes seen with one or two PAF pickups
into 1965.

• 1965: Late "patent no." sticker with no T-top, covers are now chrome, orange
wire, one white bobbin lead, short magnet, phillips screws on base, "L"
toolmarks start to disappear off feet (but can be seen as late as 1972), ohms
run pretty consistent at 7.5k ohms.
• 1965-1975 (note overlap with prior bullet point): T-top, "patent no." sticker,
no longer has hole in bobbin showing wire, orange wire, short magnet, screws
 on bottom of base are usually slotted but could be phillips. "L" toolmark can
be seen on early T-top pickups.

After PAF pickups were gone, the patent# pickups were next and used from 1962 to
1965. Then from 1965 to 1975 (note overlap) the next Gibson humbucker is known
as the "T bucker" or "T top". They are called this because of a "T" that is part of the
molding on the front of the two pickup bobbins. These also had the decal with
"Patent No 2,737,842" (still the patent number of Les Paul's trapeze tailpiece). The
only way to see the "T" is to remove the pickup cover. A small change in late
patent# pickups was white PVC bobbin wires instead of black (black was used on
pre-1965 humbuckers). Also T buckers can use either slot or phillips head screws to
hold the bobbins to the base plate.

When buying used Gibson pickups, many people will buy the "Patent No." style with
an unopened nickel-plated cover. This pretty much guarentees you'll get a "good"
pickup at a fair price (opposed to buying a PAF pickup with the "Patent Applied For"
decal intact, which sell for more money). Sonically the nickel plated covered patent#
pickups are excellent values, as they are very similar in sound to a real PAF pickup
(but are much less expensive). Note if you buy a chrome covered Gibson pickup, it's
a crap shoot as to what's inside - it could be either a T-bucker or not (but chances
are good it will be a T-Top). For this reason I would generally avoid chrome covered
Gibson humbuckers (unless they are really inexpensive), as the odds are against you
in hopes of finding a non-Ttop.

Here's the 1962 and to 1965 style "Patent Number" pickup, which followed the PAF.
Note the "L" toolmarks are still present.
The later "T bucker" T-top pickup used from 1976 to the 1980s.

PAF Forgeries.
PAF forgeries are fairly common. Aside from the physical characteristics of the
pickups, through the years PAF decals have been re-created. These are usually easy
to spot though. For example, below is a picture of real versus fake PAF decals. The
original PAF decals will have clear yellowed borders (because the original decals have
a coating of clear lacquer over the decal), and often the fakes have a gold border.
Also the font and letter clarity are different. Pics by AtomEve.
Top: real Gibson PAF decal.
Bottom: fake PAF decal.
PAF Pickup Rings.
The rings used for PAF pickups are unique too. Often call M-69 (or MR490 or MR491
which identifies the neck or bridge ring), because of the mold markings underneath
the pickup ring. All PAF pickups should have a black or cream M-69 pickup ring. Neck
pickup rings (thinner) are MR491, as molded on the underside. Bridge pickup rings
(thicker) are MR490. Note there is no physical difference between cream and black
rings (other than the color) - they are exactly the same (though black is far more
common as cream rings were only used on Les Pauls and ES-295 guitars and some
lapsteels). Pictures and info thanks to BurstMeUp.
1959 neck pickup MR491 ring pictures by BurstMeUp.
1959 bridge pickup MR490 ring pictures by BurstMeUp.
M-69 Pickup Ring Forgeries.
Some resourceful people in the U.K. have been making reproduction pickup rings.
These often get sold as the "real thing". So keep an eye out for these. There are
some things that do identify these reproduction rings. First it's best to understand
how reproduction rings are made using new Urethane plastic.

Urethane cast parts are made using a RTV silicone rubber mold. This is created by
putting a silicone mold around an original part. Once the silicone has cured, the mold
is opened and the original part removed. The mold cavity can now be filled with a
liquid urethane resin which cures to make the reproduction pickup ring. This is a
great process for reproduction because the mold duplicates the exact features of the
part, even down to scratches on the surfaces of the part.

The M-69 rings have certain features that would be very difficult to create in a
machined steel mold. For example the one "funneled" screw boss mount on the tall
lead pickup M-69 rings. The reason that one particular screw boss on the tall ring is
"funnel-shaped" is probably due to a repair to the original steel mold. Every original
M-69 has the same feature, so the repair was made when the mold was new. Most
likely the toolmaker screwed up the machining of the boss feature in the mold cavity
and then repaired it by welding the cavity steel and hand-grinding the hole.

When the suspect (new) rings are made, the silicone mold that was used was either
not well made to start, or else it was used multiple times. This can be seen by the
fine webs of silicone that create the crevices around the bosses eventually broke
down. RTV silcone molds are typically good for about 10-20 parts at which point the
silicone becomes brittle and new molds must be made.

Using this knowledge and a blacklight (new rings don't glow the same under
blacklight as old original rings), it shouldn't be too difficult to tell a new reproduction
M69 ring from an original. Often to hide the mounting boss reproduction issues, the
bottom of the M69 may be sanded on a belt sander. Gibson would do this sometimes
too by the way, to made "medium height" rings for many of the ES guitar models.
The sanding process fills the gap between the screw boss and where it meets the
ring. This makes identifying the ring forgery more difficult as the screw boss shape is
distorted (and becomes attached to the ring's sidewall) because of the sanding and
the friction heat.
Pictures by DanElectro:
Picture by KtheSheep: