on the s i d e s u f f e r i n g a n e t l o s s of a t o m s .

T h i s s t r e s s 07
f i e l d is s u p p o s e d l y due to the a n n i h i l a t i o n of v a c a n c i e s
on edge d i s l o c a t i o n s whose B u r g e r ' s v e c t o r s a r e not 0,6 TABORi~}____/
p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the K i r k e n d a l l i n t e r f a c e . F o r the (EQ1 ) /
ALUMINUM'-~ / i~'--PRESENT
special case where vacancy annihilation occurs pre- / /__ / CALCULATION
05 NICKEL-~I ] / 9L ~ r / ~~1---
Q e.T, (EQB)
d o m i n a t e l y on edge d i s l o c a t i o n s with B u r g e r ' s v e c t o r s
p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the K i r k e n d a l l i n t e r f a c e , no s t r e s s
tic
-r
ou.Lu,RON~
,N /.1
,I i / .&./ d/ ' t " !t ~NiCKEL
field would be e s t a b l i s h e d s i n c e r e l a x a t i o n is p e r - -r 0 4
STEEL| o v i / [ ~COPPER
, > S.ASS
m i t t e d in the d i r e c t i o n of diffusion. T h u s , p o r e s would
z
not be f o r m e d . bJ L STEEL
03
E x a m i n a t i o n of the D S - N i C r ( g s 1):Ni c o u p l e , F i g .
o EXPERIMENTAL POINTS
l ( b ) , and the diffusion p r o f i l e , F i g . 2, r e v e a l s that OF O'NEILL (5)
OZ
c o n s i d e r a b l e g r a i n b o u n d a r y a r e a p a r a l l e l to the
K i r k e n d a l l i n t e r f a c e e x i s t s on the c h r o m i u m - r i c h s i d e D
of the c o u p l e . The l a r g e amount of g r a i n b o u n d a r y OI
a r e a is due to the high g r a i n a s p e c t r a t i o and s m a l l
g r a i n width (high L / D with s m a l l D) of DS-NiCr(gs 1). OD 1 l I I I I
0 I 0 Z 05 0.4 05 06
I t is f e l t that v a c a n c y a n n i h i l a t i o n a t s u c h b o u n d a r i e s STRAINHARDENINGCOEFFICIENT
i s s i m i l a r to a n n i h i l a t i o n at edge d i s l o c a t i o n s with
B u r g e r ' s v e c t o r s p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the K i r k e n d a l l i n - Fig. 1--Relation of ultimate strength to hardness and strain
h a r d e n i n g coefficient.
t e r f a c e . Such b e h a v i o r r e s u l t s in c o n t r a c t i o n only in
the d i r e c t i o n of diffusion.
1. F. J. Centolanzi, H. B. Probst, C. E. Lowell, and N. B. Zimmerman: NASA
-~ k~n
TM X-62092, October 1971. -- 7 - : 7 - [5]
2. J. D. Whittenberger: NASATN D-6797.
3. F. Seitz: ActaMet, 1953, vol. 1, pp. 355-69. By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Eq. [5] with r e s p e c t to -g one o b t a i n s
4. J. A. Brmkman: Acta Met., 1955, vol. 3, pp. I40-45. the t r u e s t r a i n at the u l t i m a t e n o m i n a l s t r e s s a s 3
= n [6]
T h e r e f o r e f r o m Eq. [5], the u l t i m a t e n o m i n a l s t r e s s i s
given by

An Improved Equation Relating

Hardness to Ultimate Strength If it i s a c c e p t e d that the t r u e s t r e s s on a s t r e s s - s t r a i n
c u r v e at a s t r a i n of 0.08 i s given a p p r o x i m a t e l y by
/ / / 2 . 9 a s s u g g e s t e d by T a b o r ~ and s u p p o r t e d by Cahoon
J . R. CAHOON
et al. 4. then it is e a s i l y shown that
IN 1951 T a b o r 1 obtained the e x p r e s s i o n *Tabor1 suggestsvalues in the range 1t/2.9 to HI3 while Cahoon et al. 4 suggests
values m the range H/2.9 to 11/3 1.

\ l ~ - n -n/ [1]
= g-d.9 \0.-Th--q) [8]
-

r e l a t i n g u l t i m a t e n o m i n a l s t r e s s , au, to the V i c k e r s
P y r a m i d H a r d n e s s , H, and the s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g c o e f f i -
cient, n. T a b o r a s s u m e d that t r u e s t r e s s in the p l a s t i c
r e g i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e d by the f a m i l i a r equation
= k~ [2]
w h e r e ~ i s the t r u e s t r a i n and k i s a c o n s t a n t . To o b -
tain the n o m i n a l s t r e s s , a, T a b o r u s e d the a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g c o e f f i c i e n t , but d e v i a t e d c o n s i d e r a b l y
k'~n
or= (1 +E) [3]
By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g this equation with r e s p e c t to g, T a b o r
obtained the t r u e s t r a i n at the u l t i m a t e s t r e s s a s
It i s s u g g e s t e d that Eq. [8] i s a s i m p l e r and m o r e a c -
c u r a t e e x p r e s s i o n r e l a t i n g u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h to
h a r d n e s s . The r e s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m Eq. [8] a r e c o m -
p a r e d to t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d by T a b o r (Eq. [1]) in F i g . 1.
T a b o r 1 noted that his r e s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m Eq. [1]
a g r e e d w e l l with the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a ( c o n v e r t e d f r o m
the B r i n e l l r e s u l t s of O ' N e i l l 5) for l o w e r v a l u e s of the
f r o m the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a t l a r g e r v a l u e s of n.
O ' N e i l l ' s e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s a r e i n c l u d e d in F i g . 1
which shows that the p r e s e n t e x p r e s s i o n , Eq. [8],
a g r e e s w e l l with the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s for a l l v a l u e s
of the s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g c o e f f i c i e n t .

1. D. Tabor: J. Inst. Metals, 1951, vol. 79, pp. 1-18.

H o w e v e r , it is w e l l known and e a s i l y c a l c u l a t e d that
the n o m i n a l s t r e s s i s r e l a t e d to the t r u e s t r e s s by 2
J. R. CAHOON is Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Manuscript submitted April 14, 1972.
2. George E. Dieter, Jr.' MechanwalMetallurgy, p. 245, McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany, Inc., New York. 1961.
3. George E. Dieter, Jr.: MechanicalMetallurgy, p 250, McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany, Inc, New York, 1961.
4. J. R. Cahoon, W. H. Broughton, and A. R. Kutzak: Met. Trans., 1971, vol. 2,
pp 1979-83.
5. H. O'Nmll: The Hardness of Metals and Its Measurement, Chapman an d Hall,
Ltd., London, 1934.

3040-VOLUME 3, NOVEMBER 1972 METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS